The depositional environment of the sands of the cover formation is discussed. This study aims to determine the paleoenvironments of deposition of the sands of the cover formation in the Batéké Plateaus by s...The depositional environment of the sands of the cover formation is discussed. This study aims to determine the paleoenvironments of deposition of the sands of the cover formation in the Batéké Plateaus by studying sedimentary dynamics based on the description of lithological facies in the field and granulometric analyses in the laboratory. In the field, six (6) lithostratigraphic logs were surveyed and 42 sand samples were taken for laboratory analysis. In the laboratory, the samples underwent granulometric, sieving and sedimentometry analyses, after washing with running water using a 63 µm sieve. These analyses made it possible to determine the granulometric classes of the samples. The sieving results allowed to determine the granulometric parameters (mean, standard deviation, mode, median, skewness, flattening or kurtosis) using the method of moments with the software “Gradistat V.8”, granulometric parameters with which the granulometric facies, the mode of transport and the deposition environment were determined using the diagrams. Morphoscopy made it possible to determine the form and aspect of the surface of the quartz grains constituting these sands. Granulometric analyses show that these silty-clay or clayey-silty sands are fine sands and rarely medium sands, moderately to well sorted and rarely well sorted. The dominant granulometric facies is hyperbolic (sigmoid), with parabolic facies being rare. The primary mode of transport of these sands is saltation, which dominates rolling. The dispersion of points in the diagrams shows that these sands originate from two depositional environments: aeolian and fluvial. Morphoscopic analysis reveals the presence of clean rounded matt grains (RM), dirty rounded matt grains (RS), shiny blunt grains (EL) and shiny rounded grains (RL). The rounded matt grains exhibit several impact marks. The presence of dirty rounded grains with a ferruginous cement on their surface indicates that these sands have been reworked. These sands have undergone two types of transport, first by wind (aeolian environment) and then by water (fluvial environment).展开更多
Variation in the location of the South Asian High （SAH） in early boreal summer is strongly influenced by elevated surface heating from the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and the Iranian Plateau （IP）. Based on observationa...Variation in the location of the South Asian High （SAH） in early boreal summer is strongly influenced by elevated surface heating from the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and the Iranian Plateau （IP）. Based on observational and ERA-Interim data, diagnostic analyses reveal that the interannual northwestward-southeastwaxd （NW-SE） shift of the SAH in June is more closely correlated with the synergistic effect of concurrent surface thermal anomalies over the TP and IP than with each single surface thermal anomaly over either plateau from the preceding May. Concurrent surface thermal anomalies over these two plateaus in May are characterized by a negative correlation between sensible heat flux over most parts of the TP （TPSH） and IP （IPSH）. This anomaly pattern can persist till June and influences the NW-SE shift of the SAH in June through the release of latent heat （LH） over northeastern India. When the IPSH is stronger （weaker） and the TPSH is weaker （stronger） than normal in May, an anomalous cyclone （anticyclone） appears over northern India at 850 hPa, which is accompanied by the ascent （descent） of air and anomalous convergence （divergence） of moisture flux in May and June. Therefore, the LH release over northeastern India is strengthened （weakened） and the vertical gradient of apparent heat source is decreased （increased） in the upper troposphere, which is responsible for the northwestward （southeastward） shift of the SAH in June.展开更多
Oceanic plateaus are large igneous provinces in the oceans,created by massive underwater eruptions,but their late-stage volcanism is poorly understood.With the addition of recent high-quality bathymetric data to exist...Oceanic plateaus are large igneous provinces in the oceans,created by massive underwater eruptions,but their late-stage volcanism is poorly understood.With the addition of recent high-quality bathymetric data to existing data,286 secondary cones were discovered over Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau.These cones with steeper flank slopes(mean 6.1°±4.4°)and smaller sizes(102–1923 m in height)are morphologically distinct from the plateau,and they are thought to have formed after the main volcanic episodes.Cone height and characteristic height(420 m)are close to seamounts in the Pacific Ocean,whereas greater than those in the Atlantic Ocean.Mean flatness of Shatsky Rise’s cones(0.25±0.20)are similar to that of seamounts in both Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,but notably density in cone distribution(0.56 km^-3)and their mean slope are significantly lower than those of seamounts in the two oceans.Lower slopes of secondary cones within Shatsky Rise may be explained by higher effusion rates of remaining magma.Although cone formation was expected to have a link to rifting by seafloor spreading,weak relationship between cone orientation and magnetic anomaly pattern implies that the expectation is negative.Moreover,weak correlation between the cone height and depth indicates it is not true that volcanic cones grow taller when they occur closer to the massif summits with thicker oceanic crust,which was suggested as the increase in hydraulic pressure.Cone height and flatness are also not strongly related,implying that remaining magma supply was too limited to foster the cones to critical height.展开更多
Taking Niyang River Basin as an example, applying with the indices of landscape pattern, the indices of ecological risk of ecosystems are calculated in this paper, which takes the value of ecological loss of main ecos...Taking Niyang River Basin as an example, applying with the indices of landscape pattern, the indices of ecological risk of ecosystems are calculated in this paper, which takes the value of ecological loss of main ecosystem as the evaluation standard and takes into account the impacts of probability or the velocity of main hazards and event of the ecosystem. And the grades of ecological risk are assessed. According to the results of assessment, the ecological risk grades of the basin are divided into five classes. From the first grade risk to the fifth grade risk, the values of regional risk indices gradually reduce. The first grade risk areas mainly distribute in Niyang river and its branches downstream and the surrounding areas of main towns. And the basin area of non-valley region and the headstream regions of the branches are the fifth grades risk areas. This evaluation results provide the basis to the regional sustainable development.展开更多
