In an era marked by rising protectionism and geopolitical tensions,the world faces a stark choice:embrace multilateral cooperation or succumb to unilateral hegemony.The United States’punitive tariff policies have exp...In an era marked by rising protectionism and geopolitical tensions,the world faces a stark choice:embrace multilateral cooperation or succumb to unilateral hegemony.The United States’punitive tariff policies have exposed the negative effect of economic coercion and isolation.Meanwhile,China’s commitment to openness,innovation,and shared prosperity offers a contrast,a testament to the enduring vitality of multilateralism and global integration.展开更多
Europe’s shift toward selective protectionism,particularly targeting China,undermines its commitment to free trade,threatens its industrial competitiveness,and ultimately jeopardizes European prosperity.
There is a deep historical foundation of economic protectionism in Europe, which runs through its capitalist development and regional integration process. Over the past two years, the EU's economic protectionism h...There is a deep historical foundation of economic protectionism in Europe, which runs through its capitalist development and regional integration process. Over the past two years, the EU's economic protectionism has risen again. Both its official statements and policies show some new trends and characteristics. The basic cause of these latest trends is the relative decline in the overall strength of the EU, especially in regard to the ongoing impact of the financial and debt crisis on its economic, political and social fields. In general, the EU is likely to become more radical in its foreign economic relations, but its protectionism will not solve the fundamental problems it faces. China and Europe still need to further strengthen risk control and management in their economic and trade relations.展开更多
During its rise as a world power, the United States(U.S.) adopted a traditional form of mercantilism, and most US politicians followed a protectionist approach. From the end of the Civil War to the eve of World War I,...During its rise as a world power, the United States(U.S.) adopted a traditional form of mercantilism, and most US politicians followed a protectionist approach. From the end of the Civil War to the eve of World War I, the United States blazed a new trail of industrial development and implemented protective policies such as high tariffs. This historical tradition has had a profound influence on some current US politicians. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the United States developed a new form of mercantilism, as manifested in the emergence of nontariff barriers instead of tariff barriers to restrict imports and protect domestic industries and employment. Although export regulations have avoided affecting the technology industry, they have led to hefty trade deficits for the United States. National interests have prevailed in U.S. decision-making and have influenced its choices to accede to or walk away from international organizations or treaties. The dollar's hegemony has played a pivotal role in U.S. economic policymaking. These factors have led to the twin deficits in the U.S. economy, i.e. a trade deficit and a fiscal deficit. The real intention of the United States in waging a trade war against China is to maintain and even strengthen the dollar's hegemony and the U.S.' international predominance.展开更多
"Samuelson's Concern" and "Kindleberger Trap" are cited as justifications for trade protectionism under the Trump administration. After reviewing Samuelson's and Kindleberger's trade th..."Samuelson's Concern" and "Kindleberger Trap" are cited as justifications for trade protectionism under the Trump administration. After reviewing Samuelson's and Kindleberger's trade theories, this paper finds that both Samuelson and Kindleberger are actually proponents of free trade, and that their common concern is falling US competitiveness due to its economic model, domestic institutional rules, and unilateralism. Both the "Samuelson's Concern" and "Kindleberger Trap" are distortions of Samuelson's and Kindleberger's original theories and the arguments' defense of protectionism cannot overcome the challenges confronting the U.S. and will destabilize international economic order.展开更多
Both COFCO and SINOCHEM participate in trading business with Australian enterprises,such as the import of barley,wheat,diary and meat products,or chemical products and coal.Free trade has always been the foundation of...Both COFCO and SINOCHEM participate in trading business with Australian enterprises,such as the import of barley,wheat,diary and meat products,or chemical products and coal.Free trade has always been the foundation of Sino-Australia relations.In the B20 trade and investment working group discussion,I want to emphasize the展开更多
With the textile export to EU growing at a pace faster than anticipated, the joint efforts to slow down Chinese shipment to this market in a predetermined arrangement known as "bilateral check" seem to be ab...With the textile export to EU growing at a pace faster than anticipated, the joint efforts to slow down Chinese shipment to this market in a predetermined arrangement known as "bilateral check" seem to be abortive, more and more producers there seem to grow out of their patience with EU’s past deal with China. A new wave of trade protectionism is coming on the surge…展开更多
