Polder is a type of irrigation field unique to the lower Yangtze River of China.It is a product of long-term and ingenuous human modifications of wetland landscapes.In the pre-Qin Period,3000 years ago,the poldered ar...Polder is a type of irrigation field unique to the lower Yangtze River of China.It is a product of long-term and ingenuous human modifications of wetland landscapes.In the pre-Qin Period,3000 years ago,the poldered area of eastern Wuhu city was once a large lake called the ancient Danyang wetland.The introduction of agricultural civilization and polder technology to the area during the Wu and Yue Kingdoms period gradually transformed it into an agricultural area.With an accelerating rate of land reclamation under a changing late-Holocene regional climate,the ancient Danyang wetland became an aquatic system strongly influenced by intensifying anthropogenic activities.In this study,based on field survey data,historical documents,and remote-sensing and archaeological data,we reconstructed the spatial distribution of the polder landscape over the last 3000 years and identified their structural diversity.We found that polder landscapes began to emerge in the Spring and Autumn Period,land reclamation intensified in the Three Kingdoms and developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty before eventually reaching the peak from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The relocation of historical sites to low-altitude areas also marked the expansion of poldered fields from the center of the wetland to the southeast and northwest.The development and evolution of the polder landscape are related to regional climate conditions,changing social and economic statuses,and the development of agricultural technology in the Song Dynasty and succeeding periods.展开更多
由法国空间研究中心(CNES)于2004年12月18日发射的PARA SOL(Po larization&A n isotropy of R eflectances for A tm ospheric Sciences coup led w ith Observations from a L idar)卫星,是法国和美国合作的“卫星列车”(“A-T rai...由法国空间研究中心(CNES)于2004年12月18日发射的PARA SOL(Po larization&A n isotropy of R eflectances for A tm ospheric Sciences coup led w ith Observations from a L idar)卫星,是法国和美国合作的“卫星列车”(“A-T rain”)计划中的一员,上面主要搭载了POLDER(Po larization and D irectionality of the E arth's R eflectances)仪器,可以通过全球观测,从空间收集地气系统反射太阳辐射的偏振性和方向性数据。从这些数据,我们可以获得地表、大气气溶胶及云的多种特性,这些信息是改进气候数值模式所必需的。主要以POLDER仪器为例,就多光谱、多角度和多偏振联合遥感观测地气系统方面的进展进行综述。展开更多
在卫星海洋遥感中,云作为海气耦合系统最重要的调节器之一,其检测结果对海洋上空云微物理特性的反演精度有较大影响。因此,快速而准确识别海洋上空的云像元是卫星遥感数据处理过程中首要解决的关键问题。以PARASOL (Polarization and An...在卫星海洋遥感中,云作为海气耦合系统最重要的调节器之一,其检测结果对海洋上空云微物理特性的反演精度有较大影响。因此,快速而准确识别海洋上空的云像元是卫星遥感数据处理过程中首要解决的关键问题。以PARASOL (Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar)卫星搭载的POLDER3载荷遥感数据为研究对象,提出一种改进的海洋上空云检测方法。首先剔除海洋耀光;接着利用有云与晴空区近红外反射率差异检验识别有云像元,并利用偏振反射率检验进一步识别低反射率的云像元;然后利用近红外与可见光反射率比值检验识别晴空像元;最后建立多角度云检测结果空间融合规则,重新标记有云、晴空和未定像元。以印度洋海区为例进行实验分析,将云检测结果与Buriez方法进行对比,发现检测精度基本相当,而有云像元的识别速度却平均提高约3倍。结果表明:该方法能有效的检测出海洋上空的云像元,满足业务化数据处理的高精度及时效性要求,为后续云微物理特性反演提供可靠的数据源。展开更多
陆上气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)反演作为气候、环境领域的一大研究方向,偏振多角度遥感在这个方向上有其特有的优势。本文使用法国POLDER(Polarization and Directionality of Earth’s Reflectance)1级偏振多角度资料,提出了一种针对气溶胶...陆上气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)反演作为气候、环境领域的一大研究方向,偏振多角度遥感在这个方向上有其特有的优势。本文使用法国POLDER(Polarization and Directionality of Earth’s Reflectance)1级偏振多角度资料,提出了一种针对气溶胶反演的群组残差最优方法,反演了气溶胶AOD。首先,模拟计算了大气、地表和气溶胶的偏振多角度反射率;然后,通过辐射传输公式,推算卫星观测的偏振表观反射率的若干组模拟值;最后,使用群组残差最优方法,计算获得气溶胶AOD。通过和MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)气溶胶数据产品(MYD04)的精确地理匹配和定量分析,验证了此方法的反演精度,结果表明:本文得到的AOD与MYD04建立的回归分析,其R2可达到0.68以上,斜率与1接近,即此方法获得的反演产品与MYD04具有较好的一致性;与AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)的AOD数据也进行了坎普尔站、北京站上的统计与分析,AOD的变化趋势上也存在较好的一致性。本文方法能够应用于除POLDER以外的偏振多角度卫星数据,获得较为可靠的陆上气溶胶AOD产品。展开更多
