Because of the developed surface of the Triply PeriodicMinimumSurface(TPMS)structures,polylactide(PLA)products with a TPMS structure are thought to be promising bio soluble implants with the potential for targeted dru...Because of the developed surface of the Triply PeriodicMinimumSurface(TPMS)structures,polylactide(PLA)products with a TPMS structure are thought to be promising bio soluble implants with the potential for targeted drug delivery.For implants,mechanical properties are key performance characteristics,so understanding the deformation and failure mechanisms is essential for selecting the appropriate implant structure.The deformation and fracture processes in PLA samples with different interior architectures have been studied through computer simulation and experimental research.Two TPMS topologies,the Schwarz Diamond and Gyroid architectures,were used for the sample construction by 3D printing.ANSYS software was utilized to simulate compressive deformation.It was found that under the same load,the vonMises stresses in the Gyroid structure are higher than those in the Schwartz Diamond structure,which was associated with the different orientations of the cells in the studied structures in relation to the direction of the loading axis.The deformation process occurs in the local regions of the studied TPMS structures.Maximum von Mises stresses were observed in the vertical parts of the structures oriented along the load direction.It was found that,unlike the Gyroid,the Schwartz Diamond structure contains a frame that forms unique stiffening ribs,which ensures the redistribution of the load under the vertical loading direction.An analysis of the mechanical characteristics of PLA samples with the Schwartz Diamond and Gyroid structures produced by the Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM)method was correlated with computer simulation.The Schwarz Diamond-type structure was shown to have a higher absorption energy than the Gyroid one.A study of the fracture in PLA samples with various cell sizes revealed a particular feature related to the samples’periodic surface topology and the 3D printing process.Scanning electron microscopic(SEM)studies of the samples deformed by compression showed thatwith an increase in the density of the samples,the failure mechanism changes from ductile to quasi-brittle due to the complex participation of both cell deformation and fiber deformation.展开更多
Dysphagia,a prevalent condition affecting over 30%of the elderly,significantly elevates malnutrition risks due to impaired swallowing and insufficient nutrient intake.This study aimed to develop plant-based,3D-printed...Dysphagia,a prevalent condition affecting over 30%of the elderly,significantly elevates malnutrition risks due to impaired swallowing and insufficient nutrient intake.This study aimed to develop plant-based,3D-printed dysphagia diets using pea protein isolate(PPI)combined with quinoa to enhance essential amino acid profiles,complemented by hydrocolloid—xanthan gum(XG),carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC),and agar—for tailored texture modulation.Eight ink formulations were evaluated based on molecular interactions,rheological behavior,3 D printing performance,and compliance with International Dysphagia Diet S tandardization Initiative(IDDSI)standards.Synergistic effects of XG and CMC in Ink-C optimized shear-thinning properties and structural stability,enabling high-precision printing of self-supporting constructs.IDDSI testing confirmed that Ink-A and Ink-C met Level 5"minced and moist"criteria,validated by texture parameters and shape retention during mechanical testing.Electronic nose showed minimal deviations in aromatic characteristics across all formulations,preserving sensory acceptability.In vitro digestion models revealed that hydrocolloid networks temporarily hindered gastric proteolysis but ultimately achieved sufficient intestinal hydrolysis(>76%)to ensure nutrient bioavailability.Ink-C was identified as the optimal formulation,harmonizing printability,swallow-safe textures,and digestibility.This work highlights the potential of hydrocolloid-engineered 3D printing to advance personalized nutrition for dysphagia management,offering scalable solutions to improve dietary diversity and clinical outcomes in aging populations.展开更多
Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization stra...Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization strategies,such as sputtering and ink-printing,often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks,leading to device short-circuiting,operational failure and limited vertical integration.Here,we present a solvent-selective dissolutionassisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin,lightweight,and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks,enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation.This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding.Meanwhile,the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity(2Ωcm)and vertical insulativity(10^(11)Ωcm).The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters,high-sensitive pressure sensors,and ultralight temperature sensors.A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification.The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable,ultrathin and lightweight wearable electronics.展开更多
Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves ...Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves as an ideal window for bioelectronic devices to acquire vital physiological information,enabling continuous health monitoring,and disease intervention.展开更多
3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make i...3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically,proton exchange membrane fuel cells,proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers,gas diffusion layers,electrodes,porous transport layers,and bipolar plates.This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components.It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures.Finally,the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in nextgeneration low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.展开更多
