Heart of Darkness, a chilling tale of horror set in the Congo during the period of rapid colonial expansion in the 19th century written by the renowned British novelist Joseph Conrad, is a world famous novella. Since ...Heart of Darkness, a chilling tale of horror set in the Congo during the period of rapid colonial expansion in the 19th century written by the renowned British novelist Joseph Conrad, is a world famous novella. Since its publication, it remains an indisputably classic text and arguably Conrad's finest work. And it has been regarded as a significant text in British literature because of its modernistic features, innovative narration and artistic style. Heart of Darkness deals with the highly disturbing effects of economic, social and political exploitation of European and African societies. It has inspired filmmakers and such authors as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gabriel Garica Marquez, D. H. Lawrence and Virginia,Woolf. This article is aimed to analyse it from the perspective of primitiveness and civilization. Through the analysis, readers can sense Conrad's attitude towards the two aspects.展开更多
The Call of the Wild by Jack London depicts the protagonist Buck’s transition,i.e.from a dog to a wolf,as well as those victims eliminated in the selecting of nature.All of these reflect the perpetual theme in this n...The Call of the Wild by Jack London depicts the protagonist Buck’s transition,i.e.from a dog to a wolf,as well as those victims eliminated in the selecting of nature.All of these reflect the perpetual theme in this novel—social Darwinism which advo⁃cates“survival of the fittest”.展开更多
BACKGROUND Data on clinical characteristics,treatment outcomes,and prognosis of pancreatic primitive neuroectodermal tumors(PNETs)are limited.AIM To analyze the clinical data of 30 patients with pancreatic PNETs to id...BACKGROUND Data on clinical characteristics,treatment outcomes,and prognosis of pancreatic primitive neuroectodermal tumors(PNETs)are limited.AIM To analyze the clinical data of 30 patients with pancreatic PNETs to identify their clinical characteristics and factors associated with prognosis.METHODS We used the keywords"primary neuroectodermal tumor,""digestive tract,""pancreas,""pancreatic,"and"gastrointestinal,"individually or in combination,to collect data from a global database for all patients with pancreatic PNET to date.Univariate and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for patient survival.RESULTS A total of 30 cases of pancreatic PNET were included in this study:15 males and 15 females with a mean age of 24 years.The main symptom was abdominal pain(73.3%),and the median tumor size was 7.85 cm.Twenty-four patients(80.0%)underwent surgery and nineteen patients received adjuvant therapy.Local metastasis was observed in 13 patients(43.3%),lymph node metastasis in 10 patients(33.3%),and distant metastasis in 6 patients(20.0%).Local recurrence was observed in 13 patients(43.3%).The median survival time of all patients was 29.4 months,and the overall estimated 1-year and 3-year survival rates were approximately 66.0%and 36.4%,respectively.Univariate analysis showed that chemotherapy(P=0.036),local metastasis(P=0.041),lymph node metastasis(P=0.003),distant metastasis(P=0.049),and surgical margins(P=0.048)were the prognostic factors affecting survival.Multivariate analysis revealed only lymph node metastasis(P=0.012)as a prognostic factor.CONCLUSION Pancreatic PNET is extremely rare,occurs in young adults,has no apparent sex predisposition,has a high rate of metastasis and early recurrence,and has a very poor prognosis.The diagnosis of pancreatic PNET requires a combination of clinical symptoms,pathologic features,immunohistochemistry,and cytogenetic analysis.Univariate analysis suggested that chemotherapy,metastasis,and surgical margins were prognostic factors affecting survival,and multivariate analysis suggested that lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor.Therefore,early diagnosis,early and extensive resection,and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy may help improve prognosis.展开更多
The automatic and rapid generation of excavation trajectories is the foundation for achieving an intelligent excavator.To obtain high-performance trajectories that enhance operational capacity while avoiding the numer...The automatic and rapid generation of excavation trajectories is the foundation for achieving an intelligent excavator.To obtain high-performance trajectories that enhance operational capacity while avoiding the numerous issues present in existing methods for generating effective excavation paths,this paper proposes a trajectory generation method for excavators based on imitation learning,using the mole as a bionic prototype.Given the high excavation efficiency of moles,this paper first analyzes the structural characteristics of the mole’s forelimbs,its digging principles,morphology,and trajectory patterns.Subsequently,a higher-order polynomial is employed to fit and optimize the mole’s excavation trajectory.Next,imitation learning is conducted on sample trajectories based on Dynamic Movement Primitives,followed by the introduction of an obstacle avoidance algorithm.Simulation experiments and comparisons demonstrate that the mole-inspired trajectory method used in this paper performs well and possesses the ability to generate obstacle avoidance trajectories,as well as the convenience of transferring across different machine models.展开更多
