Electric vehicles (EVs) offer great potential to move from fossil fuel dependency in transport once some of the technical barriers related to battery reliability and grid integration are resolved. The European Union h...Electric vehicles (EVs) offer great potential to move from fossil fuel dependency in transport once some of the technical barriers related to battery reliability and grid integration are resolved. The European Union has set a target to achieve a 10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 relative to 2005 levels. This target is binding in all the European Union member states. If electric vehicle issues are overcome then the challenge is to use as much renewable energy as possible to achieve this target. In this paper, the impacts of electric vehicle charged in the all-Ireland single wholesale electricity market after the 2020 deadline passes is investigated using a power system dispatch model. For the purpose of this work it is assumed that a 10% electric vehicle target in the Republic of Ireland is not achieved, but instead 8% is reached by 2025 considering the slow market uptake of electric vehicles. Our experimental study shows that the increasing penetration of EVs could contribute to approach the target of the EU and Ireland government on emissions reduction, regardless of different charging scenarios. Furthermore, among various charging scenarios, the off-peak charging is the best approach, contributing 2.07% to the target of 10% reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions by 2025.展开更多
To avoid negative consequences to freshwater biota from climate change,society must complete the transition from fossil to renewable electricity sources.However,temporal patterns in hydropower generation(and flow rele...To avoid negative consequences to freshwater biota from climate change,society must complete the transition from fossil to renewable electricity sources.However,temporal patterns in hydropower generation(and flow releases that affect aquatic biota)may change with increased wind and solar penetration.We used power cost modeling to characterize current and future within-day and seasonal patterns in hydropower generation across the Eastern Interconnection in a wet and a dry year.Compared to the baseline,future hydropower generation across the grid decreased during the day and increased before dawn and after dusk.At a project level,such a pattern would suggest‘double peaking’operation(up-and down-ramping before dawn and after dusk,with lower releases midday).Variation in generation was higher in wet years than dry years,foreshadowing possible flow constraints on hydropower flexibility.At the grid scale,projected ramping rates were higher in all seasons.A review of the ecological literature suggests that these changes would shift the timing of invertebrate drift and elevate the risk of nest scouring during up-ramping and the risk of stranding or dewatering during down ramping.Thermal conditions may be moderated by increased ramping.Strategies for adapting to future shifts in the renewable portfolio range from re-regulation in reservoir cascades to providing flow refuge(structures and vegetation)below individual projects.Coordinated basin-scale operation can distribute peaking operation to maintain grid support while restricting local ramping at critical ecological times.In addition,research to design hybrid renewable systems that add battery storage is needed to understand how we can mitigate future risks to aquatic communities while promoting the use of renewable energy.This study,which is among the first to examine ecological side-effects of the shift to renewable energy in freshwater ecosystems,lays out a path toward understanding and navigating changes to flow regimes under the energy transition.展开更多
The power sector has substantial carbon emissions reduction potential that could achieve the new nationally determined contribution target in 2030 by increasing low-carbon technologies,e.g.variable renewable energy so...The power sector has substantial carbon emissions reduction potential that could achieve the new nationally determined contribution target in 2030 by increasing low-carbon technologies,e.g.variable renewable energy sources and electric vehicles(EVs).Therefore,two approaches were suggested in this work.In the first approach,Thailand’s power sector was modelled by using PLEXOS software to find the impact of the high penetration of variable renewable energy(RE)and EV charging load for the projected year 2030.The second approach proposed a demand-response and energy storage system solution with carbon pricing in the model to assess the targets.As a result,the electricity demand from charging EVs will cause a new peak demand at night,while the high variable RE penetration will cause curtailment in the power system due to excess supply at noon.Therefore,Thailand’s power sector has the potential for carbon emissions reduction by 45%with clean energy technologies,which could increase to 68%with carbon pricing,easily achievable by the nationally determined contribution target in 2030.However,these benefits could only be derived if various entities involved in the energy regulatory,transport and power sectors coordinate to implement the required technological and financial policies.展开更多
Electricity-grid operators are facing new challenges in matching load and generation due to increased solar generation and peak-load growth.This paper demonstrates that time-of-use(TOU)rates are an effective method to...Electricity-grid operators are facing new challenges in matching load and generation due to increased solar generation and peak-load growth.This paper demonstrates that time-of-use(TOU)rates are an effective method to address these challenges.TOU rates use price differences to incentivize conserving electricity during peak hours and encouraging use during off-peak hours.This strategy is being used across the USA,including in Arizona,California and Hawaii.This analysis used the production-cost model PLEXOS with an hourly resolution to explore how production costs,locational marginal prices and dispatch stacks(type of generation used to meet load)change due to changes in load shapes prompted by TOU rates and with additional solar generation.The modelling focused on implementing TOU rates at three different adoption(response)levels with and without additional solar generation in the Arizona balancing areas within a PLEXOS model.In most cases analysed,implementing TOU rates in Arizona reduced reserve shortages in the Western Interconnect and,in some cases,very substantially.This result is representative of the interactions that happen interconnection-wide,demonstrating the advantage of modelling the entire interconnection.Production costs were decreased by the additional solar generation and the load change from TOU rates,and high response levels reduced the production costs the most for high-solar-generation cases.Load change from TOU rates decreased locational marginal prices for a typical summer day but had inconsistent results on a high-load day.Additional solar generation decreased the usage of combustion turbines,combined cycles and coal-fired generation.展开更多
文摘Electric vehicles (EVs) offer great potential to move from fossil fuel dependency in transport once some of the technical barriers related to battery reliability and grid integration are resolved. The European Union has set a target to achieve a 10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 relative to 2005 levels. This target is binding in all the European Union member states. If electric vehicle issues are overcome then the challenge is to use as much renewable energy as possible to achieve this target. In this paper, the impacts of electric vehicle charged in the all-Ireland single wholesale electricity market after the 2020 deadline passes is investigated using a power system dispatch model. For the purpose of this work it is assumed that a 10% electric vehicle target in the Republic of Ireland is not achieved, but instead 8% is reached by 2025 considering the slow market uptake of electric vehicles. Our experimental study shows that the increasing penetration of EVs could contribute to approach the target of the EU and Ireland government on emissions reduction, regardless of different charging scenarios. Furthermore, among various charging scenarios, the off-peak charging is the best approach, contributing 2.07% to the target of 10% reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions by 2025.