Shipbuilding is among the latest industries scheduled for protectionist measures in the U.S.,with the Office of the U.S.Trade Representative(USTR)holding hearings from March 24 to 26 to discuss newly proposed actions ...Shipbuilding is among the latest industries scheduled for protectionist measures in the U.S.,with the Office of the U.S.Trade Representative(USTR)holding hearings from March 24 to 26 to discuss newly proposed actions targeting China.The proposed actions include the imposition of substantial port fees on Chinese vessel operators,non-Chinese operators of China-built vessels,and operators who have placed orders for China-built vessels.展开更多
As the 20th G20 Leaders’Summit approaches,global attention is turning to South Africa,the current presidency,with the expectation that it will deliver e!ective outcomes to stimulate development in a world increasingl...As the 20th G20 Leaders’Summit approaches,global attention is turning to South Africa,the current presidency,with the expectation that it will deliver e!ective outcomes to stimulate development in a world increasingly fragmented by unilateralism,protectionism,and hegemonism from certain Western countries.展开更多
The world is now undergoing profound changes unseen in a century,with unilateralism and protectionism gaining momentum.As the head of the Asia-Pacific Think Tank,I would like to discuss the mission and responsibilitie...The world is now undergoing profound changes unseen in a century,with unilateralism and protectionism gaining momentum.As the head of the Asia-Pacific Think Tank,I would like to discuss the mission and responsibilities of China and ASEAN under the tariff hegemony of the United States.展开更多
China-Africa cooperation sets a benchmark for equitable development in a multipolar world Despite rising unilateralism and protectionism in the West and increasing uncertainties in global trade,China-Africa economic a...China-Africa cooperation sets a benchmark for equitable development in a multipolar world Despite rising unilateralism and protectionism in the West and increasing uncertainties in global trade,China-Africa economic and trade cooperation remains on a fast track,backed by concrete actions towards common modernisation.This collaboration reinforces solidarity across the Global South and contributes to greater stability and confidence in the global multilateral trading system.展开更多
The world economy in 2024 proved surprisingly resilient despite multiple shocks. This resilience can largely be attributed to the effects of tight monetary policies and the strong performance of labor markets in major...The world economy in 2024 proved surprisingly resilient despite multiple shocks. This resilience can largely be attributed to the effects of tight monetary policies and the strong performance of labor markets in major economies. Although a recession was narrowly avoided, the intensifying strategic rivalries among major powers, rising geopolitical risks, the resurgence of trade protectionism and sluggish global growth have all cast a shadow over the economic outlook.展开更多
Currently,the demand for electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials with specific functions and capable of withstanding harsh environments is becoming increasingly urgent.Multi-component interface engineering is con...Currently,the demand for electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials with specific functions and capable of withstanding harsh environments is becoming increasingly urgent.Multi-component interface engineering is considered an effective means to achieve high-efficiency EMW absorption.However,interface modulation engineering has not been fully discussed and has great potential in the field of EMW absorption.In this study,multi-component tin compound fiber composites based on carbon fiber(CF)substrate were prepared by electrospinning,hydrothermal synthesis,and high-temperature thermal reduction.By utilizing the different properties of different substances,rich heterogeneous interfaces are constructed.This effectively promotes charge transfer and enhances interfacial polarization and conduction loss.The prepared SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF composites with abundant heterogeneous interfaces have and exhibit excellent EMW absorption properties at a loading of 50 wt%in epoxy resin.The minimum reflection loss(RL)is−46.74 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is 5.28 GHz.Moreover,SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF epoxy composite coatings exhibited long-term corrosion resistance on Q235 steel surfaces.Therefore,this study provides an effective strategy for the design of high-efficiency EMW absorbing materials in complex and harsh environments.展开更多
The atmospheric corrosion monitoring(ACM)technique has been widely employed to track the real-time corrosion behavior of metal materials.However,limited studies have applied ACM to the corrosion protection properties ...The atmospheric corrosion monitoring(ACM)technique has been widely employed to track the real-time corrosion behavior of metal materials.However,limited studies have applied ACM to the corrosion protection properties of organic coatings.This study compared a bare epoxy coating with one containing zinc phosphate corrosion inhibitors,both applied on ACM sensors,to observe their corrosion protection properties over time.Coatings with artificial damage via scratches were exposed to immersion and alternating dry and wet environments,which allowed for monitoring galvanic corrosion currents in real-time.Throughout the corrosion tests,the ACM currents of the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating were considerably lower than those of the blank epoxy coating.The trend in ACM current variations closely matched the results obtained from regular electrochemical tests and surface analysis.This alignment highlights the potential of the ACM technique in evaluating the corrosion protection capabilities of organic coatings.Compared with the blank epoxy coating,the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating showed much-decreased ACM current values that confirmed the effective inhibition of zinc phosphate against steel corrosion beneath the damaged coating.展开更多