As one of the main non-zonal factors,the mass elevation effect(MEE)has significant impacts on both regional climates and mountain ecological patterns.In recent years,with the development of quantitative techniques and...As one of the main non-zonal factors,the mass elevation effect(MEE)has significant impacts on both regional climates and mountain ecological patterns.In recent years,with the development of quantitative techniques and methods,quantitative studies on the MEE and its implication on mountain altitudinal belts have developed rapidly.However,some issues have not been solved yet,such as high errors in spatial temperature estimations and difficulties in the definition and extraction of intramountain base elevation.Moreover,there is still a lack of comparative studies on the MEE and its influence on treelines and snowlines as most studies were conducted on specific mountains or plateaus.To compare the MEE magnitudes of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and the Bolivian Plateau(BP),we estimated the correspondent air temperatures and simulated the solar radiations based on MODIS surface temperature,station observation,and treeline data.Then,we analyzed the elevation of the 10℃isotherms on the two plateaus,the temperatures at the same elevation,and the solar radiations.According to the mechanism of the MEE and the relationship of solar radiation and treeline,we constructed treeline models for the two plateaus through a stepwise regression analysis by considering several influencing factors of the MEE(e.g.,air temperature and precipitation)and using solar radiation as its proxy.The results showed that:(1)the MEE magnitude on the TP is equivalent to that on the BP although the former is slightly higher than the latter;(2)the MEE strongly influences the highest treelines in the northern and southern hemispheres,which both occur on the two plateaus.Notably,the treeline distribution models based on solar radiation had higher accuracies than those models with parameters of temperature and precipitation(the adjusted R^(2)values were 0.76 for the TP and 0.936 for the BP),indicating that solar radiation can be used to quantify the MEE and its implications on treelines.Overall,the results of this study can serve as a basis for subsequent analyses on the MEE’s impact factors.展开更多
Cryogenic wedges developed due to very cold,rather arid conditions during the maximum of the last cold event when the drying up of the neighboring China Sea resulted in the failure of the East Asian Monsoon.As the cli...Cryogenic wedges developed due to very cold,rather arid conditions during the maximum of the last cold event when the drying up of the neighboring China Sea resulted in the failure of the East Asian Monsoon.As the climate ameliorated and the Monsoon rains reappeared,ice-wedges developed.Further warming permitted thawing of the ice infillings accompanied by replacement of the ice by sediments partly from the host ground as well as from the surface by wind or sheet wash.In cases of extreme surface water flow on slopes after 10 ka B.P.,small baydjarakhs typically c.50 cm high developed,only to have the resulting hollows infilled by sediments carried by wind and/or sheet wash.These shallow structures form a network on top of many of the cryogenic wedges.This complex history makes dating the ages of the wedges difficult using OSL methodology.Unfortunately,past field work ignored the problem of the angle of the cut face to the direction of the wedge infilling when sampling the contents of the narrow wedges,resulting in potential contamination of the samples with the host sediment.Sampling of the larger deposits should be alright,but the likelihood of contamination makes the interpretation of the resulting OSL dates from the narrow wedges questionable.Primary wedges consisting of primary mineral infillings should still have similar OSL dates with depth for a given wedge,but the distinction between ice-wedge infillings and soil wedges is difficult since both can exhibit older dates of the infillings with depth.The available data suggests that ice-wedges were significantly more common than sediment-filled primary wedges.A protocol to avoid having to obtain large numbers of OSL dates by more careful field sampling and the use of grain size determinations is provided in the Appendix.展开更多
In southern Asia,there are three large-scale wave-like mountains ranging from the Tibetan Plateau westward to the Iranian Plateau and the Armenian Plateau.On the southern side between plateaus,there are the Indian Pen...In southern Asia,there are three large-scale wave-like mountains ranging from the Tibetan Plateau westward to the Iranian Plateau and the Armenian Plateau.On the southern side between plateaus,there are the Indian Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula.What dynamic mechanisms form the directional alignment of the three plateaus with the two peninsulas remains a mystery.In the early stages of the Earth’s geological evolution,the internal structure of the Earth was that the center was a solid core,and the outmost layer was a thin equatorial crust zone separated by two thick pristine continents in polar areas,while the middle part was a deep magma fluid layer.Within the magma fluid layer,thermal and dynamic differences triggered planetary-scale vertical magma cells and led to the core-magma angular momentum exchange.When the core loses angular momentum and the magma layer gains angular momentum,the movement of upper magma fluids to the east and the tropical convergence zone(TCZ)drives the split and drift of two thick pristine continents,eventually forming the current combination of these plateaus and peninsulas and their wave-like arrangement along the east-west direction.Among them,the horizontal orthogonal convergence(collision)of upper magma fluids from the two hemispheres excited the vertical shear stress along the magma TCZ,which is the dynamic mechanism of mountain uplifts on the north side and plate subductions on the south side.To confirm this mechanism,two examples of low-level winds are used to calculate the correspondence between cyclone/anticyclonic systems generated by the orthogonal collision of airflows along the atmospheric TCZ and satellite-observed cloud systems.Such comparison can help us revisit the geological history of continental drift and orogeny.展开更多
This study investigates the relationship between the hotspot-ridge interaction and the formation of oceanic plateaus and seamounts in the Southwest Indian Ocean.We first calculated the relative distance between the So...This study investigates the relationship between the hotspot-ridge interaction and the formation of oceanic plateaus and seamounts in the Southwest Indian Ocean.We first calculated the relative distance between the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) and relevant hotspots on the basis of models of plate reconstruction,and then calculated the corresponding excess magmatic anomalies of the hotspots on the basis of residual bathymetry and Airy isostasy.The results reveal that the activities of the Marion hotspot can be divided into three main phases:interaction with the paleo-Rodrigues triple junction (73.6-68.5 Ma),interaction with the SWIR (68.5-42.7 Ma),and intra-plate volcanism (42.7-0 Ma).These three phases correspond to the formation of the eastern,central,and western parts of the Del Cano Rise,respectively.The magnitude and apparent periodicity of the magmatic volume flux of the Marion hotspot appear to be dominated by the hotspot-ridge distance.The periodicity of the Marion hotspot is about 25 Ma,which is much longer than that of the Hawaii and Iceland hotspots (about 15 Ma).展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION The Qilian Mountain Belt,at the forefront of the Tibetan Plateau's expansion,offers key insights into the plateau's tectonic deformation(Zuza et al.,2018;Zheng et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2004;Tapp...0 INTRODUCTION The Qilian Mountain Belt,at the forefront of the Tibetan Plateau's expansion,offers key insights into the plateau's tectonic deformation(Zuza et al.,2018;Zheng et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2004;Tapponnier et al.,2001;Meyer et al.,1998).The northwest-trending mountain ranges in the Qilian Shan(“Shan”means“Mountain”in Chinese)have significantly influenced this deformation(Zheng et al.,2013).展开更多
