As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika...As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.展开更多
Recent studies have suggested that rapid warming over the Mongolian Plateau(MP)may intensify extreme heat events(EHEs).However,the characteristics and mechanisms driving summer EHEs over the MP(MP-EHEs)remain unclear....Recent studies have suggested that rapid warming over the Mongolian Plateau(MP)may intensify extreme heat events(EHEs).However,the characteristics and mechanisms driving summer EHEs over the MP(MP-EHEs)remain unclear.This study explores the interannual variations in summer MP-EHEs and their relationship with the summer soil moisture over the Inner Tibetan Plateau(TP-SM).The results reveal that changes in the MP-EHEs are linked to descending atmospheric motion induced by a local high-pressure system over the MP region.Descending motion further results in decreased mid-tolow-level cloud cover and increased shortwave radiation,thereby warming the surface and triggering summer MP-EHEs.Further analysis indicates that increased TP-SM results in a greater latent heat flux,triggering a local secondary circulation that reinforces the local high-pressure system over the MP region,thus serving to promote the occurrence of summer MPEHEs.Additionally,model results from the linear baroclinic model(LBM)and CMIP6 further confirm that variations in summer TP-SM contribute to the occurrence of the MP-EHEs.展开更多
Accurate water budget closure is critical for sustainable water resource management facing increased pressures from climate change and human activities.Although error reduction methods for individual water balance com...Accurate water budget closure is critical for sustainable water resource management facing increased pressures from climate change and human activities.Although error reduction methods for individual water balance components have advanced,persistent biases remain due to the independent development of datasets,impacting basin scale water budget balance.In this research,we analyzed the mathematical origin of the bias between water budget components and developed a new basin-scale water balance calibration method that redistributes errors across components while enforcing water balance constraints.Validation confirms systematic improvements,with reduced RMSE(Precipitation:-2.29 mm/month;ET:-1.34 mm/month)and increased R2 against in situ observations.Applied to the Jinghe River Basin(2000−2019),the calibrated data reveal declining precipitation(-1.70 mm/year)and evapotranspiration(-1.84 mm/year)alongside slightly increasing runoff(0.20 mm/year in basin depth),signaling a drying trend.Land cover changes—marked by cropland loss(-3,497 km^(2))and forest(+720 km^(2))and grassland(+2,776 km^(2))expansion—reflect improved water consumption requirements by ecosystem,raising concerns for water retention and ecosystem stability.The method is particularly effective for ungauged basins with sparse ground data and underscores the need for integrated land-water management to enhance long-term resilience.展开更多
Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shr...Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.展开更多
Understanding how diet and host phylogeny shape gut microbiota is fundamental to elucidating host-microbe interactions in extreme environments.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),characterized by harsh conditions,provides ...Understanding how diet and host phylogeny shape gut microbiota is fundamental to elucidating host-microbe interactions in extreme environments.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),characterized by harsh conditions,provides a natural laboratory for examining these relationships among sympatric species.Here,we investigated the dietary composition and gut microbiota of six passerine species inhabiting the QTP,comprising two endemic residents(White-rumped Snowfinch Onychostruthus taczanowskii and Ground Tit Pseudopodoces humilis),two nonendemic residents(Rock Sparrow Petronia petronia and Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus),and two nonendemic migratory species(Twite Linaria flavirostris and Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros),using highthroughput 18S and 16S rRNA sequencing.Our results revealed that dietary composition—dominated by Archaeplastida,Metazoa,Fungi,and the SAR supergroup—exhibited no significant interspecific variation,reflecting a high degree of trophic niche overlap.Although the overall diet was similar across species,the relative abundances of certain dietary components independently influenced specific microbial taxa.In particular,dietary Archaeplastida and Fungi showed phylogeny-independent positive correlations with 16 and 3 microbial genera,respectively,revealing fine-scale diet-microbiota associations.Evidence of phylosymbiosis was detected,as closely related species harbored more similar microbial communities driven by species-specific microbial biomarkers.Notably,our results suggested deterministic processes played a stronger role in endemic species,whereas stochastic community assembly dominated in non-endemic species,indicating distinct assembly mechanisms shaped by biogeographic history.Overall,this study reveals that while dietary similarity promotes convergent trophic niches among sympatric passerines,host phylogeny exerts a stronger influence on gut microbiota composition and assembly.These findings underline the synergistic roles of diet-microbiota interactions and phylosymbiosis dynamics as key adaptive strategies that enable birds to cope with the extreme environments of the QTP.展开更多
Understanding the impacts of human activities on the plateau’s living environment is essential for advancing modernization pathways that promote harmony between humanity and nature.However,studies on the dynamic inte...Understanding the impacts of human activities on the plateau’s living environment is essential for advancing modernization pathways that promote harmony between humanity and nature.However,studies on the dynamic interactions between human activities and the living environment on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)remain limited,with a paucity of quantitative relationship analyses.This study established an assessment framework to evaluate human influences on the living environment in QXP,using data on typical human activities,ecological conditions,and human settlements.Within this framework,the spatial analysis methods and the coupling coordination model were used to examine the spatio-temporal characteristics and relationship of human activities and living environment on the QXP from 2000 to 2020.The geographical detector model was then applied to identify the key factors influencing the plateau’s human living environment.Subsequently,the four-quadrant analysis model was adopted to assess human influences on the living environment.The results indicate that the human activity intensity(HAI)on the QXP remained relatively low yet increased by 15.41%from 2000 to 2020.Spatially,the human living environment quality(LEQ)improved from northwest to southeast,with 61.14%of the areas remaining stable and 18.47%experiencing slight improvement.The analysis of coupling coordination revealed a continuous improvement between the HAI and LEQ,with the areas of high and relatively high coordinated types increasing by more than 9%.Precipitation and urban-rural construction were identified as the primary factors influencing changes in the LEQ.The interaction between the HAI and LEQ was strengthening,with 40.44%classified as coordinated development type and 38.35%as development-environment conflict type.These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing the resilience of human settlements and promoting green development across the plateau.展开更多