Deep sea,with rich oil,gas,and mineral resources,plays an increasingly crucial role in scientific and industrial realms.However,the highly corrosive feature of deep sea hinders further exploration and development,whic...Deep sea,with rich oil,gas,and mineral resources,plays an increasingly crucial role in scientific and industrial realms.However,the highly corrosive feature of deep sea hinders further exploration and development,which requires metal materials with robust corrosion resistance.This review covers an in-depth and all-around overview of the up-to-date advances in corrosion and protection of metals in deep-sea environment.Firstly,the unique characteristics of deep-sea environment are summarized in detail.Subsequently,the corrosion performances of metals in both in situ and simulated deep-sea environments are illustrated systematically.Furthermore,corrosion prevent strategies of metals,including sacrificial anode protection,organic coatings,as well as coatings achieved by physical vapor deposition(PVD coatings),are highlighted.Finally,we outline current challenges and development trends of corrosion and protection of metals in deep-sea environment in the future.The purpose of this review is not only to summarize the recent progress on metal corrosion and protection in deep sea,but also to aid us in understanding them more comprehensively and deeply in a short time,so as to boost their fast development.展开更多
In recent decades,annual urban fire incidents,including those involving ancient wooden buildings burned,transportation,and solar panels,have increased,leading to significant loss of human life and property.Addressing ...In recent decades,annual urban fire incidents,including those involving ancient wooden buildings burned,transportation,and solar panels,have increased,leading to significant loss of human life and property.Addressing this issue without altering the surface morphology or interfering with optical behavior of flammable materials poses a substantial challenge.Herein,we present a transparent,low thickness,ceramifiable nanosystem coating composed of a highly adhesive base(poly(SSS1-co-HEMA1)),nanoscale layered double hydroxide sheets as ceramic precursors,and supramolecular melamine di-borate as an accelerator.We demonstrate that this hybrid coating can transform into a porous,fire-resistant protective layer with a highly thermostable vitreous phase upon exposure to flame/heat source.A nanosystem coating of just~100μm thickness can significantly increase the limiting oxygen index of wood(Pine)to 37.3%,dramatically reduce total heat release by 78.6%,and maintain low smoke toxicity(CIT_G=0.016).Detailed molecular force analysis,combined with a comprehensive examination of the underlying flame-retardant mechanisms,underscores the effectiveness of this coating.This work offers a strategy for creating efficient,environmentally friendly coatings with fire safety applications across various industries.展开更多
Software-defined networking(SDN)is an innovative paradigm that separates the control and data planes,introducing centralized network control.SDN is increasingly being adopted by Carrier Grade networks,offering enhance...Software-defined networking(SDN)is an innovative paradigm that separates the control and data planes,introducing centralized network control.SDN is increasingly being adopted by Carrier Grade networks,offering enhanced networkmanagement capabilities than those of traditional networks.However,because SDN is designed to ensure high-level service availability,it faces additional challenges.One of themost critical challenges is ensuring efficient detection and recovery from link failures in the data plane.Such failures can significantly impact network performance and lead to service outages,making resiliency a key concern for the effective adoption of SDN.Since the recovery process is intrinsically dependent on timely failure detection,this research surveys and analyzes the current literature on both failure detection and recovery approaches in SDN.The survey provides a critical comparison of existing failure detection techniques,highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.Additionally,it examines the current failure recovery methods,categorized as either restoration-based or protection-based,and offers a comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations.Lastly,future research challenges and directions are discussed to address the shortcomings of existing failure recovery methods.展开更多