冰雪在短波区域具有很强的各向异性反射特征,对全球能量平衡及水循环等有重要作用。目前,国内外学者发展了一系列应用于冰雪的二向性反射分布函数BRDF(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)模型,全面比较和评估这些模型对...冰雪在短波区域具有很强的各向异性反射特征,对全球能量平衡及水循环等有重要作用。目前,国内外学者发展了一系列应用于冰雪的二向性反射分布函数BRDF(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)模型,全面比较和评估这些模型对星载多角度遥感产品的业务化模型选择有重要参考价值和指导意义。本文基于全球POLDER冰雪多角度反射率数据,选取3个模型,包括核驱动、半经验的MODIS业务化RTLSR模型、渐进辐射传输物理模型ART以及新发展的RTLSRS模型进行了全面比较分析,研究结果表明:(1)在拟合所有POLDER数据时,RTLSRS模型都具有最高精度,对于单组纯雪数据,RTLSRS模型的最小二乘拟合的均方根误差(RMSE)比ART模型降低了45.45%,仅为RTLSR模型的18.46%。对于非纯雪数据,RTLSRS模型与RTLSR模型的拟合能力总体差别不大,但其RMSE比RTLSR模型降低了67.5%,ART模型的精度最差。(2)虽然RTLSRS可以高精度拟合所有数据,但该模型拟合纯雪(R2=0.969,RMSE=0.012)精度较优于非纯雪(R2=0.926,RMSE=0.013)。(3)对RTLSRS模型进行简化,仅保留其各向同性核和雪核ISM(Isotropic-Snow Model),验证结果表明:简化后的模型能够很好地表征雪的二向散射能力,使用POLDER全部纯雪数据进行拟合时,R2达到了0.949,RMSE为0.034。本文有助于用户在应用冰雪多角度数据时选择更合适的BRDF模型,同时对理解这些模型的误差提供了有价值的参考.展开更多
Aerosol optical properties over Beijing and Xianghe under several typical weather conditions （clear sky, light haze, heavy pollution and dust storm） are derived from POLDER （POLarization and Directionality of the E...Aerosol optical properties over Beijing and Xianghe under several typical weather conditions （clear sky, light haze, heavy pollution and dust storm） are derived from POLDER （POLarization and Directionality of the Earth＇s Reflectances）/PARASOL （Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar） multi-directional, multi-spectral polarized signals using a more reliable retrieval algorithm as proposed in this paper. The results are compared with those of the operational retrieval algorithm of POLDER/PARASOL group and the ground-based AERONET （AErosol RObotic NETwork）/PHOTONS （PHOtometrie pour le Traitement Operational de Normalisation Satellitaire） measurements. It is shown that the aerosol optical parameters derived from the improved algorithm agree well with AERONET/PHOTONS measurement. The retrieval accuracies of aerosol optical thickness （AOT） and effective radius are 0.06 and 0.05 μm respectively, which are close to or better than the required accuracies （0.04 for AOT and 0.1 μm for effective radius） for estimating aerosol direct forcing.展开更多
Dongting Lake is the largest lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. For centuries, people inhabiting the Dongting Lake area have been reclaiming land and constructing dams for flood resistance, agri...Dongting Lake is the largest lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. For centuries, people inhabiting the Dongting Lake area have been reclaiming land and constructing dams for flood resistance, agricultural production, and rural settlement, forming geographical entities known as polders. In this study, the regional spatial distributions of polders in the Dongting Lake area in 1949, 1998, and 2013 were obtained using historical maps and modern remotely sensed data, revealing changes since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Nanxian County was then selected to demonstrate polder changes at the county level, because it has undergone the most dramatic changes in the area. Different polder change models for the Datonghu, Yule, and Renhe polders were analyzed for eight periods: 1644(the early Qing Dynasty), 1911(the late Qing Dynasty), 1930(the Republic of China), 1949(the People's Republic of China), 1963, 1970, 1998, and 2013. Three resulting polder evolution models are: 1) reclaiming polders from lakes, 2) integrating polders by stream merging, and 3) abandoning polders for flood release. The polder evolution models demonstrate the wisdom of local people in using land resources according to the specific regional conditions. Throughout their long-term historical evolution, the spatial distribution of polders in the Dongting Lake area tended to be homogeneous, and the degree of human disturbance tended to be stable. However, a shift occurred, from pure polder area growth or removal to more comprehensive management and protection of the regional environment.展开更多
