With the increasing demand for water in hydroponic systems and agricultural irrigation,viral diseases have seriously affected the yield and quality of crops.By removing plant viruses in water environments,virus transm...With the increasing demand for water in hydroponic systems and agricultural irrigation,viral diseases have seriously affected the yield and quality of crops.By removing plant viruses in water environments,virus transmission can be prevented and agricultural production and ecosystems can be protected.But so far,there have been few reports on the removal of plant viruses in water environments.Herein,in this study,easily recyclable biomass-based carbon nanotubes catalysts were synthesized with varying metal activities to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS).Among them,the magnetic 0.125Fe@NCNTs-1/PMS system showed the best overall removal performance against pepper mild mottle virus,with a 5.9 log_(10)removal within 1 min.Notably,the key reactive species in the 0.125Fe@NCNTs-1/PMS system is^(1)O_(2),which can maintain good removal effect in real water matrices(river water and tap water).Through RNA fragment analyses and label free analysis,it was found that this system could effectively cleave virus particles,destroy viral proteins and expose their genome.The capsid protein of pepper mild mottle virus was effectively decomposed where serine may be the main attacking sites by^(1)O_(2).Long viral RNA fragments(3349 and 1642 nt)were cut into smaller fragments(∼160 nt)and caused their degradation.In summary,this study contributes to controlling the spread of plant viruses in real water environment,which will potentially help protect agricultural production and food safety,and improve the health and sustainability of ecosystems.展开更多
Plant viruses are mainly transmitted by insect vectors in the non-persistent,semi-persistent,or persistent modes.In the non-persistent mode,plant viruses are retained in the stylets of their insect vectors.In the semi...Plant viruses are mainly transmitted by insect vectors in the non-persistent,semi-persistent,or persistent modes.In the non-persistent mode,plant viruses are retained in the stylets of their insect vectors.In the semi-persistent mode,plant viruses are carried to vector foreguts or salivary glands,but they cannot spread to salivary glands.In the persistent mode,plant viruses are retained in vector guts and can spread to salivary glands.In the non-persistent and semi-persistent modes,plant viruses are retained for a short time and cannot enter the hemolymph of insect vectors,whereas in the persistent mode,plant viruses are retained for a relatively long time and can be found in the hemolymph.Here,we reviewed recent studies that uncovered molecular mechanisms of how plant viruses manipulate host traits for efficient transmission by insect vectors.Normally,plants that are infected with viruses,regardless of the transmission mode,tend to release more attractive volatiles to vectors.However,plant defensive systems are regulated differently by viruses in these three modes.In the non-persistent mode,virus infections significantly induce plant defense responses,which probably trigger vectors(e.g.,winged aphids)to disperse and transmit viruses in a short time.In the semi-persistent mode,virus infections frequently suppress plant defense responses,resulting in an increase of vector population and facilitating viral transmissions during vector outbreaks.In the persistent mode,virus infections reduce plant defense responses and manipulate plant traits to become suitable feeding sites in a relatively long period of time.Understanding the underlying mechanisms of virus–vector–plant interactions will lay a foundation for preventing virus transmission.展开更多
By serving as vectors of transmission, insects play a key role in the infection cycle of many plant viruses. Viruses use sophisticated transmission strategies to overcome the spatial barrier separating plants and the ...By serving as vectors of transmission, insects play a key role in the infection cycle of many plant viruses. Viruses use sophisticated transmission strategies to overcome the spatial barrier separating plants and the impediment imposed by the plant cell wall. Interactions among insect vectors, viruses, and host plants mediate transmission by integrating all organizational levels, from molecules to populations. Best-examined on the molecular scale are two basic transmission modes wherein virus-vector interactions have been well characterized. Whereas association of virus particles with specific sites in the vector＇s mouthparts or in alimentary tract regions immediately posterior to them is required for noncirculative transmission, the cycle of particles through the vector body is necessary for circulative transmission. Virus transmission is also determined by interactions that are associated with changes in vector feeding behaviors and with alterations in plant host＇s morphology and/or metabolism that favor the attraction or deterrence of vectors. A recent concept in virus-host-vector interactions proposes that when vectors land on infected plants, vector elicitors and effectors ＂inform＂ the plants of the confluence of interacting entities and trigger signaling pathways and plant defenses. Simultaneously, the plant responses may also influence virus acquisition and inoculation by vectors. Over- all, a picture is emerging where transmission depends on multilayered virus-vector-host interactions that define the route of a virus through the vector, and on the manipulation of the host and the vector. These interactions guarantee virus propagation until one or more of the interactants undergo changes through evolution or are halted by environmental interventions.展开更多
About 80% of plant viruses are transmitted by specific insect vectors, especiallyhemipterans with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Many virus-transmitting insectsare also important crop pests that cause considerable losse...About 80% of plant viruses are transmitted by specific insect vectors, especiallyhemipterans with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Many virus-transmitting insectsare also important crop pests that cause considerable losses in crop production.This review summarizes the latest research findings on the interactions betweenplant viruses and insect vectors and analyzes the key factors affecting insecttransmission of plant viruses from the perspectives of insect immunity, insectfeeding, and insect symbiotic microorganisms. Additionally, by referring to thelatest applications for blocking the transmission of animal viruses, potentialcontrol strategies to prevent the transmission of insect-vectored plant virusesusing RNAi technology, gene editing technology, and CRISPR/Cas9 + gene-driventechnology are discussed.展开更多