Objective To compare the characteristics of renal disease based on renal biopsy data between the Tibetan plateaus and the plain.Methods 160 chronic kidney diseases patients underwent renal biopsy from the plain and80 ...Objective To compare the characteristics of renal disease based on renal biopsy data between the Tibetan plateaus and the plain.Methods 160 chronic kidney diseases patients underwent renal biopsy from the plain and80 cases from Tibet plateau were compared in a parallel controlled manner.The relationship of renal pathology and clinical signs were also compared.Results(1)The male to female ratio was quite different between展开更多
This summer,Xinjiang left me with mixed feelings about what“Beautiful China”should mean:the landscapes were breathtaking,yet the signs of damage made me rethink what truly makes a nation beautiful.On the high platea...This summer,Xinjiang left me with mixed feelings about what“Beautiful China”should mean:the landscapes were breathtaking,yet the signs of damage made me rethink what truly makes a nation beautiful.On the high plateaus,the air was fresh,the sky was a vast blue cloth,and snow-capped Xiata Snow Mountain rose into the clouds.But the guide’s words cooled my excitement,“Temperatures keep rising here.The snow is melting faster and faster-we might lose these white peaks in a few years.”展开更多
Pore structure engineering has been acknowledged as suitable approach to creating active sites and en-hancing ion transport capabilities of hard carbon anodes.However,conventional porous carbon materials exhibit high ...Pore structure engineering has been acknowledged as suitable approach to creating active sites and en-hancing ion transport capabilities of hard carbon anodes.However,conventional porous carbon materials exhibit high BET and surface defects.Additionally,the sodium storage mechanism predominantly occurs in the slope region.This contradicts practical application requirements because the capacity of the plateau region is crucial for determining the actual capacity of batteries.In our work,we prepared a novel“core-shell”carbon framework(CNA1200).Introducingclosedporesand carboxylgroupsinto coal-basedcarbon materials to enhance its sodium storage performance.The closed pore structure dominates in the“core”structure,which is attributed to the timely removal of sodium hydroxide(NaOH)to prevent further for-mation of active carbon structure.The presence of closed pores is beneficial for increasing sodium ion storage in the low-voltage plateau region.And the“shell”structure originates from coal tar pitch,it not only uniformly connects hard carbon particles together to improve cycling stability,but is also rich in carboxyl groups to enhance the reversible sodium storage performance in slope region.CNA1200 has ex-cellent electrochemical performance,it exhibits a specific capacity of 335.2 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 20 mA g^(−1)with ICE=51.53%.In addition,CNA1200 has outstanding cycling stability with a capac-ity retention of 91.8%even when cycling over 200 times.When CNA1200 is used as anode paired with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode,it demonstrates a capacity of 109.54 mAh g^(−1)at 0.1 C and capacity retention of 94.64%at 0.5 C.This work provides valuable methods for regulating the structure of sodium-ion battery(SIBs)anode and enhances the potential for commercialization.展开更多
Water use efficiency(WUE),as a pivotal indicator of the coupling degree within the carbon–water cycle of ecosystems,holds considerable importance in assessment of the carbon–water balance within terrestrial ecosyste...Water use efficiency(WUE),as a pivotal indicator of the coupling degree within the carbon–water cycle of ecosystems,holds considerable importance in assessment of the carbon–water balance within terrestrial ecosystems.However,in the context of global warming,WUE evolution and its primary drivers on the Tibetan Plateau remain unclear.This study employed the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and the random forest algorithm to decipher the nonlinear trends and drivers of WUE on the Tibetan Plateau in 2001–2020.Results indicated an annual mean WUE of 0.8088 gC/mm·m^(2)across the plateau,with a spatial gradient reflecting decrease from the southeast toward the northwest.Areas manifesting monotonous trends of increase or decrease in WUE accounted for 23.64%and 9.69%of the total,respectively.Remarkably,66.67%of the region exhibited trend reversals,i.e.,39.94%of the area of the Tibetan Plateau showed transition from a trend of increase to a trend of decrease,and 26.73%of the area demonstrated a shift from a trend of decrease to a trend of increase.Environmental factors accounted for 70.79%of the variability in WUE.The leaf area index and temperature served as the major driving forces of WUE variation.展开更多
The pore structure and pseudo-graphitic phase(domain size and content)of a hard carbon anode play key roles in improving the plateau capacity of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),while it is hard to regulate them effectively...The pore structure and pseudo-graphitic phase(domain size and content)of a hard carbon anode play key roles in improving the plateau capacity of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),while it is hard to regulate them effectively and simultaneously.This study delves into the synthesis of hard carbons with tailored microstructures from esterified sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC-Na).The hard carbon(EHC-500)with maximized pseudo-graphitic content(73%)and abundant uniformly dispersed closed pores was fabricated,which provides sufficient active sites for sodium ion intercalation and pore filling.Furthermore,minimized lateral width(L_(a))of pseudo-graphitic domains in EHC-500 is simultaneously realized to improve the accessibility of sodium ions to the intercalation sites and filling sites.Therefore,the optimized microstructure of EHC-500 contributes to a remarkable reversible capacity of 340 mAh/g with a high plateau capacity of 236.7 mAh/g(below 0.08 V).These findings underscore the pivotal role of microcrystalline structure and pore structure in the electrochemical performance of hard carbons and provide a novel route to guide the design of hard carbons with optimal microstructures towards enhanced sodium storage performance.展开更多