Segmentation of demonstration trajectories and learning the contained motion primitives can effectively enhance the assistive robot's intelligence to flexibly reproduce learnt tasks in an unstructured environment....Segmentation of demonstration trajectories and learning the contained motion primitives can effectively enhance the assistive robot's intelligence to flexibly reproduce learnt tasks in an unstructured environment.With the aim to conveniently and accurately segment demonstration trajectories,a novel demonstration trajectory segmentation approach is proposed based on the beta process autoregressive hidden Markov model(BP-ARHMM)algorithm and generalised time warping(GTW)algorithm aiming to enhance the segmentation accuracy utilising acquired demonstration data.This approach first adopts the GTW algorithm to align the multiple demonstration trajectories for the same task.Then,it adopts the BP-AR-HMM algorithm to segment the demonstration trajectories,acquire the contained motion primitives,and establish the related task library.This segmentation approach is validated on the 6-degree-of-freedom JACO robotic arm by assisting users to accomplish a holding water glass task and an eating task.The experimental results show that the motion primitives within the trajectories can be correctly segmented with a high segmentation accuracy.展开更多
Walking is the basic locomotion pattern for bipedal robots.The walking pattern is widely generated using the linear inverted pendulum model.The linear inverted pendulum motion of each support period can be designed as...Walking is the basic locomotion pattern for bipedal robots.The walking pattern is widely generated using the linear inverted pendulum model.The linear inverted pendulum motion of each support period can be designed as a walk primitive to be connected to form a walking trajectory.A novel method of integrating double support phase into the walk primitive was proposed in this article.The method describes the generation of walking patterns using walk primitives with double support,specifically for lateral plane including walking in place,walking for lateral,and walking initiation,and for sagittal plane including fixed step length walking,variable step length walking,and walking initiation.Compared to walk primitives without double support phase,those with double support phase reduce the maximum speed required by the robot and eliminate the need to adjust foothold for achieving continuous speed.The performance of the proposed method is validated by simulations and experiments on Neubot,a position-controlled biped robot.展开更多
The increasing complexity of on-orbit tasks imposes great demands on the flexible operation of space robotic arms, prompting the development of space robots from single-arm manipulation to multi-arm collaboration. In ...The increasing complexity of on-orbit tasks imposes great demands on the flexible operation of space robotic arms, prompting the development of space robots from single-arm manipulation to multi-arm collaboration. In this paper, a combined approach of Learning from Demonstration (LfD) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) is proposed for space multi-arm collaborative skill learning. The combination effectively resolves the trade-off between learning efficiency and feasible solution in LfD, as well as the time-consuming pursuit of the optimal solution in RL. With the prior knowledge of LfD, space robotic arms can achieve efficient guided learning in high-dimensional state-action space. Specifically, an LfD approach with Probabilistic Movement Primitives (ProMP) is firstly utilized to encode and reproduce the demonstration actions, generating a distribution as the initialization of policy. Then in the RL stage, a Relative Entropy Policy Search (REPS) algorithm modified in continuous state-action space is employed for further policy improvement. More importantly, the learned behaviors can maintain and reflect the characteristics of demonstrations. In addition, a series of supplementary policy search mechanisms are designed to accelerate the exploration process. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified both theoretically and experimentally. Moreover, comparisons with state-of-the-art methods have confirmed the outperformance of the approach.展开更多
Robots are key to expanding the scope of space applications.The end-to-end training for robot vision-based detection and precision operations is challenging owing to constraints such as extreme environments and high c...Robots are key to expanding the scope of space applications.The end-to-end training for robot vision-based detection and precision operations is challenging owing to constraints such as extreme environments and high computational overhead.This study proposes a lightweight integrated framework for grasp detection and imitation learning,named GD-IL;it comprises a grasp detection algorithm based on manipulability and Gaussian mixture model(manipulability-GMM),and a grasp trajectory generation algorithm based on a two-stage robot imitation learning algorithm(TS-RIL).In the manipulability-GMM algorithm,we apply GMM clustering and ellipse regression to the object point cloud,propose two judgment criteria to