The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves gl...The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves global alterations,making understanding plastic responses triggered by local damage difficult.One key feature of the dentate gyrus is that it contains a well-defined neurogenic niche,the subgranular zone,and beyond neurogenesis,newly born granule cells may maintain a“young”phenotype throughout life,adding to the plastic nature of the structure.Here,we present a novel experimental model of local brain damage in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures that results in the activation of adjacent newly born granule cells.A small piece of filter paper was placed on the surface of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus,which evoked a foreign body reaction of astrocytes,along with the activation of local young neurons expressing doublecortin.Forty-eight hours after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive cells increased in the subgranular zone in the direct vicinity of the foreign body,whereas overall increased doublecortin immunoreactivity was observed in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.Foreign body placement in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 region evoked a comparable local astroglial reaction but did not lead to an increase in doublecortin-immunoreactive in either the CA1 region or the adjacent dentate gyrus.Seven days after foreign body placement in the dentate gyrus,the increase in doublecortin-immunoreactivity was no longer observed,indicating the transient activation of young cells.However,7 days after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive granule cells coimmunoreactive for calbindin was lower than that under the control conditions.As calbindin is a marker for mature granule cells,this result suggests that activated young cells remain at a more immature stage following foreign body placement.Live imaging of retrovirally green fluorescent protein-labeled newly born granule cells revealed the orientation and growth of their dendrites toward the foreign body placement.This novel experimental model of foreign body placement in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures could serve as a valuable tool for studying both glial reactivity and neuronal plasticity,specifically of newly born neurons under controlled in vitro conditions.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migrati...Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migration behaviors,ecotoxicology,absorption mechanisms,and effects of MPs has also been fully summarized.Microplastics interact with contaminants,such as antibiotics,pesticides,heavy metals,etc.,and may act as vectors for contaminant transfer in terrestrial ecosystems.The transportation and retention of MPs in soil are governed by interactions among their inherent properties,such as size,shape,surface charge,and density.Interestingly,MP migration into soil is lacking research.The MPs and nanoplastics were also found in edible fruits and vegetables.The MP contamination in soil affects ecosystems,causing soil structure changes,fertility reduction,and pollutant leaching into groundwater.The MP concentration lies in the range of 43-2443 and 40-43000 items kg-1in agricultural and urban soils,respectively.This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for future research and a framework for soil MP risk assessment.Future studies on the uptake,accumulation,and translocation of MPs and their associated toxins by plants are essential for evaluating their risks to food security and human health.Research on MPs in terrestrial habitats lacks comprehensive data on their long-term persistence,degradation pathways,and interactions with soil components under varying environmental conditions.Additionally,limited understanding exists regarding MP impacts on soil biodiversity,pollutant mobility,and plant uptake,highlighting the need for innovative detection methods and effective pollution abatement strategies.展开更多
Neuronal plasticity,the brain's ability to adapt structurally and functionally,is essential for learning,memory,and recovery from injuries.In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinso...Neuronal plasticity,the brain's ability to adapt structurally and functionally,is essential for learning,memory,and recovery from injuries.In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,this plasticity is disrupted,leading to cognitive and motor deficits.This review explores the mechanisms of neuronal plasticity and its effect on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Alzheimer's disease features amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles that impair synaptic function,while Parkinson's disease involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons affecting motor control.Enhancing neuronal plasticity offers therapeutic potential for these diseases.A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar,focusing on studies of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Data synthesis identified key themes such as synaptic mechanisms,neurogenesis,and therapeutic strategies,linking molecular insights to clinical applications.Results highlight that targeting synaptic plasticity mechanisms,such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression,shows promise.Neurotrophic factors,advanced imaging techniques,and molecular tools(e.g.,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and optogenetics)are crucial in understanding and enhancing plasticity.Current therapies,including dopamine replacement,deep brain stimulation,and lifestyle interventions,demonstrate the potential to alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes.In conclusion,enhancing neuronal plasticity through targeted therapies holds significant promise for treating neurodegenerative diseases.Future research should integrate multidisciplinary approaches to fully harness the therapeutic potential of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.展开更多
Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining brain function,cognitive performance,and overall health.Despite over a century of research,the mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis-the process by...Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining brain function,cognitive performance,and overall health.Despite over a century of research,the mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis-the process by which the need for sleep accumulates during wakefulness and dissipates during sleep-remain incompletely understood.This article explores the latest advancements in sleep research,focusing on the role of synaptic plasticity in sleep homeostasis,as illuminated by Sawada et al.(2024).展开更多
Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on ho...Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on how the nonlinear behaviour of structural components is represented.The recent earthquakes in Albania(2019)and Türkiye(2023)have underscored the need for accurate assessment techniques,particularly for older reinforced concrete buildings with poor detailing.This study quantifies the discrepancies between default and user-defined component modelling in pushover analysis of pre-modern reinforced concrete structures,analysing two representative low-and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings.The lumped plasticity approach incorporates moment-rotation relationships derived from actual member properties and reinforcement configurations,while the distributed plasticity approach uses software-generated default properties based on modern codes.Results show that the distributed plasticity models systematically overestimate both the strength and the deformation capacity by up to 35%compared to lumped plasticity models,especially in buildings with poor detailing and low concrete strength.These findings demonstrate that default software procedures,widely used in practice but not validated for pre-modern structures,produce dangerously unconservative seismic performance estimates.The study provides quantitative evidence of the critical need for tailored modelling strategies that reflect the actual conditions of the existing building stock.展开更多
Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lac...Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lactic acid(LA).Herein,CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)composite is fabricated,bridged by Bi−S bonds,through in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles on Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanoflowers for the successive removal of hydrogen fromα-C in LA.In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the S-scheme carriers transfer route and interfacial Bi−S bond in CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).Consequently,the photo-electrons and holes with extended lifetimes and strong redox potential accumulate in the CdS conduction band and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)valence band,respectively,as evidenced by in-situ electron spin resonance and time-resolved photoluminescence.This facilitates the generation of·OH radicals,which further participate in the successive dehydrogenation reaction of LA.Consequently,the photoreforming efficiencies of converting PLA into PA and H_(2)by CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)are 1.7 and 3.16 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which are respectively 2.8 and 22 times higher than that by pristine Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).The present work provides a new approach for designing S-scheme to achieve hydrogen production and value-added conversion of plastics.展开更多
The strength and damping properties of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-based alloys with 0.5wt%Nb addition after various plastic deformation and heat treatment processes were investigated.Through Vickers hardness tests,free resonance You...The strength and damping properties of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-based alloys with 0.5wt%Nb addition after various plastic deformation and heat treatment processes were investigated.Through Vickers hardness tests,free resonance Young's modulus measurements,and microstructure analysis,the effects of dislocation density,vacancy formation,and recrystallization on the alloy performance were clarified.Results indicate that increasing the rolling reduction enhances damping property due to higher dislocation density,whereas aging below the recrystallization temperature reduces damping property via dislocation pinning by the Suzuki effect.Recrystallization heat treatment restores the original structure and damping level.This alloy possesses tensile strength of approximately 1500 MPa and logarithmic decrement valueδ^(-1) in the range of 2×10^(-4)–3×10^(-4),demonstrating superior mechanical properties compared with the Ti-based alloys,which makes it an excellent candidate material for ultrasonic tools and medical applications.展开更多
The combination of photo-and bio-catalysis in one-pot enables sustainable,visible-light driven cascade reactions for the synthesis of valueadded chiral chemicals under mild conditions.Despite the attractiveness of mer...The combination of photo-and bio-catalysis in one-pot enables sustainable,visible-light driven cascade reactions for the synthesis of valueadded chiral chemicals under mild conditions.Despite the attractiveness of merging the redox capability of heterogeneous photocatalysts with the excellent enantioselectivity of enzymes,developing such a reaction under one-pot conditions poses a challenge due to catalyst incompatibility.In this study,a cadmium sulfide(CdS)-enzyme composite was engineered for one-pot conversion of plastic-derived lactate into chiral compounds.By coating CdS onto alginate beads,its redox capability for the oxidation of lactate in water under visible light was preserved.The generated pyruvate subsequently underwent enantioselective transformation catalyzed by encapsulated enzymes within the beads,producing(R)-acetoin,L-alanine,or(R)-phenylacetylcarbinol.The core-shell structure of the CdS-enzyme composite protects the enzymes against radical attacks and facilitates recycling,yielding 81% of(R)-acetoin achieved after four reaction cycles.Additionally,we demonstrated an upcycling process converting post-consumer polylactic acid cups into(R)-acetoin.This work introduces a novel approach for integrating photocatalysts and enzymes to synthesize chiral chemicals from end-of-life plastics.展开更多
This study investigated microplastics(MPs)sized 10–5000μm across stages of a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant using multiple analytical techniques.Samples were collected via pumping and filtration,t...This study investigated microplastics(MPs)sized 10–5000μm across stages of a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant using multiple analytical techniques.Samples were collected via pumping and filtration,treated with the Fenton reaction for wet peroxidation,and separated by density separation.Analysis employed Focal Plane Array Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FPA micro-FTIR),a widely used technique in MPs analysis,alongside the less common Laser Direct Infrared Spectroscopy(LDIR),providing complementary data on particle composition,shape,size,and colour.To enhance insights,spectroscopic methods were supplemented with Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(TD-GC/MS),calibrated for specific polymers,to quantify MPs by mass and assess removal efficiency.Wastewater treatment effectively reduced MPs.In influent samples,concentrations reached 72 MPs/L(FTIR),2117 MPs/L(LDIR),and 177μg/L(TD-GC/MS).Primary treatments removed 41%–55%,while the wastewater treatment plant effluent contained 1 MPs/L(FTIR),93 MPs/L(LDIR),and 2μg/L(TD-GC/MS),reflecting 96%–99%removal efficiency.Activated sludge showed concentrations of 123 MPs/L(FTIR),10,800 MPs/L(LDIR),and 0.3 mg/g dry weight(TD-GC/MS),underscoring its role in MPs capture.However,sludge dewatering released significant MPs into centrifuge rejected water:484 MPs/L(FTIR),23,000 MPs/L(LDIR),and 1100μg/L(TD-GC/MS).These results highlight the effectiveness of conventional treatments in MPs removal and the critical role of sludge in capturing these contaminants.However,sludge dewatering poses a risk of reintroducing MPs into the environment.Effective sludge management should prioritize nutrient recovery and biomass valorisation to mitigate these risks and minimise harmful environmental impacts.展开更多
Peripheral artery disease(PAD)remains a significant global health issue,with current treatments primarily focused on relieving symptoms and addressingmacrovascular issues.However,critical immunoinflammatory mechanisms...Peripheral artery disease(PAD)remains a significant global health issue,with current treatments primarily focused on relieving symptoms and addressingmacrovascular issues.However,critical immunoinflammatory mechanisms are often overlooked.Recent evidence suggests that monocyte phenotypic plasticity plays a central role in PAD development,affecting atherogenesis,plaque progression,ischemia-reperfusion injury,and chronic ischemic remodeling.This narrative review aims to summarize the latest advances(2023-2025)in understanding monocyte diversity,functional states,and their changes throughout different stages of PAD.We discuss both established and emerging biomarkers,such as circulating monocyte subset proportions,functional assays,immune checkpoint expression,and multi-omics signatures,highlighting their potential for prognosis and the challenges in translating them to clinical practice.We also present a stage-specific approach to mapping out potential therapies,linking monocyte phenotypes to molecular targets and possible interventions.Additionally,we address regulatory,economic,and implementation considerations for applying these findings in a clinical setting.The goal of this review is to facilitate the development of targeted immunomodulatory strategies to improve limb and cardiovascular outcomes in PAD by combining mechanistic understanding with therapeutic innovation.展开更多