文摘To avoid negative consequences to freshwater biota from climate change,society must complete the transition from fossil to renewable electricity sources.However,temporal patterns in hydropower generation(and flow releases that affect aquatic biota)may change with increased wind and solar penetration.We used power cost modeling to characterize current and future within-day and seasonal patterns in hydropower generation across the Eastern Interconnection in a wet and a dry year.Compared to the baseline,future hydropower generation across the grid decreased during the day and increased before dawn and after dusk.At a project level,such a pattern would suggest‘double peaking’operation(up-and down-ramping before dawn and after dusk,with lower releases midday).Variation in generation was higher in wet years than dry years,foreshadowing possible flow constraints on hydropower flexibility.At the grid scale,projected ramping rates were higher in all seasons.A review of the ecological literature suggests that these changes would shift the timing of invertebrate drift and elevate the risk of nest scouring during up-ramping and the risk of stranding or dewatering during down ramping.Thermal conditions may be moderated by increased ramping.Strategies for adapting to future shifts in the renewable portfolio range from re-regulation in reservoir cascades to providing flow refuge(structures and vegetation)below individual projects.Coordinated basin-scale operation can distribute peaking operation to maintain grid support while restricting local ramping at critical ecological times.In addition,research to design hybrid renewable systems that add battery storage is needed to understand how we can mitigate future risks to aquatic communities while promoting the use of renewable energy.This study,which is among the first to examine ecological side-effects of the shift to renewable energy in freshwater ecosystems,lays out a path toward understanding and navigating changes to flow regimes under the energy transition.
文摘The power sector has substantial carbon emissions reduction potential that could achieve the new nationally determined contribution target in 2030 by increasing low-carbon technologies,e.g.variable renewable energy sources and electric vehicles(EVs).Therefore,two approaches were suggested in this work.In the first approach,Thailand’s power sector was modelled by using PLEXOS software to find the impact of the high penetration of variable renewable energy(RE)and EV charging load for the projected year 2030.The second approach proposed a demand-response and energy storage system solution with carbon pricing in the model to assess the targets.As a result,the electricity demand from charging EVs will cause a new peak demand at night,while the high variable RE penetration will cause curtailment in the power system due to excess supply at noon.Therefore,Thailand’s power sector has the potential for carbon emissions reduction by 45%with clean energy technologies,which could increase to 68%with carbon pricing,easily achievable by the nationally determined contribution target in 2030.However,these benefits could only be derived if various entities involved in the energy regulatory,transport and power sectors coordinate to implement the required technological and financial policies.
基金This work was only possible with the generous support of Energy Exemplar and the academic license for PLEXOS they provided。
文摘Electricity-grid operators are facing new challenges in matching load and generation due to increased solar generation and peak-load growth.This paper demonstrates that time-of-use(TOU)rates are an effective method to address these challenges.TOU rates use price differences to incentivize conserving electricity during peak hours and encouraging use during off-peak hours.This strategy is being used across the USA,including in Arizona,California and Hawaii.This analysis used the production-cost model PLEXOS with an hourly resolution to explore how production costs,locational marginal prices and dispatch stacks(type of generation used to meet load)change due to changes in load shapes prompted by TOU rates and with additional solar generation.The modelling focused on implementing TOU rates at three different adoption(response)levels with and without additional solar generation in the Arizona balancing areas within a PLEXOS model.In most cases analysed,implementing TOU rates in Arizona reduced reserve shortages in the Western Interconnect and,in some cases,very substantially.This result is representative of the interactions that happen interconnection-wide,demonstrating the advantage of modelling the entire interconnection.Production costs were decreased by the additional solar generation and the load change from TOU rates,and high response levels reduced the production costs the most for high-solar-generation cases.Load change from TOU rates decreased locational marginal prices for a typical summer day but had inconsistent results on a high-load day.Additional solar generation decreased the usage of combustion turbines,combined cycles and coal-fired generation.