Shape memory polymers used in 4D printing only had one permanent shape after molding,which limited their applications in requiring multiple reconstructions and multifunctional shapes.Furthermore,the inherent stability...Shape memory polymers used in 4D printing only had one permanent shape after molding,which limited their applications in requiring multiple reconstructions and multifunctional shapes.Furthermore,the inherent stability of the triazine ring structure within cyanate ester(CE)crosslinked networks after molding posed significant challenges for both recycling,repairing,and degradation of resin.To address these obstacles,dynamic thiocyanate ester(TCE)bonds and photocurable group were incorporated into CE,obtaining the recyclable and 3D printable CE covalent adaptable networks(CANs),denoted as PTCE1.5.This material exhibits a Young's modulus of 810 MPa and a tensile strength of 50.8 MPa.Notably,damaged printed PTCE1.5 objects can be readily repaired through reprinting and interface rejoining by thermal treatment.Leveraging the solid-state plasticity,PTCE1.5 also demonstrated attractive shape memory ability and permanent shape reconfigurability,enabling its reconfigurable 4D printing.The printed PTCE1.5 hinges and a main body were assembled into a deployable and retractable satellite model,validating its potential application as a controllable component in the aerospace field.Moreover,printed PTCE1.5 can be fully degraded into thiol-modified intermediate products.Overall,this material not only enriches the application range of CE resin,but also provides a reliable approach to addressing environmental issue.展开更多
Up-conversion(UC)luminescent materials doped with Ln^(3+)ions possess excellent optical properties and extensive applications in the formulation of multifunctional fluorescence ink.Printing technology offers various m...Up-conversion(UC)luminescent materials doped with Ln^(3+)ions possess excellent optical properties and extensive applications in the formulation of multifunctional fluorescence ink.Printing technology offers various methods for the preparation of UC fluorescent inks.This study introduced the optical properties of luminescent materials doped with Ln^(3+)ions,including luminescence characteristics and spectral characteristics,which provide a basis for the subsequent printing process.We also reviewed different printing techniques,including direct writing,screen printing,laser printing,inkjet printing,and aerosol jet printing(AJP),developed so far in the literature and explored the printing process of ink characteristics.However,the printing process of inks was explored and their potential for various applications was maximized.Therefore,the printing technology of UC fluorescent inks still faces challenges in different aspects.This review also points out the direction for future in-depth research,which is expected to promote further development and innovation in the field.展开更多
Founded in 2016,Zhejiang Haiyin Digital Technology Co.,Ltd.stands at the forefront of innovation as a certified China National High-Tech Enterprise,relentlessly advancing the boundaries of single-pass digital printing...Founded in 2016,Zhejiang Haiyin Digital Technology Co.,Ltd.stands at the forefront of innovation as a certified China National High-Tech Enterprise,relentlessly advancing the boundaries of single-pass digital printing technology.Our crowning achievement—the revolutionary KUNR High-Speed Digital Printing System—earned China’s prestigious National First-in-Kind Certification.Engineered with 100%independent patents across mechanical,control,software,ink supply,and inks,we deliver tailored intelligent turnkey solutions that transform textile production dynamics.展开更多
As surgical procedures transition from conventional resection to advanced tissue-regeneration technologies,human disease therapy has witnessed a great leap forward.In particular,three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting stands...As surgical procedures transition from conventional resection to advanced tissue-regeneration technologies,human disease therapy has witnessed a great leap forward.In particular,three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting stands as a landmark in this setting,by promising the precise integration of biomaterials,cells,and bioactive molecules,thus opening up a novel avenue for tissue/organ regeneration.Curated by the editorial board of Bio-Design and Manufacturing,this review brings together a cohort of leading young scientists in China to dissect the core functionalities and evolutionary trajectory of 3D bioprinting,by elucidating the intricate challenges encountered in the manufacturing of transplantable organs.We further delve into the translational pathway from scientific research to clinical application,emphasizing the imperativeness of establishing a regulatory framework and rigorously enforcing quality-control measures.Finally,this review outlines the strategic landscape and innovative achievements of China in this field and provides a comprehensive roadmap for researchers worldwide to propel this field collectively to even greater heights.展开更多
Electromagnetic devices have been widely used in the fields of information communication,medical treatment,electrical engineering,and national defense,and their properties are strongly dependent on the constituent ele...Electromagnetic devices have been widely used in the fields of information communication,medical treatment,electrical engineering,and national defense,and their properties are strongly dependent on the constituent electromagnetic materials.Conversely,electromagnetic metamaterials(EMMs),which are artificially engineered with distinctive electromagnetic properties,can overcome the limitations of natural materials owing to their structural advantages.Three-dimensional(3D)printing is the most effec-tive technique for fabricating EMM devices with different geometric parameters and associated proper-ties.However,conventional 3D-printed EMM devices may lack manufacturing flexibility and environmental adaptability to different physical stimuli,such as electric and magnetic fields.Four-dimensional(4D)printing is an ideal technique for schemes to integrate structural design with intelligent materials environmentally adaptive to external fields,for example,the printed components can change shape under electric stimulation.Given the rapid advancements in the EMM field,this paper first reviews typical EMM devices,their design theories,and underlying principles.Subsequently,it presents various EMM structural topologies and manufacturing technologies,emphasizing the feasibility of combining 3D and 4D printing.In addition,we highlight the important applications of EMMs and their future trends and the challenges associated with functional EMMs and additive manufacturing.展开更多