The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.H...The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.展开更多
The scalable fabrication of stretchable conjugated polymer films via solution printing is essential for their practical application in largearea wearable electronics.However,the printed conjugated polymer films typica...The scalable fabrication of stretchable conjugated polymer films via solution printing is essential for their practical application in largearea wearable electronics.However,the printed conjugated polymer films typically exhibit high crystallinity,limiting their mechanical deformability.Herein,we propose a plasticizer-assisted printing strategy to simultaneously enhance the stretchability and electrical performance of films based on the conjugated polymer poly(3-(5-(5-methylselenophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-6-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(4-octyltetradecyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione)(P(TDPP-Se)).The incorporation of a plasticizer trioctyl trimellitate(TOTM)promotes P(TDPP-Se)aggregation in initial solution,facilitates chain alignment under flow field,and shorten solidification process,thereby restricting randomly polymer crystallization.Consequently,a low-crystallinity film with favorable edge-on orientation,strong chain alignment and improved chain dynamics is realized,which effectively alleviates crystallites fragmentation and crack propagation under large strain.The TOTM-plasticized film exhibits approximately 2-fold improvements in fracture strain and charge mobility,along with superior mobility retention under 100%strain in comparison to the neat film.This study provides a feasible approach for microstructure control in printed stretchable conjugated polymer film.展开更多
Chronic heart failure(CHF)impairs cognitive function.Xijiaqi Formula(XJQ),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)used clinically to treat CHF,demonstrates potential for improving cognition in CHF patients.However,its prec...Chronic heart failure(CHF)impairs cognitive function.Xijiaqi Formula(XJQ),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)used clinically to treat CHF,demonstrates potential for improving cognition in CHF patients.However,its precise mechanism in treating post-CHF cognitive dysfunction remains unclear.This study systematically investigates XJQ’s effects on post-CHF cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.The components of XJQ were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.CHF was induced in rats via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery,followed by six weeks of XJQ treatment.Cardiac function was evaluated through echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters,while cognitive function was assessed using Morris water maze(MWM)and open field tests(OFT).XJQ treatment enhanced both cardiac and cognitive functions in CHF rats.Network pharmacology identified 12 core active components of XJQ and indicated its effect on cognitive dysfunction involved regulating synapses,inflammation,and phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4)-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling.XJQ inhibited microglial and astrocyte activation,decreased proinflammatory cytokines,and mitigated neuronal damage.Notably,XJQ promoted synaptic repair and dendritic growth by downregulating PDE4 and upregulating cAMP,protein kinase A(PKA),cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB),brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),PSD95,and synapsin I levels.Molecular docking and Bio-layer interferometry assays confirmed direct binding of quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,and darutoside to PDE4.In conclusion,XJQ alleviates neuroinflammation and enhances synaptic plasticity to improve cognitive dysfunction in CHF rats via the PDE4/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.These findings provide valuable insight into the heart-brain axis.展开更多
PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical ...PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical performance indicators determining protective efficacy.However,widely used polymeric fibers still face significant challenges preventing full utilization of the material’s intrinsic strength and toughness.展开更多
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)is a key material for marine applications owing to its outstanding self-lubrication and corrosion resistance.However,its long-term performance is compromised by plastic ...Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)is a key material for marine applications owing to its outstanding self-lubrication and corrosion resistance.However,its long-term performance is compromised by plastic deformation in seawater.In this study,we performed a comparative analysis of the UHMWPE dynamics under seawater and water conditions to investigate the plastic deformation of UHMWPE induced by seawater.The results show that the plastic deformation of UHMWPE is amplified in seawater relative to the water conditions.Under thin fluid conditions,frictional interfaces exhibit a higher interfacial friction force and interaction energy in seawater than in water.Compared to freely diffused water molecules,hydrated ions occupy larger interchain spaces within polyethylene.Furthermore,the diffusion of hydrated ions weakens the interchain interactions,promoting more severe polyethylene chain rearrangement and accelerating seawater-induced plastic deformation in UHMWPE during friction.Furthermore,the diffused seawater accelerated the disentangling of the polyethylene chains and enhanced the orderly orientation distribution of polyethylene.Compared to free water molecules,the water molecules of hydrated ions exhibit enhanced attraction to free-flowing water molecules,thereby accelerating seawater flow across submerged UHMWPE surfaces.This flow enhancement promotes surface polyethylene chain mobility in seawater.展开更多
Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics(CFRP)with improved mechanical properties based on modified epoxy binders were investigated in this study.By adding 15 parts by weight(p.b.w.)of copolymer of polysulfone with cardo phth...Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics(CFRP)with improved mechanical properties based on modified epoxy binders were investigated in this study.By adding 15 parts by weight(p.b.w.)of copolymer of polysulfone with cardo phthalide group(PSFP-70C)to the epoxyanhydride binder,the flexural strength of the epoxy polymer was increased by 60%,the CFRP based on it by 57%,the flexural modulus of the epoxy polymer was increased by 83%,and the composite by 96%.The adhesion strength of the binder to carbon fiber reached a high level at 10 p.b.w.of thermoplastic modifier and increased by 65%compared to the unmodified binder.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to determine that in epoxyanhydride systems with a polysulfone content of 5–15 p.b.w.,the structure belongs to the"matrix dispersion"type and with a content of 20 p.b.w.to the"interpenetrating phase"type.A heterogeneous structure was also observed using dynamic mechanical analysis.展开更多
Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative...Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative vertebrates including urodele amphibians and teleost fish spontaneously reverse CNS damage.Teletost zebrafish(danio rerio)are tropical freshwater fish that proved to be an excellent vertebrate model of successful CNS regeneration.Differential neuronal,glial,and immune injury responses underlie disparate injury outcomes between highly regenerative zebrafish and poorly regenerative mammals.This article describes complications associated with neuronal repair following spinal cord injury(SCI)in poorly regenerative mammals and highlights intersecting modes of plasticity and regeneration in highly regenerative zebrafish(Figures 1 and 2).Comparative approaches evaluating immunoglial SCI responses were recently reviewed elsewhere(Reyes and Mokalled,2024).展开更多
Succinonitrile(SN)-based polymer plastic crystal electrolytes(PPCEs)are regarded as promising candidates for lithium metal batteries but suffer from serious side reactions with Li metal.Herein,we propose a multi-dimen...Succinonitrile(SN)-based polymer plastic crystal electrolytes(PPCEs)are regarded as promising candidates for lithium metal batteries but suffer from serious side reactions with Li metal.Herein,we propose a multi-dimensional optimization strategy to alleviate the side reactions between SN and Li metal,and develop a highly stable poly-vinylethylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VEC).Moreover,we identify the intrinsic factors of multi-dimensional polymer structures on the electrolyte stability by three typical classes of polyesters.The PPCE-VEC constructed by in situ polymerization exhibits much better stability than poly-vinylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VCA)and poly-trifluoroethyl acrylate-based PPCE(PPCE-TFA),which is verified by its fewer SN-decomposition species in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and outstanding full cell performance.The PPCE-VEC-enabled LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)full cell achieve 73.7%capacity retention after 1400 cycles,which outperforms PPCE-VCA-and PPCE-TFA-enabled full cells(61.9%and 46.9%).Spectral analysis and theoretical calculation reveal that the high solvation ability of the carbonyl site,flexible polymer chain,and homogeneous electrolyte phase of PPCE-VEC are favorable to maximizing competition coordination with Li^(+)to weaken the Li^(+)–SN binding and shape an anion-rich solvation structure.This optimized polymer-involved Li^(+)solvation enhances SN stability and facilitates the formation of B/F enriched solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI),thus significantly improving PPCE stability.展开更多
The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle...The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle remains a challenging task.To tackle this challenge,the present study proposes a novel approach for identifying the gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle by integrating nano-indentation techniques with the machine learning method.Firstly,nano-indentation tests are conducted along the radial direction of the S38C axle to obtain the gradient-distributed load-displacement curves,nano-hardness,and elastic modulus.Subsequently,the dimensionless analysis is performed to obtain the representative stress,strain,and yield stress from load-displacement curves.These parameters are then incorporated into the machine learning method as physical information to identify the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axle.The results indicate that the proposed method based on the physics-informed neural network and multi-fidelity neural network successfully identifies the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axles and demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and generalization compared with the purely data-driven machine learning method.展开更多
With the increasing accumulation of plastic pollutants in various environments,research on microorganisms(including bacteria,fungi,and algae)with plastic degradation capabilities has gained significant attention.Howev...With the increasing accumulation of plastic pollutants in various environments,research on microorganisms(including bacteria,fungi,and algae)with plastic degradation capabilities has gained significant attention.However,only a limited number of microbial plastic-degrading enzymes have been identified to date.This highlights that the degradation mechanisms employed by many plastic-degrading microorganisms,particularly filamentous fungi,remain insufficiently explored.In this study,we utilized a versatile fungal plasmid(pCT74)to express green fluorescent protein(GFP)in a marine-derived fungus Alternaria alternata strain FB1 with plastic degradation capabilities.Upon evaluating the degradation effect of polyester-type polyurethane(PU)film,we observed that different transformants exhibited three kinds of activities(the same,reduced,or enhanced degradation capability)compared to the FB1 wild-type strain.Further analysis of the plasmid fragment insertion sites in different transformants revealed that pCT74 integrates randomly into the genome of the host fungus.Notably,a direct correlation was found between the plasmid insertion site and the degradation capability of the corresponding transformant.Our findings not only redefine the potential applications of plasmid pCT74 in filamentous fungi but also show a novel research approach to identifying key enzymes involved in plastic degradation by fungi.展开更多
基金funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftungsupported by DFG (SCH W534/6-1 to SWS)
文摘The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves global alterations,making understanding plastic responses triggered by local damage difficult.One key feature of the dentate gyrus is that it contains a well-defined neurogenic niche,the subgranular zone,and beyond neurogenesis,newly born granule cells may maintain a“young”phenotype throughout life,adding to the plastic nature of the structure.Here,we present a novel experimental model of local brain damage in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures that results in the activation of adjacent newly born granule cells.A small piece of filter paper was placed on the surface of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus,which evoked a foreign body reaction of astrocytes,along with the activation of local young neurons expressing doublecortin.Forty-eight hours after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive cells increased in the subgranular zone in the direct vicinity of the foreign body,whereas overall increased doublecortin immunoreactivity was observed in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.Foreign body placement in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 region evoked a comparable local astroglial reaction but did not lead to an increase in doublecortin-immunoreactive in either the CA1 region or the adjacent dentate gyrus.Seven days after foreign body placement in the dentate gyrus,the increase in doublecortin-immunoreactivity was no longer observed,indicating the transient activation of young cells.However,7 days after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive granule cells coimmunoreactive for calbindin was lower than that under the control conditions.As calbindin is a marker for mature granule cells,this result suggests that activated young cells remain at a more immature stage following foreign body placement.Live imaging of retrovirally green fluorescent protein-labeled newly born granule cells revealed the orientation and growth of their dendrites toward the foreign body placement.This novel experimental model of foreign body placement in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures could serve as a valuable tool for studying both glial reactivity and neuronal plasticity,specifically of newly born neurons under controlled in vitro conditions.
