In the Democratic Republic of Congo,the Kafubu River has received,for several decades,mining waste from GECAMINE Kipushi and Lubumbashi as well as those from the CHEMAF plant.Given this situation,we wanted to verify t...In the Democratic Republic of Congo,the Kafubu River has received,for several decades,mining waste from GECAMINE Kipushi and Lubumbashi as well as those from the CHEMAF plant.Given this situation,we wanted to verify the degree of contamination of fish in the Kafubu River with TME(Trace Metal Elements).In doing so,fish samples from this river,downstream of mining activities,as well as samples of reference fish from upstream of any mining activity from the sources of the Panda and Kasungwe rivers and that of the Congo River were analyzed with Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS)and Inductively Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-OES).Statistical analysis,using the Wilcoxon test,of the results obtained as well as the comparison of these with the thresholds of the WHO(World Health Organization),FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization)and the EU(European Union)revealed that the fish of the Kafubu River are contaminated with As,Cd,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,Se and Zn.Thus,it was concluded that the fish of the Kafubu River were not fit for human consumption.In addition,because of the very high level of bioaccumulation of these TMEs in the fish of the Kafubu River,the latter have been described as poisonous for the consuming population.The main principle that emerges from this study is that fish from an ecosystem polluted by mining waste are not fit for human consumption.The results of this study will be brought to the attention of Decision-makers in the Haut-Katanga Province so that rigorous measures can be taken to prohibit metallurgical plants from dumping their mining waste into aquatic ecosystems.展开更多
-The impact of several chemical poisons on the Arca granosa absorbing 45Ca was studied. The results showed that the absorption of 45Ca in the blood and the soft tissue by Arca granosa was inhibited by the inorganic co...-The impact of several chemical poisons on the Arca granosa absorbing 45Ca was studied. The results showed that the absorption of 45Ca in the blood and the soft tissue by Arca granosa was inhibited by the inorganic compounds of Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Hg and so on, among which the inhibition of Cd was the strongest, next was that of Cu and Hg. But the inhibition of the absorption of 45Ca in the shell of Arca granosa was little. The impact of three kinds of energy metabolism inhibitory substances on the absorption of 45Ca by the Area granosa showed that the absorption was an active transfer process.展开更多
Since natural history museums existed, there have been problems concerning how to protect the collections from damages caused by insects. In 1740s＇, French Chemist Becoeur started to use arsenic-soap to protect his t...Since natural history museums existed, there have been problems concerning how to protect the collections from damages caused by insects. In 1740s＇, French Chemist Becoeur started to use arsenic-soap to protect his taxidermy specimens against insects. But in the years of 1770s＇, it was discovered the terrible strong arsenic poison which was dangerous to human beings. Finally taxidermy specimens leave the use of ar- senic and borax to history and use Eulan in their place.展开更多
Acapulco, Mexico has a coastline of 62 km where large areas of rocky substrate inhabited by organisms such as the GASTROPODA Class can be found. Conidae (Fleming, 1822) Family is among the members of this Class, which...Acapulco, Mexico has a coastline of 62 km where large areas of rocky substrate inhabited by organisms such as the GASTROPODA Class can be found. Conidae (Fleming, 1822) Family is among the members of this Class, which has been poorly studied in the Mexican Pacific, despite their biomedical potential. This research was carried out in the rocky intertidal of nine sites in Acapulco. The objectives were: 1) Prepare an inventory of species associated with rocky intertidal of Conidae family, 2) examine the composition of the family based on two criteria: a) species richness and b) abundance, 3) determine the geographical distribution and 4) analyze the size composition. The unit sampled was 1 m2 and the sampled area was 10 m2 persite. A total of 97 organisms were analyzed, corresponding to two subfamilies, five genera and five species. The Puncticuliinae (Tucker & Tenorio, 2009) subfamily had higher species richness, abundance and frequency of occurrence. The most abundant and most common species were Harmoniconus nux (Broderip, 1833) and Gladioconus gladiator (Broderip, 1833) both showed regular distribution. The size structure found for Conidae family is similar to what has been reported in other research. For the first time G. gladiator is being reported for the state of Guerrero.展开更多
In forensic science,cases of plant toxicity are not contemporary.Studies of plant toxins and various aspects of their analysis have been performed since ancient times.Different analytical techniques are established an...In forensic science,cases of plant toxicity are not contemporary.Studies of plant toxins and various aspects of their analysis have been performed since ancient times.Different analytical techniques are established and evaluated with time.Nowadays,an easy and accurate technique is necessary for toxicological analysis.In this study,various toxicological analysis procedures available for cardiac plant poisons are reviewed.The extraction and determination procedures concerning cardiac plant poisons and their metabolites are considered.Six plant species were selected based on cases occurring in forensic science.According to references,various immunoassay,chromatographic,and spectrometric techniques were used to detect cardiac plant toxins and their metabolites.Liquid chromatography,hyphenated with other techniques,is more familiar and broadly used,according to the reviewed studies.The study of metabolites was not performed separately,but here,we attempt to differentiate techniques for an individual metabolite of every cardiac plant poison.Some metabolites are indicated that are likely to be found in forensic studies but still not reported by any author.展开更多
Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poi...Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poisoning of air electrodes,causing substantial degradation in electrochemical performance and compromising the longterm stability of SOCs.This mini-review examines the mechanism of Cr deposition and poisoning in air electrodes under both fuel-cell and electrolysis modes.Furthermore,emphasis is placed on the recent advancements in strategies to mitigate Cr poisoning,offering insights into the rational design and development of active and Cr-tolerant air electrodes for SOCs.展开更多
TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications.However,the presence of impurity gases(such as O_(2),CO,CO_(2),and CH4)has a considerable impact on the ...TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications.However,the presence of impurity gases(such as O_(2),CO,CO_(2),and CH4)has a considerable impact on the hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of TiFe alloys,drastically limiting their practical application in hydrogen storage.Consequently,in this study,we investigated the hydrogen absorption kinetics and cycling performance of the TiFe_(0.9) alloy in the presence of common impurity gases(including CH4,CO,CO_(2),and O_(2))and determined the corresponding poisoning mechanisms.Specifically,we found that CH4 did not react with the alloy but acted through physical coverage.In contrast,CO and CO_(2) occupy the active sites for H_(2),significantly impeding the dissociation and absorption of H_(2).In addition,O_(2) reacts directly with the alloy to form a passivating layer that prevents hydrogen absorption.These findings were fur-ther corroborated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR)and density functional theory(DFT).The relationship between the adsorption energies of the impurity gases and hydrogen obtained through DFT calculations complements the experimental results.Un-derstanding these poisoning behaviors is crucial for designing Ti-based high-entropy hydrogen storage alloy alloys with enhanced resist-ance to poisoning.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have great promise for next-generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity(1675 mAh g^(-1))of sulfur with chemical conversion for charge storage.However,t...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have great promise for next-generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity(1675 mAh g^(-1))of sulfur with chemical conversion for charge storage.However,their practical use is hindered by the slow redox kinetics of sulfur and the“shuttle effect”arising from dissolved lithium polysulfides(LiPSs).In recent years,various carbon-based materials have served as sulfur hosts and catalysts for accelerating sulfur conversion redox kinetics and alleviating LiPS shuttling.However,they often suffer from irreversible passivation and structural changes that destroy their long-term performance.We consider the main problems limiting their stability,including excessive LiPS adsorption,passivation by insulating Li2S,and surface reconstruction,and clarify how these factors lead to capacity fade.We then outline effective strategies for achieving long-term sulfur catalysis,focusing on functional carbon,such as designing suitable carbon-supported catalyst interfaces,creating well-distributed active sites,adding cocatalysts to improve electron transfer,and using carbon-based protective layers to suppress unwanted side reactions.Using this information should enable the development of stable,high-activity catalysts capable of long-term operation under practical conditions in Li-S batteries.展开更多
Objective:The neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide(CO)to the central nervous system is a key pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning(DEACMP).Our previous study found that retinoic acid...Objective:The neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide(CO)to the central nervous system is a key pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning(DEACMP).Our previous study found that retinoic acid(RA)can suppress the neurotoxic effects of CO.This study further explores,in vivo and in vitro,the molecular mechanisms by which RA alleviates CO-induced central nervous system damage.Methods:A cytotoxic model was established using the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 and primary oligodendrocytes exposed to CO,and a DEACMP animal model was established in adult Kunming mice.Cell viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide(PI)double staining.The transcriptional and protein expression of each gene was detected using real time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting.Long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)SNHG15 and LINGO-1 were knocked down or overexpressed to observe changes in neurons and oligodendrocytes.In DEACMP mice,SNHG15 or LINGO-1 were knocked down to assess changes in central nervous tissue and downstream protein expression.Results:RA at 10 and 20μmol/L significantly reversed CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,downregulation of SNHG15 and LINGO-1,and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and tyrosine kinase receptor B(TrkB)(all P<0.05).Overexpression of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 weakened the protective effect of RA against CO-induced cytotoxicity(all P<0.05).Knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 alleviated CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes and upregulated BDNF and TrkB expression levels(all P<0.05).Experiments in DEACMP model mice showed that knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 mitigated central nervous system injury in DEACMP(all P<0.05).Conclusion:RA alleviates CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,thereby reducing central nervous system injury and exerting neuroprotective effects.LncRNA SNHG15 and LINGO-1 are key molecules mediating RA induced inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and are associated with the BDNF/TrkB pathway.These findings provide a theoretical framework for optimizing the clinical treatment of DEACMP and lay an experimental foundation for elucidating its molecular mechanisms.展开更多
