It is a fundamental truth of ecology that most species are rare.And this rarity extends beyondmeasures of abundance to geographic distribution.In a global context,very few species are truly abundant,and most are more ...It is a fundamental truth of ecology that most species are rare.And this rarity extends beyondmeasures of abundance to geographic distribution.In a global context,very few species are truly abundant,and most are more or less restricted geographically.In the world of plants,where there are several hundred thousand species,the number of species with especially small population sizes and small fragmentary ranges is extremely large.One recent assessment,the most exhaustive undertaken so far,based on 200 million observations taken from herbarium records,ecological surveys and other sources,suggests that of the more than 400,000 species of land plants,ca.36%are“exceedingly rare”(Enquist et al.,2019).展开更多
In recent years,the protection of PSESP has gradually become a hot issue in biodiversity research.Through the investigation and analysis of PSESP in Xinjiang,it is shown that:①there are 75 species of PSESP in Xinjian...In recent years,the protection of PSESP has gradually become a hot issue in biodiversity research.Through the investigation and analysis of PSESP in Xinjiang,it is shown that:①there are 75 species of PSESP in Xinjiang,including 22 species of trees,18 species of shrubs and 35 species of herbs.The habitats are mainly in extremely cold,extremely dry or extremely narrow conditions such as snow line,desert,mountain,wetland and so on.②53 species(70.67%)are listed as national or autonomous region protected plants,and 22 species of PSESP are not listed in the protection;there are 70 species of PSESP listed in the red list,accounting for 93.33%.③The PSESP in Xinjiang are mainly distributed in the Altai Mountains,western Tianshan Mountains,Pamir Plateau and Karakoram Mountains;they are distributed in all kinds of nature reserves,forest parks,wetland parks and other natural ecological protection areas in Xinjiang.Ammopiptanthus nanus(M.Pop.)Cheng F.,Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight,Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.and Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart have not been found in the literature,indicating that they are distributed in protected areas.In order to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of biodiversity in Xinjiang,this paper puts forward some suggestions on the protection of PSESP.展开更多
无柄醉鱼草(Buddleja sessilifolia)是狭域分布的极小种群野生植物(Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations,PSESP),大叶醉鱼草(B.davidii)则是广布种,二者亲缘关系较近,且同为四倍体。通过比较濒危物种与近缘广布种的遗传多样...无柄醉鱼草(Buddleja sessilifolia)是狭域分布的极小种群野生植物(Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations,PSESP),大叶醉鱼草(B.davidii)则是广布种,二者亲缘关系较近,且同为四倍体。通过比较濒危物种与近缘广布种的遗传多样性,可以了解濒危物种的演化历史,为制定保护策略提供理论依据。本研究通过简单重复序列(Simple Sequence Repeats,SSR)分子标记对无柄醉鱼草5个居群(126个个体)和大叶醉鱼草14个居群(206个个体)进行遗传多样性和遗传结构解析,并提出对无柄醉鱼草的保护建议。结果表明,无柄醉鱼草和大叶醉鱼草各居群的期望杂合度(He)平均值分别为0.606、0.775,Shannon′s多样性指数(I)平均值分别为1.162、1.729,两个物种均具有较高的遗传多样性,但广布种大叶醉鱼草遗传多样性水平高于狭域种无柄醉鱼草;无柄醉鱼草和大叶醉鱼草遗传分化系数(F ST)分别为0.043和0.024,两个物种居群间遗传分化程度均较低。遗传结构分析结果表明,无柄醉鱼草5个居群可划分为2个集群,居群间地理距离与遗传距离不存在相关性;大叶醉鱼草14个居群可划分为3个集群,居群间地理距离与遗传距离相关。结合野外居群现状,建议对无柄醉鱼草划分保护单元,重点对丹珠居群和独龙江隧道口居群开展就地保护,同时采取种质资源收集、人工繁育等保护措施。展开更多
近年来我国提出极小种群野生植物(plant species with extremely small populations,PSESP)的概念并启动实施了全国极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程规划,然而PSESP概念自提出后就不断受到质疑,认为不确切的概念及其引领的保护工程难以取...近年来我国提出极小种群野生植物(plant species with extremely small populations,PSESP)的概念并启动实施了全国极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程规划,然而PSESP概念自提出后就不断受到质疑,认为不确切的概念及其引领的保护工程难以取得显著成效。为了更好地理解PSESP概念和相应的保护对策,本文在回顾我国野生植物保护进程的基础上,通过梳理珍稀濒危植物、重点保护植物和极小种群植物等概念,提出从物种选列标准和极小种群临界值等角度理解PSESP概念的途径;并通过比较各个时期采取的保护策略措施,指出基于种群管理的PSESP保护能体现物种以种群形式得以维持和延续的本质,但急需完善传统的资源调查、就地保护、迁地保护方法,探索种群调查分析、近地保护和种群恢复重建等新方法。最后认为PSESP概念的提出及其拯救保护工程的实施在我国野生植物保护领域具有里程碑意义,能促进保护实践和科学研究的相互融合,实现二者共同发展。展开更多
生物多样性保护是全球的热点问题之一。极小种群野生植物(plant species with extremely small populations,PSESP)是为了“抢救性保护”我国濒临高度灭绝风险的野生植物、指导我国生物多样性保护、服务于国家生态文明建设而提出来的保...生物多样性保护是全球的热点问题之一。极小种群野生植物(plant species with extremely small populations,PSESP)是为了“抢救性保护”我国濒临高度灭绝风险的野生植物、指导我国生物多样性保护、服务于国家生态文明建设而提出来的保护生物学领域的新概念,该概念的提出引起了国际保护生物学领域的广泛关注。国家在“十三五”期间启动实施了极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程,并在《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》中,明确把极小种群野生植物专项拯救纳入重要生态系统保护和修复工程。极小种群野生植物的拯救保护是一项科学性强、技术性和专业性要求高、周期长的系统工程,“抢救性保护”与“系统研究”并重是科学拯救保护极小种群野生植物的途径。开展极小种群野生植物保护的系统研究,是指导或支撑其有效保护的重要工作。该文重点从极小种群野生植物的调查与评估、生态生物学特性、繁殖技术、遗传多样性方面对近年来极小种群野生植物保护的研究工作进行系统综述,以期为极小种群野生植物的拯救保护奠定新的理论基础。该文还基于极小种群野生植物保护研究现状及其未来拯救保护工作需求,对我国极小种群野生植物未来的保护研究重点提出了三个方面的思考。该文可为极小种群野生植物保护的系统研究提供参考。展开更多