文摘Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migration behaviors,ecotoxicology,absorption mechanisms,and effects of MPs has also been fully summarized.Microplastics interact with contaminants,such as antibiotics,pesticides,heavy metals,etc.,and may act as vectors for contaminant transfer in terrestrial ecosystems.The transportation and retention of MPs in soil are governed by interactions among their inherent properties,such as size,shape,surface charge,and density.Interestingly,MP migration into soil is lacking research.The MPs and nanoplastics were also found in edible fruits and vegetables.The MP contamination in soil affects ecosystems,causing soil structure changes,fertility reduction,and pollutant leaching into groundwater.The MP concentration lies in the range of 43-2443 and 40-43000 items kg-1in agricultural and urban soils,respectively.This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for future research and a framework for soil MP risk assessment.Future studies on the uptake,accumulation,and translocation of MPs and their associated toxins by plants are essential for evaluating their risks to food security and human health.Research on MPs in terrestrial habitats lacks comprehensive data on their long-term persistence,degradation pathways,and interactions with soil components under varying environmental conditions.Additionally,limited understanding exists regarding MP impacts on soil biodiversity,pollutant mobility,and plant uptake,highlighting the need for innovative detection methods and effective pollution abatement strategies.
基金financially supported by King Abdulaziz University,Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)。
文摘Neuronal plasticity,the brain's ability to adapt structurally and functionally,is essential for learning,memory,and recovery from injuries.In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,this plasticity is disrupted,leading to cognitive and motor deficits.This review explores the mechanisms of neuronal plasticity and its effect on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Alzheimer's disease features amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles that impair synaptic function,while Parkinson's disease involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons affecting motor control.Enhancing neuronal plasticity offers therapeutic potential for these diseases.A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar,focusing on studies of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Data synthesis identified key themes such as synaptic mechanisms,neurogenesis,and therapeutic strategies,linking molecular insights to clinical applications.Results highlight that targeting synaptic plasticity mechanisms,such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression,shows promise.Neurotrophic factors,advanced imaging techniques,and molecular tools(e.g.,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and optogenetics)are crucial in understanding and enhancing plasticity.Current therapies,including dopamine replacement,deep brain stimulation,and lifestyle interventions,demonstrate the potential to alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes.In conclusion,enhancing neuronal plasticity through targeted therapies holds significant promise for treating neurodegenerative diseases.Future research should integrate multidisciplinary approaches to fully harness the therapeutic potential of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
基金supported by Japan Society forthe Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grants-in-Aidfor Scientific Research(KAKENHI)(20H05894,20H05903,21K15136,22K21351,23H02518A,23H02663,and 23K18147 to SS),JST-CREST(JPMJCR24T4 to SS),the World PremierInternational Research Center Initiative(WPI)fromthe Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Scienceand Technology(MEXT)to SS(WPI-IIIS),the TopRunners in Strategy of Transborder AdvancedResearches(TRiSTAR)by the MEXT to SSJapanAgency for Medical Research and Development(AMED)(JP21zf0127005 to SS),Cell ScienceResearch Foundation Grant to YI,38th Brain ScienceFoundation Research Grant to YI,Research Granton Biogenic Amines and Neurological Diseases(Sumitomo pharma)to YI.
文摘Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining brain function,cognitive performance,and overall health.Despite over a century of research,the mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis-the process by which the need for sleep accumulates during wakefulness and dissipates during sleep-remain incompletely understood.This article explores the latest advancements in sleep research,focusing on the role of synaptic plasticity in sleep homeostasis,as illuminated by Sawada et al.(2024).
文摘Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on how the nonlinear behaviour of structural components is represented.The recent earthquakes in Albania(2019)and Türkiye(2023)have underscored the need for accurate assessment techniques,particularly for older reinforced concrete buildings with poor detailing.This study quantifies the discrepancies between default and user-defined component modelling in pushover analysis of pre-modern reinforced concrete structures,analysing two representative low-and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings.The lumped plasticity approach incorporates moment-rotation relationships derived from actual member properties and reinforcement configurations,while the distributed plasticity approach uses software-generated default properties based on modern codes.Results show that the distributed plasticity models systematically overestimate both the strength and the deformation capacity by up to 35%compared to lumped plasticity models,especially in buildings with poor detailing and low concrete strength.These findings demonstrate that default software procedures,widely used in practice but not validated for pre-modern structures,produce dangerously unconservative seismic performance estimates.The study provides quantitative evidence of the critical need for tailored modelling strategies that reflect the actual conditions of the existing building stock.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52161145409,21976116)SAFEA of China("Belt and Road"Innovative Talent Exchange Foreign Expert Project No.2023041004L)+1 种基金(High-end Foreign Expert Project No.G2023041021L)Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation of Germany(Group-Linkage Program).