Link failure is a critical issue in large networks and must be effectively addressed.In software-defined networks(SDN),link failure recovery schemes can be categorized into proactive and reactive approaches.Reactive s...Link failure is a critical issue in large networks and must be effectively addressed.In software-defined networks(SDN),link failure recovery schemes can be categorized into proactive and reactive approaches.Reactive schemes have longer recovery times while proactive schemes provide faster recovery but overwhelm the memory of switches by flow entries.As SDN adoption grows,ensuring efficient recovery from link failures in the data plane becomes crucial.In particular,data center networks(DCNs)demand rapid recovery times and efficient resource utilization to meet carrier-grade requirements.This paper proposes an efficient Decentralized Failure Recovery(DFR)model for SDNs,meeting recovery time requirements and optimizing switch memory resource consumption.The DFR model enables switches to autonomously reroute traffic upon link failures without involving the controller,achieving fast recovery times while minimizing memory usage.DFR employs the Fast Failover Group in the OpenFlow standard for local recovery without requiring controller communication and utilizes the k-shortest path algorithm to proactively install backup paths,allowing immediate local recovery without controller intervention and enhancing overall network stability and scalability.DFR employs flow entry aggregation techniques to reduce switch memory usage.Instead of matching flow entries to the destination host’s MAC address,DFR matches packets to the destination switch’s MAC address.This reduces the switches’Ternary Content-Addressable Memory(TCAM)consumption.Additionally,DFR modifies Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)replies to provide source hosts with the destination switch’s MAC address,facilitating flow entry aggregation without affecting normal network operations.The performance of DFR is evaluated through the network emulator Mininet 2.3.1 and Ryu 3.1 as SDN controller.For different number of active flows,number of hosts per edge switch,and different network sizes,the proposed model outperformed various failure recovery models:restoration-based,protection by flow entries,protection by group entries and protection by Vlan-tagging model in terms of recovery time,switch memory consumption and controller overhead which represented the number of flow entry updates to recover from the failure.Experimental results demonstrate that DFR achieves recovery times under 20 milliseconds,satisfying carrier-grade requirements for rapid failure recovery.Additionally,DFR reduces switch memory usage by up to 95%compared to traditional protection methods and minimizes controller load by eliminating the need for controller intervention during failure recovery.Theresults underscore the efficiency and scalability of the DFR model,making it a practical solution for enhancing network resilience in SDN environments.展开更多
As smart grid technology rapidly advances,the vast amount of user data collected by smart meter presents significant challenges in data security and privacy protection.Current research emphasizes data security and use...As smart grid technology rapidly advances,the vast amount of user data collected by smart meter presents significant challenges in data security and privacy protection.Current research emphasizes data security and user privacy concerns within smart grids.However,existing methods struggle with efficiency and security when processing large-scale data.Balancing efficient data processing with stringent privacy protection during data aggregation in smart grids remains an urgent challenge.This paper proposes an AI-based multi-type data aggregation method designed to enhance aggregation efficiency and security by standardizing and normalizing various data modalities.The approach optimizes data preprocessing,integrates Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks for handling time-series data,and employs homomorphic encryption to safeguard user privacy.It also explores the application of Boneh Lynn Shacham(BLS)signatures for user authentication.The proposed scheme’s efficiency,security,and privacy protection capabilities are validated through rigorous security proofs and experimental analysis.展开更多
文摘In an era marked by rising protectionism and geopolitical tensions,the world faces a stark choice:embrace multilateral cooperation or succumb to unilateral hegemony.The United States’punitive tariff policies have exposed the negative effect of economic coercion and isolation.Meanwhile,China’s commitment to openness,innovation,and shared prosperity offers a contrast,a testament to the enduring vitality of multilateralism and global integration.
文摘Europe’s shift toward selective protectionism,particularly targeting China,undermines its commitment to free trade,threatens its industrial competitiveness,and ultimately jeopardizes European prosperity.
文摘There is a deep historical foundation of economic protectionism in Europe, which runs through its capitalist development and regional integration process. Over the past two years, the EU's economic protectionism has risen again. Both its official statements and policies show some new trends and characteristics. The basic cause of these latest trends is the relative decline in the overall strength of the EU, especially in regard to the ongoing impact of the financial and debt crisis on its economic, political and social fields. In general, the EU is likely to become more radical in its foreign economic relations, but its protectionism will not solve the fundamental problems it faces. China and Europe still need to further strengthen risk control and management in their economic and trade relations.