Rationale:Advances in sleep research have introduced medications like lemborexant,a dual orexin receptor antagonist.While effective for regulating sleep,overdoses are a concern,especially in suicide attempts.However,l...Rationale:Advances in sleep research have introduced medications like lemborexant,a dual orexin receptor antagonist.While effective for regulating sleep,overdoses are a concern,especially in suicide attempts.However,limited data exist on lemborexant overdose,prompting this case report to elucidate its clinical course.Patient’s Concern:A 91-year-old Japanese woman with multiple comorbidities,including insomnia and chronic kidney disease,was admitted after ingesting 315 mg of lemborexant in a suicide attempt.Diagnosis:Lemborexant overdose.Interventions:Supportive care with 500 mL of Ringer’s acetate solution at the emergency room.Outcomes:She gradually regained full consciousness with no residual deficits.Due to persistent suicidal ideation,she was transferred to a psychiatric hospital after seven days of supportive care.Lessons:A review of four lemborexant overdose cases managed at our hospital revealed that overdoses primarily induce altered consciousness and are unlikely to cause organ dysfunction.Supportive care is generally sufficient for management.However,given the limited data,further case accumulation is needed to enhance clinical understanding.展开更多
BACKGROUND Organophosphate(OP)poisoning is common in sub-Saharan Africa.It is asso-ciated with high mortality and morbidity.Affected individuals often exhibit cho-linergic symptoms and respiratory distress.Moreover,ot...BACKGROUND Organophosphate(OP)poisoning is common in sub-Saharan Africa.It is asso-ciated with high mortality and morbidity.Affected individuals often exhibit cho-linergic symptoms and respiratory distress.Moreover,other complications,such as pancreatitis,arrhythmias,and hepatic dysfunction,have been reported.How-ever,paralytic ileus is an exceedingly rare complication.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with altered sensorium and abdominal distension following suspected OP exposure.Physical examination and imaging revealed features of intestinal obstruction and neurological deficits.He was managed with atropine,pralidoxime,and other supportive measures and had a successful recovery.Paralytic ileus is an atypical complication of acute OP poisoning.The resultant intestinal obstruction manifests as cholinergic overac-tivity,leading to bowel dysmotility.This case emphasizes the need for awareness and prompt management of such atypical presentations,especially in the pe-diatric population.CONCLUSION Timely recognition and multidisciplinary management of atypical presentations,such as paralytic ileus,are crucial in improving outcomes in pediatric OP poi-soning.展开更多
Investigating highly effective electrocatalysts for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC)requires the resistance to phosphate acid(PA)poisoning at cathodic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Recen...Investigating highly effective electrocatalysts for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC)requires the resistance to phosphate acid(PA)poisoning at cathodic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Recent advancements in catalysts have focused on alleviating phosphoric anion adsorption on Pt-based catalysts with modified electronic structure or catalytic interface and developing Fe-N-C based catalysts with immunity of PA poisoning.Fe-N-C-based catalysts have emerged as promising alternatives to Pt-based catalysts,offering significant potential to overcome the characteristic adsorption of phosphate anion on Pt.An overview of these developments provides insights into catalytic mechanisms and facilitates the design of more efficient catalysts.This review begins with an exploration of basic poisoning principles,followed by a critical summary of characterization techniques employed to identified the underlying mechanism of poisoning effect.Attention is then directed to endeavors aimed at enhancing the HT-PEMFC performance by well-designed catalysts.Finally,the opportunities and challenges in developing the anti-PA poisoning strategy and practical HT-PEMFC is discussed.Through these discussions,a comprehensive understanding of PA-poisoning bottlenecks and inspire future research directions is aim to provided.展开更多
Imidacloprid,a neonicotinoid insecticide,is widelyused in agriculture as a safer alternative to highly toxicorganophosphates.It targets nicotinic acetylcholinereceptors in pests and is generally low in toxicity tohuma...Imidacloprid,a neonicotinoid insecticide,is widelyused in agriculture as a safer alternative to highly toxicorganophosphates.It targets nicotinic acetylcholinereceptors in pests and is generally low in toxicity tohumans.However,large ingestions can cause severe,life-threatening complications,with no establishedtreatment protocols.Though rarely fatal,imidaclopridpoisoning is increasingly reported in agricultural regions,particularly in Southeast Asia,with most cases involvingsuicide attempts.展开更多
Objective: We describe patients with MCS, the evolution of the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) score with a special focus on people whose fillings were removed. Methods: We have conducte...Objective: We describe patients with MCS, the evolution of the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) score with a special focus on people whose fillings were removed. Methods: We have conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study in patients diagnosed with MCS and attended in the outpatient Internal Medicine department of the University Hospital of San Juan de Alicante, from January 1, 2008 to January 1, 2021. Sociodemographic, clinical, QEESI and treatment-related variables were collected. We performed descriptive and inferential analyses. Mixed linear models were used to analyze the QEESI. Calculations were carried out with an α error of 5%. Results: Thirty-three patients were included (72.7% women, mean age 56.2). MCS was mainly triggered by mercury (N = 20) and food intolerance (N = 22). The mean interval from symptoms onset was 120 months (SD 81.6). 