The Kumkol Basin,situated in the northern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,provides a unique window into understanding the dynamic mechanisms driving the plateau’s northern expansion.However,its formation and tec...The Kumkol Basin,situated in the northern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,provides a unique window into understanding the dynamic mechanisms driving the plateau’s northern expansion.However,its formation and tectonic evolution remain poorly understood due to limited geophysical data in this region.In this study,we computed cross-correlations for the TT components of station-pairs with high signal-to-noise ratios to extract Love wave waveforms and further performed Lovewave ambient noise tomography to image the upper crustal shear-wave velocity structure of the Kumkol basin down to 10 km depth.Our seismic velocity model reveals that the Kumkol Basin has a sedimentary thickness exceeding 8 km,with its center located near the Arka Mountain on the southern side.This suggests that the basin was likely formed as a foreland basin in response to the uplift of the Qiman Tagh Mountain to the north.Additionally,integrated with seismic reflection data,our seismic velocity model images a detachment fault at the basin basement depth.We inferred that the Kumkol Anticlinorium at the basin’s center have been produced by multiple thrust faults converging into this detachment fault at 8–10 km depth following the Early to Middle Miocene uplift of the Qiman Tagh Mountain.This structural configuration indicates pulsed basinward deformation since the late Miocene,likely reflecting a tectonic regime shift from extrusion to distributed shortening in the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Our findings provide a high-resolution velocity model of the Kumkol Basin,offering critical insights into its structural evolution and supporting future resource exploration in this underexplored region.展开更多
Permafrost degradation driven by climate warming is accelerating landscape changes in permafrost regions,with retrogressive thaw slumps(RTS)emerging as a critical disturbance.While many studies have focused on large-s...Permafrost degradation driven by climate warming is accelerating landscape changes in permafrost regions,with retrogressive thaw slumps(RTS)emerging as a critical disturbance.While many studies have focused on large-scale RTS dynamics,the impacts of RTS on vegetation phenology at the watershed scale remain poorly understood.Here,we investigate the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation responses to RTS expansion in the Sala River Basin on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Our analysis reveals that the total RTS area increased nearly fivefold from 118,719 m^(2) in 2008 to 565,432 m^(2) in 2021,and that the distribution and expansion of RTS sites are strongly influenced by topographic factors such as elevation,slope,and aspect.The NDVI values within the basin decreased from northeast to southwest.There was an improvement in NDVI between 2017 and 2021.Although several sub-basins exhibited a downward trend in NDVI,the overall NDVI trends in RTS-affected areas indicate an increase in vegetation vigor over the study period.This suggests localized ecological resilience,possibly driven by enhanced groundwater recharge following permafrost thaw.This study advances our understanding of RTS impacts on alpine ecosystems by linking detailed RTS dynamics with watershed-scale vegetation responses.展开更多
Mountain ecosystems offer natural gradients for exploring biodiversity patterns;however,the elevational patterns of plant species and phylogenetic diversity in the eastern Pamir Plateau remain poorly understood.As a b...Mountain ecosystems offer natural gradients for exploring biodiversity patterns;however,the elevational patterns of plant species and phylogenetic diversity in the eastern Pamir Plateau remain poorly understood.As a biogeographical junction of the Central Asian mountain ranges,the eastern Pamir Plateau in China is geographically connected to the main part of the Pamir Plateau in Tajikistan,resulting in significant climatic and topographical heterogeneity and unique regional vegetation communities.In this study,we established 5 elevational transects and 91 plots (1500–4870 m) in the eastern Pamir Plateau to investigate the patterns and environmental drivers of plant diversity at both regional and local spatial scales.We examined diversity patterns and community composition using regression models and community structure analysis and quantified the relative importance of environmental factors using a random forest model.The results showed a distinct differentiation along elevation gradients,with overall plant diversity,herbaceous plant diversity,and phylogenetic diversity index increasing with elevation,whereas woody plant diversity declined.The phylogenetic structure indices (including net relatedness index and nearest taxon index) exhibited heterogeneous elevational responses,indicating that community assembly was jointly driven by environmental filtering and niche differentiation.Soil nutrients,water availability,and temperature were the primary environmental drivers,with soil factors predominantly influencing herbaceous plant diversity,while climatic variables dominated woody plant diversity.These findings demonstrate that plant diversity along elevational gradients of the eastern Pamir Plateau exhibits the characteristic patterns of a unique arid mountain ecosystem,where enhanced soil fertility and moderate moisture at higher elevations partly offset energy limitations,thereby maintaining plant diversity through functional convergence of closely related lineages.This pattern of biodiversity maintenance contrasts with the divergence-driven community assembly processes commonly observed in humid mountain systems.Overall,this study contributes to a better understanding of biodiversity maintenance in the eastern Pamir Plateau.Given its geographical continuity with the Pamir Plateau in Tajikistan,our findings can provide a basis for alpine conservation efforts across arid Central Asia.展开更多
The impact mechanism of vegetation on slope soil water infiltration and stability in the loess areas of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau remains unclear.Understanding this mechanism is crucial for regional ecolo...The impact mechanism of vegetation on slope soil water infiltration and stability in the loess areas of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau remains unclear.Understanding this mechanism is crucial for regional ecological restoration and shallow geological disaster prevention.This study investigated slopes covered by Caragana korshinskii Kom.by employing double-ring infiltration tests to explore the permeability characteristics and influencing factors of root-containing soils and to propose an appropriate infiltration model.Considering the synergistic effects of the canopy and roots,the hydrological response and stability of vegetation-covered slopes under rainfall infiltration conditions were evaluated through numerical simulation analysis.The results revealed that within the main root distribution layer(0-0.5 m),the initial and average infiltration rates and the permeability coefficient of the root-soil composite were significantly higher than those of bare land.Coarse roots with diameters of>5 mm were the key contributors to enhancement of the infiltration capacity.The dry density,fine particle content,and initial water content of the soil around the roots were negatively correlated with the infiltration process.The Horton model effectively reproduced the infiltration process under the canopy and on bare land.The roots significantly accelerated the advance of the slope wetting front during rainfall infiltration,whereas the canopy delayed its onset and progression.The rainfall infiltration process on vegetation-covered slopes was divided into three stages:the equilibrium infiltration stage,optimal infiltration stage beneath the canopy,and secondary equilibrium stage.Vegetation enhances slope stability through coupling of the canopy and root,with an order of canopy-root mode>root mode>bare slope.Under heavy rainfall conditions,the direct contribution of canopy interception to slope stability is limited,and its primary role is to delay the occurrence of instability.During this period,the mechanical effect of roots becomes the dominant mechanism in slope protection.展开更多