Silicone rubber(SR)is a versatile material widely used across various advanced functional applications,such as soft actuators and robots,flexible electronics,and medical devices.However,most SR molding methods rely on...Silicone rubber(SR)is a versatile material widely used across various advanced functional applications,such as soft actuators and robots,flexible electronics,and medical devices.However,most SR molding methods rely on traditional thermal processing or direct ink writing three-dimensional(3D)printing.These methods are not conducive to manufacturing complex structures and present challenges such as time inefficiency,poor accuracy,and the necessity of multiple steps,significantly limiting SR applications.In this study,we developed an SR-based ink suitable for vat photopolymerization 3D printing using a multi-thiol monomer.This ink enables the one-step fabrication of complex architectures with high printing resolution at the micrometer scale,providing excellent mechanical strength and superior chemical stability.Specifically,the optimized 3D printing SR-20 exhibits a tensile stress of 1.96 MPa,an elongation at break of 487.9%,and an elastic modulus of 225.4 kPa.Additionally,the 3D-printed SR samples can withstand various solvents(acetone,toluene,and tetrahydrofuran)and endure temperatures ranging from-50℃ to 180℃,demonstrating superior stability.As a emonstration of the application,we successfully fabricated a series of SR-based soft pneumatic actuators and grippers in a single step with this technology,allowing for free assembly for the first time.This ultraviolet-curable SR,with high printing resolution and exceptional stability performance,has significant potential to enhance the capabilities of 3D printing for applications in soft actuators,robotics,flexible electronics,and medical devices.展开更多
For more than 30 years,Hangzhou Honghua Digital Technology Stock Co.,Ltd(hereinafter also referred to as Atexco)has led digital inkjet innovation.From textiles to packaging and publishing,we deliver turnkey solutions ...For more than 30 years,Hangzhou Honghua Digital Technology Stock Co.,Ltd(hereinafter also referred to as Atexco)has led digital inkjet innovation.From textiles to packaging and publishing,we deliver turnkey solutions that unite precision printers,high-performance inks,process know-how and AI-driven design—one ecosystem powering global industry upgrade with Chinese inkjet excellence.展开更多
Multi-material 3D fabrication at the nanoscale has been a long-sought goal in additive manufacturing,with great potential for the direct construction of functional micro/nanosystems rather than just arbitrary 3D struc...Multi-material 3D fabrication at the nanoscale has been a long-sought goal in additive manufacturing,with great potential for the direct construction of functional micro/nanosystems rather than just arbitrary 3D structures.To achieve this goal,researchers have introduced several nanoscale 3D printing principles,explored various multi-material switching and combination strategies,and demonstrated their potential applications in 3D integrated circuits,optoelectronics,biological devices,micro/nanorobots,etc.Although some progress has been made,it is still at the primary stage,and a serious breakthrough is needed to directly construct functional micro/nano systems.In this perspective,the development,current status and prospects of multi-material 3D nanoprinting are presented.We envision that this 3D printing will unlock innovative solutions and make significant contributions to various technologies and industries in the near future.展开更多
Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor m...Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor micro-LED displays.However,the impact of solvent on both the printing process and the morphology of SIJ-printed PNC color conversion microstructures remains underexplored.In this study,we prepared samples of CsPbBr3PNC colloid inks in various solvents and investigated the solvent's impact on SIJ printed PNC microstructures.Our findings reveal that the boiling point of the solvent is crucial to the SIJ printing process of PNC colloid inks.Only does the boiling point of the solvent fall in the optimal range,the regular positioned,micron-scaled,conical PNC microstructures can be successfully printed.Below this optimal range,the ink is unable to be ejected from the nozzle;while above this range,irregular positioned microstructures with nanoscale height and coffee-ring-like morphology are produced.Based on these observations,high-resolution color conversion PNC microstructures were effectively prepared using SIJ printing of PNC colloid ink dispersed in dimethylbenzene solvent.展开更多
Ceramic matrix composites(CMCs)structural components encounter the dual challenges of severe mechanical conditions and complex electromagnetic environments due to the increasing demand for stealth technology in aerosp...Ceramic matrix composites(CMCs)structural components encounter the dual challenges of severe mechanical conditions and complex electromagnetic environments due to the increasing demand for stealth technology in aerospace field.To address various functional requirements,this study integrates a biomimetic strategy inspired by gradient bamboo vascular bundles with a novel dual-material 3D printing approach.Three distinct bamboo-inspired structural configurations Cf/SiC composites are designed and manufactured,and the effects of these different structural configurations on the CVI process are analyzed.Nanoindentation method is utilized to characterize the relationship between interface bonding strength and mechanical properties.The results reveal that the maximum flexural strength and fracture toughness reach 108.6±5.2 MPa and 16.45±1.52 MPa m1/2,respectively,attributed to the enhanced crack propagation resistance and path caused by the weak fiber-matrix interface.Furthermore,the bio-inspired configuration enhances the dielectric loss and conductivity loss,exhibiting a minimum reflection loss of−24.3 dB with the effective absorption band of 3.89 GHz.This work introduces an innovative biomimetic strategy and 3D printing method for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites,expanding the application of 3D printing technology in the field of CMCs.展开更多
As a novel 2D material,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene has become a major area of interest in the field of microwave absorption(MA).However,the MA effect of common Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene is not prominent and often requires com...As a novel 2D material,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene has become a major area of interest in the field of microwave absorption(MA).However,the MA effect of common Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene is not prominent and often requires complex processes or combinations of other ma-terials to achieve enhanced performance.In this context,a kind of gradient woodpile structure using common Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene as MA ma-terial was designed and manufactured through direct ink writing(DIW)3D printing.The minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene-based gradient woodpile structures with a thickness of less than 3 mm can reach-70 dB,showing considerable improve-ment compared with that of a completely filled structure.In addition,the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)reaches 7.73 GHz.This study demonstrates that a Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene material with excellent MA performance and tunable frequency band can be successfully fab-ricated with a macroscopic structural design and through DIW 3D printing without complex material hybridization and modification,of-fering broad application prospects by reducing electromagnetic wave radiation and interference.展开更多