The ability to capture the chemical signatures of biomolecules(i.e.,electron-transfer dynamics)in living cells will provide an entirely new perspective on biology and medicine.This can be accomplished using nanoscale ...The ability to capture the chemical signatures of biomolecules(i.e.,electron-transfer dynamics)in living cells will provide an entirely new perspective on biology and medicine.This can be accomplished using nanoscale optical antennas that can collect,resonate and focus light from outside the cell and emit molecular spectra.Here,we describe biologically inspired nanoscale optical antennas that utilize the unique topologies of plant viruses(and thus,are called gold plant viruses)for molecular fingerprint detection.Our electromagnetic calculations for these gold viruses indicate that capsid morphologies permit high amplification of optical scattering energy compared to a smooth nanosphere.From experimental measurements of various gold viruses based on four different plant viruses,we observe highly enhanced optical cross-sections and the modulation of the resonance wavelength depending on the viral morphology.Additionally,in label-free molecular imaging,we successfully obtain higher sensitivity(by a factor of up to 10^(6))than can be achieved using similar-sized nanospheres.By virtue of the inherent functionalities of capsids and the plasmonic characteristics of the gold layer,a gold virus-based antenna will enable cellular targeting,imaging and drug delivery.展开更多
[ Objective] The study was to report the construction of plant virus expression vector pCIYVV/CP/W and the expression of green fluorescent protein（GFP） with pCIYVV/CP/W, and to develop effective plat virus vector fo...[ Objective] The study was to report the construction of plant virus expression vector pCIYVV/CP/W and the expression of green fluorescent protein（GFP） with pCIYVV/CP/W, and to develop effective plat virus vector for plant bioreactor to produce useful protein. [ Method] A section of multiple cloning sites among NIb/CP genes in pCIYVV genome and deoxyribonucleotide polylinker of cleavage recognition sequence containing viral protease Nla were cloned with infectivity full-length cDNA of clover yellow vein virus （CIYVV）, and pCIYVV/CP/W vector was constructed, GFP gene was inserted into pCIyVV/CP/W to construct the pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP vector. The transcription situation of recombinant virus clone was detected by RT-PCR, and targeted gene products expressed by recombinant virus clone were detected with western blot （WB）. [Result] The broad bean seedling inoculated with pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP expressed the same symptom as wild type CIYVV, morbidity was of 100%, the result showed that recombinant virus clone pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP didn＇t suppress, insertion of foreign gene didn＇t destroy the open reading frame of pCIYVV/CP/W. Foreign gene can keep living in F, progeny virus genorne steadily, recombinant virus clone pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP could steadily express GFP in progeny virus at least.[ Conclusion] The useful plant virus vector was provided for useful protein expressing.展开更多
Plant virus-induced diseases cause significant losses to agricultural crop production worldwide.Reverse genetics systems of plant viruses allow gene manipulation on viral genomes,which greatly facilitates studies of v...Plant virus-induced diseases cause significant losses to agricultural crop production worldwide.Reverse genetics systems of plant viruses allow gene manipulation on viral genomes,which greatly facilitates studies of viral pathogenesis and interactions with host organisms.In addition,viral infectious cDNA clones have been modified as versatile recombinant vectors for virus-mediated protein overexpression,virus-induced gene silencing,and gene editing.Since genome RNAs of plant positive-strand RNA viruses are directly translatable,recovery of these viruses has been achieved more than three decades ago by simply expressing viral genome RNA or viral genome-derived in vitro synthesized transcripts in planta.In contrast,genomes of plant negative-strand RNA(NSR)viruses are complementary to their mRNAs and cannot be translated directly.Therefore,rescue of infectious plant NSR viruses from cDNA clones strictly requires the core replication proteins together with their genome RNAs which can assemble into nucleocapsid(NC)complexes as minimal infectious units.However,it is a major challenge to deliver multiple essential components in single cells and to assemble the NC complexes in vivo.Major breakthroughs in reverse genetics systems of plant non-segmented and segmented NSR viruses were just achieved in recent 5 years through various strategies,such as agroinfiltration,minireplicon systems,insect transmission and airbrush inoculation assays.In this review,we summarized critical steps toward developing reverse genetics systems for recovery of several plant NSR viruses in plants and insects.We also highlighted important applications of these reverse genetics of NSR viruses in viral gene function analyses,investigation of virus-insect-plant interactions,and genomic studies of insect vectors and host plants.展开更多
Sugarcane mosaic caused by Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) is one of the most important virus diseases of sugarcane. In the present study, changes in the transcription profile obtained by cDNA-AFLP analysis were investi...Sugarcane mosaic caused by Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) is one of the most important virus diseases of sugarcane. In the present study, changes in the transcription profile obtained by cDNA-AFLP analysis were investigated in two sugarcane varieties contrasting to SCMV resistance, when challenged with a severe virus strain. Healthy plants derived from meristem tip tissue culture were mechanically inoculated under greenhouse controlled conditions and sampled at 24, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. A total of 392 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were verified in the resistant variety against 380 in the susceptible one. The two sugarcane genotypes showed differential behavior in the number of induced and repressed TDFs along the time-course samplings. Ten out of 23 sequenced TDFs (unique from the resistance variety), showed identity with known plant sequences, mostly related to plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. The cDNA-AFLP technique was effective in revealing changes in the transcription profile within and between contrasting varieties when challenged by SCMV.展开更多
Dear Editor,Plant expression vectors are instrumental tools used to assess plant functional genomics and facilitate breeding improvements.Plant viruses may contain exogenous genes for replication and systemic movement...Dear Editor,Plant expression vectors are instrumental tools used to assess plant functional genomics and facilitate breeding improvements.Plant viruses may contain exogenous genes for replication and systemic movement in host plants,allowing them to be engineered into plant expression vectors for systemic and enhanced gene expression manipulation(Abrahamian et al.,2020).展开更多