114 QEESIs were analyzed: 82 (N = 17 without amalgams) and 32 (N = 16 with amalgams). In patients without amalgams, severity scores increased across all subscales except the masking index (vs. with amalgams). Mean scores for the group without amalgams (vs. with amalgams) were: chemical intolerance, 62.8 points (vs. 63.4 and 46.7);other intolerances, 52.7 points (vs. 62.8 and 50.3);symptom severity, 63.2 (vs. 76.7 and 63.3);masking index, 3.9 (vs. 3.2 and 2.8);and life impacts, 63.1 (vs. 58.4 and 49.8). Conclusion: The profile of patient with MCS is a middle-aged woman who is a frequent user of healthcare services, presents a long diagnostic delay and has borne a great personal, work and socioeconomic impact. The QEESI is useful for the clinical follow-up of patients, including the optimal treatment response in the case of amalgams. Clinical Significance: People affected by Multiple Chemical Sensitivity deserve the attention, understanding and help of health professionals and family members, to face an invisible illness for those who do not suffer from it. Support is needed and doctors must raise awareness, and make an effort to understand and address this pathology. We suggest that protocolized amalgam extraction in accredited and prepared centers can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life, generating clinical, personal, family, occupational, social and occupational benefits.展开更多
Aposematism is an antipredator strategy in which conspicuous coloration acts as a warning of chemical defenses to potential predators.Evidence suggests that aposematism largely functions under positive frequency-depen...Aposematism is an antipredator strategy in which conspicuous coloration acts as a warning of chemical defenses to potential predators.Evidence suggests that aposematism largely functions under positive frequency-dependent selection,which is thought to maintain uniformity of aposematic signals.Many studies of aposematic organisms have found evidence that color signals and defenses are positively correlated,indicating a quantitatively honest aposematic signal.Dendrobatid poison frogs represent a well-studied group of aposematic organisms that in addition to exhibiting a diversity of color signals also display unique defensive behaviors.Few studies have examined if both behavior and coloration act as quantitative honest signals of alkaloid defenses in poison frogs.We aimed to determine if coloration and behavior are quantitatively honest signals in the green and black poison frog(Dendrobates auratus)among 6 populations from Costa Rica.We(1)evaluated antipredator displays by using behavioral assays in the field,(2)assessed frog conspicuousness and pattern using digital images,and(3)quantified alkaloid profiles from frog skin secretions.We found that Pacific populations are less conspicuous in coloration,had greater quantities of alkaloids,and more frequently performed body-raising defensive behaviors when compared with Caribbean populations.Our results do not support the hypothesis that aposematic traits in D.auratus are quantitatively honest.Rather,our results suggest that phenotypic differences among populations may represent different phenotypic optima for advertising unprofitability to predators based on local environmental conditions,leading to the diversification of aposematic signals in this species.展开更多
BACKGROUND:In recent years,with the ban on paraquat,the use of diquat (DQ) as a substitute has significantly increased,leading to a corresponding increase in DQ poisoning cases.This study aimed to identify relevant ri...BACKGROUND:In recent years,with the ban on paraquat,the use of diquat (DQ) as a substitute has significantly increased,leading to a corresponding increase in DQ poisoning cases.This study aimed to identify relevant risk factors affecting patient prognosis and provide a basis for the assessment of patient prognosis.METHODS:Patients with DQ poisoning were included from September 2020 to December2023,and data were extracted from their electronic medical records on the first day of hospitalization.Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and binary multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed on the collected clinical data to identify risk factors.RESULTS:A total of 117 patients with acute DQ poisoning were included,and were categorized into two groups based on their 28-day outcomes:survival group (n=67) and non-survival group (n=50).There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of sex,lymphocyte count,platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,or blood purification rate (P>0.05).The analysis revealed that age (odds ratio[OR]1.094,95%confidence interval[95%CI]1.022–1.171),blood drug concentration (OR 3.659,95%CI1.846–7.252),lactate (OR 1.686,95%CI 1.062–2.678),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)(OR 1.101,95%CI 1.017–1.192),albumin (OR 1.275,95%CI 1.107–1.468),and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(OR 1.027,95%CI 1.005–1.051) were the risk factors for mortality.CONCLUSION:This study identified key risk factors for 28-day mortality in patients with acute DQ poisoning,which may provide valuable guidance for clinical treatment,particularly for emergency physicians.展开更多
Chlorfenapyr poisoning is associated with high mortality due to the absence of evidence-based treatment strategies or specific antidotes.[1,2]Chlorfenapyr is a novel N-substituted halogenated pyrrole pro-insecticide.T...Chlorfenapyr poisoning is associated with high mortality due to the absence of evidence-based treatment strategies or specific antidotes.[1,2]Chlorfenapyr is a novel N-substituted halogenated pyrrole pro-insecticide.The active metabolite of tralopyril(a metabolite of chlorfenapyr)can uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and impair adenosine triphosphate(ATP)production.[3]Blood purification techniques,including hemoperfusion(HP),may facilitate tralopyril clearance.[4,5]Here,we present a case of severe chlorfenapyr poisoning that was treated with intensive HP.H owever,during follow-up,we unexpectedly found a ventricular aneurysm in the left ventricle that was not fully explained by coronary artery lesions.展开更多