文摘Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lactic acid(LA).Herein,CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)composite is fabricated,bridged by Bi−S bonds,through in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles on Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanoflowers for the successive removal of hydrogen fromα-C in LA.In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the S-scheme carriers transfer route and interfacial Bi−S bond in CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).Consequently,the photo-electrons and holes with extended lifetimes and strong redox potential accumulate in the CdS conduction band and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)valence band,respectively,as evidenced by in-situ electron spin resonance and time-resolved photoluminescence.This facilitates the generation of·OH radicals,which further participate in the successive dehydrogenation reaction of LA.Consequently,the photoreforming efficiencies of converting PLA into PA and H_(2)by CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)are 1.7 and 3.16 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which are respectively 2.8 and 22 times higher than that by pristine Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).The present work provides a new approach for designing S-scheme to achieve hydrogen production and value-added conversion of plastics.
文摘The strength and damping properties of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-based alloys with 0.5wt%Nb addition after various plastic deformation and heat treatment processes were investigated.Through Vickers hardness tests,free resonance Young's modulus measurements,and microstructure analysis,the effects of dislocation density,vacancy formation,and recrystallization on the alloy performance were clarified.Results indicate that increasing the rolling reduction enhances damping property due to higher dislocation density,whereas aging below the recrystallization temperature reduces damping property via dislocation pinning by the Suzuki effect.Recrystallization heat treatment restores the original structure and damping level.This alloy possesses tensile strength of approximately 1500 MPa and logarithmic decrement valueδ^(-1) in the range of 2×10^(-4)–3×10^(-4),demonstrating superior mechanical properties compared with the Ti-based alloys,which makes it an excellent candidate material for ultrasonic tools and medical applications.
基金We thank MOE Tier-2 project(MOE-T2EP10221-0020)from Ministry of EducationSingapore and the National Research Foundation,Singapore,NRF Investigatorship(NRFI07-2021-0015)for the financial support.
文摘The combination of photo-and bio-catalysis in one-pot enables sustainable,visible-light driven cascade reactions for the synthesis of valueadded chiral chemicals under mild conditions.Despite the attractiveness of merging the redox capability of heterogeneous photocatalysts with the excellent enantioselectivity of enzymes,developing such a reaction under one-pot conditions poses a challenge due to catalyst incompatibility.In this study,a cadmium sulfide(CdS)-enzyme composite was engineered for one-pot conversion of plastic-derived lactate into chiral compounds.By coating CdS onto alginate beads,its redox capability for the oxidation of lactate in water under visible light was preserved.The generated pyruvate subsequently underwent enantioselective transformation catalyzed by encapsulated enzymes within the beads,producing(R)-acetoin,L-alanine,or(R)-phenylacetylcarbinol.The core-shell structure of the CdS-enzyme composite protects the enzymes against radical attacks and facilitates recycling,yielding 81% of(R)-acetoin achieved after four reaction cycles.Additionally,we demonstrated an upcycling process converting post-consumer polylactic acid cups into(R)-acetoin.This work introduces a novel approach for integrating photocatalysts and enzymes to synthesize chiral chemicals from end-of-life plastics.
基金the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research for funding his PhD scholarship(37th Cycle Ph D Programmes supported by ESF REACT-EU funds,National Operational Programme on Research and Innovation)CSGI(Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase-Center for Colloid and Surface Science),Florence(Italy)for financial support.
文摘This study investigated microplastics(MPs)sized 10–5000μm across stages of a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant using multiple analytical techniques.Samples were collected via pumping and filtration,treated with the Fenton reaction for wet peroxidation,and separated by density separation.Analysis employed Focal Plane Array Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FPA micro-FTIR),a widely used technique in MPs analysis,alongside the less common Laser Direct Infrared Spectroscopy(LDIR),providing complementary data on particle composition,shape,size,and colour.To enhance insights,spectroscopic methods were supplemented with Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(TD-GC/MS),calibrated for specific polymers,to quantify MPs by mass and assess removal efficiency.Wastewater treatment effectively reduced MPs.In influent samples,concentrations reached 72 MPs/L(FTIR),2117 MPs/L(LDIR),and 177μg/L(TD-GC/MS).Primary treatments removed 41%–55%,while the wastewater treatment plant effluent contained 1 MPs/L(FTIR),93 MPs/L(LDIR),and 2μg/L(TD-GC/MS),reflecting 96%–99%removal efficiency.Activated sludge showed concentrations of 123 MPs/L(FTIR),10,800 MPs/L(LDIR),and 0.3 mg/g dry weight(TD-GC/MS),underscoring its role in MPs capture.However,sludge dewatering released significant MPs into centrifuge rejected water:484 MPs/L(FTIR),23,000 MPs/L(LDIR),and 1100μg/L(TD-GC/MS).These results highlight the effectiveness of conventional treatments in MPs removal and the critical role of sludge in capturing these contaminants.However,sludge dewatering poses a risk of reintroducing MPs into the environment.Effective sludge management should prioritize nutrient recovery and biomass valorisation to mitigate these risks and minimise harmful environmental impacts.