generate multiple candidate grasp bounding boxes for the robot,and use manipulability as a metric for selecting the optimal grasp bounding box.The stages of the TS-RIL algorithm are grasp trajectory learning and robot pose optimization.In the first stage,the robot grasp trajectory is characterized using a second-order dynamic movement primitive model and Gaussian mixture regression(GMM).By adjusting the function form of the forcing term,the robot closely approximates the target-grasping trajectory.In the second stage,a robot pose optimization model is built based on the derived pose error formula and manipulability metric.This model allows the robot to adjust its configuration in real time while grasping,thereby effectively avoiding singularities.Finally,an algorithm verification platform is developed based on a Robot Operating System and a series of comparative experiments are conducted in real-world scenarios.The experimental results demonstrate that GD-IL significantly improves the effectiveness and robustness of grasp detection and trajectory imitation learning,outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods in execution efficiency,manipulability,and success rate.展开更多
This paper proposes a collaborative design model based on operation semantics in a distributed computer-aided design (CAD) environment. The goal is to reduce time consumption in data format conversion and the requirem...This paper proposes a collaborative design model based on operation semantics in a distributed computer-aided design (CAD) environment. The goal is to reduce time consumption in data format conversion and the requirement of network bandwidth so as to improve the cooperative ability and the synchronization efficiency. Firstly, real-time collaborative design is reviewed and three kinds of real-time collaborative design models are discussed. Secondly, the concept of operation semantics is defined and the framework of an operation semantics model is presented. The operation semantics carries the original design data and actual operation process to express design intent and operation activity in conventional CAD systems. Finally, according to the operation semantics model, a CAD operation primitive is defined which can be retrieved from and mapped to the local CAD system operation commands; a distributed CAD collaborative architecture based on the model is presented, and an example is given to verify the model.展开更多
The accelerating urbanization process leads to aggravated environmental problems, thus garden design which is a creative activity connecting human and nature has attracted much attention, and also garden designers hav...The accelerating urbanization process leads to aggravated environmental problems, thus garden design which is a creative activity connecting human and nature has attracted much attention, and also garden designers have had to rethink about environmental ethics and morals. This study, from the perspective of environmental ethics, duly proposed the brand-new concept of 'appropriate garden of primitive ecology', proceeded from the orientation, form, value, theoretical basis, realistic significance, culture and consumption psychology of 'garden of primitive ecology', fully developed outstanding ecological wisdoms and morals in traditional Chinese garden culture, boosted garden designs to the environmental ethics level of eco-justice, to seek for the approach to 'garden of primitive ecology' with indigenous Chinese environmental ethic characteristics.展开更多
Melt inclusions in primitive olivine phenocrysts,which has been thought to represent the primitive melts(Schiano,2003),have increasingly been applied to studies of igneous processes(Audétat and Lowenstern,2014;Ke...Melt inclusions in primitive olivine phenocrysts,which has been thought to represent the primitive melts(Schiano,2003),have increasingly been applied to studies of igneous processes(Audétat and Lowenstern,2014;Kent,2008),including lunar magmatism(Chen et al.,2015;Hauri et al.,2011;Saal et al.,2013).However,some melt inclusions in primitive olivine phenocrysts in various tectonic settings。展开更多
Let A be an n×n primitive Boolean matrix. γ(A) is the least number k such that A k=J. σ(A) is the number of 1 entry in A . In this paper, we consider the parameter M ′(k,n)= min {σ...Let A be an n×n primitive Boolean matrix. γ(A) is the least number k such that A k=J. σ(A) is the number of 1 entry in A . In this paper, we consider the parameter M ′(k,n)= min {σ(A)|A k=J, trace (A)=0} and obtain the values of M ′(2,n) and M ′(k,n) for k≥2n-6 . Furthermore, the characterization of solution of A 2=J with trace (A) =0 and σ(A)=3n-3 is completely determined.展开更多
Some characters in Shuowenjiezi? Chongbu have close relation with the chinese ancient time’s primitive religion culture,it conveys the Chinese ancient’s worship of the deity and the ghost,it shows us the primitive r...Some characters in Shuowenjiezi? Chongbu have close relation with the chinese ancient time’s primitive religion culture,it conveys the Chinese ancient’s worship of the deity and the ghost,it shows us the primitive religion ideology in Chinese ancient time.展开更多
In this paper,we give definition and moduler representation of Kothe root for additive cate gories.Using these results,get inner representation of J-root and fully homomorph class of Jscmisimple additive categories.