Three-dimensional （3D） printing is a novel promising technology based on 3D imaging and layer-by-layer additive fabrication. It has a profound influence on all aspects of our lives and is playing an increasing impor...Three-dimensional （3D） printing is a novel promising technology based on 3D imaging and layer-by-layer additive fabrication. It has a profound influence on all aspects of our lives and is playing an increasing important role in many areas including engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. ＂3D bioprinting＂ has been put forward with the technical progress in 3D printing and might be a possible way to solve the serious problem of human organ shortage in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many research groups flung them into this area and have already made some gratifying achievements. However, it is a long way to fabricate a live organ. Many elements lead to the limitation of 3D bioprinting. This review introduces the background and development history of 3D bioprinting, compares different approaches of 3D bioprinting and illustrates the key factors of the printing process. Meanwhile, this review also points out existing challenges of 3D bioprinting and has a great prospect. Some points proposed in this review might be served as reference for the research of this field.展开更多
Ensuring the consistent mechanical performance of three-dimensional(3D)-printed continuous fiber-reinforced composites is a significant challenge in additive manufacturing.The current reliance on manual monitoring exa...Ensuring the consistent mechanical performance of three-dimensional(3D)-printed continuous fiber-reinforced composites is a significant challenge in additive manufacturing.The current reliance on manual monitoring exacerbates this challenge by rendering the process vulnerable to environmental changes and unexpected factors,resulting in defects and inconsistent product quality,particularly in unmanned long-term operations or printing in extreme environments.To address these issues,we developed a process monitoring and closed-loop feedback control strategy for the 3D printing process.Real-time printing image data were captured and analyzed using a well-trained neural network model,and a real-time control module-enabled closed-loop feedback control of the flow rate was developed.The neural network model,which was based on image processing and artificial intelligence,enabled the recognition of flow rate values with an accuracy of 94.70%.The experimental results showed significant improvements in both the surface performance and mechanical properties of printed composites,with three to six times improvement in tensile strength and elastic modulus,demonstrating the effectiveness of the strategy.This study provides a generalized process monitoring and feedback control method for the 3D printing of continuous fiber-reinforced composites,and offers a potential solution for remote online monitoring and closed-loop adjustment in unmanned or extreme space environments.展开更多
Dermal substitutes have provided a template for the regeneration and reconstruction of the dermis.However,the healed skin tissue often exhibits abnormal morphology and functionality,including scarring and inflammation...Dermal substitutes have provided a template for the regeneration and reconstruction of the dermis.However,the healed skin tissue often exhibits abnormal morphology and functionality,including scarring and inflammation.In this study,a composite bioink composed of methacrylated gelatin(GelMA)and chitosan oligosaccharide(COS)was proposed for printing a dermal scaffold using digital light processing(DLP)technology.The GelMA/COS bioink exhibited suitable porosity,swelling,degradation rate,and mechanical properties.The inclusion of COS demonstrated antibacterial effects against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria,while simultaneously fostering the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts(HDFs).Additionally,the application of COS could effectively reduce the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes,such as collagen I,collagen III,and fibronectin I.The three-dimensionally printed cell-laden dermal scaffold exhibited excellent shape fidelity and high cellular viability,facilitating the extension of HDFs along the scaffold and the simultaneous secretion of extracellular matrix proteins.Furthermore,the HDF-laden dermal scaffold transplanted into full-thickness skin defect sites in nude mice was shown to accelerate wound closure,reduce inflammation,and improve wound healing.Overall,the DLP-printed dermal scaffold provides an appealing approach for effectively treating full-thickness skin defects in clinical settings.展开更多
Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices.Meniscus-confined electrodeposition(MCED)adv...Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices.Meniscus-confined electrodeposition(MCED)advances microscale 3D metal printing,enabling simpler fabrication of superior metallic microstructures in air without complex equipment or post-processing.However,accurately predicting growth rates with current MCED techniques remain challenging,which is essential for precise structure fabrication and preventing nozzle clogging.In this work,we present a novel approach to electrochemical 3D printing that utilizes a self-adjusting,voxelated method for fabricating metallic microstructures.Diverging from conventional voxelated printing which focuses on monitoring voxel thickness for structure control,this technique adopts a holistic strategy.It ensures each voxel’s position is in alignment with the final structure by synchronizing the micropipette’s trajectory during deposition with the intended design,thus facilitating self-regulation of voxel position and reducing errors associated with environmental fluctuations in deposition parameters.The method’s ability to print micropillars with various tilt angles,high density,and helical arrays demonstrates its refined control over the deposition process.Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the deposited structures,which are fabricated through layer-by-layer(voxel)printing,contain nanotwins that are widely known to enhance the material’s mechanical and electrical properties.Correspondingly,in situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)microcompression tests confirm this enhancement,showing these structures exhibit a compressive yield strength exceeding 1 GPa.The indentation tests provided an average hardness of 3.71 GPa,which is the highest value reported in previous work using MCED.The resistivity measured by the four-point probe method was(1.95±0.01)×10^(−7)Ω·m,nearly 11 times that of bulk copper.These findings demonstrate the considerable advantage of this technique in fabricating complex metallic microstructures with enhanced mechanical properties,making it suitable for advanced applications in microsensors,microelectronics,and micro-electromechanical systems.展开更多