BACKGROUND Ethylene glycol(EG)poisoning is often caused by the accidental ingestion of antifreeze.EG is metabolized into glycolate and oxalate and may cause metabolic acidaemia,neurotoxicity,acute kidney injury,and de...BACKGROUND Ethylene glycol(EG)poisoning is often caused by the accidental ingestion of antifreeze.EG is metabolized into glycolate and oxalate and may cause metabolic acidaemia,neurotoxicity,acute kidney injury,and death.A variety of EG poisoning case reports have been published,and we wrote this case report and literature review to summarize the clinical experience of patients who survived EG poisoning.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,a 55-year-old man developed EG poisoning after ingesting antifreeze by accident and experienced acute kidney injury,nervous system dysfunction and inhalation pneumonia.The timely use of ethanol for detoxification,initiation of haemodialysis,and protection of organ function are effective treatment methods for patients with antifreeze poisoning.The patient was discharged in the 3rd week after admission.When discharged,the patient did not report any discomfort,had stable vital signs,did not have fever or diarrhoea,and had improved liver and kidney functions.CONCLUSION A timely diagnosis,haemodialysis,and organ protection are the keys to the successful treatment of poisoned patients.展开更多
文摘In the Democratic Republic of Congo,the Kafubu River has received,for several decades,mining waste from GECAMINE Kipushi and Lubumbashi as well as those from the CHEMAF plant.Given this situation,we wanted to verify the degree of contamination of fish in the Kafubu River with TME(Trace Metal Elements).In doing so,fish samples from this river,downstream of mining activities,as well as samples of reference fish from upstream of any mining activity from the sources of the Panda and Kasungwe rivers and that of the Congo River were analyzed with Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS)and Inductively Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-OES).Statistical analysis,using the Wilcoxon test,of the results obtained as well as the comparison of these with the thresholds of the WHO(World Health Organization),FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization)and the EU(European Union)revealed that the fish of the Kafubu River are contaminated with As,Cd,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,Se and Zn.Thus,it was concluded that the fish of the Kafubu River were not fit for human consumption.In addition,because of the very high level of bioaccumulation of these TMEs in the fish of the Kafubu River,the latter have been described as poisonous for the consuming population.The main principle that emerges from this study is that fish from an ecosystem polluted by mining waste are not fit for human consumption.The results of this study will be brought to the attention of Decision-makers in the Haut-Katanga Province so that rigorous measures can be taken to prohibit metallurgical plants from dumping their mining waste into aquatic ecosystems.
文摘-The impact of several chemical poisons on the Arca granosa absorbing 45Ca was studied. The results showed that the absorption of 45Ca in the blood and the soft tissue by Arca granosa was inhibited by the inorganic compounds of Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Hg and so on, among which the inhibition of Cd was the strongest, next was that of Cu and Hg. But the inhibition of the absorption of 45Ca in the shell of Arca granosa was little. The impact of three kinds of energy metabolism inhibitory substances on the absorption of 45Ca by the Area granosa showed that the absorption was an active transfer process.
文摘Since natural history museums existed, there have been problems concerning how to protect the collections from damages caused by insects. In 1740s＇, French Chemist Becoeur started to use arsenic-soap to protect his taxidermy specimens against insects. But in the years of 1770s＇, it was discovered the terrible strong arsenic poison which was dangerous to human beings. Finally taxidermy specimens leave the use of ar- senic and borax to history and use Eulan in their place.
文摘Acapulco, Mexico has a coastline of 62 km where large areas of rocky substrate inhabited by organisms such as the GASTROPODA Class can be found. Conidae (Fleming, 1822) Family is among the members of this Class, which has been poorly studied in the Mexican Pacific, despite their biomedical potential. This research was carried out in the rocky intertidal of nine sites in Acapulco. The objectives were: 1) Prepare an inventory of species associated with rocky intertidal of Conidae family, 2) examine the composition of the family based on two criteria: a) species richness and b) abundance, 3) determine the geographical distribution and 4) analyze the size composition. The unit sampled was 1 m2 and the sampled area was 10 m2 persite. A total of 97 organisms were analyzed, corresponding to two subfamilies, five genera and five species. The Puncticuliinae (Tucker & Tenorio, 2009) subfamily had higher species richness, abundance and frequency of occurrence. The most abundant and most common species were Harmoniconus nux (Broderip, 1833) and Gladioconus gladiator (Broderip, 1833) both showed regular distribution. The size structure found for Conidae family is similar to what has been reported in other research. For the first time G. gladiator is being reported for the state of Guerrero.
基金sponsored by the University Grant Commission under grant no.200510052863.
文摘In forensic science,cases of plant toxicity are not contemporary.Studies of plant toxins and various aspects of their analysis have been performed since ancient times.Different analytical techniques are established and evaluated with time.Nowadays,an easy and accurate technique is necessary for toxicological analysis.In this study,various toxicological analysis procedures available for cardiac plant poisons are reviewed.The extraction and determination procedures concerning cardiac plant poisons and their metabolites are considered.Six plant species were selected based on cases occurring in forensic science.According to references,various immunoassay,chromatographic,and spectrometric techniques were used to detect cardiac plant toxins and their metabolites.Liquid chromatography,hyphenated with other techniques,is more familiar and broadly used,according to the reviewed studies.The study of metabolites was not performed separately,but here,we attempt to differentiate techniques for an individual metabolite of every cardiac plant poison.Some metabolites are indicated that are likely to be found in forensic studies but still not reported by any author.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279018)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005055)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01085).