The carbon cycle stands as a cornerstone among the Earth's material cycles,carrying profound implications for global climate dynamics and humanity's sustenance and advancement.Additionally,nitrogen,as a vital ...The carbon cycle stands as a cornerstone among the Earth's material cycles,carrying profound implications for global climate dynamics and humanity's sustenance and advancement.Additionally,nitrogen,as a vital nutrient element,plays a pivotal role in biogeochemical processes,exerting significant influence on the ecological environment within watersheds.In this study,an analysis of the carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)components in the river water of 12 alpine basins on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)reveals that the average dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentration in the river water is 0.76±0.67 mg/L,indicating a lower level compared to the global river average organic carbon content.Specifically,the average DOC concentrations were 0.42±0.22 and 1.56±0.68 mg/L in the glacial and non-glacial basins,respectively.The average dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)concentration in the eastern TP is 27.04±20.19 mg/L,with the lowest DIC observed at Dagu Glacier and the highest at Daxia River.Furthermore,the average dissolved total carbon(DTC)concentration in glacier river water was 18.87±12.65 mg/L,contrasting with 48.23±21.07 mg/L in non-glacial basins.The mean concentration of total nitrogen(TN)in the eastern TP averaged 0.97±0.54 mg/L,with the glacial basin registering 1.01±0.47 mg/L and the non-glacial basin at 0.89±0.70 mg/L.Evaluating the release fluxes of carbon and nitrogen across 12 river basins revealed a range of DTC emission fluxes from 0.32×10^(9)to 31.02×10^(9)g·C/a,with inorganic carbon comprising 71.0%to 99.5%.Consequently,the carbon emission flux for seven glacier basins totaled 15.91×10^(9)g·C/a,while for the five non-glacial river basins,it reached 87.37×10^(9)g·C/a.The total TN release fluxes across 12 small river basins amounted to 2.46×10^(9)g·N/a,with 0.84×10^(9)g·N/a released in glacial basins and 1.62×10^(9)g·N/a in the nonglacial basin.This study elucidates the spatial distribution and transport mechanisms of carbon and nitrogen elements within the glacial and downstream non-glacial basins,offering valuable insights into the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
The National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC)of the United States has collected aeromagnetic data for input into a series of geomagnetic models to improve model resolution;however,in the Tibetan Plateau region,ground-bas...The National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC)of the United States has collected aeromagnetic data for input into a series of geomagnetic models to improve model resolution;however,in the Tibetan Plateau region,ground-based observations remain insufficient to clearly reflect the characteristics of the region’s lithospheric magnetism.In this study,we evaluate the lithospheric magnetism of the Tibetan Plateau by using a 3D surface spline model based on observations from>200 newly constructed repeat stations(portable stations)to determine the spatial distribution of plateau geomagnetism,as well as its correlation with the tectonic features of the region.We analyze the relationships between M≥5 earthquakes and lithospheric magnetic field variations on the Tibetan Plateau and identify regions susceptible to strong earthquakes.We compare the geomagnetic results with those from an enhanced magnetic model(EMM2015)developed by the NGDC and provide insights into improving lithospheric magnetic field calculations in the Tibetan Plateau region.Further research reveals that these magnetic anomalies exhibit distinct differences from the magnetic-seismic correlation mechanisms observed in other tectonic settings;here,they are governed primarily by the combined effects of compressional magnetism,thermal magnetism,and deep thermal stress.This study provides new evidence of geomagnetic anomalies on the Tibetan Plateau,interprets them physically,and demonstrates their potential for identifying seismic hazard zones on the Plateau.展开更多
While the Ordos Basin is recognized for its substantial hydrocarbon exploration prospects,its rugged loess tableland terrain has rendered seismic exploration exceptionally challenging[1-3].Persistent obstacles such as...While the Ordos Basin is recognized for its substantial hydrocarbon exploration prospects,its rugged loess tableland terrain has rendered seismic exploration exceptionally challenging[1-3].Persistent obstacles such as complex 3D survey planning,low signal-tonoise ratio raw data,inadequate near-surface velocity modeling,and imaging inaccuracy have long hindered the advancement of seismic exploration across this region.Through a problem-solving approach rooted in geological target analysis,this research systematically investigates the behavioral patterns of nodal seismometer-based high-density seismic acquisition in loess plateau.Tailored advancements in waveform enhancement and depth velocity modelling methodologies have been engineered.Field validations confirm that the optimized workflow demonstrates marked improvements in amplitude preservation and imaging resolution,offering novel insights for future reservoir characterization endeavors.展开更多
This study examines a 1.32 m thick sediment sequence from the Cunge sag pond in the Litang Basin,eastern Tibetan Plateau,to assess the seismicity of the Litang fault during the Holocene.High-resolution geochemical,gra...This study examines a 1.32 m thick sediment sequence from the Cunge sag pond in the Litang Basin,eastern Tibetan Plateau,to assess the seismicity of the Litang fault during the Holocene.High-resolution geochemical,grain size,magnetic susceptibility,and total organic carbon indicators are employed to obtain a continuous record of changes in elemental,physical,and biological properties within the profile to identify seismic events.The seismic event layer generally comprises two sedimentary rhythms:a lower coarse sand layer and an upper fine silt-clay layer.These layers represent rapid deposition associated with fault activity(Earthquake A)and slower deposition during calm periods or earthquake recurrence intervals(Seismic interval A).Through six^(14)C dating,five seismic events have been identified in the Cunge sag pond section:E1(before 3955 a B.P.),E2(3713-3703 a B.P.),E3(3492-3392 a B.P.),E4(2031-1894 a B.P.),and E5(1384-1321 a B.P.).E1-E4 had shown a good consistency with the paleo-earthquake recorded by the trench,and whereas E5 is a newly identified seismic event,further improving the continuous earthquake sequence of the Litang fault.Based on existing trench data and the seismic event record from the Cunge sag pond,a total of 11 paleo-earthquakes are identified along the Litang fault since the Holocene.The paleo-earthquake activity of the Litang fault exhibits a clustered pattern,with recurrence intervals of both long periods(1000 a)and short periods(500 a).Since 5000 a,the interval between strong earthquake recurrences gradually decreases,indicating an increasing risk of strong earthquakes along the Litang fault.This study presents a continuous record of paleo-earthquakes along the Litang fault,eastern Tibetan Plateau,and can enhance the understanding of regional seismic activity.展开更多
Iron isotopes,represented byδ^(56)Fe,serve as valuable tools for constraining the surface iron processes and as potent tracers for studying the biogeochemical cycle of iron.Nevertheless,our comprehension of iron isot...Iron isotopes,represented byδ^(56)Fe,serve as valuable tools for constraining the surface iron processes and as potent tracers for studying the biogeochemical cycle of iron.Nevertheless,our comprehension of iron isotopes in the land surface processes of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)remains limited.In this study,we present the results of iron isotopic composition(δ^(56)Fe)in the surface soils of the TP,encompassing both glacial and non-glacial regions characterized by rugged and flat topographies.Our findings reveal that soilδ^(56)Fe values ranged from-0.01‰±0.05‰to 0.14‰±0.01‰,with the highest values observed in eastern locations(0.14‰)and the lowest appeared in the northeast(-0.1‰).On a global scale,theδ^(56)Fe values observed in Tibetan soils exhibited relatively small variability compared to reservoirs marked by significant iron isotope fractionation.By contrast,the range of TP soils measured here was slightly larger than that of the Chinese Loess.Furthermore,we discerned noticeable spatial variations inδ^(56)Fe across the large-scale region of TP,indicating a gradual increase trend from the northeast to the south and from the west to the east.These regional disparities inδ^(56)Fe likely arise from a combination of constraining factors,including differences in mineralogy,lithological variations,organic matter content,and variations in chemical weathering intensity.This study is pivotal in advancing our understanding of land surface iron isotope dynamics and its role in the biogeochemical cycle within the TP region.展开更多