文摘Because of the developed surface of the Triply PeriodicMinimumSurface(TPMS)structures,polylactide(PLA)products with a TPMS structure are thought to be promising bio soluble implants with the potential for targeted drug delivery.For implants,mechanical properties are key performance characteristics,so understanding the deformation and failure mechanisms is essential for selecting the appropriate implant structure.The deformation and fracture processes in PLA samples with different interior architectures have been studied through computer simulation and experimental research.Two TPMS topologies,the Schwarz Diamond and Gyroid architectures,were used for the sample construction by 3D printing.ANSYS software was utilized to simulate compressive deformation.It was found that under the same load,the vonMises stresses in the Gyroid structure are higher than those in the Schwartz Diamond structure,which was associated with the different orientations of the cells in the studied structures in relation to the direction of the loading axis.The deformation process occurs in the local regions of the studied TPMS structures.Maximum von Mises stresses were observed in the vertical parts of the structures oriented along the load direction.It was found that,unlike the Gyroid,the Schwartz Diamond structure contains a frame that forms unique stiffening ribs,which ensures the redistribution of the load under the vertical loading direction.An analysis of the mechanical characteristics of PLA samples with the Schwartz Diamond and Gyroid structures produced by the Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM)method was correlated with computer simulation.The Schwarz Diamond-type structure was shown to have a higher absorption energy than the Gyroid one.A study of the fracture in PLA samples with various cell sizes revealed a particular feature related to the samples’periodic surface topology and the 3D printing process.Scanning electron microscopic(SEM)studies of the samples deformed by compression showed thatwith an increase in the density of the samples,the failure mechanism changes from ductile to quasi-brittle due to the complex participation of both cell deformation and fiber deformation.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1102400)for supporting this work。
文摘Dysphagia,a prevalent condition affecting over 30%of the elderly,significantly elevates malnutrition risks due to impaired swallowing and insufficient nutrient intake.This study aimed to develop plant-based,3D-printed dysphagia diets using pea protein isolate(PPI)combined with quinoa to enhance essential amino acid profiles,complemented by hydrocolloid—xanthan gum(XG),carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC),and agar—for tailored texture modulation.Eight ink formulations were evaluated based on molecular interactions,rheological behavior,3 D printing performance,and compliance with International Dysphagia Diet S tandardization Initiative(IDDSI)standards.Synergistic effects of XG and CMC in Ink-C optimized shear-thinning properties and structural stability,enabling high-precision printing of self-supporting constructs.IDDSI testing confirmed that Ink-A and Ink-C met Level 5"minced and moist"criteria,validated by texture parameters and shape retention during mechanical testing.Electronic nose showed minimal deviations in aromatic characteristics across all formulations,preserving sensory acceptability.In vitro digestion models revealed that hydrocolloid networks temporarily hindered gastric proteolysis but ultimately achieved sufficient intestinal hydrolysis(>76%)to ensure nutrient bioavailability.Ink-C was identified as the optimal formulation,harmonizing printability,swallow-safe textures,and digestibility.This work highlights the potential of hydrocolloid-engineered 3D printing to advance personalized nutrition for dysphagia management,offering scalable solutions to improve dietary diversity and clinical outcomes in aging populations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22434007,22104021,52303075,22404102)the Taishan Young Scholar Program of Shandong Province(tsqnz20231235)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024QB338,ZR2023QB227)the Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2024KJH046)the Shandong Postdoctora1 Science Foundation(SDCX-ZG-202400279)。
文摘Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization strategies,such as sputtering and ink-printing,often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks,leading to device short-circuiting,operational failure and limited vertical integration.Here,we present a solvent-selective dissolutionassisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin,lightweight,and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks,enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation.This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding.Meanwhile,the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity(2Ωcm)and vertical insulativity(10^(11)Ωcm).The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters,high-sensitive pressure sensors,and ultralight temperature sensors.A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification.The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable,ultrathin and lightweight wearable electronics.
文摘Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves as an ideal window for bioelectronic devices to acquire vital physiological information,enabling continuous health monitoring,and disease intervention.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22208376,UA22A20429)the Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Open Project(QNESL OP 202303)+3 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2024QB175,ZR2023LFG005)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.25CX07002A)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Z202401390008)The Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2025JJ60301)。
文摘3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically,proton exchange membrane fuel cells,proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers,gas diffusion layers,electrodes,porous transport layers,and bipolar plates.This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components.It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures.Finally,the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in nextgeneration low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52473080,52403167 and 52173079)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.xtr052023001 and xzy012023037)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Research Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2024BSHSDZZ054)the Shaanxi Laboratory of Advanced Materials(No.2024ZY-JCYJ-04-12).