文摘Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poisoning of air electrodes,causing substantial degradation in electrochemical performance and compromising the longterm stability of SOCs.This mini-review examines the mechanism of Cr deposition and poisoning in air electrodes under both fuel-cell and electrolysis modes.Furthermore,emphasis is placed on the recent advancements in strategies to mitigate Cr poisoning,offering insights into the rational design and development of active and Cr-tolerant air electrodes for SOCs.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2022YFB4004301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52201274 and 52307250)the Shaanxi Province key research and development plan,China(No.2024CY2-GJHX-53).
文摘TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications.However,the presence of impurity gases(such as O_(2),CO,CO_(2),and CH4)has a considerable impact on the hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of TiFe alloys,drastically limiting their practical application in hydrogen storage.Consequently,in this study,we investigated the hydrogen absorption kinetics and cycling performance of the TiFe_(0.9) alloy in the presence of common impurity gases(including CH4,CO,CO_(2),and O_(2))and determined the corresponding poisoning mechanisms.Specifically,we found that CH4 did not react with the alloy but acted through physical coverage.In contrast,CO and CO_(2) occupy the active sites for H_(2),significantly impeding the dissociation and absorption of H_(2).In addition,O_(2) reacts directly with the alloy to form a passivating layer that prevents hydrogen absorption.These findings were fur-ther corroborated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR)and density functional theory(DFT).The relationship between the adsorption energies of the impurity gases and hydrogen obtained through DFT calculations complements the experimental results.Un-derstanding these poisoning behaviors is crucial for designing Ti-based high-entropy hydrogen storage alloy alloys with enhanced resist-ance to poisoning.
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have great promise for next-generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity(1675 mAh g^(-1))of sulfur with chemical conversion for charge storage.However,their practical use is hindered by the slow redox kinetics of sulfur and the“shuttle effect”arising from dissolved lithium polysulfides(LiPSs).In recent years,various carbon-based materials have served as sulfur hosts and catalysts for accelerating sulfur conversion redox kinetics and alleviating LiPS shuttling.However,they often suffer from irreversible passivation and structural changes that destroy their long-term performance.We consider the main problems limiting their stability,including excessive LiPS adsorption,passivation by insulating Li2S,and surface reconstruction,and clarify how these factors lead to capacity fade.We then outline effective strategies for achieving long-term sulfur catalysis,focusing on functional carbon,such as designing suitable carbon-supported catalyst interfaces,creating well-distributed active sites,adding cocatalysts to improve electron transfer,and using carbon-based protective layers to suppress unwanted side reactions.Using this information should enable the development of stable,high-activity catalysts capable of long-term operation under practical conditions in Li-S batteries.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2021JJ31089)the Scientific Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province(202203104548),China。
文摘Objective:The neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide(CO)to the central nervous system is a key pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning(DEACMP).Our previous study found that retinoic acid(RA)can suppress the neurotoxic effects of CO.This study further explores,in vivo and in vitro,the molecular mechanisms by which RA alleviates CO-induced central nervous system damage.Methods:A cytotoxic model was established using the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 and primary oligodendrocytes exposed to CO,and a DEACMP animal model was established in adult Kunming mice.Cell viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide(PI)double staining.The transcriptional and protein expression of each gene was detected using real time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting.Long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)SNHG15 and LINGO-1 were knocked down or overexpressed to observe changes in neurons and oligodendrocytes.In DEACMP mice,SNHG15 or LINGO-1 were knocked down to assess changes in central nervous tissue and downstream protein expression.Results:RA at 10 and 20μmol/L significantly reversed CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,downregulation of SNHG15 and LINGO-1,and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and tyrosine kinase receptor B(TrkB)(all P<0.05).Overexpression of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 weakened the protective effect of RA against CO-induced cytotoxicity(all P<0.05).Knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 alleviated CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes and upregulated BDNF and TrkB expression levels(all P<0.05).Experiments in DEACMP model mice showed that knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 mitigated central nervous system injury in DEACMP(all P<0.05).Conclusion:RA alleviates CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,thereby reducing central nervous system injury and exerting neuroprotective effects.LncRNA SNHG15 and LINGO-1 are key molecules mediating RA induced inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and are associated with the BDNF/TrkB pathway.These findings provide a theoretical framework for optimizing the clinical treatment of DEACMP and lay an experimental foundation for elucidating its molecular mechanisms.