The Tibetan Plateau(TP),characterized by its elevated topography,plays a crucial role in regional environmental and climate dynamics,where the understanding of radiation energy budgets is essential.However,accurately ...The Tibetan Plateau(TP),characterized by its elevated topography,plays a crucial role in regional environmental and climate dynamics,where the understanding of radiation energy budgets is essential.However,accurately estimating the spatiotemporal variations of radiation budget components and surface albedo across the diverse landscapes of the TP remains a significant challenge for the scientific community.To address this issue,numerous atmospheric experiments and research initiatives have been conducted since the 1960s,focusing on quantitatively assessing the spatial distribution and temporal variations of radiation fluxes through both observational data and remote sensing techniques.This paper systematically reviews the key advancements in radiation energy studies over the past 35 years,with a particular focus on measurements derived from tens of radiation flux stations and satellite observations across the TP.Additionally,the development of parameterization schemes in topographical effects on radiation fluxes is also summarized.Finally,the paper discusses potential future research directions in this field.展开更多
Global climate change is a pressing environmental challenge.Climate-induced migration highlights the severe impact of unsuitable climatic conditions.However,current research methods are limited in their ability to ass...Global climate change is a pressing environmental challenge.Climate-induced migration highlights the severe impact of unsuitable climatic conditions.However,current research methods are limited in their ability to assess climate suitability for residents in high-altitude areas.In this study,we assess climate suitability across the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 1979 to 2018 and project future changes using four different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)climate scenarios by constructing the Climate Suitability Index(CSI).The findings reveal a notable increase in CSI from 0.32 to 0.36 from 1979 to 2018.The primary factors contributing to the increased climate suitability are increasing annual mean precipitation(61.42%)and decreasing solar radiation(17.22%)from 1979 to 2018.Furthermore,the study forecasts a continued enhancement of climate suitability across all SSP scenarios,with SSP585 demonstrating the greatest improvement,followed by SSP370,SSP245,and SSP126.Although low oxygen levels at high altitudes remain a challenge,the overall improvement in climate suitability offers hope for people living at high altitudes to cope with climate change.展开更多
The India-Asia collision resulted in the formation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Lower crustal flow model was proposed to explain the mechanism of Cenozoic tectonic deformation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In this study,we pro...The India-Asia collision resulted in the formation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Lower crustal flow model was proposed to explain the mechanism of Cenozoic tectonic deformation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In this study,we propose a new approach by combining centrifugal analog modeling with numerical simulation to simulate the tectonic uplift history of the plateau based on the lower crustal flow model,and to investigate the material migration characteristics and the influence of crustal motion velocity and ductile layer viscosity on the plateau tectonic geomorphology.The models reproduce steep-sided flat-topped geomorphic features and clockwise rotation of the material at eastern Himalayan Syntaxis,verifying the rationality of the models.The results show that the greater the crustal motion velocity and the greater the ductile layer viscosity,the steeper the terrain change;and conversely,the smaller the crustal motion velocity and the smaller the ductile layer viscosity,the gentler the terrain change.This study further indicates that the weak lower crust plays an important role in the formation of geomorphic features and material migration characteristics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and provides a new insight for the study of the uplift mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
High-altitude glacier-lake systems in the eastern Pamir Plateau,Tajikistan,are highly sensitive elements of Central Asia’s cryosphere and are vital for sustaining regional water resources.The Yashilkul Lake is locate...High-altitude glacier-lake systems in the eastern Pamir Plateau,Tajikistan,are highly sensitive elements of Central Asia’s cryosphere and are vital for sustaining regional water resources.The Yashilkul Lake is located within a tectonic depression dammed by an ancient rockslide,forming a large alpine lake.This lake is currently impacted by intensified warming,glacier retreat,and poorly quantified hydrological shift.The primary objective of this study is to assess multi-decadal changes in the Yashilkul and Bulunkul lakes and their surrounding cryosphere between 1994 and 2024.The changes were analyzed using multitemporal Landsat imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys,complemented by in situ meteorological observations from the Bulunkul meteorological station spanning the period from 1990 to 2024.Glacier and lake boundaries were extracted from Landsat data,primarily by applying the normalized difference water index,supplemented by manual delineation.UAV photogrammetry characterized dam morphology and adjacent ponds,and climate trends were evaluated with the modified Mann-Kendall test.A significant warming trend of 0.096℃/a and pronounced interannual precipitation variability have driven persistent glacier retreat and lake surface area fluctuations.The Yashilkul Lake’s surface area decreased from 36.40 (±1.15) km^(2) in 2010 to 31.94 (±0.54) km^(2) in 2020 and partially rebounded to 33.99 (±0.60) km^(2) in 2024,while the Bulunkul Lake’s surface area remained nearly stable owing to limited glacial influence.Additionally,UAV surveys conducted in 2022 and 2024 revealed main features of the Yashilkul Lake:rockslidedammed origin,perched ponds along the dam body,and an artificial canal regulating its outflow.Nearby glaciers,particularly Glacier No.369,exhibited strong frontal retreat and proglacial lake expansion.The proglacial lake expanded nearly fourfold from 0.08 (±0.01)km^(2) in 2000 to 0.33 (±0.02) km^(2) in 2024,raising concerns about potential glacial lake outburst floods that could impact the Yashilkul Lake and compromise the integrity of its natural dam.The findings highlight accelerating hydrological and cryospheric transformations in the Pamir Plateau,emphasizing the need for sustained monitoring of glacier-lake systems owing to their critical implications for water security,ecological stability,and downstream hazard management.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471603)Science and Technology Commissioner Special Project of Qinghai Province(2025-NK-P42)+2 种基金Central Financial Funds for Forestry and Grassland Reform and Development in 2024(2024-TG16)Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Science and Technology Program Project(2025-KH01-B)the leading Kunlun talents in Qinghai Province.