文摘Shape memory polymers used in 4D printing only had one permanent shape after molding,which limited their applications in requiring multiple reconstructions and multifunctional shapes.Furthermore,the inherent stability of the triazine ring structure within cyanate ester(CE)crosslinked networks after molding posed significant challenges for both recycling,repairing,and degradation of resin.To address these obstacles,dynamic thiocyanate ester(TCE)bonds and photocurable group were incorporated into CE,obtaining the recyclable and 3D printable CE covalent adaptable networks(CANs),denoted as PTCE1.5.This material exhibits a Young's modulus of 810 MPa and a tensile strength of 50.8 MPa.Notably,damaged printed PTCE1.5 objects can be readily repaired through reprinting and interface rejoining by thermal treatment.Leveraging the solid-state plasticity,PTCE1.5 also demonstrated attractive shape memory ability and permanent shape reconfigurability,enabling its reconfigurable 4D printing.The printed PTCE1.5 hinges and a main body were assembled into a deployable and retractable satellite model,validating its potential application as a controllable component in the aerospace field.Moreover,printed PTCE1.5 can be fully degraded into thiol-modified intermediate products.Overall,this material not only enriches the application range of CE resin,but also provides a reliable approach to addressing environmental issue.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51962006)the High-level Talents Research Initiation Project of JXUST(205200100545)+1 种基金the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2022QNRC001)Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation of China(20224BAB214029,20232BAB204021)。
文摘Up-conversion(UC)luminescent materials doped with Ln^(3+)ions possess excellent optical properties and extensive applications in the formulation of multifunctional fluorescence ink.Printing technology offers various methods for the preparation of UC fluorescent inks.This study introduced the optical properties of luminescent materials doped with Ln^(3+)ions,including luminescence characteristics and spectral characteristics,which provide a basis for the subsequent printing process.We also reviewed different printing techniques,including direct writing,screen printing,laser printing,inkjet printing,and aerosol jet printing(AJP),developed so far in the literature and explored the printing process of ink characteristics.However,the printing process of inks was explored and their potential for various applications was maximized.Therefore,the printing technology of UC fluorescent inks still faces challenges in different aspects.This review also points out the direction for future in-depth research,which is expected to promote further development and innovation in the field.
文摘Founded in 2016,Zhejiang Haiyin Digital Technology Co.,Ltd.stands at the forefront of innovation as a certified China National High-Tech Enterprise,relentlessly advancing the boundaries of single-pass digital printing technology.Our crowning achievement—the revolutionary KUNR High-Speed Digital Printing System—earned China’s prestigious National First-in-Kind Certification.Engineered with 100%independent patents across mechanical,control,software,ink supply,and inks,we deliver tailored intelligent turnkey solutions that transform textile production dynamics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52325504,52235007,and T2121004).
文摘As surgical procedures transition from conventional resection to advanced tissue-regeneration technologies,human disease therapy has witnessed a great leap forward.In particular,three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting stands as a landmark in this setting,by promising the precise integration of biomaterials,cells,and bioactive molecules,thus opening up a novel avenue for tissue/organ regeneration.Curated by the editorial board of Bio-Design and Manufacturing,this review brings together a cohort of leading young scientists in China to dissect the core functionalities and evolutionary trajectory of 3D bioprinting,by elucidating the intricate challenges encountered in the manufacturing of transplantable organs.We further delve into the translational pathway from scientific research to clinical application,emphasizing the imperativeness of establishing a regulatory framework and rigorously enforcing quality-control measures.Finally,this review outlines the strategic landscape and innovative achievements of China in this field and provides a comprehensive roadmap for researchers worldwide to propel this field collectively to even greater heights.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52275331 and 52205358)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4604800)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2022BAA011)the Hong Kong Scholars Program(XJ2022014).
文摘Electromagnetic devices have been widely used in the fields of information communication,medical treatment,electrical engineering,and national defense,and their properties are strongly dependent on the constituent electromagnetic materials.Conversely,electromagnetic metamaterials(EMMs),which are artificially engineered with distinctive electromagnetic properties,can overcome the limitations of natural materials owing to their structural advantages.Three-dimensional(3D)printing is the most effec-tive technique for fabricating EMM devices with different geometric parameters and associated proper-ties.However,conventional 3D-printed EMM devices may lack manufacturing flexibility and environmental adaptability to different physical stimuli,such as electric and magnetic fields.Four-dimensional(4D)printing is an ideal technique for schemes to integrate structural design with intelligent materials environmentally adaptive to external fields,for example,the printed components can change shape under electric stimulation.Given the rapid advancements in the EMM field,this paper first reviews typical EMM devices,their design theories,and underlying principles.Subsequently,it presents various EMM structural topologies and manufacturing technologies,emphasizing the feasibility of combining 3D and 4D printing.In addition,we highlight the important applications of EMMs and their future trends and the challenges associated with functional EMMs and additive manufacturing.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0470303)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4600102and 2023YFE0209900)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175201 and 51935012)the science and technology projects of Gansu province(22JR5RA093,24JRRA044,24YFFA014 and 24ZDGA014)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project of YEDA(2021TD007)the special supporting project for provincial leading talents of Yantaithe Taishan Scholars Program。
文摘Silicone rubber(SR)is a versatile material widely used across various advanced functional applications,such as soft actuators and robots,flexible electronics,and medical devices.However,most SR molding methods rely on traditional thermal processing or direct ink writing three-dimensional(3D)printing.These methods are not conducive to manufacturing complex structures and present challenges such as time inefficiency,poor accuracy,and the necessity of multiple steps,significantly limiting SR applications.In this study,we developed an SR-based ink suitable for vat photopolymerization 3D printing using a multi-thiol monomer.This ink enables the one-step fabrication of complex architectures with high printing resolution at the micrometer scale,providing excellent mechanical strength and superior chemical stability.Specifically,the optimized 3D printing SR-20 exhibits a tensile stress of 1.96 MPa,an elongation at break of 487.9%,and an elastic modulus of 225.4 kPa.Additionally,the 3D-printed SR samples can withstand various solvents(acetone,toluene,and tetrahydrofuran)and endure temperatures ranging from-50℃ to 180℃,demonstrating superior stability.As a emonstration of the application,we successfully fabricated a series of SR-based soft pneumatic actuators and grippers in a single step with this technology,allowing for free assembly for the first time.This ultraviolet-curable SR,with high printing resolution and exceptional stability performance,has significant potential to enhance the capabilities of 3D printing for applications in soft actuators,robotics,flexible electronics,and medical devices.