Magnolia sinica is one of the most threatened trees endemic to Southeast Yunnan.Based on our investigations,only 52 individuals and eight populations are found in the wild.M.sinica has been categorized as Critically E...Magnolia sinica is one of the most threatened trees endemic to Southeast Yunnan.Based on our investigations,only 52 individuals and eight populations are found in the wild.M.sinica has been categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and identified as a "Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations(PSESP)".Its fruit/seed set is very low and seedlings are rarely found in the wild.It is hypothesized that it may encounter obstacles to reproductive success.This study,therefore,focuses on its reproductive biology,knowledge of which is essential for effective conservation.Flowers of this species are protogynous and nocturnal,and possess a two-day rhythm of sexual presentation.For the first night of anthesis,the flowers are in the pistillate stage during which tepals open at dusk and close approx.1 h later(except for the open outer ones).They remain closed until the next afternoon,when flowers,now in the staminate stage,re-open and remain so until the tepals drop.Nocturnal beetles enter into the flowers and remain trapped throughout the night as the flower closes,during which time they feed on tepals.Pollen-gathering bees are found to visit the re-opened flowers and the beetles are released during this stage.Two species of Pleocomidae and Curculionidae beetles appear to be effective pollinators.M.sinica is a self-compatible,pollinator-dependent species,and its fruit/seed set can be significantly increased by hand-pollination.No functional seed dispersers have been found in its extant natural habitats.These findings suggest that it may face both pollination and seed disperser insufficiencies in its current fragmented habitats,which may account for its low regeneration.Here we propose conservation strategies based on our findings.展开更多
Hibiscus aridicola is an endangered ornamental shrub of the family Malvaceae that is endemic to the dryhot valleys of Jinsha River in southwestern China.This species is a typical plant species with extremely small pop...Hibiscus aridicola is an endangered ornamental shrub of the family Malvaceae that is endemic to the dryhot valleys of Jinsha River in southwestern China.This species is a typical plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP).To support and monitor future conservation,develop management measures,and genotype this species,we performed extensive field studies together with genetic analyses.Specifically,we screened eleven microsatellite loci of 69 individuals of H.aridicola from four accessions.The population genetics analyses indicated that H.aridicola possesses high genetic diversity at both the population(0.6962-0.7293)and species level(0.7837)compared to other endemic/endangered species in China.The low differentiation of populations(Fst=0.0971)and the high gene flow between populations of H.aridicola(Nm=2.3236)could be due to its distribution along rivers in the hot-valleys of the Jinsha River and the wind-mediated dispersal of its seeds.Furthermore,the genetic diversity of H.aridicola is slightly positively correlated with geographic distance.Two populations are undergoing a genetic bottleneck,and require more specific attention from conservationists.Additionally,our analyses of the population genetics of H.aridicola demonstrate that the declines in populations are not the result of the internal genetics of these populations but due to external human activities over the past decades.展开更多