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,with its high altitude and cold climate,is one of the most fragile ecological environments in China and is distinguished by its naturally elevated arsenic(As)levels in the soil,largely due to...The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,with its high altitude and cold climate,is one of the most fragile ecological environments in China and is distinguished by its naturally elevated arsenic(As)levels in the soil,largely due to its rich mineral and geothermal resources.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of As content,focusing on its distribution,environmental migration,and transformation behavior across the plateau.The review further evaluates the distribution of As in different functional areas,revealing that geothermal fields(107.2 mg/kg),mining areas(53.8 mg/kg),and croplands(39.3 mg/kg)have the highest As concentrations,followed by river and lake sediments and adjacent areas(33.1 mg/kg).These elevated levels are primarily attributed to the presence of As-rich minerals,such as arsenopyrite and pyrite.Additionally,human activities,including mining and geothermal energy production,exacerbate the release of As into the environment.The review also highlights the role of localmicroorganisms,particularly those fromthe phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria,which possess As metabolic genes that facilitate As translocation.Given the unique climatic conditions of the plateau,conventionalmethods for As controlmay not be fully effective.However,the review identifies promising remediation strategies that are environmentally adaptable,such as the use of local microorganisms,specific adsorbents,and integrated technologies,which offer potential solutions for managing and utilizing Ascontaminated soils on the plateau.展开更多
The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)serves as a crucial ecological barrier in China and Asia,exerting profound influences on global climate and biodiversity conservation.Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter ref...The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)serves as a crucial ecological barrier in China and Asia,exerting profound influences on global climate and biodiversity conservation.Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter referred as Gannan Prefecture),located on the northeastern edge of the QXP,represents a fragile alpine ecosystem in which land use change significantly impacts ecosystem services(ESs).This study established a comprehensive framework,utilizing the Patch-generating Land-Use Simulation(PLUS)model coupled with the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to predict land use patterns under the natural development scenario,cultivated land protection scenario,and ecological protection scenario for Gannan Prefecture by 2030 and evaluated four critical ESs:habitat quality(HQ),water yield(WY),soil retention(SR),and carbon storage(CS).The primary aim is to elucidate the impacts of dynamic land use change on ESs.The results revealed that,from 2000 to 2020,HQ exhibited minimal variation,whereas CS experienced a slight decline.Conversely,WY and SR showed significant improvements.Under the natural development scenario,construction land was projected to increase by 4247.74 hm^(2),primarily at the expense of forest land.The cultivated land protection scenario anticipated an increase in farmland by 2634.36 hm^(2),which was crucial for maintaining food security.The ecological protection scenario predicted a notable expansion of forest land,accompanied by a restrained development rate of construction land.The ecological protection scenario also showed an increase in the ecosystem service index(ESI),encompassing 26.07%of the region.Forest land and grassland emerged as the primary contributors to ESs,while construction land substantially impacted WY.Water bodies exhibited minimal contribution to ESs.This study enhanced the understanding of land use change impacts on ESs in fragile and high-altitude ecosystems,offering essential theoretical frameworks and practical direction for forthcoming ecological policy and regional planning endeavors.展开更多
Rationally regulating the porosity of hard carbon(HC),especially the closed pores matching the low potential plateau and the ultra-microporous structure suitable for Na+embedding,has been shown to be the key to improv...Rationally regulating the porosity of hard carbon(HC),especially the closed pores matching the low potential plateau and the ultra-microporous structure suitable for Na+embedding,has been shown to be the key to improving the sodium storage performance and initial coulombic efficiency(ICE).However,the preparation of such HC materials with specific pore structures still faces great challenges.Herein,a simple pre-oxidation strategy is employed to construct abundant closed ultra-microporous structures in soy protein powder-derived HC material,achieving a significant improvement in its ICE and platform capacity.The pre-oxidation process promotes the cross-linking degree of the soy protein,thereby hindering the directional growth of graphite domains during the carbonization process.The optimized HC exhibits ultra-high platform capacity(329 mAh g^(-1))and considerable energy density(148.5 Wh kg^(-1)).Based on the ex-situ Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization results,the excellent sodium storage capacity of the HC material is attributed to the synergistic effect of adsorption-intercalation/filling.The presented work provides novel insights into the synthesis of other biomass-derived HC materials with abundant closed ultra-micro pores.展开更多
To tackle the issue of notch frequency and center frequency drift of the L(0,1)mode guided wave in ultra⁃sonic guided wave⁃based stress monitoring of prestressed steel strands,a method using higher⁃order mode plateau ...To tackle the issue of notch frequency and center frequency drift of the L(0,1)mode guided wave in ultra⁃sonic guided wave⁃based stress monitoring of prestressed steel strands,a method using higher⁃order mode plateau fre⁃quencies is adopted.First,the correlation between group velocity peaks and phase velocities at these plateau frequen⁃cies is analyzed.This analysis establishes a quantitative rela⁃tionship between phase velocity and stress in the steel strand,providing a theoretical foundation for stress monitor⁃ing.Then the two⁃dimensional Fourier transform is em⁃ployed to separate wave modes.Dynamic programming techniques are applied in the frequency⁃velocity domain to extract higher⁃order modes.By identifying the group veloc⁃ity peaks of these separated higher⁃order modes,the plateau frequencies of guided waves are determined,enabling indi⁃rect measurement of stress in the steel strand.To validate this method,finite element simulations are conducted under three scenarios.Results show that the higher⁃order modes of transient signals from three different positions can be ac⁃curately extracted,leading to successful cable stress moni⁃toring.This approach effectively circumvents the issue of guided wave frequency drift and improves stress monitoring accuracy.Consequently,it significantly improves the appli⁃cation of ultrasonic guided wave technology in structural health monitoring.展开更多