Plants response to various biotic and abiotic factors requires not only the de novo synthesis of proteins and enzymesbut also their precise and timely degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation ma...Plants response to various biotic and abiotic factors requires not only the de novo synthesis of proteins and enzymesbut also their precise and timely degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation machinerysuch as the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPS). The UPS plays a central role in maintaining cellular physiologyand orchestrating plant response to stresses responses. The UPS regulates all stages of defense response from pathogenperception to mounting defense response, this make the UPS a suitable candidate for host manipulation. Virusesare obligatory intracellular pathogens and master of manipulating host defense machinery for successful infectionand spread. Several reports suggest a dynamic interaction between the host UPS machinery and viruses. This reviewfocuses on our current understanding of the involvement of UPS in defense against plant viruses and how viruseshave evolved mechanisms to counter and exploit UPS machinery for their advantage.展开更多
Soybean pests are one of the major factors limiting yield improvement.With the expansion of area and changes in cropping patterns,a number of new pests have been identified in the main soybean production areas of Chin...Soybean pests are one of the major factors limiting yield improvement.With the expansion of area and changes in cropping patterns,a number of new pests have been identified in the main soybean production areas of China.The common brown leafhopper,Orosius orientalis,is a new pest associated with soybean stay-green virus that has been discovered on cultivated soybean crop in the Yellow-Huai-hai region of China in recent years.The polyphagous insect has a wide feeding range and infests a variety of important grain and cash crops.This paper presents the basic information,geographical distribution,hosts,damage characteristics,plant virus transmission,occurrence patterns,and prevention and control measures O.orientalis.This review also provides insights into integrated prevention and control of the genus Orosius as an insect vector.展开更多
Plant viruses cause symptoms with devastating consequences for agriculture.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying symptom development in viral infections remain largely unexplored.Here,we show that tomato yellow ...Plant viruses cause symptoms with devastating consequences for agriculture.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying symptom development in viral infections remain largely unexplored.Here,we show that tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)interferes with host developmental programs through a host-mimicking domain present in the viral C4 protein.This domain mediates the interaction between C4 and a family of RCC1-like domain-containing(RLD)proteins,previously shown to be required for proper plant development and environmental responses.C4 outcompetes an endogenous interactor of RLDs,hijacking RLD proteins to the plasma membrane and disrupting their function in orchestrating endomembrane trafficking and polar auxin transport.Strikingly,macroscopic symptoms do not affect viral accumulation in the plant but serve as attractants for the insect vector,presumably promoting pathogen spread in an ecological context.Our work sheds light on the molecular underpinnings and biological relevance of symptom development triggered by TYLCV in tomato.Since most plant viruses are insect-transmitted,the principles described here might have broad applicability to crop-virus interactions.展开更多
Plant viruses cause substantial agricultural devastation and economic losses worldwide.Plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)play a pivotal role in detecting viral infection and activating...Plant viruses cause substantial agricultural devastation and economic losses worldwide.Plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)play a pivotal role in detecting viral infection and activating robust immune responses.Recent advances,including the elucidation of the interaction mechanisms between NLRs and pathogen effectors,the discovery of helper NLRs,and the resolution of the ZAR1 resistosome structure,have significantly deepened our understanding of NLR-mediated immune responses,marking a new era in NLR research.In this scenario,significant progress has been made in the study of NLRmediated antiviral immunity.This review comprehensively summarizes the progress made in plant antiviral NLR research over the past decades,with a focus on NLR recognition of viral pathogen effectors,NLR activation and regulation,downstream immune signaling,and the engineering of NLRs.展开更多
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including bas...Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases.Here,we review these milestones and advances,including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses,dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses,examination of multilayered interactions among viruses,their host plants,and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors,and in-depth interrogation of plantencoded resistance and susceptibility determinants.Notably,various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants.We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.展开更多
Cell-to-cell signal transduction is vital for orchestrating the whole-body physiology of multi-cellular organ- isms, and many endogenous macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids function as such transported signals...Cell-to-cell signal transduction is vital for orchestrating the whole-body physiology of multi-cellular organ- isms, and many endogenous macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids function as such transported signals. In plants, many of these molecules are transported through plasmodesmata （Pd）, the cell wall-spanning channel structures that interconnect plant cells. Furthermore, Pd also act as conduits for cell-to-cell movement of most plant viruses that have evolved to pirate these channels to spread the infection. Pd transport is presumed to be highly selective, and only a limited repertoire of molecules is transported through these channels. Recent studies have begun to unravel mechanisms that actively regulate the opening of the Pd channel to allow traffic. This macromolecular transport between cells comprises two consecutive steps： intracellular targeting to Pd and translocation through the channel to the adjacent cell. Here, we review the current knowledge of molecular species that are transported though Pd and the mechanisms that control this traffic. Generally, Pd traffic can occur by passive diffusion through the trans-Pd cytoplasm or through the membrane/lu- men of the trans-Pd ER, or by active transport that includes protein-protein interactions. It is this latter mode of Pd trans- port that is involved in intercellular traffic of most signal molecules and is regulated by distinct and sometimes interdependent mechanisms, which represent the focus of this article.展开更多