Gene flow between sympatric congeneric plants is thought to be very common and may pose serious threats to endangered species.In the present study,we evaluate the genetic diversity and divergence of three sympatric Rh...Gene flow between sympatric congeneric plants is thought to be very common and may pose serious threats to endangered species.In the present study,we evaluate the genetic diversity and divergence of three sympatric Rhododendron species in Jiaozi Mountain using newly developed microsatellites through the Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach.Genetic diversity of all three Rhododendron species studied was moderate in comparison to genetic parameters previously reported from species of this genus.Interestingly,genetic structure analysis of the three species identified a possible hybrid origin of the threatened Rh.pubicostatum.This sympatry should be considered a unimodal hybrid zone,since Rh.pubicostatum is predominant here.Unimodal hybrid zones are uncommon in Rhododendron,despite the fact that hybridization frequently occurs in the genus.Issues pertaining to the conservation of Rh.pubicostatum resulting from admixture of genetic material from its parental species are discussed.展开更多
Manglietia ventii is a wild plant species with extremely small populations endemic to Yunnan,mainly distributed in southeast Yunnan.Due to the continuous deterioration of natural habitats,excessive felling and utiliza...Manglietia ventii is a wild plant species with extremely small populations endemic to Yunnan,mainly distributed in southeast Yunnan.Due to the continuous deterioration of natural habitats,excessive felling and utilization of human beings,and the decline of breeding ability,the number of individuals in the population has decreased significantly.Through field investigation and literature review,the research status of M.ventii in systematics,conservation ecology,reproductive biology,genetic diversity,endangered mechanism and resource protection at home and abroad are systematically reviewed.And the future research direction is prospected.It is necessary to strengthen the research on the basic characteristics of M.ventii,explore the transmission route of M.ventii and deepen the development and utilization of resources,in order to provide a theoretical support for the protection and sustainable utilization of germplasm resources of M.ventii,and provide a reference for the protection of other wild plant species with extremely small populations.展开更多
文摘It is a fundamental truth of ecology that most species are rare.And this rarity extends beyondmeasures of abundance to geographic distribution.In a global context,very few species are truly abundant,and most are more or less restricted geographically.In the world of plants,where there are several hundred thousand species,the number of species with especially small population sizes and small fragmentary ranges is extremely large.One recent assessment,the most exhaustive undertaken so far,based on 200 million observations taken from herbarium records,ecological surveys and other sources,suggests that of the more than 400,000 species of land plants,ca.36%are“exceedingly rare”(Enquist et al.,2019).
基金Supported by Basic Scientific Research Business Funds of Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes of the Autonomous Region in 2022 (kyys202201)
文摘In recent years,the protection of PSESP has gradually become a hot issue in biodiversity research.Through the investigation and analysis of PSESP in Xinjiang,it is shown that:①there are 75 species of PSESP in Xinjiang,including 22 species of trees,18 species of shrubs and 35 species of herbs.The habitats are mainly in extremely cold,extremely dry or extremely narrow conditions such as snow line,desert,mountain,wetland and so on.②53 species(70.67%)are listed as national or autonomous region protected plants,and 22 species of PSESP are not listed in the protection;there are 70 species of PSESP listed in the red list,accounting for 93.33%.③The PSESP in Xinjiang are mainly distributed in the Altai Mountains,western Tianshan Mountains,Pamir Plateau and Karakoram Mountains;they are distributed in all kinds of nature reserves,forest parks,wetland parks and other natural ecological protection areas in Xinjiang.Ammopiptanthus nanus(M.Pop.)Cheng F.,Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight,Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.and Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart have not been found in the literature,indicating that they are distributed in protected areas.In order to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of biodiversity in Xinjiang,this paper puts forward some suggestions on the protection of PSESP.