文摘As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42288101)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grand No.42505018)the Shanghai“Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan”Venus Project(Grant No.23YF1437300)。
文摘Recent studies have suggested that rapid warming over the Mongolian Plateau(MP)may intensify extreme heat events(EHEs).However,the characteristics and mechanisms driving summer EHEs over the MP(MP-EHEs)remain unclear.This study explores the interannual variations in summer MP-EHEs and their relationship with the summer soil moisture over the Inner Tibetan Plateau(TP-SM).The results reveal that changes in the MP-EHEs are linked to descending atmospheric motion induced by a local high-pressure system over the MP region.Descending motion further results in decreased mid-tolow-level cloud cover and increased shortwave radiation,thereby warming the surface and triggering summer MP-EHEs.Further analysis indicates that increased TP-SM results in a greater latent heat flux,triggering a local secondary circulation that reinforces the local high-pressure system over the MP region,thus serving to promote the occurrence of summer MPEHEs.Additionally,model results from the linear baroclinic model(LBM)and CMIP6 further confirm that variations in summer TP-SM contribute to the occurrence of the MP-EHEs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grants No.2024YFF0810500 and 2022YFD1900802)the National Natural Scientific Foundations of China(Grants No.41991232,42301016 and 42571034)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.424QN354).
文摘Accurate water budget closure is critical for sustainable water resource management facing increased pressures from climate change and human activities.Although error reduction methods for individual water balance components have advanced,persistent biases remain due to the independent development of datasets,impacting basin scale water budget balance.In this research,we analyzed the mathematical origin of the bias between water budget components and developed a new basin-scale water balance calibration method that redistributes errors across components while enforcing water balance constraints.Validation confirms systematic improvements,with reduced RMSE(Precipitation:-2.29 mm/month;ET:-1.34 mm/month)and increased R2 against in situ observations.Applied to the Jinghe River Basin(2000−2019),the calibrated data reveal declining precipitation(-1.70 mm/year)and evapotranspiration(-1.84 mm/year)alongside slightly increasing runoff(0.20 mm/year in basin depth),signaling a drying trend.Land cover changes—marked by cropland loss(-3,497 km^(2))and forest(+720 km^(2))and grassland(+2,776 km^(2))expansion—reflect improved water consumption requirements by ecosystem,raising concerns for water retention and ecosystem stability.The method is particularly effective for ungauged basins with sparse ground data and underscores the need for integrated land-water management to enhance long-term resilience.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program of China(No.2019QZKK0307)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42007057)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0106)Key R&D project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFD1601601)the Southwest Minzu University Double World-Class Project(No.CX2023012).
文摘Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFC2310303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.32471572)awarded to D.L.+1 种基金NSFC(No.32171490)awarded to Y.W.Hebei Natural Science Foundation(HNSF,C2021204059)awarded to Y.S。
文摘Understanding how diet and host phylogeny shape gut microbiota is fundamental to elucidating host-microbe interactions in extreme environments.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),characterized by harsh conditions,provides a natural laboratory for examining these relationships among sympatric species.Here,we investigated the dietary composition and gut microbiota of six passerine species inhabiting the QTP,comprising two endemic residents(White-rumped Snowfinch Onychostruthus taczanowskii and Ground Tit Pseudopodoces humilis),two nonendemic residents(Rock Sparrow Petronia petronia and Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus),and two nonendemic migratory species(Twite Linaria flavirostris and Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros),using highthroughput 18S and 16S rRNA sequencing.Our results revealed that dietary composition—dominated by Archaeplastida,Metazoa,Fungi,and the SAR supergroup—exhibited no significant interspecific variation,reflecting a high degree of trophic niche overlap.Although the overall diet was similar across species,the relative abundances of certain dietary components independently influenced specific microbial taxa.In particular,dietary Archaeplastida and Fungi showed phylogeny-independent positive correlations with 16 and 3 microbial genera,respectively,revealing fine-scale diet-microbiota associations.Evidence of phylosymbiosis was detected,as closely related species harbored more similar microbial communities driven by species-specific microbial biomarkers.Notably,our results suggested deterministic processes played a stronger role in endemic species,whereas stochastic community assembly dominated in non-endemic species,indicating distinct assembly mechanisms shaped by biogeographic history.Overall,this study reveals that while dietary similarity promotes convergent trophic niches among sympatric passerines,host phylogeny exerts a stronger influence on gut microbiota composition and assembly.These findings underline the synergistic roles of diet-microbiota interactions and phylosymbiosis dynamics as key adaptive strategies that enable birds to cope with the extreme environments of the QTP.
基金The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program,No.2019QZKK0608。
文摘Understanding the impacts of human activities on the plateau’s living environment is essential for advancing modernization pathways that promote harmony between humanity and nature.However,studies on the dynamic interactions between human activities and the living environment on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)remain limited,with a paucity of quantitative relationship analyses.This study established an assessment framework to evaluate human influences on the living environment in QXP,using data on typical human activities,ecological conditions,and human settlements.Within this framework,the spatial analysis methods and the coupling coordination model were used to examine the spatio-temporal characteristics and relationship of human activities and living environment on the QXP from 2000 to 2020.The geographical detector model was then applied to identify the key factors influencing the plateau’s human living environment.Subsequently,the four-quadrant analysis model was adopted to assess human influences on the living environment.The results indicate that the human activity intensity(HAI)on the QXP remained relatively low yet increased by 15.41%from 2000 to 2020.Spatially,the human living environment quality(LEQ)improved from northwest to southeast,with 61.14%of the areas remaining stable and 18.47%experiencing slight improvement.The analysis of coupling coordination revealed a continuous improvement between the HAI and LEQ,with the areas of high and relatively high coordinated types increasing by more than 9%.Precipitation and urban-rural construction were identified as the primary factors influencing changes in the LEQ.The interaction between the HAI and LEQ was strengthening,with 40.44%classified as coordinated development type and 38.35%as development-environment conflict type.These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing the resilience of human settlements and promoting green development across the plateau.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42274066),the Second Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(No.2019Q ZKK0701).