Mountainous areas are the priority for forest restoration in semiarid regions,with hillslopes serving as the basic units of mountains.Precipitation is the only water source in these regions,and the uneven distribution...Mountainous areas are the priority for forest restoration in semiarid regions,with hillslopes serving as the basic units of mountains.Precipitation is the only water source in these regions,and the uneven distribution of hillslope soil moisture replenishment after precipitation determines vegetation survival and growth.Therefore,in this study experiments were performed on a hillslope in the Liupan Mountains,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,to quantify the unevenness of soil moisture replenishment.Soil water content(SWC)in the 0–60 cm layer and precipitation were monitored throughout the growing season in 2020 and 2021.The results showed that(1)Annual soil moisture replenishment was the highest at the mid-slope position,with an average of 309.9 mm,especially under moderate and heavy rain grade conditions,reaching 38.7% and 30.8% of the total replenishment,respectively;(2)Vertical replenishment played a dominant role in the total replenishment,accounting for 82.8%;lateral replenishment played an important but lesser role,accounting for up to 17.2% of the total replenishment;(3)Based on a soil moisture replenishment model established in this study,the maximal replenishment occurred at 90 m from the top of the slope;(4)The dominant factors contributing to the soil moisture replenishment were rainfall amount and saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks).These findings suggest that attention should be given to both vertical and lateral soil moisture replenishment,and the mid-slope position could be preferred for site selection to achieve precise and integrated forest-water management on hillslopes in semi-arid mountainous regions.展开更多
文摘The depositional environment of the sands of the cover formation is discussed. This study aims to determine the paleoenvironments of deposition of the sands of the cover formation in the Batéké Plateaus by studying sedimentary dynamics based on the description of lithological facies in the field and granulometric analyses in the laboratory. In the field, six (6) lithostratigraphic logs were surveyed and 42 sand samples were taken for laboratory analysis. In the laboratory, the samples underwent granulometric, sieving and sedimentometry analyses, after washing with running water using a 63 µm sieve. These analyses made it possible to determine the granulometric classes of the samples. The sieving results allowed to determine the granulometric parameters (mean, standard deviation, mode, median, skewness, flattening or kurtosis) using the method of moments with the software “Gradistat V.8”, granulometric parameters with which the granulometric facies, the mode of transport and the deposition environment were determined using the diagrams. Morphoscopy made it possible to determine the form and aspect of the surface of the quartz grains constituting these sands. Granulometric analyses show that these silty-clay or clayey-silty sands are fine sands and rarely medium sands, moderately to well sorted and rarely well sorted. The dominant granulometric facies is hyperbolic (sigmoid), with parabolic facies being rare. The primary mode of transport of these sands is saltation, which dominates rolling. The dispersion of points in the diagrams shows that these sands originate from two depositional environments: aeolian and fluvial. Morphoscopic analysis reveals the presence of clean rounded matt grains (RM), dirty rounded matt grains (RS), shiny blunt grains (EL) and shiny rounded grains (RL). The rounded matt grains exhibit several impact marks. The presence of dirty rounded grains with a ferruginous cement on their surface indicates that these sands have been reworked. These sands have undergone two types of transport, first by wind (aeolian environment) and then by water (fluvial environment).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.91437219,41275075 and 41175005)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2013CB430203)
文摘Variation in the location of the South Asian High （SAH） in early boreal summer is strongly influenced by elevated surface heating from the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and the Iranian Plateau （IP）. Based on observational and ERA-Interim data, diagnostic analyses reveal that the interannual northwestward-southeastwaxd （NW-SE） shift of the SAH in June is more closely correlated with the synergistic effect of concurrent surface thermal anomalies over the TP and IP than with each single surface thermal anomaly over either plateau from the preceding May. Concurrent surface thermal anomalies over these two plateaus in May are characterized by a negative correlation between sensible heat flux over most parts of the TP （TPSH） and IP （IPSH）. This anomaly pattern can persist till June and influences the NW-SE shift of the SAH in June through the release of latent heat （LH） over northeastern India. When the IPSH is stronger （weaker） and the TPSH is weaker （stronger） than normal in May, an anomalous cyclone （anticyclone） appears over northern India at 850 hPa, which is accompanied by the ascent （descent） of air and anomalous convergence （divergence） of moisture flux in May and June. Therefore, the LH release over northeastern India is strengthened （weakened） and the vertical gradient of apparent heat source is decreased （increased） in the upper troposphere, which is responsible for the northwestward （southeastward） shift of the SAH in June.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFC0309800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91628301, U1606401, 41606069, 41776058)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province in China (No. 2017A030313243)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSWDQC005)the China Association of Marine Affairs (No. CAMAZD201714)
文摘Oceanic plateaus are large igneous provinces in the oceans,created by massive underwater eruptions,but their late-stage volcanism is poorly understood.With the addition of recent high-quality bathymetric data to existing data,286 secondary cones were discovered over Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau.These cones with steeper flank slopes(mean 6.1°±4.4°)and smaller sizes(102–1923 m in height)are morphologically distinct from the plateau,and they are thought to have formed after the main volcanic episodes.Cone height and characteristic height(420 m)are close to seamounts in the Pacific Ocean,whereas greater than those in the Atlantic Ocean.Mean flatness of Shatsky Rise’s cones(0.25±0.20)are similar to that of seamounts in both Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,but notably density in cone distribution(0.56 km^-3)and their mean slope are significantly lower than those of seamounts in the two oceans.Lower slopes of secondary cones within Shatsky Rise may be explained by higher effusion rates of remaining magma.Although cone formation was expected to have a link to rifting by seafloor spreading,weak relationship between cone orientation and magnetic anomaly pattern implies that the expectation is negative.Moreover,weak correlation between the cone height and depth indicates it is not true that volcanic cones grow taller when they occur closer to the massif summits with thicker oceanic crust,which was suggested as the increase in hydraulic pressure.Cone height and flatness are also not strongly related,implying that remaining magma supply was too limited to foster the cones to critical height.