文摘无柄醉鱼草(Buddleja sessilifolia)是狭域分布的极小种群野生植物(Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations,PSESP),大叶醉鱼草(B.davidii)则是广布种,二者亲缘关系较近,且同为四倍体。通过比较濒危物种与近缘广布种的遗传多样性,可以了解濒危物种的演化历史,为制定保护策略提供理论依据。本研究通过简单重复序列(Simple Sequence Repeats,SSR)分子标记对无柄醉鱼草5个居群(126个个体)和大叶醉鱼草14个居群(206个个体)进行遗传多样性和遗传结构解析,并提出对无柄醉鱼草的保护建议。结果表明,无柄醉鱼草和大叶醉鱼草各居群的期望杂合度(He)平均值分别为0.606、0.775,Shannon′s多样性指数(I)平均值分别为1.162、1.729,两个物种均具有较高的遗传多样性,但广布种大叶醉鱼草遗传多样性水平高于狭域种无柄醉鱼草;无柄醉鱼草和大叶醉鱼草遗传分化系数(F ST)分别为0.043和0.024,两个物种居群间遗传分化程度均较低。遗传结构分析结果表明,无柄醉鱼草5个居群可划分为2个集群,居群间地理距离与遗传距离不存在相关性;大叶醉鱼草14个居群可划分为3个集群,居群间地理距离与遗传距离相关。结合野外居群现状,建议对无柄醉鱼草划分保护单元,重点对丹珠居群和独龙江隧道口居群开展就地保护,同时采取种质资源收集、人工繁育等保护措施。
文摘近年来我国提出极小种群野生植物(plant species with extremely small populations,PSESP)的概念并启动实施了全国极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程规划,然而PSESP概念自提出后就不断受到质疑,认为不确切的概念及其引领的保护工程难以取得显著成效。为了更好地理解PSESP概念和相应的保护对策,本文在回顾我国野生植物保护进程的基础上,通过梳理珍稀濒危植物、重点保护植物和极小种群植物等概念,提出从物种选列标准和极小种群临界值等角度理解PSESP概念的途径;并通过比较各个时期采取的保护策略措施,指出基于种群管理的PSESP保护能体现物种以种群形式得以维持和延续的本质,但急需完善传统的资源调查、就地保护、迁地保护方法,探索种群调查分析、近地保护和种群恢复重建等新方法。最后认为PSESP概念的提出及其拯救保护工程的实施在我国野生植物保护领域具有里程碑意义,能促进保护实践和科学研究的相互融合,实现二者共同发展。
文摘生物多样性保护是全球的热点问题之一。极小种群野生植物(plant species with extremely small populations,PSESP)是为了“抢救性保护”我国濒临高度灭绝风险的野生植物、指导我国生物多样性保护、服务于国家生态文明建设而提出来的保护生物学领域的新概念,该概念的提出引起了国际保护生物学领域的广泛关注。国家在“十三五”期间启动实施了极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程,并在《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》中,明确把极小种群野生植物专项拯救纳入重要生态系统保护和修复工程。极小种群野生植物的拯救保护是一项科学性强、技术性和专业性要求高、周期长的系统工程,“抢救性保护”与“系统研究”并重是科学拯救保护极小种群野生植物的途径。开展极小种群野生植物保护的系统研究,是指导或支撑其有效保护的重要工作。该文重点从极小种群野生植物的调查与评估、生态生物学特性、繁殖技术、遗传多样性方面对近年来极小种群野生植物保护的研究工作进行系统综述,以期为极小种群野生植物的拯救保护奠定新的理论基础。该文还基于极小种群野生植物保护研究现状及其未来拯救保护工作需求,对我国极小种群野生植物未来的保护研究重点提出了三个方面的思考。该文可为极小种群野生植物保护的系统研究提供参考。
基金supported financially by the NSFC-Yunnan joint fund to support key projects to W.B.Sun(Grant no.U1302262)the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province to G.Chen(2015HB091)
文摘Magnolia sinica is one of the most threatened trees endemic to Southeast Yunnan.Based on our investigations,only 52 individuals and eight populations are found in the wild.M.sinica has been categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and identified as a "Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations(PSESP)".Its fruit/seed set is very low and seedlings are rarely found in the wild.It is hypothesized that it may encounter obstacles to reproductive success.This study,therefore,focuses on its reproductive biology,knowledge of which is essential for effective conservation.Flowers of this species are protogynous and nocturnal,and possess a two-day rhythm of sexual presentation.For the first night of anthesis,the flowers are in the pistillate stage during which tepals open at dusk and close approx.1 h later(except for the open outer ones).They remain closed until the next afternoon,when flowers,now in the staminate stage,re-open and remain so until the tepals drop.Nocturnal beetles enter into the flowers and remain trapped throughout the night as the flower closes,during which time they feed on tepals.Pollen-gathering bees are found to visit the re-opened flowers and the beetles are released during this stage.Two species of Pleocomidae and Curculionidae beetles appear to be effective pollinators.M.sinica is a self-compatible,pollinator-dependent species,and its fruit/seed set can be significantly increased by hand-pollination.No functional seed dispersers have been found in its extant natural habitats.These findings suggest that it may face both pollination and seed disperser insufficiencies in its current fragmented habitats,which may account for its low regeneration.Here we propose conservation strategies based on our findings.