This paper is devoted to considering the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations of the large-scale atmosphere. First, we prove the global well-posedness for the primitive equations with weaker initial data than...This paper is devoted to considering the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations of the large-scale atmosphere. First, we prove the global well-posedness for the primitive equations with weaker initial data than that in [11]. Second, we obtain the existence of smooth solutions to the equations. Moreover, we obtain the compact global attractor in V for the dynamical system generated by the primitive equations of large-scale atmosphere, which improves the result of [11].展开更多
文摘Heart of Darkness, a chilling tale of horror set in the Congo during the period of rapid colonial expansion in the 19th century written by the renowned British novelist Joseph Conrad, is a world famous novella. Since its publication, it remains an indisputably classic text and arguably Conrad's finest work. And it has been regarded as a significant text in British literature because of its modernistic features, innovative narration and artistic style. Heart of Darkness deals with the highly disturbing effects of economic, social and political exploitation of European and African societies. It has inspired filmmakers and such authors as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gabriel Garica Marquez, D. H. Lawrence and Virginia,Woolf. This article is aimed to analyse it from the perspective of primitiveness and civilization. Through the analysis, readers can sense Conrad's attitude towards the two aspects.
文摘The Call of the Wild by Jack London depicts the protagonist Buck’s transition,i.e.from a dog to a wolf,as well as those victims eliminated in the selecting of nature.All of these reflect the perpetual theme in this novel—social Darwinism which advo⁃cates“survival of the fittest”.
文摘BACKGROUND Data on clinical characteristics,treatment outcomes,and prognosis of pancreatic primitive neuroectodermal tumors(PNETs)are limited.AIM To analyze the clinical data of 30 patients with pancreatic PNETs to identify their clinical characteristics and factors associated with prognosis.METHODS We used the keywords"primary neuroectodermal tumor,""digestive tract,""pancreas,""pancreatic,"and"gastrointestinal,"individually or in combination,to collect data from a global database for all patients with pancreatic PNET to date.Univariate and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for patient survival.RESULTS A total of 30 cases of pancreatic PNET were included in this study:15 males and 15 females with a mean age of 24 years.The main symptom was abdominal pain(73.3%),and the median tumor size was 7.85 cm.Twenty-four patients(80.0%)underwent surgery and nineteen patients received adjuvant therapy.Local metastasis was observed in 13 patients(43.3%),lymph node metastasis in 10 patients(33.3%),and distant metastasis in 6 patients(20.0%).Local recurrence was observed in 13 patients(43.3%).The median survival time of all patients was 29.4 months,and the overall estimated 1-year and 3-year survival rates were approximately 66.0%and 36.4%,respectively.Univariate analysis showed that chemotherapy(P=0.036),local metastasis(P=0.041),lymph node metastasis(P=0.003),distant metastasis(P=0.049),and surgical margins(P=0.048)were the prognostic factors affecting survival.Multivariate analysis revealed only lymph node metastasis(P=0.012)as a prognostic factor.CONCLUSION Pancreatic PNET is extremely rare,occurs in young adults,has no apparent sex predisposition,has a high rate of metastasis and early recurrence,and has a very poor prognosis.The diagnosis of pancreatic PNET requires a combination of clinical symptoms,pathologic features,immunohistochemistry,and cytogenetic analysis.Univariate analysis suggested that chemotherapy,metastasis,and surgical margins were prognostic factors affecting survival,and multivariate analysis suggested that lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor.Therefore,early diagnosis,early and extensive resection,and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy may help improve prognosis.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52375246,No.52372428,No.52105100)Guangxi Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2023AB09014)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Program,(Grant No.20230201094GX,No.20230201069GX).