文摘Peripheral artery disease(PAD)remains a significant global health issue,with current treatments primarily focused on relieving symptoms and addressingmacrovascular issues.However,critical immunoinflammatory mechanisms are often overlooked.Recent evidence suggests that monocyte phenotypic plasticity plays a central role in PAD development,affecting atherogenesis,plaque progression,ischemia-reperfusion injury,and chronic ischemic remodeling.This narrative review aims to summarize the latest advances(2023-2025)in understanding monocyte diversity,functional states,and their changes throughout different stages of PAD.We discuss both established and emerging biomarkers,such as circulating monocyte subset proportions,functional assays,immune checkpoint expression,and multi-omics signatures,highlighting their potential for prognosis and the challenges in translating them to clinical practice.We also present a stage-specific approach to mapping out potential therapies,linking monocyte phenotypes to molecular targets and possible interventions.Additionally,we address regulatory,economic,and implementation considerations for applying these findings in a clinical setting.The goal of this review is to facilitate the development of targeted immunomodulatory strategies to improve limb and cardiovascular outcomes in PAD by combining mechanistic understanding with therapeutic innovation.
基金supported by Progetto Trapezio,Compagnia di San Paolo(67935-2021.2174),to LBFondazione CRT(Cassa di Risparmio di Torino,RF=2022.0618),to LBPRIN2022(grant 2022LB4X3N),to LB。
文摘The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52433009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.GK202501005)the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology(No.PST-KF2025-07)。
文摘The scalable fabrication of stretchable conjugated polymer films via solution printing is essential for their practical application in largearea wearable electronics.However,the printed conjugated polymer films typically exhibit high crystallinity,limiting their mechanical deformability.Herein,we propose a plasticizer-assisted printing strategy to simultaneously enhance the stretchability and electrical performance of films based on the conjugated polymer poly(3-(5-(5-methylselenophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-6-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(4-octyltetradecyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione)(P(TDPP-Se)).The incorporation of a plasticizer trioctyl trimellitate(TOTM)promotes P(TDPP-Se)aggregation in initial solution,facilitates chain alignment under flow field,and shorten solidification process,thereby restricting randomly polymer crystallization.Consequently,a low-crystallinity film with favorable edge-on orientation,strong chain alignment and improved chain dynamics is realized,which effectively alleviates crystallites fragmentation and crack propagation under large strain.The TOTM-plasticized film exhibits approximately 2-fold improvements in fracture strain and charge mobility,along with superior mobility retention under 100%strain in comparison to the neat film.This study provides a feasible approach for microstructure control in printed stretchable conjugated polymer film.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82430116 and 82574622)the Special Fund of Central Committee High Level Chinese Medicine Hospital(Nos.DZMG-LJRC-0014,DZMG-ZJXY-23013)+1 种基金Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation“Thousand Million”Talents Project(Qihuang Project 2021)Qihuang Scholarsthe Medical and Health Industry Development Project of Tongzhou District(2023).
文摘Chronic heart failure(CHF)impairs cognitive function.Xijiaqi Formula(XJQ),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)used clinically to treat CHF,demonstrates potential for improving cognition in CHF patients.However,its precise mechanism in treating post-CHF cognitive dysfunction remains unclear.This study systematically investigates XJQ’s effects on post-CHF cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.The components of XJQ were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.CHF was induced in rats via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery,followed by six weeks of XJQ treatment.Cardiac function was evaluated through echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters,while cognitive function was assessed using Morris water maze(MWM)and open field tests(OFT).XJQ treatment enhanced both cardiac and cognitive functions in CHF rats.Network pharmacology identified 12 core active components of XJQ and indicated its effect on cognitive dysfunction involved regulating synapses,inflammation,and phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4)-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling.XJQ inhibited microglial and astrocyte activation,decreased proinflammatory cytokines,and mitigated neuronal damage.Notably,XJQ promoted synaptic repair and dendritic growth by downregulating PDE4 and upregulating cAMP,protein kinase A(PKA),cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB),brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),PSD95,and synapsin I levels.Molecular docking and Bio-layer interferometry assays confirmed direct binding of quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,and darutoside to PDE4.In conclusion,XJQ alleviates neuroinflammation and enhances synaptic plasticity to improve cognitive dysfunction in CHF rats via the PDE4/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.These findings provide valuable insight into the heart-brain axis.
文摘PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical performance indicators determining protective efficacy.However,widely used polymeric fibers still face significant challenges preventing full utilization of the material’s intrinsic strength and toughness.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51909023 and 51775077)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2021-MS-140)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.3132025114)。
文摘Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)is a key material for marine applications owing to its outstanding self-lubrication and corrosion resistance.However,its long-term performance is compromised by plastic deformation in seawater.In this study,we performed a comparative analysis of the UHMWPE dynamics under seawater and water conditions to investigate the plastic deformation of UHMWPE induced by seawater.The results show that the plastic deformation of UHMWPE is amplified in seawater relative to the water conditions.Under thin fluid conditions,frictional interfaces exhibit a higher interfacial friction force and interaction energy in seawater than in water.Compared to freely diffused water molecules,hydrated ions occupy larger interchain spaces within polyethylene.Furthermore,the diffusion of hydrated ions weakens the interchain interactions,promoting more severe polyethylene chain rearrangement and accelerating seawater-induced plastic deformation in UHMWPE during friction.Furthermore,the diffused seawater accelerated the disentangling of the polyethylene chains and enhanced the orderly orientation distribution of polyethylene.Compared to free water molecules,the water molecules of hydrated ions exhibit enhanced attraction to free-flowing water molecules,thereby accelerating seawater flow across submerged UHMWPE surfaces.This flow enhancement promotes surface polyethylene chain mobility in seawater.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation。
文摘Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics(CFRP)with improved mechanical properties based on modified epoxy binders were investigated in this study.By adding 15 parts by weight(p.b.w.)of copolymer of polysulfone with cardo phthalide group(PSFP-70C)to the epoxyanhydride binder,the flexural strength of the epoxy polymer was increased by 60%,the CFRP based on it by 57%,the flexural modulus of the epoxy polymer was increased by 83%,and the composite by 96%.The adhesion strength of the binder to carbon fiber reached a high level at 10 p.b.w.of thermoplastic modifier and increased by 65%compared to the unmodified binder.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to determine that in epoxyanhydride systems with a polysulfone content of 5–15 p.b.w.,the structure belongs to the"matrix dispersion"type and with a content of 20 p.b.w.to the"interpenetrating phase"type.A heterogeneous structure was also observed using dynamic mechanical analysis.