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense,but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses.Her...Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense,but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses.Herein,we describe how the Chinese wheat mosaic virus(CWMV,genus Furovirus)interferes with autophagy and enhances its infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vivo/in vitro assays revealed that the 19 k Da coat protein(CP19 K)of CWMV interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases(GAPCs),negative regulators of autophagy,which bind autophagy-related protein 3(ATG3),a key factor in autophagy.CP19 K also directly interacts with ATG3,possibly leading to the formation of a CP19 K–GAPC–ATG3 complex.CP19 K–GAPC interaction appeared to intensify CP19 K–ATG3 binding.Moreover,CP19 K expression upregulated GAPC gene transcripts and reduced autophagic activities.Accordingly,the silencing of GAPC genes in transgenic N.benthamiana reduced CWMV accumulation,whereas CP19 K overexpression enhanced it.Overall,our results suggest that CWMV CP19 K interferes with autophagy through the promotion and utilization of the GAPC role as a negative regulator of autophagy.展开更多
Planthoppers are the most notorious rice pests,because they transmit various rice viruses in a persistent-propagative manner.Protein–protein interactions(PPIs)between virus and vector are crucial for virus transmissi...Planthoppers are the most notorious rice pests,because they transmit various rice viruses in a persistent-propagative manner.Protein–protein interactions(PPIs)between virus and vector are crucial for virus transmission by vector insects.However,the number of known PPIs for pairs of rice viruses and planthoppers is restricted by low throughput research methods.In this study,we applied DeNovo,a virus-host sequence-based PPI predictor,to predict potential PPIs at a genome-wide scale between three planthoppers and five rice viruses.PPIs were identified at two different confidence thresholds,referred to as low and high modes.The number of PPIs for the five planthopper-virus pairs ranged from 506 to 1985 in the low mode and from 1254 to 4286 in the high mode.After eliminating the“one-too-many”redundant interacting information,the PPIs with unique planthopper proteins were reduced to 343–724 in the low mode and 758–1671 in the high mode.Homologous analysis showed that 11 sets and 31 sets of homologous planthopper proteins were shared by all planthopper-virus interactions in the two modes,indicating that they are potential conserved vector factors essential for transmission of rice viruses.Ten PPIs between small brown planthopper and rice stripe virus(RSV)were verified using glutathione-S-transferase(GST)/His-pull down or co-immunoprecipitation assay.Five of the ten PPIs were proven positive,and three of the five SBPH proteins were confirmed to interact with RSV.The predicted PPIs provide new clues for further studies of the complicated relationship between rice viruses and their vector insects.展开更多
Plant Dicer-like(DCL)and Argonaute(AGO)are the key enzymes involved in anti-virus post-transcriptional gene silencing(AV-PTGS).Here we show that AV-PTGS exhibited nucleotide preference by calculating a relative AV-PTG...Plant Dicer-like(DCL)and Argonaute(AGO)are the key enzymes involved in anti-virus post-transcriptional gene silencing(AV-PTGS).Here we show that AV-PTGS exhibited nucleotide preference by calculating a relative AV-PTGS efficiency on processing viral RNA substrates.In comparison with genome sequences of dicot-infecting Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)and monocot-infecting Cocksfoot streak virus(CSV),viral-derived small interfering RNAs(vsiRNAs)displayed positive correlations between AV-PTGS efficiency and G+C content(GC%).Further investigations on nucleotide contents revealed that the vsiRNA populations had G-biases.This finding was further supported by our analyses of previously reported vsiRNA populations in diverse plant-virus associations,and AGO associated Arabidopsis endogenous siRNA populations,indicating that plant AGOs operated with G-preference.We further propose a hypothesis that AV-PTGS imposes selection pressure(s)on the evolution of plant viruses.This hypothesis was supported when potyvirus genomes were analysed for evidence of GC elimination,suggesting that plant virus evolution to have low GC%genomes would have a unique function,which is to reduce the host AV-PTGS attack during infections.展开更多
Cross-protection in plants has been widely used to control losses caused by virus diseases in the world. Here, a non-autonomous plant-virus disease model was developed includ- ing cross-protection. Global dynamics of ...Cross-protection in plants has been widely used to control losses caused by virus diseases in the world. Here, a non-autonomous plant-virus disease model was developed includ- ing cross-protection. Global dynamics of the model was discussed. Under the quite weak assumptions, integral form conditions were resolved for permanence of the system and extinction of diseases. Furthermore, we looked into the sufficient conditions that plants could be protected against the detrimental effects of infection by an infection with the mild virus isolates. Last, we performed numerical simulations. Our investigations sug- gested that cross-protection played an important role in controlling the spread of the challenging virus in plants.展开更多
Global food production is at risk from many abiotic and biotic stresses and can be affected by multiple stresses simultaneously.Virus diseases damage cultivated plants and decrease the marketable quality of produce.Im...Global food production is at risk from many abiotic and biotic stresses and can be affected by multiple stresses simultaneously.Virus diseases damage cultivated plants and decrease the marketable quality of produce.Importantly,the progression of virus diseases is strongly affected by changing climate conditions.Among climate-changing vari-ables,temperature increase is viewed as an important factor that affects virus epidemics,which may in turn require more efficient disease management.In this review,we discuss the effect of elevated temperature on virus epidem-ics at both macro-and micro-climatic levels.This includes the temperature effects on virus spread both within and between host plants.Furthermore,we focus on the involvement of molecular mechanisms associated with tempera-ture effects on plant defence to viruses in both susceptible and resistant plants.Considering various mechanisms proposed in different pathosystems,we also offer a view of the possible opportunities provided by RNA-based technologies for virus control at elevated temperatures.Recently,the potential of these technologies for topical field applications has been strengthened through a combination of genetically modified(GM)-free delivery nanoplat-forms.This approach represents a promising and important climate-resilient substitute to conventional strategies for managing plant virus diseases under global warming scenarios.In this context,we discuss the knowledge gaps in the research of temperature effects on plant-virus interactions and limitations of RNA-based emerging technologies,which should be addressed in future studies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52170060)the Major Science and Technology Project from the Ministry of Water Resources(No.SKS-2022069)the Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.2021GG0089).