文摘The Kumkol Basin,situated in the northern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,provides a unique window into understanding the dynamic mechanisms driving the plateau’s northern expansion.However,its formation and tectonic evolution remain poorly understood due to limited geophysical data in this region.In this study,we computed cross-correlations for the TT components of station-pairs with high signal-to-noise ratios to extract Love wave waveforms and further performed Lovewave ambient noise tomography to image the upper crustal shear-wave velocity structure of the Kumkol basin down to 10 km depth.Our seismic velocity model reveals that the Kumkol Basin has a sedimentary thickness exceeding 8 km,with its center located near the Arka Mountain on the southern side.This suggests that the basin was likely formed as a foreland basin in response to the uplift of the Qiman Tagh Mountain to the north.Additionally,integrated with seismic reflection data,our seismic velocity model images a detachment fault at the basin basement depth.We inferred that the Kumkol Anticlinorium at the basin’s center have been produced by multiple thrust faults converging into this detachment fault at 8–10 km depth following the Early to Middle Miocene uplift of the Qiman Tagh Mountain.This structural configuration indicates pulsed basinward deformation since the late Miocene,likely reflecting a tectonic regime shift from extrusion to distributed shortening in the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Our findings provide a high-resolution velocity model of the Kumkol Basin,offering critical insights into its structural evolution and supporting future resource exploration in this underexplored region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271132).
文摘Permafrost degradation driven by climate warming is accelerating landscape changes in permafrost regions,with retrogressive thaw slumps(RTS)emerging as a critical disturbance.While many studies have focused on large-scale RTS dynamics,the impacts of RTS on vegetation phenology at the watershed scale remain poorly understood.Here,we investigate the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation responses to RTS expansion in the Sala River Basin on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Our analysis reveals that the total RTS area increased nearly fivefold from 118,719 m^(2) in 2008 to 565,432 m^(2) in 2021,and that the distribution and expansion of RTS sites are strongly influenced by topographic factors such as elevation,slope,and aspect.The NDVI values within the basin decreased from northeast to southwest.There was an improvement in NDVI between 2017 and 2021.Although several sub-basins exhibited a downward trend in NDVI,the overall NDVI trends in RTS-affected areas indicate an increase in vegetation vigor over the study period.This suggests localized ecological resilience,possibly driven by enhanced groundwater recharge following permafrost thaw.This study advances our understanding of RTS impacts on alpine ecosystems by linking detailed RTS dynamics with watershed-scale vegetation responses.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFE0214200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42201072)。
文摘Mountain ecosystems offer natural gradients for exploring biodiversity patterns;however,the elevational patterns of plant species and phylogenetic diversity in the eastern Pamir Plateau remain poorly understood.As a biogeographical junction of the Central Asian mountain ranges,the eastern Pamir Plateau in China is geographically connected to the main part of the Pamir Plateau in Tajikistan,resulting in significant climatic and topographical heterogeneity and unique regional vegetation communities.In this study,we established 5 elevational transects and 91 plots (1500–4870 m) in the eastern Pamir Plateau to investigate the patterns and environmental drivers of plant diversity at both regional and local spatial scales.We examined diversity patterns and community composition using regression models and community structure analysis and quantified the relative importance of environmental factors using a random forest model.The results showed a distinct differentiation along elevation gradients,with overall plant diversity,herbaceous plant diversity,and phylogenetic diversity index increasing with elevation,whereas woody plant diversity declined.The phylogenetic structure indices (including net relatedness index and nearest taxon index) exhibited heterogeneous elevational responses,indicating that community assembly was jointly driven by environmental filtering and niche differentiation.Soil nutrients,water availability,and temperature were the primary environmental drivers,with soil factors predominantly influencing herbaceous plant diversity,while climatic variables dominated woody plant diversity.These findings demonstrate that plant diversity along elevational gradients of the eastern Pamir Plateau exhibits the characteristic patterns of a unique arid mountain ecosystem,where enhanced soil fertility and moderate moisture at higher elevations partly offset energy limitations,thereby maintaining plant diversity through functional convergence of closely related lineages.This pattern of biodiversity maintenance contrasts with the divergence-driven community assembly processes commonly observed in humid mountain systems.Overall,this study contributes to a better understanding of biodiversity maintenance in the eastern Pamir Plateau.Given its geographical continuity with the Pamir Plateau in Tajikistan,our findings can provide a basis for alpine conservation efforts across arid Central Asia.
基金funded by Science and Technology Program of Qinghai Province of China(2024-SF-129)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42002283).