Different N and P fractions inmicrocosm incubation experiment was measured using highresolution in-situ Peeper and DGT techniques combining with sequential extraction procedure.The results showed the synchronous desor...Different N and P fractions inmicrocosm incubation experiment was measured using highresolution in-situ Peeper and DGT techniques combining with sequential extraction procedure.The results showed the synchronous desorption and release of PO_(4)^(3-),S^(2-)and Fe^(2+)from the solid soil-originated sediment.This trend indicated that the significant reduction of Fe-P and SO_(4)^(2-) occurred in the pore water during the inundation.The concentrations of PO_(4)^(3-) in the overlying water and pore water increased to more than 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L at the beginning of the incubation experiment.Decreased NO_(3)^(-) concentrations from more than 1.5 mg/L to less than 0.5 mg/L combining with increasing NH^(4+) concentrations from less than 1mg/L tomore than 5 mg/L suggested the remarkable NO_(3)-reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia(DNRA)pathway over time.High NH^(4+) concentrations in the pore water aggravated the release of Fe^(2+) through reduction of Fe(Ⅲ)-P as electric acceptors under anaerobic conditions.This process further stimulated the remarkable releasing of labile PO_(4)^(3-) from the solid phase to the solution and potential diffusion into overlying water.Additionally,high S^(2-) concentration at deeper layer indicated the reduction and releasing of S^(2-)from oxidation states,which can stimulated the NO_(3)^(-)reduction and the accumulation of NH^(4+)in the pore water.This process can also provoke the reduction of Fe-P as electric acceptors following the release of labile PO_(4)^(3-)into pore water.Generally,inundation potentially facilitate the desorption of labile P and attention should be paid during the reclaiming lake from polder.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42271173,No.41771221Key Project of the 14th Five-Year Plan of Anhui,No.2022BFAFZ01365National Key Program of Innovation Training for College Students,No.202310370039,No.202310370049,No.S202310370332。
文摘Polder is a type of irrigation field unique to the lower Yangtze River of China.It is a product of long-term and ingenuous human modifications of wetland landscapes.In the pre-Qin Period,3000 years ago,the poldered area of eastern Wuhu city was once a large lake called the ancient Danyang wetland.The introduction of agricultural civilization and polder technology to the area during the Wu and Yue Kingdoms period gradually transformed it into an agricultural area.With an accelerating rate of land reclamation under a changing late-Holocene regional climate,the ancient Danyang wetland became an aquatic system strongly influenced by intensifying anthropogenic activities.In this study,based on field survey data,historical documents,and remote-sensing and archaeological data,we reconstructed the spatial distribution of the polder landscape over the last 3000 years and identified their structural diversity.We found that polder landscapes began to emerge in the Spring and Autumn Period,land reclamation intensified in the Three Kingdoms and developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty before eventually reaching the peak from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The relocation of historical sites to low-altitude areas also marked the expansion of poldered fields from the center of the wetland to the southeast and northwest.The development and evolution of the polder landscape are related to regional climate conditions,changing social and economic statuses,and the development of agricultural technology in the Song Dynasty and succeeding periods.