基金funded by the National Social Sciences Fund (NSSF) project “Study on U.S. Mercantilist Tradition and New Forms of Mercantilism (Approval No. 17BJL021)”
文摘During its rise as a world power, the United States(U.S.) adopted a traditional form of mercantilism, and most US politicians followed a protectionist approach. From the end of the Civil War to the eve of World War I, the United States blazed a new trail of industrial development and implemented protective policies such as high tariffs. This historical tradition has had a profound influence on some current US politicians. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the United States developed a new form of mercantilism, as manifested in the emergence of nontariff barriers instead of tariff barriers to restrict imports and protect domestic industries and employment. Although export regulations have avoided affecting the technology industry, they have led to hefty trade deficits for the United States. National interests have prevailed in U.S. decision-making and have influenced its choices to accede to or walk away from international organizations or treaties. The dollar's hegemony has played a pivotal role in U.S. economic policymaking. These factors have led to the twin deficits in the U.S. economy, i.e. a trade deficit and a fiscal deficit. The real intention of the United States in waging a trade war against China is to maintain and even strengthen the dollar's hegemony and the U.S.' international predominance.
文摘"Samuelson's Concern" and "Kindleberger Trap" are cited as justifications for trade protectionism under the Trump administration. After reviewing Samuelson's and Kindleberger's trade theories, this paper finds that both Samuelson and Kindleberger are actually proponents of free trade, and that their common concern is falling US competitiveness due to its economic model, domestic institutional rules, and unilateralism. Both the "Samuelson's Concern" and "Kindleberger Trap" are distortions of Samuelson's and Kindleberger's original theories and the arguments' defense of protectionism cannot overcome the challenges confronting the U.S. and will destabilize international economic order.
文摘Both COFCO and SINOCHEM participate in trading business with Australian enterprises,such as the import of barley,wheat,diary and meat products,or chemical products and coal.Free trade has always been the foundation of Sino-Australia relations.In the B20 trade and investment working group discussion,I want to emphasize the
文摘With the textile export to EU growing at a pace faster than anticipated, the joint efforts to slow down Chinese shipment to this market in a predetermined arrangement known as "bilateral check" seem to be abortive, more and more producers there seem to grow out of their patience with EU’s past deal with China. A new wave of trade protectionism is coming on the surge…
文摘Shipbuilding is among the latest industries scheduled for protectionist measures in the U.S.,with the Office of the U.S.Trade Representative(USTR)holding hearings from March 24 to 26 to discuss newly proposed actions targeting China.The proposed actions include the imposition of substantial port fees on Chinese vessel operators,non-Chinese operators of China-built vessels,and operators who have placed orders for China-built vessels.
文摘As the 20th G20 Leaders’Summit approaches,global attention is turning to South Africa,the current presidency,with the expectation that it will deliver e!ective outcomes to stimulate development in a world increasingly fragmented by unilateralism,protectionism,and hegemonism from certain Western countries.
文摘The world is now undergoing profound changes unseen in a century,with unilateralism and protectionism gaining momentum.As the head of the Asia-Pacific Think Tank,I would like to discuss the mission and responsibilities of China and ASEAN under the tariff hegemony of the United States.
文摘China-Africa cooperation sets a benchmark for equitable development in a multipolar world Despite rising unilateralism and protectionism in the West and increasing uncertainties in global trade,China-Africa economic and trade cooperation remains on a fast track,backed by concrete actions towards common modernisation.This collaboration reinforces solidarity across the Global South and contributes to greater stability and confidence in the global multilateral trading system.
文摘The world economy in 2024 proved surprisingly resilient despite multiple shocks. This resilience can largely be attributed to the effects of tight monetary policies and the strong performance of labor markets in major economies. Although a recession was narrowly avoided, the intensifying strategic rivalries among major powers, rising geopolitical risks, the resurgence of trade protectionism and sluggish global growth have all cast a shadow over the economic outlook.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52377026 and No.52301192)Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103057)+4 种基金Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number(No.GZB20240327)Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.SDCXZG-202400275)Qingdao Postdoctoral Application Research Project(No.QDBSH20240102023)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M751563)the Qingchuang Talents Induction Program of Shandong Higher Education Institution(Research and Innovation Team of Structural-Functional Polymer Composites).