文摘Rationale:Advances in sleep research have introduced medications like lemborexant,a dual orexin receptor antagonist.While effective for regulating sleep,overdoses are a concern,especially in suicide attempts.However,limited data exist on lemborexant overdose,prompting this case report to elucidate its clinical course.Patient’s Concern:A 91-year-old Japanese woman with multiple comorbidities,including insomnia and chronic kidney disease,was admitted after ingesting 315 mg of lemborexant in a suicide attempt.Diagnosis:Lemborexant overdose.Interventions:Supportive care with 500 mL of Ringer’s acetate solution at the emergency room.Outcomes:She gradually regained full consciousness with no residual deficits.Due to persistent suicidal ideation,she was transferred to a psychiatric hospital after seven days of supportive care.Lessons:A review of four lemborexant overdose cases managed at our hospital revealed that overdoses primarily induce altered consciousness and are unlikely to cause organ dysfunction.Supportive care is generally sufficient for management.However,given the limited data,further case accumulation is needed to enhance clinical understanding.
文摘BACKGROUND Organophosphate(OP)poisoning is common in sub-Saharan Africa.It is asso-ciated with high mortality and morbidity.Affected individuals often exhibit cho-linergic symptoms and respiratory distress.Moreover,other complications,such as pancreatitis,arrhythmias,and hepatic dysfunction,have been reported.How-ever,paralytic ileus is an exceedingly rare complication.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with altered sensorium and abdominal distension following suspected OP exposure.Physical examination and imaging revealed features of intestinal obstruction and neurological deficits.He was managed with atropine,pralidoxime,and other supportive measures and had a successful recovery.Paralytic ileus is an atypical complication of acute OP poisoning.The resultant intestinal obstruction manifests as cholinergic overac-tivity,leading to bowel dysmotility.This case emphasizes the need for awareness and prompt management of such atypical presentations,especially in the pe-diatric population.CONCLUSION Timely recognition and multidisciplinary management of atypical presentations,such as paralytic ileus,are crucial in improving outcomes in pediatric OP poi-soning.
文摘Investigating highly effective electrocatalysts for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC)requires the resistance to phosphate acid(PA)poisoning at cathodic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Recent advancements in catalysts have focused on alleviating phosphoric anion adsorption on Pt-based catalysts with modified electronic structure or catalytic interface and developing Fe-N-C based catalysts with immunity of PA poisoning.Fe-N-C-based catalysts have emerged as promising alternatives to Pt-based catalysts,offering significant potential to overcome the characteristic adsorption of phosphate anion on Pt.An overview of these developments provides insights into catalytic mechanisms and facilitates the design of more efficient catalysts.This review begins with an exploration of basic poisoning principles,followed by a critical summary of characterization techniques employed to identified the underlying mechanism of poisoning effect.Attention is then directed to endeavors aimed at enhancing the HT-PEMFC performance by well-designed catalysts.Finally,the opportunities and challenges in developing the anti-PA poisoning strategy and practical HT-PEMFC is discussed.Through these discussions,a comprehensive understanding of PA-poisoning bottlenecks and inspire future research directions is aim to provided.
文摘Imidacloprid,a neonicotinoid insecticide,is widelyused in agriculture as a safer alternative to highly toxicorganophosphates.It targets nicotinic acetylcholinereceptors in pests and is generally low in toxicity tohumans.However,large ingestions can cause severe,life-threatening complications,with no establishedtreatment protocols.Though rarely fatal,imidaclopridpoisoning is increasingly reported in agricultural regions,particularly in Southeast Asia,with most cases involvingsuicide attempts.
文摘Objective: We describe patients with MCS, the evolution of the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) score with a special focus on people whose fillings were removed. Methods: We have conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study in patients diagnosed with MCS and attended in the outpatient Internal Medicine department of the University Hospital of San Juan de Alicante, from January 1, 2008 to January 1, 2021. Sociodemographic, clinical, QEESI and treatment-related variables were collected. We performed descriptive and inferential analyses. Mixed linear models were used to analyze the QEESI. Calculations were carried out with an α error of 5%. Results: Thirty-three patients were included (72.7% women, mean age 56.2). MCS was mainly triggered by mercury (N = 20) and food intolerance (N = 22). The mean interval from symptoms onset was 120 months (SD 81.6). 114 QEESIs were analyzed: 82 (N = 17 without amalgams) and 32 (N = 16 with amalgams). In patients without amalgams, severity scores increased across all subscales except the masking index (vs. with amalgams). Mean scores for the group without amalgams (vs. with amalgams) were: chemical intolerance, 62.8 points (vs. 63.4 and 46.7);other intolerances, 52.7 points (vs. 62.8 and 50.3);symptom severity, 63.2 (vs. 76.7 and 63.3);masking index, 3.9 (vs. 3.2 and 2.8);and life impacts, 63.1 (vs. 58.4 and 49.8). Conclusion: The profile of patient with MCS is a middle-aged woman who is a frequent user of healthcare services, presents a long diagnostic delay and has borne a great personal, work and socioeconomic impact. The QEESI is useful for the clinical follow-up of patients, including the optimal treatment response in the case of amalgams. Clinical Significance: People affected by Multiple Chemical Sensitivity deserve the attention, understanding and help of health professionals and family members, to face an invisible illness for those who do not suffer from it. Support is needed and doctors must raise awareness, and make an effort to understand and address this pathology. We suggest that protocolized amalgam extraction in accredited and prepared centers can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life, generating clinical, personal, family, occupational, social and occupational benefits.