基金973 Program of China under Grant No.2006CB403702National Science Foundation of China(40805010)the French-Chinese Programme de Recherches Avancées(PRAE04-02)
文摘由法国空间研究中心(CNES)于2004年12月18日发射的PARA SOL(Po larization&A n isotropy of R eflectances for A tm ospheric Sciences coup led w ith Observations from a L idar)卫星,是法国和美国合作的“卫星列车”(“A-T rain”)计划中的一员,上面主要搭载了POLDER(Po larization and D irectionality of the E arth's R eflectances)仪器,可以通过全球观测,从空间收集地气系统反射太阳辐射的偏振性和方向性数据。从这些数据,我们可以获得地表、大气气溶胶及云的多种特性,这些信息是改进气候数值模式所必需的。主要以POLDER仪器为例,就多光谱、多角度和多偏振联合遥感观测地气系统方面的进展进行综述。
文摘在卫星海洋遥感中,云作为海气耦合系统最重要的调节器之一,其检测结果对海洋上空云微物理特性的反演精度有较大影响。因此,快速而准确识别海洋上空的云像元是卫星遥感数据处理过程中首要解决的关键问题。以PARASOL (Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar)卫星搭载的POLDER3载荷遥感数据为研究对象,提出一种改进的海洋上空云检测方法。首先剔除海洋耀光;接着利用有云与晴空区近红外反射率差异检验识别有云像元,并利用偏振反射率检验进一步识别低反射率的云像元;然后利用近红外与可见光反射率比值检验识别晴空像元;最后建立多角度云检测结果空间融合规则,重新标记有云、晴空和未定像元。以印度洋海区为例进行实验分析,将云检测结果与Buriez方法进行对比,发现检测精度基本相当,而有云像元的识别速度却平均提高约3倍。结果表明:该方法能有效的检测出海洋上空的云像元,满足业务化数据处理的高精度及时效性要求,为后续云微物理特性反演提供可靠的数据源。
文摘陆上气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)反演作为气候、环境领域的一大研究方向,偏振多角度遥感在这个方向上有其特有的优势。本文使用法国POLDER(Polarization and Directionality of Earth’s Reflectance)1级偏振多角度资料,提出了一种针对气溶胶反演的群组残差最优方法,反演了气溶胶AOD。首先,模拟计算了大气、地表和气溶胶的偏振多角度反射率;然后,通过辐射传输公式,推算卫星观测的偏振表观反射率的若干组模拟值;最后,使用群组残差最优方法,计算获得气溶胶AOD。通过和MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)气溶胶数据产品(MYD04)的精确地理匹配和定量分析,验证了此方法的反演精度,结果表明:本文得到的AOD与MYD04建立的回归分析,其R2可达到0.68以上,斜率与1接近,即此方法获得的反演产品与MYD04具有较好的一致性;与AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)的AOD数据也进行了坎普尔站、北京站上的统计与分析,AOD的变化趋势上也存在较好的一致性。本文方法能够应用于除POLDER以外的偏振多角度卫星数据,获得较为可靠的陆上气溶胶AOD产品。
文摘冰雪在短波区域具有很强的各向异性反射特征,对全球能量平衡及水循环等有重要作用。目前,国内外学者发展了一系列应用于冰雪的二向性反射分布函数BRDF(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)模型,全面比较和评估这些模型对星载多角度遥感产品的业务化模型选择有重要参考价值和指导意义。本文基于全球POLDER冰雪多角度反射率数据,选取3个模型,包括核驱动、半经验的MODIS业务化RTLSR模型、渐进辐射传输物理模型ART以及新发展的RTLSRS模型进行了全面比较分析,研究结果表明:(1)在拟合所有POLDER数据时,RTLSRS模型都具有最高精度,对于单组纯雪数据,RTLSRS模型的最小二乘拟合的均方根误差(RMSE)比ART模型降低了45.45%,仅为RTLSR模型的18.46%。对于非纯雪数据,RTLSRS模型与RTLSR模型的拟合能力总体差别不大,但其RMSE比RTLSR模型降低了67.5%,ART模型的精度最差。(2)虽然RTLSRS可以高精度拟合所有数据,但该模型拟合纯雪(R2=0.969,RMSE=0.012)精度较优于非纯雪(R2=0.926,RMSE=0.013)。(3)对RTLSRS模型进行简化,仅保留其各向同性核和雪核ISM(Isotropic-Snow Model),验证结果表明:简化后的模型能够很好地表征雪的二向散射能力,使用POLDER全部纯雪数据进行拟合时,R2达到了0.949,RMSE为0.034。本文有助于用户在应用冰雪多角度数据时选择更合适的BRDF模型,同时对理解这些模型的误差提供了有价值的参考.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40805010)the 973 Program of China under Grant No.2006CB403702
文摘Aerosol optical properties over Beijing and Xianghe under several typical weather conditions （clear sky, light haze, heavy pollution and dust storm） are derived from POLDER （POLarization and Directionality of the Earth＇s Reflectances）/PARASOL （Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar） multi-directional, multi-spectral polarized signals using a more reliable retrieval algorithm as proposed in this paper. The results are compared with those of the operational retrieval algorithm of POLDER/PARASOL group and the ground-based AERONET （AErosol RObotic NETwork）/PHOTONS （PHOtometrie pour le Traitement Operational de Normalisation Satellitaire） measurements. It is shown that the aerosol optical parameters derived from the improved algorithm agree well with AERONET/PHOTONS measurement. The retrieval accuracies of aerosol optical thickness （AOT） and effective radius are 0.06 and 0.05 μm respectively, which are close to or better than the required accuracies （0.04 for AOT and 0.1 μm for effective radius） for estimating aerosol direct forcing.