文摘With the increasing demand for water in hydroponic systems and agricultural irrigation,viral diseases have seriously affected the yield and quality of crops.By removing plant viruses in water environments,virus transmission can be prevented and agricultural production and ecosystems can be protected.But so far,there have been few reports on the removal of plant viruses in water environments.Herein,in this study,easily recyclable biomass-based carbon nanotubes catalysts were synthesized with varying metal activities to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS).Among them,the magnetic 0.125Fe@NCNTs-1/PMS system showed the best overall removal performance against pepper mild mottle virus,with a 5.9 log_(10)removal within 1 min.Notably,the key reactive species in the 0.125Fe@NCNTs-1/PMS system is^(1)O_(2),which can maintain good removal effect in real water matrices(river water and tap water).Through RNA fragment analyses and label free analysis,it was found that this system could effectively cleave virus particles,destroy viral proteins and expose their genome.The capsid protein of pepper mild mottle virus was effectively decomposed where serine may be the main attacking sites by^(1)O_(2).Long viral RNA fragments(3349 and 1642 nt)were cut into smaller fragments(∼160 nt)and caused their degradation.In summary,this study contributes to controlling the spread of plant viruses in real water environment,which will potentially help protect agricultural production and food safety,and improve the health and sustainability of ecosystems.
基金the Hunan Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2019JJ30014)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31872932 and 31571981)Agriculture Research System of China(Grant No.CARS-23-D-02)。
文摘Plant viruses are mainly transmitted by insect vectors in the non-persistent,semi-persistent,or persistent modes.In the non-persistent mode,plant viruses are retained in the stylets of their insect vectors.In the semi-persistent mode,plant viruses are carried to vector foreguts or salivary glands,but they cannot spread to salivary glands.In the persistent mode,plant viruses are retained in vector guts and can spread to salivary glands.In the non-persistent and semi-persistent modes,plant viruses are retained for a short time and cannot enter the hemolymph of insect vectors,whereas in the persistent mode,plant viruses are retained for a relatively long time and can be found in the hemolymph.Here,we reviewed recent studies that uncovered molecular mechanisms of how plant viruses manipulate host traits for efficient transmission by insect vectors.Normally,plants that are infected with viruses,regardless of the transmission mode,tend to release more attractive volatiles to vectors.However,plant defensive systems are regulated differently by viruses in these three modes.In the non-persistent mode,virus infections significantly induce plant defense responses,which probably trigger vectors(e.g.,winged aphids)to disperse and transmit viruses in a short time.In the semi-persistent mode,virus infections frequently suppress plant defense responses,resulting in an increase of vector population and facilitating viral transmissions during vector outbreaks.In the persistent mode,virus infections reduce plant defense responses and manipulate plant traits to become suitable feeding sites in a relatively long period of time.Understanding the underlying mechanisms of virus–vector–plant interactions will lay a foundation for preventing virus transmission.
文摘By serving as vectors of transmission, insects play a key role in the infection cycle of many plant viruses. Viruses use sophisticated transmission strategies to overcome the spatial barrier separating plants and the impediment imposed by the plant cell wall. Interactions among insect vectors, viruses, and host plants mediate transmission by integrating all organizational levels, from molecules to populations. Best-examined on the molecular scale are two basic transmission modes wherein virus-vector interactions have been well characterized. Whereas association of virus particles with specific sites in the vector＇s mouthparts or in alimentary tract regions immediately posterior to them is required for noncirculative transmission, the cycle of particles through the vector body is necessary for circulative transmission. Virus transmission is also determined by interactions that are associated with changes in vector feeding behaviors and with alterations in plant host＇s morphology and/or metabolism that favor the attraction or deterrence of vectors. A recent concept in virus-host-vector interactions proposes that when vectors land on infected plants, vector elicitors and effectors ＂inform＂ the plants of the confluence of interacting entities and trigger signaling pathways and plant defenses. Simultaneously, the plant responses may also influence virus acquisition and inoculation by vectors. Over- all, a picture is emerging where transmission depends on multilayered virus-vector-host interactions that define the route of a virus through the vector, and on the manipulation of the host and the vector. These interactions guarantee virus propagation until one or more of the interactants undergo changes through evolution or are halted by environmental interventions.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801734)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0200804)the Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project(2019B10004).
文摘About 80% of plant viruses are transmitted by specific insect vectors, especiallyhemipterans with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Many virus-transmitting insectsare also important crop pests that cause considerable losses in crop production.This review summarizes the latest research findings on the interactions betweenplant viruses and insect vectors and analyzes the key factors affecting insecttransmission of plant viruses from the perspectives of insect immunity, insectfeeding, and insect symbiotic microorganisms. Additionally, by referring to thelatest applications for blocking the transmission of animal viruses, potentialcontrol strategies to prevent the transmission of insect-vectored plant virusesusing RNAi technology, gene editing technology, and CRISPR/Cas9 + gene-driventechnology are discussed.
基金This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grants AFOSR FA2386-13-1-4120.