文摘The automatic and rapid generation of excavation trajectories is the foundation for achieving an intelligent excavator.To obtain high-performance trajectories that enhance operational capacity while avoiding the numerous issues present in existing methods for generating effective excavation paths,this paper proposes a trajectory generation method for excavators based on imitation learning,using the mole as a bionic prototype.Given the high excavation efficiency of moles,this paper first analyzes the structural characteristics of the mole’s forelimbs,its digging principles,morphology,and trajectory patterns.Subsequently,a higher-order polynomial is employed to fit and optimize the mole’s excavation trajectory.Next,imitation learning is conducted on sample trajectories based on Dynamic Movement Primitives,followed by the introduction of an obstacle avoidance algorithm.Simulation experiments and comparisons demonstrate that the mole-inspired trajectory method used in this paper performs well and possesses the ability to generate obstacle avoidance trajectories,as well as the convenience of transferring across different machine models.
基金Doctoral Research Start-up Fund of Shandong Jiaotong University,Grant/Award Number:BS2024009Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China,Grant/Award Number:ZR2022ME087+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems(HIT),Grant/Award Number:SKLRS-2024-KF-09Open Access Publication Fund of Universität Hamburg。
文摘Segmentation of demonstration trajectories and learning the contained motion primitives can effectively enhance the assistive robot's intelligence to flexibly reproduce learnt tasks in an unstructured environment.With the aim to conveniently and accurately segment demonstration trajectories,a novel demonstration trajectory segmentation approach is proposed based on the beta process autoregressive hidden Markov model(BP-ARHMM)algorithm and generalised time warping(GTW)algorithm aiming to enhance the segmentation accuracy utilising acquired demonstration data.This approach first adopts the GTW algorithm to align the multiple demonstration trajectories for the same task.Then,it adopts the BP-AR-HMM algorithm to segment the demonstration trajectories,acquire the contained motion primitives,and establish the related task library.This segmentation approach is validated on the 6-degree-of-freedom JACO robotic arm by assisting users to accomplish a holding water glass task and an eating task.The experimental results show that the motion primitives within the trajectories can be correctly segmented with a high segmentation accuracy.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program under Grant 2018YFB1304504.
文摘Walking is the basic locomotion pattern for bipedal robots.The walking pattern is widely generated using the linear inverted pendulum model.The linear inverted pendulum motion of each support period can be designed as a walk primitive to be connected to form a walking trajectory.A novel method of integrating double support phase into the walk primitive was proposed in this article.The method describes the generation of walking patterns using walk primitives with double support,specifically for lateral plane including walking in place,walking for lateral,and walking initiation,and for sagittal plane including fixed step length walking,variable step length walking,and walking initiation.Compared to walk primitives without double support phase,those with double support phase reduce the maximum speed required by the robot and eliminate the need to adjust foothold for achieving continuous speed.The performance of the proposed method is validated by simulations and experiments on Neubot,a position-controlled biped robot.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12372045)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.2023B1515120018)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(No.JCYJ20220818102207015).
文摘The increasing complexity of on-orbit tasks imposes great demands on the flexible operation of space robotic arms, prompting the development of space robots from single-arm manipulation to multi-arm collaboration. In this paper, a combined approach of Learning from Demonstration (LfD) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) is proposed for space multi-arm collaborative skill learning. The combination effectively resolves the trade-off between learning efficiency and feasible solution in LfD, as well as the time-consuming pursuit of the optimal solution in RL. With the prior knowledge of LfD, space robotic arms can achieve efficient guided learning in high-dimensional state-action space. Specifically, an LfD approach with Probabilistic Movement Primitives (ProMP) is firstly utilized to encode and reproduce the demonstration actions, generating a distribution as the initialization of policy. Then in the RL stage, a Relative Entropy Policy Search (REPS) algorithm modified in continuous state-action space is employed for further policy improvement. More importantly, the learned behaviors can maintain and reflect the characteristics of demonstrations. In addition, a series of supplementary policy search mechanisms are designed to accelerate the exploration process. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified both theoretically and experimentally. Moreover, comparisons with state-of-the-art methods have confirmed the outperformance of the approach.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52475280)Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program(Grant No.2025SYSSYSZD-105).