文摘For more than 30 years,Hangzhou Honghua Digital Technology Stock Co.,Ltd(hereinafter also referred to as Atexco)has led digital inkjet innovation.From textiles to packaging and publishing,we deliver turnkey solutions that unite precision printers,high-performance inks,process know-how and AI-driven design—one ecosystem powering global industry upgrade with Chinese inkjet excellence.
基金financially National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075209 and 51925503)Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei province of China(No.2022CFA066)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(No.2021QNRC001)。
文摘Multi-material 3D fabrication at the nanoscale has been a long-sought goal in additive manufacturing,with great potential for the direct construction of functional micro/nanosystems rather than just arbitrary 3D structures.To achieve this goal,researchers have introduced several nanoscale 3D printing principles,explored various multi-material switching and combination strategies,and demonstrated their potential applications in 3D integrated circuits,optoelectronics,biological devices,micro/nanorobots,etc.Although some progress has been made,it is still at the primary stage,and a serious breakthrough is needed to directly construct functional micro/nano systems.In this perspective,the development,current status and prospects of multi-material 3D nanoprinting are presented.We envision that this 3D printing will unlock innovative solutions and make significant contributions to various technologies and industries in the near future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62374142)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.20720220085 and 20720240064)+2 种基金External Cooperation Program of Fujian(No.2022I0004)Major Science and Technology Project of Xiamen in China(No.3502Z20191015)Xiamen Natural Science Foundation Youth Project(No.3502Z202471002)。
文摘Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor micro-LED displays.However,the impact of solvent on both the printing process and the morphology of SIJ-printed PNC color conversion microstructures remains underexplored.In this study,we prepared samples of CsPbBr3PNC colloid inks in various solvents and investigated the solvent's impact on SIJ printed PNC microstructures.Our findings reveal that the boiling point of the solvent is crucial to the SIJ printing process of PNC colloid inks.Only does the boiling point of the solvent fall in the optimal range,the regular positioned,micron-scaled,conical PNC microstructures can be successfully printed.Below this optimal range,the ink is unable to be ejected from the nozzle;while above this range,irregular positioned microstructures with nanoscale height and coffee-ring-like morphology are produced.Based on these observations,high-resolution color conversion PNC microstructures were effectively prepared using SIJ printing of PNC colloid ink dispersed in dimethylbenzene solvent.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFB1901001).
文摘Ceramic matrix composites(CMCs)structural components encounter the dual challenges of severe mechanical conditions and complex electromagnetic environments due to the increasing demand for stealth technology in aerospace field.To address various functional requirements,this study integrates a biomimetic strategy inspired by gradient bamboo vascular bundles with a novel dual-material 3D printing approach.Three distinct bamboo-inspired structural configurations Cf/SiC composites are designed and manufactured,and the effects of these different structural configurations on the CVI process are analyzed.Nanoindentation method is utilized to characterize the relationship between interface bonding strength and mechanical properties.The results reveal that the maximum flexural strength and fracture toughness reach 108.6±5.2 MPa and 16.45±1.52 MPa m1/2,respectively,attributed to the enhanced crack propagation resistance and path caused by the weak fiber-matrix interface.Furthermore,the bio-inspired configuration enhances the dielectric loss and conductivity loss,exhibiting a minimum reflection loss of−24.3 dB with the effective absorption band of 3.89 GHz.This work introduces an innovative biomimetic strategy and 3D printing method for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites,expanding the application of 3D printing technology in the field of CMCs.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3701503)the Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo,China(No.2023Z107).
文摘As a novel 2D material,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene has become a major area of interest in the field of microwave absorption(MA).However,the MA effect of common Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene is not prominent and often requires complex processes or combinations of other ma-terials to achieve enhanced performance.In this context,a kind of gradient woodpile structure using common Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene as MA ma-terial was designed and manufactured through direct ink writing(DIW)3D printing.The minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene-based gradient woodpile structures with a thickness of less than 3 mm can reach-70 dB,showing considerable improve-ment compared with that of a completely filled structure.In addition,the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)reaches 7.73 GHz.This study demonstrates that a Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene material with excellent MA performance and tunable frequency band can be successfully fab-ricated with a macroscopic structural design and through DIW 3D printing without complex material hybridization and modification,of-fering broad application prospects by reducing electromagnetic wave radiation and interference.
基金Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 81501607 and 51475419, Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China under Grant LY15H160019, Key Research and Development Projects of Zhejiang Province under Grant 2017C 1054.