文摘The ability to capture the chemical signatures of biomolecules(i.e.,electron-transfer dynamics)in living cells will provide an entirely new perspective on biology and medicine.This can be accomplished using nanoscale optical antennas that can collect,resonate and focus light from outside the cell and emit molecular spectra.Here,we describe biologically inspired nanoscale optical antennas that utilize the unique topologies of plant viruses(and thus,are called gold plant viruses)for molecular fingerprint detection.Our electromagnetic calculations for these gold viruses indicate that capsid morphologies permit high amplification of optical scattering energy compared to a smooth nanosphere.From experimental measurements of various gold viruses based on four different plant viruses,we observe highly enhanced optical cross-sections and the modulation of the resonance wavelength depending on the viral morphology.Additionally,in label-free molecular imaging,we successfully obtain higher sensitivity(by a factor of up to 10^(6))than can be achieved using similar-sized nanospheres.By virtue of the inherent functionalities of capsids and the plasmonic characteristics of the gold layer,a gold virus-based antenna will enable cellular targeting,imaging and drug delivery.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(20072122)Projects Funding of Liaoning Provincial Education Office(05L339)~~
文摘[ Objective] The study was to report the construction of plant virus expression vector pCIYVV/CP/W and the expression of green fluorescent protein（GFP） with pCIYVV/CP/W, and to develop effective plat virus vector for plant bioreactor to produce useful protein. [ Method] A section of multiple cloning sites among NIb/CP genes in pCIYVV genome and deoxyribonucleotide polylinker of cleavage recognition sequence containing viral protease Nla were cloned with infectivity full-length cDNA of clover yellow vein virus （CIYVV）, and pCIYVV/CP/W vector was constructed, GFP gene was inserted into pCIyVV/CP/W to construct the pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP vector. The transcription situation of recombinant virus clone was detected by RT-PCR, and targeted gene products expressed by recombinant virus clone were detected with western blot （WB）. [Result] The broad bean seedling inoculated with pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP expressed the same symptom as wild type CIYVV, morbidity was of 100%, the result showed that recombinant virus clone pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP didn＇t suppress, insertion of foreign gene didn＇t destroy the open reading frame of pCIYVV/CP/W. Foreign gene can keep living in F, progeny virus genorne steadily, recombinant virus clone pCIYVV/CP/W/GFP could steadily express GFP in progeny virus at least.[ Conclusion] The useful plant virus vector was provided for useful protein expressing.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 31872920 and 31571978 to XBW).
文摘Plant virus-induced diseases cause significant losses to agricultural crop production worldwide.Reverse genetics systems of plant viruses allow gene manipulation on viral genomes,which greatly facilitates studies of viral pathogenesis and interactions with host organisms.In addition,viral infectious cDNA clones have been modified as versatile recombinant vectors for virus-mediated protein overexpression,virus-induced gene silencing,and gene editing.Since genome RNAs of plant positive-strand RNA viruses are directly translatable,recovery of these viruses has been achieved more than three decades ago by simply expressing viral genome RNA or viral genome-derived in vitro synthesized transcripts in planta.In contrast,genomes of plant negative-strand RNA(NSR)viruses are complementary to their mRNAs and cannot be translated directly.Therefore,rescue of infectious plant NSR viruses from cDNA clones strictly requires the core replication proteins together with their genome RNAs which can assemble into nucleocapsid(NC)complexes as minimal infectious units.However,it is a major challenge to deliver multiple essential components in single cells and to assemble the NC complexes in vivo.Major breakthroughs in reverse genetics systems of plant non-segmented and segmented NSR viruses were just achieved in recent 5 years through various strategies,such as agroinfiltration,minireplicon systems,insect transmission and airbrush inoculation assays.In this review,we summarized critical steps toward developing reverse genetics systems for recovery of several plant NSR viruses in plants and insects.We also highlighted important applications of these reverse genetics of NSR viruses in viral gene function analyses,investigation of virus-insect-plant interactions,and genomic studies of insect vectors and host plants.
基金supported by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)Project BIOEN 2008/56146-5 and Instituto Agronomico de Campinas(IAC).C.N.F.Medeiros was a recipient of a Master’s fellowship from FAPESP(2012/15060-6).
文摘Sugarcane mosaic caused by Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) is one of the most important virus diseases of sugarcane. In the present study, changes in the transcription profile obtained by cDNA-AFLP analysis were investigated in two sugarcane varieties contrasting to SCMV resistance, when challenged with a severe virus strain. Healthy plants derived from meristem tip tissue culture were mechanically inoculated under greenhouse controlled conditions and sampled at 24, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. A total of 392 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were verified in the resistant variety against 380 in the susceptible one. The two sugarcane genotypes showed differential behavior in the number of induced and repressed TDFs along the time-course samplings. Ten out of 23 sequenced TDFs (unique from the resistance variety), showed identity with known plant sequences, mostly related to plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. The cDNA-AFLP technique was effective in revealing changes in the transcription profile within and between contrasting varieties when challenged by SCMV.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding of Early Maturing and Disease Resistant Cotton Varieties(grant no.2023ZD04041)the China Agricultural Research System(grant no.CARS-15-06)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(grant no.232300421041)the Nanfan Special Project(grant nos.YBXM2316 and YBXM2441).
文摘Dear Editor,Plant expression vectors are instrumental tools used to assess plant functional genomics and facilitate breeding improvements.Plant viruses may contain exogenous genes for replication and systemic movement in host plants,allowing them to be engineered into plant expression vectors for systemic and enhanced gene expression manipulation(Abrahamian et al.,2020).