基金Science & Technology Basic Research Program of China,No.2011FY110400,No.2013FY114600National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41301474+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2014T70114Disaster Risk Reduction Knowledge Service of IKCEST,CKCEST-2016-3-7
文摘Dongting Lake is the largest lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. For centuries, people inhabiting the Dongting Lake area have been reclaiming land and constructing dams for flood resistance, agricultural production, and rural settlement, forming geographical entities known as polders. In this study, the regional spatial distributions of polders in the Dongting Lake area in 1949, 1998, and 2013 were obtained using historical maps and modern remotely sensed data, revealing changes since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Nanxian County was then selected to demonstrate polder changes at the county level, because it has undergone the most dramatic changes in the area. Different polder change models for the Datonghu, Yule, and Renhe polders were analyzed for eight periods: 1644(the early Qing Dynasty), 1911(the late Qing Dynasty), 1930(the Republic of China), 1949(the People's Republic of China), 1963, 1970, 1998, and 2013. Three resulting polder evolution models are: 1) reclaiming polders from lakes, 2) integrating polders by stream merging, and 3) abandoning polders for flood release. The polder evolution models demonstrate the wisdom of local people in using land resources according to the specific regional conditions. Throughout their long-term historical evolution, the spatial distribution of polders in the Dongting Lake area tended to be homogeneous, and the degree of human disturbance tended to be stable. However, a shift occurred, from pure polder area growth or removal to more comprehensive management and protection of the regional environment.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project (No. 2021038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41503099, 31972813)the Jiangsu Province Scientific Research Foundation (Nos. CX(20)2026, YDCG-2021–005)。
文摘Different N and P fractions inmicrocosm incubation experiment was measured using highresolution in-situ Peeper and DGT techniques combining with sequential extraction procedure.The results showed the synchronous desorption and release of PO_(4)^(3-),S^(2-)and Fe^(2+)from the solid soil-originated sediment.This trend indicated that the significant reduction of Fe-P and SO_(4)^(2-) occurred in the pore water during the inundation.The concentrations of PO_(4)^(3-) in the overlying water and pore water increased to more than 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L at the beginning of the incubation experiment.Decreased NO_(3)^(-) concentrations from more than 1.5 mg/L to less than 0.5 mg/L combining with increasing NH^(4+) concentrations from less than 1mg/L tomore than 5 mg/L suggested the remarkable NO_(3)-reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia(DNRA)pathway over time.High NH^(4+) concentrations in the pore water aggravated the release of Fe^(2+) through reduction of Fe(Ⅲ)-P as electric acceptors under anaerobic conditions.This process further stimulated the remarkable releasing of labile PO_(4)^(3-) from the solid phase to the solution and potential diffusion into overlying water.Additionally,high S^(2-) concentration at deeper layer indicated the reduction and releasing of S^(2-)from oxidation states,which can stimulated the NO_(3)^(-)reduction and the accumulation of NH^(4+)in the pore water.This process can also provoke the reduction of Fe-P as electric acceptors following the release of labile PO_(4)^(3-)into pore water.Generally,inundation potentially facilitate the desorption of labile P and attention should be paid during the reclaiming lake from polder.