文摘Three-dimensional （3D） printing is a novel promising technology based on 3D imaging and layer-by-layer additive fabrication. It has a profound influence on all aspects of our lives and is playing an increasing important role in many areas including engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. ＂3D bioprinting＂ has been put forward with the technical progress in 3D printing and might be a possible way to solve the serious problem of human organ shortage in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many research groups flung them into this area and have already made some gratifying achievements. However, it is a long way to fabricate a live organ. Many elements lead to the limitation of 3D bioprinting. This review introduces the background and development history of 3D bioprinting, compares different approaches of 3D bioprinting and illustrates the key factors of the printing process. Meanwhile, this review also points out existing challenges of 3D bioprinting and has a great prospect. Some points proposed in this review might be served as reference for the research of this field.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB4604100)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3806104)+4 种基金Key Research and Development Program in Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2021LLRH-08-17)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2023QNRC001)K C Wong Education Foundation of ChinaYouth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities of ChinaKey Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant 2021LLRH-08-3.1).
文摘Ensuring the consistent mechanical performance of three-dimensional(3D)-printed continuous fiber-reinforced composites is a significant challenge in additive manufacturing.The current reliance on manual monitoring exacerbates this challenge by rendering the process vulnerable to environmental changes and unexpected factors,resulting in defects and inconsistent product quality,particularly in unmanned long-term operations or printing in extreme environments.To address these issues,we developed a process monitoring and closed-loop feedback control strategy for the 3D printing process.Real-time printing image data were captured and analyzed using a well-trained neural network model,and a real-time control module-enabled closed-loop feedback control of the flow rate was developed.The neural network model,which was based on image processing and artificial intelligence,enabled the recognition of flow rate values with an accuracy of 94.70%.The experimental results showed significant improvements in both the surface performance and mechanical properties of printed composites,with three to six times improvement in tensile strength and elastic modulus,demonstrating the effectiveness of the strategy.This study provides a generalized process monitoring and feedback control method for the 3D printing of continuous fiber-reinforced composites,and offers a potential solution for remote online monitoring and closed-loop adjustment in unmanned or extreme space environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51975400 and 62031022)the Shanxi Provincial Key Medical Scientific Research Project(No.2020XM06)+2 种基金the Shanxi Provincial Basic Research Project(Nos.202103021221006,20210302123040,and 202103021223069)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(No.2021L044)the Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(No.2022SX-TD026).
文摘Dermal substitutes have provided a template for the regeneration and reconstruction of the dermis.However,the healed skin tissue often exhibits abnormal morphology and functionality,including scarring and inflammation.In this study,a composite bioink composed of methacrylated gelatin(GelMA)and chitosan oligosaccharide(COS)was proposed for printing a dermal scaffold using digital light processing(DLP)technology.The GelMA/COS bioink exhibited suitable porosity,swelling,degradation rate,and mechanical properties.The inclusion of COS demonstrated antibacterial effects against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria,while simultaneously fostering the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts(HDFs).Additionally,the application of COS could effectively reduce the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes,such as collagen I,collagen III,and fibronectin I.The three-dimensionally printed cell-laden dermal scaffold exhibited excellent shape fidelity and high cellular viability,facilitating the extension of HDFs along the scaffold and the simultaneous secretion of extracellular matrix proteins.Furthermore,the HDF-laden dermal scaffold transplanted into full-thickness skin defect sites in nude mice was shown to accelerate wound closure,reduce inflammation,and improve wound healing.Overall,the DLP-printed dermal scaffold provides an appealing approach for effectively treating full-thickness skin defects in clinical settings.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2023YFB4705600in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61925304,62127810 and 62203138+1 种基金in part by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents under Grant BX20200107in part by the Self-Planned Task(No.SKLRS202205C)of State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System(HIT).
文摘Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices.Meniscus-confined electrodeposition(MCED)advances microscale 3D metal printing,enabling simpler fabrication of superior metallic microstructures in air without complex equipment or post-processing.However,accurately predicting growth rates with current MCED techniques remain challenging,which is essential for precise structure fabrication and preventing nozzle clogging.In this work,we present a novel approach to electrochemical 3D printing that utilizes a self-adjusting,voxelated method for fabricating metallic microstructures.Diverging from conventional voxelated printing which focuses on monitoring voxel thickness for structure control,this technique adopts a holistic strategy.It ensures each voxel’s position is in alignment with the final structure by synchronizing the micropipette’s trajectory during deposition with the intended design,thus facilitating self-regulation of voxel position and reducing errors associated with environmental fluctuations in deposition parameters.The method’s ability to print micropillars with various tilt angles,high density,and helical arrays demonstrates its refined control over the deposition process.Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the deposited structures,which are fabricated through layer-by-layer(voxel)printing,contain nanotwins that are widely known to enhance the material’s mechanical and electrical properties.Correspondingly,in situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)microcompression tests confirm this enhancement,showing these structures exhibit a compressive yield strength exceeding 1 GPa.The indentation tests provided an average hardness of 3.71 GPa,which is the highest value reported in previous work using MCED.The resistivity measured by the four-point probe method was(1.95±0.01)×10^(−7)Ω·m,nearly 11 times that of bulk copper.These findings demonstrate the considerable advantage of this technique in fabricating complex metallic microstructures with enhanced mechanical properties,making it suitable for advanced applications in microsensors,microelectronics,and micro-electromechanical systems.