文摘Plants response to various biotic and abiotic factors requires not only the de novo synthesis of proteins and enzymesbut also their precise and timely degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation machinerysuch as the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPS). The UPS plays a central role in maintaining cellular physiologyand orchestrating plant response to stresses responses. The UPS regulates all stages of defense response from pathogenperception to mounting defense response, this make the UPS a suitable candidate for host manipulation. Virusesare obligatory intracellular pathogens and master of manipulating host defense machinery for successful infectionand spread. Several reports suggest a dynamic interaction between the host UPS machinery and viruses. This reviewfocuses on our current understanding of the involvement of UPS in defense against plant viruses and how viruseshave evolved mechanisms to counter and exploit UPS machinery for their advantage.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1401000)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-04).
文摘Soybean pests are one of the major factors limiting yield improvement.With the expansion of area and changes in cropping patterns,a number of new pests have been identified in the main soybean production areas of China.The common brown leafhopper,Orosius orientalis,is a new pest associated with soybean stay-green virus that has been discovered on cultivated soybean crop in the Yellow-Huai-hai region of China in recent years.The polyphagous insect has a wide feeding range and infests a variety of important grain and cash crops.This paper presents the basic information,geographical distribution,hosts,damage characteristics,plant virus transmission,occurrence patterns,and prevention and control measures O.orientalis.This review also provides insights into integrated prevention and control of the genus Orosius as an insect vector.
基金funded by the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments,the ERC-COG GemOmics(101044142)the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)(project numbers TRR 356/1,B04 and SBF 1101/3,C08)+3 种基金a Royal Society Newton Advance Grant(NA140481-NAF\R2\180857)Metabolite analytics were funded by the DFG(Projektnummer 442641014)the recipient of a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program(grant 896910-GeminiDECODER)a President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)from the Chinese Academy of Science(CAS)(grant 2020PB0082).
文摘Plant viruses cause symptoms with devastating consequences for agriculture.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying symptom development in viral infections remain largely unexplored.Here,we show that tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)interferes with host developmental programs through a host-mimicking domain present in the viral C4 protein.This domain mediates the interaction between C4 and a family of RCC1-like domain-containing(RLD)proteins,previously shown to be required for proper plant development and environmental responses.C4 outcompetes an endogenous interactor of RLDs,hijacking RLD proteins to the plasma membrane and disrupting their function in orchestrating endomembrane trafficking and polar auxin transport.Strikingly,macroscopic symptoms do not affect viral accumulation in the plant but serve as attractants for the insect vector,presumably promoting pathogen spread in an ecological context.Our work sheds light on the molecular underpinnings and biological relevance of symptom development triggered by TYLCV in tomato.Since most plant viruses are insect-transmitted,the principles described here might have broad applicability to crop-virus interactions.
基金supported by the Funds from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFF1001500,2022YFD1401200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32272488,31630062,32220103008,32430088,and 32102169)+1 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.BE2022369)the Jiangsu Key Technology R&D Program and International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(Grant Nos.BZ2023030)。
文摘Plant viruses cause substantial agricultural devastation and economic losses worldwide.Plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)play a pivotal role in detecting viral infection and activating robust immune responses.Recent advances,including the elucidation of the interaction mechanisms between NLRs and pathogen effectors,the discovery of helper NLRs,and the resolution of the ZAR1 resistosome structure,have significantly deepened our understanding of NLR-mediated immune responses,marking a new era in NLR research.In this scenario,significant progress has been made in the study of NLRmediated antiviral immunity.This review comprehensively summarizes the progress made in plant antiviral NLR research over the past decades,with a focus on NLR recognition of viral pathogen effectors,NLR activation and regulation,downstream immune signaling,and the engineering of NLRs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support(31530062 and 32025031)。
文摘Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases.Here,we review these milestones and advances,including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses,dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses,examination of multilayered interactions among viruses,their host plants,and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors,and in-depth interrogation of plantencoded resistance and susceptibility determinants.Notably,various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants.We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
文摘Cell-to-cell signal transduction is vital for orchestrating the whole-body physiology of multi-cellular organ- isms, and many endogenous macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids function as such transported signals. In plants, many of these molecules are transported through plasmodesmata （Pd）, the cell wall-spanning channel structures that interconnect plant cells. Furthermore, Pd also act as conduits for cell-to-cell movement of most plant viruses that have evolved to pirate these channels to spread the infection. Pd transport is presumed to be highly selective, and only a limited repertoire of molecules is transported through these channels. Recent studies have begun to unravel mechanisms that actively regulate the opening of the Pd channel to allow traffic. This macromolecular transport between cells comprises two consecutive steps： intracellular targeting to Pd and translocation through the channel to the adjacent cell. Here, we review the current knowledge of molecular species that are transported though Pd and the mechanisms that control this traffic. Generally, Pd traffic can occur by passive diffusion through the trans-Pd cytoplasm or through the membrane/lu- men of the trans-Pd ER, or by active transport that includes protein-protein interactions. It is this latter mode of Pd trans- port that is involved in intercellular traffic of most signal molecules and is regulated by distinct and sometimes interdependent mechanisms, which represent the focus of this article.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170163)the Basic Scientific Research Foundation,Ministry of education of China(Z109021801)to Liying SunThe program of introducing Talents of Innovative Discipline to Universities(project 111)(B18042)and(2016KW-069)to Liying Sun。
文摘Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense,but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses.Herein,we describe how the Chinese wheat mosaic virus(CWMV,genus Furovirus)interferes with autophagy and enhances its infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vivo/in vitro assays revealed that the 19 k Da coat protein(CP19 K)of CWMV interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases(GAPCs),negative regulators of autophagy,which bind autophagy-related protein 3(ATG3),a key factor in autophagy.CP19 K also directly interacts with ATG3,possibly leading to the formation of a CP19 K–GAPC–ATG3 complex.CP19 K–GAPC interaction appeared to intensify CP19 K–ATG3 binding.Moreover,CP19 K expression upregulated GAPC gene transcripts and reduced autophagic activities.Accordingly,the silencing of GAPC genes in transgenic N.benthamiana reduced CWMV accumulation,whereas CP19 K overexpression enhanced it.Overall,our results suggest that CWMV CP19 K interferes with autophagy through the promotion and utilization of the GAPC role as a negative regulator of autophagy.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31772162)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.ZDBS-LYSM027).
