当环境保护与可持续发展成为世界范围的热点问题时,世界贸易组织(简称WTO)的成员方能否为保护全球公域环境而基于本国与产品无关的生产过程和生产方法(non-product-related Processes and Production Methods,简称NPR-PPMs)标准采取贸...当环境保护与可持续发展成为世界范围的热点问题时,世界贸易组织(简称WTO)的成员方能否为保护全球公域环境而基于本国与产品无关的生产过程和生产方法(non-product-related Processes and Production Methods,简称NPR-PPMs)标准采取贸易措施(以下简称单边NPR-PPMs措施)成为WTO体制内环境和贸易问题争论的焦点。本文分析了将单边NPR-PPMs措施纳入WTO环境议题的必要性、可行性,提出了明确单边NPR-PPMs措施在WTO体制内的应有地位以及通过立法途径完善对单边NPR-PPMs措施规范的建议。展开更多
在医学论文中,“ppm、ppb、ppt”这类英文缩写常常被作者作为单位符号使用,但“ppm、ppb、ppt”既不是数学符号,更不是单位符号,只是表示数量份额的英文名词缩写(英文全称分别为parts per million、parts per billion、parts per trilli...在医学论文中,“ppm、ppb、ppt”这类英文缩写常常被作者作为单位符号使用,但“ppm、ppb、ppt”既不是数学符号,更不是单位符号,只是表示数量份额的英文名词缩写(英文全称分别为parts per million、parts per billion、parts per trillion)。在实际研究中,仪器测量的数值可能会以“ppm、ppb、ppt”形式给出结果,作者在撰写文章进行数据描述时则需对“ppm、ppb、ppt”进行换算。展开更多
In this paper, we provide analytical results on average Symbol Error Probability(SEP) of a Free Space Optics(FSO) link employing M-ary Pulse Position Modulation(PPM), subjected to turbulent atmosphere modeled with Dou...In this paper, we provide analytical results on average Symbol Error Probability(SEP) of a Free Space Optics(FSO) link employing M-ary Pulse Position Modulation(PPM), subjected to turbulent atmosphere modeled with Double Generalized Gamma(DGG) distribution. FSO link is generally impaired by turbulent atmosphere and pointing errors. As far as we know, results are presented in previous works by considering the atmosphere turbulence modeled with a Gamma-Gamma distribution. In our work, we also give asymptotic results on average SEP in order to approximate its evolution at high Signal-to-Noise-Ratio(SNR). Numerical results showed that FSO link performance is enhanced when PPM-modulation index is increased, for both strong and moderate turbulence regimes, and for both strong and weak pointing error jitter. Monte-Carlo simulations were presented to corroborate our analytical expressions.展开更多
文摘当环境保护与可持续发展成为世界范围的热点问题时,世界贸易组织(简称WTO)的成员方能否为保护全球公域环境而基于本国与产品无关的生产过程和生产方法(non-product-related Processes and Production Methods,简称NPR-PPMs)标准采取贸易措施(以下简称单边NPR-PPMs措施)成为WTO体制内环境和贸易问题争论的焦点。本文分析了将单边NPR-PPMs措施纳入WTO环境议题的必要性、可行性,提出了明确单边NPR-PPMs措施在WTO体制内的应有地位以及通过立法途径完善对单边NPR-PPMs措施规范的建议。
文摘在医学论文中,“ppm、ppb、ppt”这类英文缩写常常被作者作为单位符号使用,但“ppm、ppb、ppt”既不是数学符号,更不是单位符号,只是表示数量份额的英文名词缩写(英文全称分别为parts per million、parts per billion、parts per trillion)。在实际研究中,仪器测量的数值可能会以“ppm、ppb、ppt”形式给出结果,作者在撰写文章进行数据描述时则需对“ppm、ppb、ppt”进行换算。
文摘In this paper, we provide analytical results on average Symbol Error Probability(SEP) of a Free Space Optics(FSO) link employing M-ary Pulse Position Modulation(PPM), subjected to turbulent atmosphere modeled with Double Generalized Gamma(DGG) distribution. FSO link is generally impaired by turbulent atmosphere and pointing errors. As far as we know, results are presented in previous works by considering the atmosphere turbulence modeled with a Gamma-Gamma distribution. In our work, we also give asymptotic results on average SEP in order to approximate its evolution at high Signal-to-Noise-Ratio(SNR). Numerical results showed that FSO link performance is enhanced when PPM-modulation index is increased, for both strong and moderate turbulence regimes, and for both strong and weak pointing error jitter. Monte-Carlo simulations were presented to corroborate our analytical expressions.