文摘Robots are key to expanding the scope of space applications.The end-to-end training for robot vision-based detection and precision operations is challenging owing to constraints such as extreme environments and high computational overhead.This study proposes a lightweight integrated framework for grasp detection and imitation learning,named GD-IL;it comprises a grasp detection algorithm based on manipulability and Gaussian mixture model(manipulability-GMM),and a grasp trajectory generation algorithm based on a two-stage robot imitation learning algorithm(TS-RIL).In the manipulability-GMM algorithm,we apply GMM clustering and ellipse regression to the object point cloud,propose two judgment criteria to generate multiple candidate grasp bounding boxes for the robot,and use manipulability as a metric for selecting the optimal grasp bounding box.The stages of the TS-RIL algorithm are grasp trajectory learning and robot pose optimization.In the first stage,the robot grasp trajectory is characterized using a second-order dynamic movement primitive model and Gaussian mixture regression(GMM).By adjusting the function form of the forcing term,the robot closely approximates the target-grasping trajectory.In the second stage,a robot pose optimization model is built based on the derived pose error formula and manipulability metric.This model allows the robot to adjust its configuration in real time while grasping,thereby effectively avoiding singularities.Finally,an algorithm verification platform is developed based on a Robot Operating System and a series of comparative experiments are conducted in real-world scenarios.The experimental results demonstrate that GD-IL significantly improves the effectiveness and robustness of grasp detection and trajectory imitation learning,outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods in execution efficiency,manipulability,and success rate.
文摘This paper proposes a collaborative design model based on operation semantics in a distributed computer-aided design (CAD) environment. The goal is to reduce time consumption in data format conversion and the requirement of network bandwidth so as to improve the cooperative ability and the synchronization efficiency. Firstly, real-time collaborative design is reviewed and three kinds of real-time collaborative design models are discussed. Secondly, the concept of operation semantics is defined and the framework of an operation semantics model is presented. The operation semantics carries the original design data and actual operation process to express design intent and operation activity in conventional CAD systems. Finally, according to the operation semantics model, a CAD operation primitive is defined which can be retrieved from and mapped to the local CAD system operation commands; a distributed CAD collaborative architecture based on the model is presented, and an example is given to verify the model.
文摘The accelerating urbanization process leads to aggravated environmental problems, thus garden design which is a creative activity connecting human and nature has attracted much attention, and also garden designers have had to rethink about environmental ethics and morals. This study, from the perspective of environmental ethics, duly proposed the brand-new concept of 'appropriate garden of primitive ecology', proceeded from the orientation, form, value, theoretical basis, realistic significance, culture and consumption psychology of 'garden of primitive ecology', fully developed outstanding ecological wisdoms and morals in traditional Chinese garden culture, boosted garden designs to the environmental ethics level of eco-justice, to seek for the approach to 'garden of primitive ecology' with indigenous Chinese environmental ethic characteristics.
文摘Melt inclusions in primitive olivine phenocrysts,which has been thought to represent the primitive melts(Schiano,2003),have increasingly been applied to studies of igneous processes(Audétat and Lowenstern,2014;Kent,2008),including lunar magmatism(Chen et al.,2015;Hauri et al.,2011;Saal et al.,2013).However,some melt inclusions in primitive olivine phenocrysts in various tectonic settings。
文摘Let A be an n×n primitive Boolean matrix. γ(A) is the least number k such that A k=J. σ(A) is the number of 1 entry in A . In this paper, we consider the parameter M ′(k,n)= min {σ(A)|A k=J, trace (A)=0} and obtain the values of M ′(2,n) and M ′(k,n) for k≥2n-6 . Furthermore, the characterization of solution of A 2=J with trace (A) =0 and σ(A)=3n-3 is completely determined.
文摘Some characters in Shuowenjiezi? Chongbu have close relation with the chinese ancient time’s primitive religion culture,it conveys the Chinese ancient’s worship of the deity and the ghost,it shows us the primitive religion ideology in Chinese ancient time.
文摘In this paper,we give definition and moduler representation of Kothe root for additive cate gories.Using these results,get inner representation of J-root and fully homomorph class of Jscmisimple additive categories.
基金supported in part by the NSF of China (90511009, 10801017)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2007CB814800)
文摘This paper is devoted to considering the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations of the large-scale atmosphere. First, we prove the global well-posedness for the primitive equations with weaker initial data than that in [11]. Second, we obtain the existence of smooth solutions to the equations. Moreover, we obtain the compact global attractor in V for the dynamical system generated by the primitive equations of large-scale atmosphere, which improves the result of [11].