文摘Currently,the demand for electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials with specific functions and capable of withstanding harsh environments is becoming increasingly urgent.Multi-component interface engineering is considered an effective means to achieve high-efficiency EMW absorption.However,interface modulation engineering has not been fully discussed and has great potential in the field of EMW absorption.In this study,multi-component tin compound fiber composites based on carbon fiber(CF)substrate were prepared by electrospinning,hydrothermal synthesis,and high-temperature thermal reduction.By utilizing the different properties of different substances,rich heterogeneous interfaces are constructed.This effectively promotes charge transfer and enhances interfacial polarization and conduction loss.The prepared SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF composites with abundant heterogeneous interfaces have and exhibit excellent EMW absorption properties at a loading of 50 wt%in epoxy resin.The minimum reflection loss(RL)is−46.74 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is 5.28 GHz.Moreover,SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF epoxy composite coatings exhibited long-term corrosion resistance on Q235 steel surfaces.Therefore,this study provides an effective strategy for the design of high-efficiency EMW absorbing materials in complex and harsh environments.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52371049)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology(YESS,No.2020QNRC001)the National Science and Technology Resources Investigation Program of China(Nos.2021FY100603 and 2019FY101404)。
文摘The atmospheric corrosion monitoring(ACM)technique has been widely employed to track the real-time corrosion behavior of metal materials.However,limited studies have applied ACM to the corrosion protection properties of organic coatings.This study compared a bare epoxy coating with one containing zinc phosphate corrosion inhibitors,both applied on ACM sensors,to observe their corrosion protection properties over time.Coatings with artificial damage via scratches were exposed to immersion and alternating dry and wet environments,which allowed for monitoring galvanic corrosion currents in real-time.Throughout the corrosion tests,the ACM currents of the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating were considerably lower than those of the blank epoxy coating.The trend in ACM current variations closely matched the results obtained from regular electrochemical tests and surface analysis.This alignment highlights the potential of the ACM technique in evaluating the corrosion protection capabilities of organic coatings.Compared with the blank epoxy coating,the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating showed much-decreased ACM current values that confirmed the effective inhibition of zinc phosphate against steel corrosion beneath the damaged coating.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3808800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52301406 and 52375219)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LR21E050001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M733600)the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(No.2023J329).
文摘Deep sea,with rich oil,gas,and mineral resources,plays an increasingly crucial role in scientific and industrial realms.However,the highly corrosive feature of deep sea hinders further exploration and development,which requires metal materials with robust corrosion resistance.This review covers an in-depth and all-around overview of the up-to-date advances in corrosion and protection of metals in deep-sea environment.Firstly,the unique characteristics of deep-sea environment are summarized in detail.Subsequently,the corrosion performances of metals in both in situ and simulated deep-sea environments are illustrated systematically.Furthermore,corrosion prevent strategies of metals,including sacrificial anode protection,organic coatings,as well as coatings achieved by physical vapor deposition(PVD coatings),are highlighted.Finally,we outline current challenges and development trends of corrosion and protection of metals in deep-sea environment in the future.The purpose of this review is not only to summarize the recent progress on metal corrosion and protection in deep sea,but also to aid us in understanding them more comprehensively and deeply in a short time,so as to boost their fast development.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(524B2168,U22A20149,52173081,and 52273275)。
文摘In recent decades,annual urban fire incidents,including those involving ancient wooden buildings burned,transportation,and solar panels,have increased,leading to significant loss of human life and property.Addressing this issue without altering the surface morphology or interfering with optical behavior of flammable materials poses a substantial challenge.Herein,we present a transparent,low thickness,ceramifiable nanosystem coating composed of a highly adhesive base(poly(SSS1-co-HEMA1)),nanoscale layered double hydroxide sheets as ceramic precursors,and supramolecular melamine di-borate as an accelerator.We demonstrate that this hybrid coating can transform into a porous,fire-resistant protective layer with a highly thermostable vitreous phase upon exposure to flame/heat source.A nanosystem coating of just~100μm thickness can significantly increase the limiting oxygen index of wood(Pine)to 37.3%,dramatically reduce total heat release by 78.6%,and maintain low smoke toxicity(CIT_G=0.016).Detailed molecular force analysis,combined with a comprehensive examination of the underlying flame-retardant mechanisms,underscores the effectiveness of this coating.This work offers a strategy for creating efficient,environmentally friendly coatings with fire safety applications across various industries.