文摘Taking Niyang River Basin as an example, applying with the indices of landscape pattern, the indices of ecological risk of ecosystems are calculated in this paper, which takes the value of ecological loss of main ecosystem as the evaluation standard and takes into account the impacts of probability or the velocity of main hazards and event of the ecosystem. And the grades of ecological risk are assessed. According to the results of assessment, the ecological risk grades of the basin are divided into five classes. From the first grade risk to the fifth grade risk, the values of regional risk indices gradually reduce. The first grade risk areas mainly distribute in Niyang river and its branches downstream and the surrounding areas of main towns. And the basin area of non-valley region and the headstream regions of the branches are the fifth grades risk areas. This evaluation results provide the basis to the regional sustainable development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41871350,41571099)the Scientific and Technological Basic Resources Survey Project(Grant No.2017FY100900)。
文摘As one of the main non-zonal factors,the mass elevation effect(MEE)has significant impacts on both regional climates and mountain ecological patterns.In recent years,with the development of quantitative techniques and methods,quantitative studies on the MEE and its implication on mountain altitudinal belts have developed rapidly.However,some issues have not been solved yet,such as high errors in spatial temperature estimations and difficulties in the definition and extraction of intramountain base elevation.Moreover,there is still a lack of comparative studies on the MEE and its influence on treelines and snowlines as most studies were conducted on specific mountains or plateaus.To compare the MEE magnitudes of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and the Bolivian Plateau(BP),we estimated the correspondent air temperatures and simulated the solar radiations based on MODIS surface temperature,station observation,and treeline data.Then,we analyzed the elevation of the 10℃isotherms on the two plateaus,the temperatures at the same elevation,and the solar radiations.According to the mechanism of the MEE and the relationship of solar radiation and treeline,we constructed treeline models for the two plateaus through a stepwise regression analysis by considering several influencing factors of the MEE(e.g.,air temperature and precipitation)and using solar radiation as its proxy.The results showed that:(1)the MEE magnitude on the TP is equivalent to that on the BP although the former is slightly higher than the latter;(2)the MEE strongly influences the highest treelines in the northern and southern hemispheres,which both occur on the two plateaus.Notably,the treeline distribution models based on solar radiation had higher accuracies than those models with parameters of temperature and precipitation(the adjusted R^(2)values were 0.76 for the TP and 0.936 for the BP),indicating that solar radiation can be used to quantify the MEE and its implications on treelines.Overall,the results of this study can serve as a basis for subsequent analyses on the MEE’s impact factors.
文摘Cryogenic wedges developed due to very cold,rather arid conditions during the maximum of the last cold event when the drying up of the neighboring China Sea resulted in the failure of the East Asian Monsoon.As the climate ameliorated and the Monsoon rains reappeared,ice-wedges developed.Further warming permitted thawing of the ice infillings accompanied by replacement of the ice by sediments partly from the host ground as well as from the surface by wind or sheet wash.In cases of extreme surface water flow on slopes after 10 ka B.P.,small baydjarakhs typically c.50 cm high developed,only to have the resulting hollows infilled by sediments carried by wind and/or sheet wash.These shallow structures form a network on top of many of the cryogenic wedges.This complex history makes dating the ages of the wedges difficult using OSL methodology.Unfortunately,past field work ignored the problem of the angle of the cut face to the direction of the wedge infilling when sampling the contents of the narrow wedges,resulting in potential contamination of the samples with the host sediment.Sampling of the larger deposits should be alright,but the likelihood of contamination makes the interpretation of the resulting OSL dates from the narrow wedges questionable.Primary wedges consisting of primary mineral infillings should still have similar OSL dates with depth for a given wedge,but the distinction between ice-wedge infillings and soil wedges is difficult since both can exhibit older dates of the infillings with depth.The available data suggests that ice-wedges were significantly more common than sediment-filled primary wedges.A protocol to avoid having to obtain large numbers of OSL dates by more careful field sampling and the use of grain size determinations is provided in the Appendix.
文摘In southern Asia,there are three large-scale wave-like mountains ranging from the Tibetan Plateau westward to the Iranian Plateau and the Armenian Plateau.On the southern side between plateaus,there are the Indian Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula.What dynamic mechanisms form the directional alignment of the three plateaus with the two peninsulas remains a mystery.In the early stages of the Earth’s geological evolution,the internal structure of the Earth was that the center was a solid core,and the outmost layer was a thin equatorial crust zone separated by two thick pristine continents in polar areas,while the middle part was a deep magma fluid layer.Within the magma fluid layer,thermal and dynamic differences triggered planetary-scale vertical magma cells and led to the core-magma angular momentum exchange.When the core loses angular momentum and the magma layer gains angular momentum,the movement of upper magma fluids to the east and the tropical convergence zone(TCZ)drives the split and drift of two thick pristine continents,eventually forming the current combination of these plateaus and peninsulas and their wave-like arrangement along the east-west direction.Among them,the horizontal orthogonal convergence(collision)of upper magma fluids from the two hemispheres excited the vertical shear stress along the magma TCZ,which is the dynamic mechanism of mountain uplifts on the north side and plate subductions on the south side.To confirm this mechanism,two examples of low-level winds are used to calculate the correspondence between cyclone/anticyclonic systems generated by the orthogonal collision of airflows along the atmospheric TCZ and satellite-observed cloud systems.Such comparison can help us revisit the geological history of continental drift and orogeny.
基金supported by SOA Funds for Young Scientists(Grant Nos.1084-10)Special Funding for the Basic Scientific Research(Grant Nos.JG0706and JG0716)
文摘This study investigates the relationship between the hotspot-ridge interaction and the formation of oceanic plateaus and seamounts in the Southwest Indian Ocean.We first calculated the relative distance between the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) and relevant hotspots on the basis of models of plate reconstruction,and then calculated the corresponding excess magmatic anomalies of the hotspots on the basis of residual bathymetry and Airy isostasy.The results reveal that the activities of the Marion hotspot can be divided into three main phases:interaction with the paleo-Rodrigues triple junction (73.6-68.5 Ma),interaction with the SWIR (68.5-42.7 Ma),and intra-plate volcanism (42.7-0 Ma).These three phases correspond to the formation of the eastern,central,and western parts of the Del Cano Rise,respectively.The magnitude and apparent periodicity of the magmatic volume flux of the Marion hotspot appear to be dominated by the hotspot-ridge distance.The periodicity of the Marion hotspot is about 25 Ma,which is much longer than that of the Hawaii and Iceland hotspots (about 15 Ma).
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(No.2019QZKK0901)the State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics(No.LED2023B04)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42272242,W2411033,W2521003)the Science and Technology Plan of Gansu Province(No.22JR11RA088)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION The Qilian Mountain Belt,at the forefront of the Tibetan Plateau's expansion,offers key insights into the plateau's tectonic deformation(Zuza et al.,2018;Zheng et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2004;Tapponnier et al.,2001;Meyer et al.,1998).The northwest-trending mountain ranges in the Qilian Shan(“Shan”means“Mountain”in Chinese)have significantly influenced this deformation(Zheng et al.,2013).