文摘Planthoppers are the most notorious rice pests,because they transmit various rice viruses in a persistent-propagative manner.Protein–protein interactions(PPIs)between virus and vector are crucial for virus transmission by vector insects.However,the number of known PPIs for pairs of rice viruses and planthoppers is restricted by low throughput research methods.In this study,we applied DeNovo,a virus-host sequence-based PPI predictor,to predict potential PPIs at a genome-wide scale between three planthoppers and five rice viruses.PPIs were identified at two different confidence thresholds,referred to as low and high modes.The number of PPIs for the five planthopper-virus pairs ranged from 506 to 1985 in the low mode and from 1254 to 4286 in the high mode.After eliminating the“one-too-many”redundant interacting information,the PPIs with unique planthopper proteins were reduced to 343–724 in the low mode and 758–1671 in the high mode.Homologous analysis showed that 11 sets and 31 sets of homologous planthopper proteins were shared by all planthopper-virus interactions in the two modes,indicating that they are potential conserved vector factors essential for transmission of rice viruses.Ten PPIs between small brown planthopper and rice stripe virus(RSV)were verified using glutathione-S-transferase(GST)/His-pull down or co-immunoprecipitation assay.Five of the ten PPIs were proven positive,and three of the five SBPH proteins were confirmed to interact with RSV.The predicted PPIs provide new clues for further studies of the complicated relationship between rice viruses and their vector insects.
基金supported by the Vietnamese Studentship to TH(Ministry of Education and Training,Decision No 322/QD-TTg)NERC(UK)grants to TD(NER/A/S/2003/00547)+1 种基金HW(NER/A/S/2003/00548,NE/E008933/1)CEH Biodiversity research fund to HW(C02875).
文摘Plant Dicer-like(DCL)and Argonaute(AGO)are the key enzymes involved in anti-virus post-transcriptional gene silencing(AV-PTGS).Here we show that AV-PTGS exhibited nucleotide preference by calculating a relative AV-PTGS efficiency on processing viral RNA substrates.In comparison with genome sequences of dicot-infecting Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)and monocot-infecting Cocksfoot streak virus(CSV),viral-derived small interfering RNAs(vsiRNAs)displayed positive correlations between AV-PTGS efficiency and G+C content(GC%).Further investigations on nucleotide contents revealed that the vsiRNA populations had G-biases.This finding was further supported by our analyses of previously reported vsiRNA populations in diverse plant-virus associations,and AGO associated Arabidopsis endogenous siRNA populations,indicating that plant AGOs operated with G-preference.We further propose a hypothesis that AV-PTGS imposes selection pressure(s)on the evolution of plant viruses.This hypothesis was supported when potyvirus genomes were analysed for evidence of GC elimination,suggesting that plant virus evolution to have low GC%genomes would have a unique function,which is to reduce the host AV-PTGS attack during infections.
基金The research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （11561004）, the Development for Local Colleges and Universities Foundation of China - the Applied Mathematics Innovative Team Building, and the Bidding Project of Gannan Normal University （16zb02）.
文摘Cross-protection in plants has been widely used to control losses caused by virus diseases in the world. Here, a non-autonomous plant-virus disease model was developed includ- ing cross-protection. Global dynamics of the model was discussed. Under the quite weak assumptions, integral form conditions were resolved for permanence of the system and extinction of diseases. Furthermore, we looked into the sufficient conditions that plants could be protected against the detrimental effects of infection by an infection with the mild virus isolates. Last, we performed numerical simulations. Our investigations sug- gested that cross-protection played an important role in controlling the spread of the challenging virus in plants.
文摘Global food production is at risk from many abiotic and biotic stresses and can be affected by multiple stresses simultaneously.Virus diseases damage cultivated plants and decrease the marketable quality of produce.Importantly,the progression of virus diseases is strongly affected by changing climate conditions.Among climate-changing vari-ables,temperature increase is viewed as an important factor that affects virus epidemics,which may in turn require more efficient disease management.In this review,we discuss the effect of elevated temperature on virus epidem-ics at both macro-and micro-climatic levels.This includes the temperature effects on virus spread both within and between host plants.Furthermore,we focus on the involvement of molecular mechanisms associated with tempera-ture effects on plant defence to viruses in both susceptible and resistant plants.Considering various mechanisms proposed in different pathosystems,we also offer a view of the possible opportunities provided by RNA-based technologies for virus control at elevated temperatures.Recently,the potential of these technologies for topical field applications has been strengthened through a combination of genetically modified(GM)-free delivery nanoplat-forms.This approach represents a promising and important climate-resilient substitute to conventional strategies for managing plant virus diseases under global warming scenarios.In this context,we discuss the knowledge gaps in the research of temperature effects on plant-virus interactions and limitations of RNA-based emerging technologies,which should be addressed in future studies.