基金funded by 2 grants awarded to KPB(Animal Behavior Society,Student Research Grant and Sigma Xi,Grants-in-Aid of Research)funding from John Carroll University.
文摘Aposematism is an antipredator strategy in which conspicuous coloration acts as a warning of chemical defenses to potential predators.Evidence suggests that aposematism largely functions under positive frequency-dependent selection,which is thought to maintain uniformity of aposematic signals.Many studies of aposematic organisms have found evidence that color signals and defenses are positively correlated,indicating a quantitatively honest aposematic signal.Dendrobatid poison frogs represent a well-studied group of aposematic organisms that in addition to exhibiting a diversity of color signals also display unique defensive behaviors.Few studies have examined if both behavior and coloration act as quantitative honest signals of alkaloid defenses in poison frogs.We aimed to determine if coloration and behavior are quantitatively honest signals in the green and black poison frog(Dendrobates auratus)among 6 populations from Costa Rica.We(1)evaluated antipredator displays by using behavioral assays in the field,(2)assessed frog conspicuousness and pattern using digital images,and(3)quantified alkaloid profiles from frog skin secretions.We found that Pacific populations are less conspicuous in coloration,had greater quantities of alkaloids,and more frequently performed body-raising defensive behaviors when compared with Caribbean populations.Our results do not support the hypothesis that aposematic traits in D.auratus are quantitatively honest.Rather,our results suggest that phenotypic differences among populations may represent different phenotypic optima for advertising unprofitability to predators based on local environmental conditions,leading to the diversification of aposematic signals in this species.
基金supported by Tianjin Municipal Medical Key Construction Project Funding (TJYXZDXK-007A)the Beijing Union Medical Foundation-Rui E Emergency Medicine Research Funding (PUMF01010010-2024-18)。
文摘BACKGROUND:In recent years,with the ban on paraquat,the use of diquat (DQ) as a substitute has significantly increased,leading to a corresponding increase in DQ poisoning cases.This study aimed to identify relevant risk factors affecting patient prognosis and provide a basis for the assessment of patient prognosis.METHODS:Patients with DQ poisoning were included from September 2020 to December2023,and data were extracted from their electronic medical records on the first day of hospitalization.Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and binary multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed on the collected clinical data to identify risk factors.RESULTS:A total of 117 patients with acute DQ poisoning were included,and were categorized into two groups based on their 28-day outcomes:survival group (n=67) and non-survival group (n=50).There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of sex,lymphocyte count,platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,or blood purification rate (P>0.05).The analysis revealed that age (odds ratio[OR]1.094,95%confidence interval[95%CI]1.022–1.171),blood drug concentration (OR 3.659,95%CI1.846–7.252),lactate (OR 1.686,95%CI 1.062–2.678),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)(OR 1.101,95%CI 1.017–1.192),albumin (OR 1.275,95%CI 1.107–1.468),and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(OR 1.027,95%CI 1.005–1.051) were the risk factors for mortality.CONCLUSION:This study identified key risk factors for 28-day mortality in patients with acute DQ poisoning,which may provide valuable guidance for clinical treatment,particularly for emergency physicians.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3603100 and 2023YFC3603105)"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang(2022C03076-4).
文摘Chlorfenapyr poisoning is associated with high mortality due to the absence of evidence-based treatment strategies or specific antidotes.[1,2]Chlorfenapyr is a novel N-substituted halogenated pyrrole pro-insecticide.The active metabolite of tralopyril(a metabolite of chlorfenapyr)can uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and impair adenosine triphosphate(ATP)production.[3]Blood purification techniques,including hemoperfusion(HP),may facilitate tralopyril clearance.[4,5]Here,we present a case of severe chlorfenapyr poisoning that was treated with intensive HP.H owever,during follow-up,we unexpectedly found a ventricular aneurysm in the left ventricle that was not fully explained by coronary artery lesions.
文摘BACKGROUND Ethylene glycol(EG)poisoning is often caused by the accidental ingestion of antifreeze.EG is metabolized into glycolate and oxalate and may cause metabolic acidaemia,neurotoxicity,acute kidney injury,and death.A variety of EG poisoning case reports have been published,and we wrote this case report and literature review to summarize the clinical experience of patients who survived EG poisoning.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,a 55-year-old man developed EG poisoning after ingesting antifreeze by accident and experienced acute kidney injury,nervous system dysfunction and inhalation pneumonia.The timely use of ethanol for detoxification,initiation of haemodialysis,and protection of organ function are effective treatment methods for patients with antifreeze poisoning.The patient was discharged in the 3rd week after admission.When discharged,the patient did not report any discomfort,had stable vital signs,did not have fever or diarrhoea,and had improved liver and kidney functions.CONCLUSION A timely diagnosis,haemodialysis,and organ protection are the keys to the successful treatment of poisoned patients.