文摘Objective To compare the characteristics of renal disease based on renal biopsy data between the Tibetan plateaus and the plain.Methods 160 chronic kidney diseases patients underwent renal biopsy from the plain and80 cases from Tibet plateau were compared in a parallel controlled manner.The relationship of renal pathology and clinical signs were also compared.Results(1)The male to female ratio was quite different between
文摘This summer,Xinjiang left me with mixed feelings about what“Beautiful China”should mean:the landscapes were breathtaking,yet the signs of damage made me rethink what truly makes a nation beautiful.On the high plateaus,the air was fresh,the sky was a vast blue cloth,and snow-capped Xiata Snow Mountain rose into the clouds.But the guide’s words cooled my excitement,“Temperatures keep rising here.The snow is melting faster and faster-we might lose these white peaks in a few years.”
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21978164,22078189 and 22105120)the Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2021JC-046)and the Special Support Program for high level talents of Shaanxi Province+3 种基金the Innovation Support Program of Shaanxi Province(2021JZY-001)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2020GY-243)the Special Research Fund of Education Department of Shaanxi(No.20JK0535)the National High-end Foreign Expert Project(No.GDW20186100428).
文摘Pore structure engineering has been acknowledged as suitable approach to creating active sites and en-hancing ion transport capabilities of hard carbon anodes.However,conventional porous carbon materials exhibit high BET and surface defects.Additionally,the sodium storage mechanism predominantly occurs in the slope region.This contradicts practical application requirements because the capacity of the plateau region is crucial for determining the actual capacity of batteries.In our work,we prepared a novel“core-shell”carbon framework(CNA1200).Introducingclosedporesand carboxylgroupsinto coal-basedcarbon materials to enhance its sodium storage performance.The closed pore structure dominates in the“core”structure,which is attributed to the timely removal of sodium hydroxide(NaOH)to prevent further for-mation of active carbon structure.The presence of closed pores is beneficial for increasing sodium ion storage in the low-voltage plateau region.And the“shell”structure originates from coal tar pitch,it not only uniformly connects hard carbon particles together to improve cycling stability,but is also rich in carboxyl groups to enhance the reversible sodium storage performance in slope region.CNA1200 has ex-cellent electrochemical performance,it exhibits a specific capacity of 335.2 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 20 mA g^(−1)with ICE=51.53%.In addition,CNA1200 has outstanding cycling stability with a capac-ity retention of 91.8%even when cycling over 200 times.When CNA1200 is used as anode paired with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode,it demonstrates a capacity of 109.54 mAh g^(−1)at 0.1 C and capacity retention of 94.64%at 0.5 C.This work provides valuable methods for regulating the structure of sodium-ion battery(SIBs)anode and enhances the potential for commercialization.
基金National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CAF,No.CAFYBB2018ZA004,No.CAFYBB2023ZA009Fengyun Application Pioneering Project,No.FY-APP-ZX-2023.02。
文摘Water use efficiency(WUE),as a pivotal indicator of the coupling degree within the carbon–water cycle of ecosystems,holds considerable importance in assessment of the carbon–water balance within terrestrial ecosystems.However,in the context of global warming,WUE evolution and its primary drivers on the Tibetan Plateau remain unclear.This study employed the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and the random forest algorithm to decipher the nonlinear trends and drivers of WUE on the Tibetan Plateau in 2001–2020.Results indicated an annual mean WUE of 0.8088 gC/mm·m^(2)across the plateau,with a spatial gradient reflecting decrease from the southeast toward the northwest.Areas manifesting monotonous trends of increase or decrease in WUE accounted for 23.64%and 9.69%of the total,respectively.Remarkably,66.67%of the region exhibited trend reversals,i.e.,39.94%of the area of the Tibetan Plateau showed transition from a trend of increase to a trend of decrease,and 26.73%of the area demonstrated a shift from a trend of decrease to a trend of increase.Environmental factors accounted for 70.79%of the variability in WUE.The leaf area index and temperature served as the major driving forces of WUE variation.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.21905278)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2023JJ30015).
文摘The pore structure and pseudo-graphitic phase(domain size and content)of a hard carbon anode play key roles in improving the plateau capacity of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),while it is hard to regulate them effectively and simultaneously.This study delves into the synthesis of hard carbons with tailored microstructures from esterified sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC-Na).The hard carbon(EHC-500)with maximized pseudo-graphitic content(73%)and abundant uniformly dispersed closed pores was fabricated,which provides sufficient active sites for sodium ion intercalation and pore filling.Furthermore,minimized lateral width(L_(a))of pseudo-graphitic domains in EHC-500 is simultaneously realized to improve the accessibility of sodium ions to the intercalation sites and filling sites.Therefore,the optimized microstructure of EHC-500 contributes to a remarkable reversible capacity of 340 mAh/g with a high plateau capacity of 236.7 mAh/g(below 0.08 V).These findings underscore the pivotal role of microcrystalline structure and pore structure in the electrochemical performance of hard carbons and provide a novel route to guide the design of hard carbons with optimal microstructures towards enhanced sodium storage performance.
基金supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.Y2024QC29)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Nos.2024-jbkyywf-lwj and 2024-jbkyywf-zyj).