基金Support for this study was provided through grants from the NSFC (National Natural Science Foundation of China)-Yunnan Joint Funds to support key projects (Grant No. U1302262, No. U1602264)Yunnan Science and Technology Innovation Team Program for PSESP (Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations) Conservation and Utilization (Grant No. 2019HC015)the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province (Grant No. 2015HB091)
文摘Hibiscus aridicola is an endangered ornamental shrub of the family Malvaceae that is endemic to the dryhot valleys of Jinsha River in southwestern China.This species is a typical plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP).To support and monitor future conservation,develop management measures,and genotype this species,we performed extensive field studies together with genetic analyses.Specifically,we screened eleven microsatellite loci of 69 individuals of H.aridicola from four accessions.The population genetics analyses indicated that H.aridicola possesses high genetic diversity at both the population(0.6962-0.7293)and species level(0.7837)compared to other endemic/endangered species in China.The low differentiation of populations(Fst=0.0971)and the high gene flow between populations of H.aridicola(Nm=2.3236)could be due to its distribution along rivers in the hot-valleys of the Jinsha River and the wind-mediated dispersal of its seeds.Furthermore,the genetic diversity of H.aridicola is slightly positively correlated with geographic distance.Two populations are undergoing a genetic bottleneck,and require more specific attention from conservationists.Additionally,our analyses of the population genetics of H.aridicola demonstrate that the declines in populations are not the result of the internal genetics of these populations but due to external human activities over the past decades.
基金Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(Grant No.2017FY100100)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0502)+2 种基金the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2018HB066)Yunnan Innovation Team Program for Conservation and Utilization of PSESP(Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations)(Grant No.2019HC015)Applied Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.2018BB010).
文摘Gene flow between sympatric congeneric plants is thought to be very common and may pose serious threats to endangered species.In the present study,we evaluate the genetic diversity and divergence of three sympatric Rhododendron species in Jiaozi Mountain using newly developed microsatellites through the Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach.Genetic diversity of all three Rhododendron species studied was moderate in comparison to genetic parameters previously reported from species of this genus.Interestingly,genetic structure analysis of the three species identified a possible hybrid origin of the threatened Rh.pubicostatum.This sympatry should be considered a unimodal hybrid zone,since Rh.pubicostatum is predominant here.Unimodal hybrid zones are uncommon in Rhododendron,despite the fact that hybridization frequently occurs in the genus.Issues pertaining to the conservation of Rh.pubicostatum resulting from admixture of genetic material from its parental species are discussed.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960069).
文摘Manglietia ventii is a wild plant species with extremely small populations endemic to Yunnan,mainly distributed in southeast Yunnan.Due to the continuous deterioration of natural habitats,excessive felling and utilization of human beings,and the decline of breeding ability,the number of individuals in the population has decreased significantly.Through field investigation and literature review,the research status of M.ventii in systematics,conservation ecology,reproductive biology,genetic diversity,endangered mechanism and resource protection at home and abroad are systematically reviewed.And the future research direction is prospected.It is necessary to strengthen the research on the basic characteristics of M.ventii,explore the transmission route of M.ventii and deepen the development and utilization of resources,in order to provide a theoretical support for the protection and sustainable utilization of germplasm resources of M.ventii,and provide a reference for the protection of other wild plant species with extremely small populations.