文摘Software-defined networking(SDN)is an innovative paradigm that separates the control and data planes,introducing centralized network control.SDN is increasingly being adopted by Carrier Grade networks,offering enhanced networkmanagement capabilities than those of traditional networks.However,because SDN is designed to ensure high-level service availability,it faces additional challenges.One of themost critical challenges is ensuring efficient detection and recovery from link failures in the data plane.Such failures can significantly impact network performance and lead to service outages,making resiliency a key concern for the effective adoption of SDN.Since the recovery process is intrinsically dependent on timely failure detection,this research surveys and analyzes the current literature on both failure detection and recovery approaches in SDN.The survey provides a critical comparison of existing failure detection techniques,highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.Additionally,it examines the current failure recovery methods,categorized as either restoration-based or protection-based,and offers a comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations.Lastly,future research challenges and directions are discussed to address the shortcomings of existing failure recovery methods.
文摘Link failure is a critical issue in large networks and must be effectively addressed.In software-defined networks(SDN),link failure recovery schemes can be categorized into proactive and reactive approaches.Reactive schemes have longer recovery times while proactive schemes provide faster recovery but overwhelm the memory of switches by flow entries.As SDN adoption grows,ensuring efficient recovery from link failures in the data plane becomes crucial.In particular,data center networks(DCNs)demand rapid recovery times and efficient resource utilization to meet carrier-grade requirements.This paper proposes an efficient Decentralized Failure Recovery(DFR)model for SDNs,meeting recovery time requirements and optimizing switch memory resource consumption.The DFR model enables switches to autonomously reroute traffic upon link failures without involving the controller,achieving fast recovery times while minimizing memory usage.DFR employs the Fast Failover Group in the OpenFlow standard for local recovery without requiring controller communication and utilizes the k-shortest path algorithm to proactively install backup paths,allowing immediate local recovery without controller intervention and enhancing overall network stability and scalability.DFR employs flow entry aggregation techniques to reduce switch memory usage.Instead of matching flow entries to the destination host’s MAC address,DFR matches packets to the destination switch’s MAC address.This reduces the switches’Ternary Content-Addressable Memory(TCAM)consumption.Additionally,DFR modifies Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)replies to provide source hosts with the destination switch’s MAC address,facilitating flow entry aggregation without affecting normal network operations.The performance of DFR is evaluated through the network emulator Mininet 2.3.1 and Ryu 3.1 as SDN controller.For different number of active flows,number of hosts per edge switch,and different network sizes,the proposed model outperformed various failure recovery models:restoration-based,protection by flow entries,protection by group entries and protection by Vlan-tagging model in terms of recovery time,switch memory consumption and controller overhead which represented the number of flow entry updates to recover from the failure.Experimental results demonstrate that DFR achieves recovery times under 20 milliseconds,satisfying carrier-grade requirements for rapid failure recovery.Additionally,DFR reduces switch memory usage by up to 95%compared to traditional protection methods and minimizes controller load by eliminating the need for controller intervention during failure recovery.Theresults underscore the efficiency and scalability of the DFR model,making it a practical solution for enhancing network resilience in SDN environments.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB2703700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20465,62302457,62402444,62172292)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(Nos.23222092-Y,22222266-Y)the Program for Leading Innovative Research Team of Zhejiang Province(No.2023R01001)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.LQ24F020008,LQ24F020012)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data(No.[2022]417)the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2023C01119).
文摘As smart grid technology rapidly advances,the vast amount of user data collected by smart meter presents significant challenges in data security and privacy protection.Current research emphasizes data security and user privacy concerns within smart grids.However,existing methods struggle with efficiency and security when processing large-scale data.Balancing efficient data processing with stringent privacy protection during data aggregation in smart grids remains an urgent challenge.This paper proposes an AI-based multi-type data aggregation method designed to enhance aggregation efficiency and security by standardizing and normalizing various data modalities.The approach optimizes data preprocessing,integrates Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks for handling time-series data,and employs homomorphic encryption to safeguard user privacy.It also explores the application of Boneh Lynn Shacham(BLS)signatures for user authentication.The proposed scheme’s efficiency,security,and privacy protection capabilities are validated through rigorous security proofs and experimental analysis.