文摘Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative vertebrates including urodele amphibians and teleost fish spontaneously reverse CNS damage.Teletost zebrafish(danio rerio)are tropical freshwater fish that proved to be an excellent vertebrate model of successful CNS regeneration.Differential neuronal,glial,and immune injury responses underlie disparate injury outcomes between highly regenerative zebrafish and poorly regenerative mammals.This article describes complications associated with neuronal repair following spinal cord injury(SCI)in poorly regenerative mammals and highlights intersecting modes of plasticity and regeneration in highly regenerative zebrafish(Figures 1 and 2).Comparative approaches evaluating immunoglial SCI responses were recently reviewed elsewhere(Reyes and Mokalled,2024).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22072048)the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2021A1515010128 and 2022A0505050013).
文摘Succinonitrile(SN)-based polymer plastic crystal electrolytes(PPCEs)are regarded as promising candidates for lithium metal batteries but suffer from serious side reactions with Li metal.Herein,we propose a multi-dimensional optimization strategy to alleviate the side reactions between SN and Li metal,and develop a highly stable poly-vinylethylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VEC).Moreover,we identify the intrinsic factors of multi-dimensional polymer structures on the electrolyte stability by three typical classes of polyesters.The PPCE-VEC constructed by in situ polymerization exhibits much better stability than poly-vinylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VCA)and poly-trifluoroethyl acrylate-based PPCE(PPCE-TFA),which is verified by its fewer SN-decomposition species in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and outstanding full cell performance.The PPCE-VEC-enabled LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)full cell achieve 73.7%capacity retention after 1400 cycles,which outperforms PPCE-VCA-and PPCE-TFA-enabled full cells(61.9%and 46.9%).Spectral analysis and theoretical calculation reveal that the high solvation ability of the carbonyl site,flexible polymer chain,and homogeneous electrolyte phase of PPCE-VEC are favorable to maximizing competition coordination with Li^(+)to weaken the Li^(+)–SN binding and shape an anion-rich solvation structure.This optimized polymer-involved Li^(+)solvation enhances SN stability and facilitates the formation of B/F enriched solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI),thus significantly improving PPCE stability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2022YFB3401901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12192210,12192214,12072295,and 12222209)+1 种基金Independent Project of State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System(Grant No.2023TPL-T03)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2682023CG004).
文摘The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle remains a challenging task.To tackle this challenge,the present study proposes a novel approach for identifying the gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle by integrating nano-indentation techniques with the machine learning method.Firstly,nano-indentation tests are conducted along the radial direction of the S38C axle to obtain the gradient-distributed load-displacement curves,nano-hardness,and elastic modulus.Subsequently,the dimensionless analysis is performed to obtain the representative stress,strain,and yield stress from load-displacement curves.These parameters are then incorporated into the machine learning method as physical information to identify the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axle.The results indicate that the proposed method based on the physics-informed neural network and multi-fidelity neural network successfully identifies the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axles and demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and generalization compared with the purely data-driven machine learning method.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Laoshan Laboratory(Nos.2022QNLM030004-3,LSKJ202203103)the NSFC Innovative Group Grant(No.42221005)+5 种基金the Key Collaborative Research Program of the Alliance of International Science Organizations(No.ANSO-CR-KP-2022-08)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2021ZD28)the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation(No.92351301)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA22050301)the Taishan Scholars Program(No.tstp20230637)the Qingdao Natural Science Foundation(No.23-2-1-182-zyyd-jch)。
文摘With the increasing accumulation of plastic pollutants in various environments,research on microorganisms(including bacteria,fungi,and algae)with plastic degradation capabilities has gained significant attention.However,only a limited number of microbial plastic-degrading enzymes have been identified to date.This highlights that the degradation mechanisms employed by many plastic-degrading microorganisms,particularly filamentous fungi,remain insufficiently explored.In this study,we utilized a versatile fungal plasmid(pCT74)to express green fluorescent protein(GFP)in a marine-derived fungus Alternaria alternata strain FB1 with plastic degradation capabilities.Upon evaluating the degradation effect of polyester-type polyurethane(PU)film,we observed that different transformants exhibited three kinds of activities(the same,reduced,or enhanced degradation capability)compared to the FB1 wild-type strain.Further analysis of the plasmid fragment insertion sites in different transformants revealed that pCT74 integrates randomly into the genome of the host fungus.Notably,a direct correlation was found between the plasmid insertion site and the degradation capability of the corresponding transformant.Our findings not only redefine the potential applications of plasmid pCT74 in filamentous fungi but also show a novel research approach to identifying key enzymes involved in plastic degradation by fungi.