文摘The impact mechanism of vegetation on slope soil water infiltration and stability in the loess areas of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau remains unclear.Understanding this mechanism is crucial for regional ecological restoration and shallow geological disaster prevention.This study investigated slopes covered by Caragana korshinskii Kom.by employing double-ring infiltration tests to explore the permeability characteristics and influencing factors of root-containing soils and to propose an appropriate infiltration model.Considering the synergistic effects of the canopy and roots,the hydrological response and stability of vegetation-covered slopes under rainfall infiltration conditions were evaluated through numerical simulation analysis.The results revealed that within the main root distribution layer(0-0.5 m),the initial and average infiltration rates and the permeability coefficient of the root-soil composite were significantly higher than those of bare land.Coarse roots with diameters of>5 mm were the key contributors to enhancement of the infiltration capacity.The dry density,fine particle content,and initial water content of the soil around the roots were negatively correlated with the infiltration process.The Horton model effectively reproduced the infiltration process under the canopy and on bare land.The roots significantly accelerated the advance of the slope wetting front during rainfall infiltration,whereas the canopy delayed its onset and progression.The rainfall infiltration process on vegetation-covered slopes was divided into three stages:the equilibrium infiltration stage,optimal infiltration stage beneath the canopy,and secondary equilibrium stage.Vegetation enhances slope stability through coupling of the canopy and root,with an order of canopy-root mode>root mode>bare slope.Under heavy rainfall conditions,the direct contribution of canopy interception to slope stability is limited,and its primary role is to delay the occurrence of instability.During this period,the mechanical effect of roots becomes the dominant mechanism in slope protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42371139,42201152)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)(No.CUG240629)+2 种基金the“CUG Scholar”Scientific Research Funds at China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)(No.2023092)the Gansu Province Natural Science Foundation Key Project(No.23JRRA858)CAS President's International Fellowship for Visiting Scientists(No.2024PVC003)。
文摘The carbon cycle stands as a cornerstone among the Earth's material cycles,carrying profound implications for global climate dynamics and humanity's sustenance and advancement.Additionally,nitrogen,as a vital nutrient element,plays a pivotal role in biogeochemical processes,exerting significant influence on the ecological environment within watersheds.In this study,an analysis of the carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)components in the river water of 12 alpine basins on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)reveals that the average dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentration in the river water is 0.76±0.67 mg/L,indicating a lower level compared to the global river average organic carbon content.Specifically,the average DOC concentrations were 0.42±0.22 and 1.56±0.68 mg/L in the glacial and non-glacial basins,respectively.The average dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)concentration in the eastern TP is 27.04±20.19 mg/L,with the lowest DIC observed at Dagu Glacier and the highest at Daxia River.Furthermore,the average dissolved total carbon(DTC)concentration in glacier river water was 18.87±12.65 mg/L,contrasting with 48.23±21.07 mg/L in non-glacial basins.The mean concentration of total nitrogen(TN)in the eastern TP averaged 0.97±0.54 mg/L,with the glacial basin registering 1.01±0.47 mg/L and the non-glacial basin at 0.89±0.70 mg/L.Evaluating the release fluxes of carbon and nitrogen across 12 river basins revealed a range of DTC emission fluxes from 0.32×10^(9)to 31.02×10^(9)g·C/a,with inorganic carbon comprising 71.0%to 99.5%.Consequently,the carbon emission flux for seven glacier basins totaled 15.91×10^(9)g·C/a,while for the five non-glacial river basins,it reached 87.37×10^(9)g·C/a.The total TN release fluxes across 12 small river basins amounted to 2.46×10^(9)g·N/a,with 0.84×10^(9)g·N/a released in glacial basins and 1.62×10^(9)g·N/a in the nonglacial basin.This study elucidates the spatial distribution and transport mechanisms of carbon and nitrogen elements within the glacial and downstream non-glacial basins,offering valuable insights into the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
基金supported by the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program and Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition Research Program(2019QZKK0708)as well as the Basic Research Program of Qinghai Province:Lithospheric Geomagnetic Field of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Relationship with Strong Earthquakes(2021-ZJ-969Q).
文摘The National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC)of the United States has collected aeromagnetic data for input into a series of geomagnetic models to improve model resolution;however,in the Tibetan Plateau region,ground-based observations remain insufficient to clearly reflect the characteristics of the region’s lithospheric magnetism.In this study,we evaluate the lithospheric magnetism of the Tibetan Plateau by using a 3D surface spline model based on observations from>200 newly constructed repeat stations(portable stations)to determine the spatial distribution of plateau geomagnetism,as well as its correlation with the tectonic features of the region.We analyze the relationships between M≥5 earthquakes and lithospheric magnetic field variations on the Tibetan Plateau and identify regions susceptible to strong earthquakes.We compare the geomagnetic results with those from an enhanced magnetic model(EMM2015)developed by the NGDC and provide insights into improving lithospheric magnetic field calculations in the Tibetan Plateau region.Further research reveals that these magnetic anomalies exhibit distinct differences from the magnetic-seismic correlation mechanisms observed in other tectonic settings;here,they are governed primarily by the combined effects of compressional magnetism,thermal magnetism,and deep thermal stress.This study provides new evidence of geomagnetic anomalies on the Tibetan Plateau,interprets them physically,and demonstrates their potential for identifying seismic hazard zones on the Plateau.
文摘While the Ordos Basin is recognized for its substantial hydrocarbon exploration prospects,its rugged loess tableland terrain has rendered seismic exploration exceptionally challenging[1-3].Persistent obstacles such as complex 3D survey planning,low signal-tonoise ratio raw data,inadequate near-surface velocity modeling,and imaging inaccuracy have long hindered the advancement of seismic exploration across this region.Through a problem-solving approach rooted in geological target analysis,this research systematically investigates the behavioral patterns of nodal seismometer-based high-density seismic acquisition in loess plateau.Tailored advancements in waveform enhancement and depth velocity modelling methodologies have been engineered.Field validations confirm that the optimized workflow demonstrates marked improvements in amplitude preservation and imaging resolution,offering novel insights for future reservoir characterization endeavors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42202131 and 42177184).
文摘This study examines a 1.32 m thick sediment sequence from the Cunge sag pond in the Litang Basin,eastern Tibetan Plateau,to assess the seismicity of the Litang fault during the Holocene.High-resolution geochemical,grain size,magnetic susceptibility,and total organic carbon indicators are employed to obtain a continuous record of changes in elemental,physical,and biological properties within the profile to identify seismic events.The seismic event layer generally comprises two sedimentary rhythms:a lower coarse sand layer and an upper fine silt-clay layer.These layers represent rapid deposition associated with fault activity(Earthquake A)and slower deposition during calm periods or earthquake recurrence intervals(Seismic interval A).Through six^(14)C dating,five seismic events have been identified in the Cunge sag pond section:E1(before 3955 a B.P.),E2(3713-3703 a B.P.),E3(3492-3392 a B.P.),E4(2031-1894 a B.P.),and E5(1384-1321 a B.P.).E1-E4 had shown a good consistency with the paleo-earthquake recorded by the trench,and whereas E5 is a newly identified seismic event,further improving the continuous earthquake sequence of the Litang fault.Based on existing trench data and the seismic event record from the Cunge sag pond,a total of 11 paleo-earthquakes are identified along the Litang fault since the Holocene.The paleo-earthquake activity of the Litang fault exhibits a clustered pattern,with recurrence intervals of both long periods(1000 a)and short periods(500 a).Since 5000 a,the interval between strong earthquake recurrences gradually decreases,indicating an increasing risk of strong earthquakes along the Litang fault.This study presents a continuous record of paleo-earthquakes along the Litang fault,eastern Tibetan Plateau,and can enhance the understanding of regional seismic activity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42201152,42371139)the Gansu Province Natural Science Foundation Key Project(No.23JRRA858)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)(No.CUG240629)the“CUG Scholar”Scientific Research Funds at China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)(No.2023092)EJRP is supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG)through the Heisenberg Programme“Multiscale Simulation of Earth Surface Processes”。