文摘The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,with its high altitude and cold climate,is one of the most fragile ecological environments in China and is distinguished by its naturally elevated arsenic(As)levels in the soil,largely due to its rich mineral and geothermal resources.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of As content,focusing on its distribution,environmental migration,and transformation behavior across the plateau.The review further evaluates the distribution of As in different functional areas,revealing that geothermal fields(107.2 mg/kg),mining areas(53.8 mg/kg),and croplands(39.3 mg/kg)have the highest As concentrations,followed by river and lake sediments and adjacent areas(33.1 mg/kg).These elevated levels are primarily attributed to the presence of As-rich minerals,such as arsenopyrite and pyrite.Additionally,human activities,including mining and geothermal energy production,exacerbate the release of As into the environment.The review also highlights the role of localmicroorganisms,particularly those fromthe phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria,which possess As metabolic genes that facilitate As translocation.Given the unique climatic conditions of the plateau,conventionalmethods for As controlmay not be fully effective.However,the review identifies promising remediation strategies that are environmentally adaptable,such as the use of local microorganisms,specific adsorbents,and integrated technologies,which offer potential solutions for managing and utilizing Ascontaminated soils on the plateau.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42101276)the Major Project of Key Research Bases for Humanities and Social Sciences Funded by the Ministry of Education of China(22JJD790015)the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province,China(20JR5RA529).
文摘The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)serves as a crucial ecological barrier in China and Asia,exerting profound influences on global climate and biodiversity conservation.Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter referred as Gannan Prefecture),located on the northeastern edge of the QXP,represents a fragile alpine ecosystem in which land use change significantly impacts ecosystem services(ESs).This study established a comprehensive framework,utilizing the Patch-generating Land-Use Simulation(PLUS)model coupled with the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to predict land use patterns under the natural development scenario,cultivated land protection scenario,and ecological protection scenario for Gannan Prefecture by 2030 and evaluated four critical ESs:habitat quality(HQ),water yield(WY),soil retention(SR),and carbon storage(CS).The primary aim is to elucidate the impacts of dynamic land use change on ESs.The results revealed that,from 2000 to 2020,HQ exhibited minimal variation,whereas CS experienced a slight decline.Conversely,WY and SR showed significant improvements.Under the natural development scenario,construction land was projected to increase by 4247.74 hm^(2),primarily at the expense of forest land.The cultivated land protection scenario anticipated an increase in farmland by 2634.36 hm^(2),which was crucial for maintaining food security.The ecological protection scenario predicted a notable expansion of forest land,accompanied by a restrained development rate of construction land.The ecological protection scenario also showed an increase in the ecosystem service index(ESI),encompassing 26.07%of the region.Forest land and grassland emerged as the primary contributors to ESs,while construction land substantially impacted WY.Water bodies exhibited minimal contribution to ESs.This study enhanced the understanding of land use change impacts on ESs in fragile and high-altitude ecosystems,offering essential theoretical frameworks and practical direction for forthcoming ecological policy and regional planning endeavors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42167068,22269020)the Gansu Province Higher Education Industry Support Plan Project(2023CYZC-68)the Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Funds Project(YDZX20216200001007)。
文摘Rationally regulating the porosity of hard carbon(HC),especially the closed pores matching the low potential plateau and the ultra-microporous structure suitable for Na+embedding,has been shown to be the key to improving the sodium storage performance and initial coulombic efficiency(ICE).However,the preparation of such HC materials with specific pore structures still faces great challenges.Herein,a simple pre-oxidation strategy is employed to construct abundant closed ultra-microporous structures in soy protein powder-derived HC material,achieving a significant improvement in its ICE and platform capacity.The pre-oxidation process promotes the cross-linking degree of the soy protein,thereby hindering the directional growth of graphite domains during the carbonization process.The optimized HC exhibits ultra-high platform capacity(329 mAh g^(-1))and considerable energy density(148.5 Wh kg^(-1)).Based on the ex-situ Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization results,the excellent sodium storage capacity of the HC material is attributed to the synergistic effect of adsorption-intercalation/filling.The presented work provides novel insights into the synthesis of other biomass-derived HC materials with abundant closed ultra-micro pores.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52278303).
文摘To tackle the issue of notch frequency and center frequency drift of the L(0,1)mode guided wave in ultra⁃sonic guided wave⁃based stress monitoring of prestressed steel strands,a method using higher⁃order mode plateau fre⁃quencies is adopted.First,the correlation between group velocity peaks and phase velocities at these plateau frequen⁃cies is analyzed.This analysis establishes a quantitative rela⁃tionship between phase velocity and stress in the steel strand,providing a theoretical foundation for stress monitor⁃ing.Then the two⁃dimensional Fourier transform is em⁃ployed to separate wave modes.Dynamic programming techniques are applied in the frequency⁃velocity domain to extract higher⁃order modes.By identifying the group veloc⁃ity peaks of these separated higher⁃order modes,the plateau frequencies of guided waves are determined,enabling indi⁃rect measurement of stress in the steel strand.To validate this method,finite element simulations are conducted under three scenarios.Results show that the higher⁃order modes of transient signals from three different positions can be ac⁃curately extracted,leading to successful cable stress moni⁃toring.This approach effectively circumvents the issue of guided wave frequency drift and improves stress monitoring accuracy.Consequently,it significantly improves the appli⁃cation of ultrasonic guided wave technology in structural health monitoring.
基金financially supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAFYBB2021ZW002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1300404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2005)。
文摘Mountainous areas are the priority for forest restoration in semiarid regions,with hillslopes serving as the basic units of mountains.Precipitation is the only water source in these regions,and the uneven distribution of hillslope soil moisture replenishment after precipitation determines vegetation survival and growth.Therefore,in this study experiments were performed on a hillslope in the Liupan Mountains,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,to quantify the unevenness of soil moisture replenishment.Soil water content(SWC)in the 0–60 cm layer and precipitation were monitored throughout the growing season in 2020 and 2021.The results showed that(1)Annual soil moisture replenishment was the highest at the mid-slope position,with an average of 309.9 mm,especially under moderate and heavy rain grade conditions,reaching 38.7% and 30.8% of the total replenishment,respectively;(2)Vertical replenishment played a dominant role in the total replenishment,accounting for 82.8%;lateral replenishment played an important but lesser role,accounting for up to 17.2% of the total replenishment;(3)Based on a soil moisture replenishment model established in this study,the maximal replenishment occurred at 90 m from the top of the slope;(4)The dominant factors contributing to the soil moisture replenishment were rainfall amount and saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks).These findings suggest that attention should be given to both vertical and lateral soil moisture replenishment,and the mid-slope position could be preferred for site selection to achieve precise and integrated forest-water management on hillslopes in semi-arid mountainous regions.