文摘Iron isotopes,represented byδ^(56)Fe,serve as valuable tools for constraining the surface iron processes and as potent tracers for studying the biogeochemical cycle of iron.Nevertheless,our comprehension of iron isotopes in the land surface processes of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)remains limited.In this study,we present the results of iron isotopic composition(δ^(56)Fe)in the surface soils of the TP,encompassing both glacial and non-glacial regions characterized by rugged and flat topographies.Our findings reveal that soilδ^(56)Fe values ranged from-0.01‰±0.05‰to 0.14‰±0.01‰,with the highest values observed in eastern locations(0.14‰)and the lowest appeared in the northeast(-0.1‰).On a global scale,theδ^(56)Fe values observed in Tibetan soils exhibited relatively small variability compared to reservoirs marked by significant iron isotope fractionation.By contrast,the range of TP soils measured here was slightly larger than that of the Chinese Loess.Furthermore,we discerned noticeable spatial variations inδ^(56)Fe across the large-scale region of TP,indicating a gradual increase trend from the northeast to the south and from the west to the east.These regional disparities inδ^(56)Fe likely arise from a combination of constraining factors,including differences in mineralogy,lithological variations,organic matter content,and variations in chemical weathering intensity.This study is pivotal in advancing our understanding of land surface iron isotope dynamics and its role in the biogeochemical cycle within the TP region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42230610 and U2442213)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2022069)。
文摘The Tibetan Plateau(TP),characterized by its elevated topography,plays a crucial role in regional environmental and climate dynamics,where the understanding of radiation energy budgets is essential.However,accurately estimating the spatiotemporal variations of radiation budget components and surface albedo across the diverse landscapes of the TP remains a significant challenge for the scientific community.To address this issue,numerous atmospheric experiments and research initiatives have been conducted since the 1960s,focusing on quantitatively assessing the spatial distribution and temporal variations of radiation fluxes through both observational data and remote sensing techniques.This paper systematically reviews the key advancements in radiation energy studies over the past 35 years,with a particular focus on measurements derived from tens of radiation flux stations and satellite observations across the TP.Additionally,the development of parameterization schemes in topographical effects on radiation fluxes is also summarized.Finally,the paper discusses potential future research directions in this field.
基金funded by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant No.2019QZKK0608).
文摘Global climate change is a pressing environmental challenge.Climate-induced migration highlights the severe impact of unsuitable climatic conditions.However,current research methods are limited in their ability to assess climate suitability for residents in high-altitude areas.In this study,we assess climate suitability across the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 1979 to 2018 and project future changes using four different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)climate scenarios by constructing the Climate Suitability Index(CSI).The findings reveal a notable increase in CSI from 0.32 to 0.36 from 1979 to 2018.The primary factors contributing to the increased climate suitability are increasing annual mean precipitation(61.42%)and decreasing solar radiation(17.22%)from 1979 to 2018.Furthermore,the study forecasts a continued enhancement of climate suitability across all SSP scenarios,with SSP585 demonstrating the greatest improvement,followed by SSP370,SSP245,and SSP126.Although low oxygen levels at high altitudes remain a challenge,the overall improvement in climate suitability offers hope for people living at high altitudes to cope with climate change.
基金supported by Excellent Research Group Project for Multiphase Evolution in Hyper-Gravity of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52588202)。
文摘The India-Asia collision resulted in the formation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Lower crustal flow model was proposed to explain the mechanism of Cenozoic tectonic deformation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In this study,we propose a new approach by combining centrifugal analog modeling with numerical simulation to simulate the tectonic uplift history of the plateau based on the lower crustal flow model,and to investigate the material migration characteristics and the influence of crustal motion velocity and ductile layer viscosity on the plateau tectonic geomorphology.The models reproduce steep-sided flat-topped geomorphic features and clockwise rotation of the material at eastern Himalayan Syntaxis,verifying the rationality of the models.The results show that the greater the crustal motion velocity and the greater the ductile layer viscosity,the steeper the terrain change;and conversely,the smaller the crustal motion velocity and the smaller the ductile layer viscosity,the gentler the terrain change.This study further indicates that the weak lower crust plays an important role in the formation of geomorphic features and material migration characteristics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and provides a new insight for the study of the uplift mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau.
基金funded by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (42230708,42361144887)the Tianshan Talent Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China (2022TSYCLJ0056)。
文摘High-altitude glacier-lake systems in the eastern Pamir Plateau,Tajikistan,are highly sensitive elements of Central Asia’s cryosphere and are vital for sustaining regional water resources.The Yashilkul Lake is located within a tectonic depression dammed by an ancient rockslide,forming a large alpine lake.This lake is currently impacted by intensified warming,glacier retreat,and poorly quantified hydrological shift.The primary objective of this study is to assess multi-decadal changes in the Yashilkul and Bulunkul lakes and their surrounding cryosphere between 1994 and 2024.The changes were analyzed using multitemporal Landsat imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys,complemented by in situ meteorological observations from the Bulunkul meteorological station spanning the period from 1990 to 2024.Glacier and lake boundaries were extracted from Landsat data,primarily by applying the normalized difference water index,supplemented by manual delineation.UAV photogrammetry characterized dam morphology and adjacent ponds,and climate trends were evaluated with the modified Mann-Kendall test.A significant warming trend of 0.096℃/a and pronounced interannual precipitation variability have driven persistent glacier retreat and lake surface area fluctuations.The Yashilkul Lake’s surface area decreased from 36.40 (±1.15) km^(2) in 2010 to 31.94 (±0.54) km^(2) in 2020 and partially rebounded to 33.99 (±0.60) km^(2) in 2024,while the Bulunkul Lake’s surface area remained nearly stable owing to limited glacial influence.Additionally,UAV surveys conducted in 2022 and 2024 revealed main features of the Yashilkul Lake:rockslidedammed origin,perched ponds along the dam body,and an artificial canal regulating its outflow.Nearby glaciers,particularly Glacier No.369,exhibited strong frontal retreat and proglacial lake expansion.The proglacial lake expanded nearly fourfold from 0.08 (±0.01)km^(2) in 2000 to 0.33 (±0.02) km^(2) in 2024,raising concerns about potential glacial lake outburst floods that could impact the Yashilkul Lake and compromise the integrity of its natural dam.The findings highlight accelerating hydrological and cryospheric transformations in the Pamir Plateau,emphasizing the need for sustained monitoring of glacier-lake systems owing to their critical implications for water security,ecological stability,and downstream hazard management.
