Spinal cord injury involves non-reversible damage to the central nervous system that is characterized by limited regenerative capacity and secondary inflammatory damage.The expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand...Spinal cord injury involves non-reversible damage to the central nervous system that is characterized by limited regenerative capacity and secondary inflammatory damage.The expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis exhibits significant differences before and after injury.Recent studies have revealed that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis is closely associated with secondary inflammatory responses and the recruitment of immune cells following spinal cord injury,suggesting that this axis is a novel target and regulatory control point for treatment.This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic strategies targeting the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis,along with the regenerative and repair mechanisms linking the axis to spinal cord injury.Additionally,we summarize the upstream and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways associated with spinal cord injury and the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review primarily elaborates on therapeutic strategies that target the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the latest progress of research on antagonistic drugs,along with the approaches used to exploit new therapeutic targets within the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the development of targeted drugs.Nevertheless,there are presently no clinical studies relating to spinal cord injury that are focusing on the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review aims to provide new ideas and therapeutic strategies for the future treatment of spinal cord injury.展开更多
Objective:The occurrence and development of atrial fibrillation(AF)are influenced by the autonomic nervous system and inflammation.Acupuncture is an effective treatment for AF.This study explored the protective effect...Objective:The occurrence and development of atrial fibrillation(AF)are influenced by the autonomic nervous system and inflammation.Acupuncture is an effective treatment for AF.This study explored the protective effects of acupuncture in a rat model of paroxysmal AF and investigated its mechanisms.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats(n=130)were randomly divided into blank control(Con),sham operation(Sham),AF,and acupuncture treatment(Acu)groups.A paroxysmal AF model was established by rapid atrial pacing through the jugular vein.Rats in the Acu group were immobilized to receive acupuncture treatment at Neiguan acupoint(PC6)for 20 min daily for seven days.The other groups were immobilized for the same duration over the treatment period but did not receive acupuncture.The AF induction rate,AF duration,cardiac electrophysiological parameters,and heart rate variability were evaluated by monitoring surface electrocardiogram and vagus nerve discharge signals.After the intervention,the rats were euthanized,and atrial morphology was assessed using haematoxylin and eosin staining.The expression of macrophage F4/80 antigen(F4/80)and cluster of differentiation(CD)86 in atrial myocardial tissue was detected using immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.The expression levels or contents of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a),a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(a7nAChR),phosphorylated Janus kinase 2(p-JAK2),and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3)in atrial myocardial tissue were detected using Western blotting,reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The role of a7nAChR in acupuncture treatment was verified by intraperitoneal injection of the a7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine(MLA).Results:Compared with the AF group,acupuncture significantly reduced AF duration and induction rate,improved cardiac electrophysiology by enhancing vagus nerve activity and regulating autonomic balance.It also decreased the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage proportion,alleviating myocardial injury and infiltration.MLA weakened acupuncture's electrophysiological improvement and anti-inflammatory effect.Results suggest that acupuncture triggers the a7nAChR-JAK2/STAT3 pathway and exerts cardioprotection via neuroimmune regulation.Conclusion:Acupuncture significantly reduced the AF induction rate,shortened AF duration,improved cardiac electrophysiological parameters,enhanced vagus nerve activity,and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and inflammatory factors in rats with paroxysmal AF.展开更多
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into value-added chemicals and fuels has been extensively studied as a promising strategy for mitigating environmental issues and achieving sustainable energy con...The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into value-added chemicals and fuels has been extensively studied as a promising strategy for mitigating environmental issues and achieving sustainable energy conversion.Substantial efforts have been made to improve the understanding of CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)mechanisms by computational and spectroscopic studies.An in-depth understanding of CO_(2)RR mechanism can provide the guidance and criteria for designing high-efficiency catalysts,and hence,steering CO_(2)RR to desired products.This review systematically discusses the formation mechanisms and reaction pathways of various CO_(2)RR products,including C_(1)products(CO,HCOOH,and CH_(4)),C_(2)products(C_(2)H_(4),C_(2)H_(5)OH,and CH_(3)COOH),and C_(3+)products(C_(3)H_(6),C_(3)H_(7)OH,and others).The reaction pathways are elucidated by analyzing the adsorption behavior,energy barriers,and intermediate coupling steps involved in the generation of each product.Particular emphasis is placed on the key intermediates,such as^(*)OCHO,^(*)COOH,^(*)CO,^(*)OCCOH,and^(*)CCO,which play crucial roles in determining the product selectivity.The effects of catalyst composition,morphology,and electronic structure on the adsorption and activation of these intermediates are also discussed.Moreover,advanced characterization techniques,including in-situ spectroscopy and isotopic labeling experiments,are highlighted for their contributions to unraveling the reaction mechanisms.The review aims to provide critical insights to reveal the activity-determining para meters and underlying CO_(2)RR mechanisms,which will guide the rational design of next-generation electrocatalysts for selective CO^(2)RR towards high-value products.展开更多
The activation of the sirtuin1(SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing ...The activation of the sirtuin1(SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels.Clinical trials have demonstrated that Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid(ZFXN)ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI).However,the underlying mechanism,particularly whether it involves protecting mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,remains unclear.This study employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)cell model using SHSY5Y cells and induced PSCI in rats through modified bilateral carotid artery ligation(2VO).The effects of ZFXN on learning and memory,neuroprotective activity,mitochondrial function,oxidative stress,and the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro.Results indicated that ZFXN significantly increased the B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2)/Bcl2-associated X(Bax)ratio,reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nickend-labeling(TUNEL)+cells,and markedly improved cognition,synaptic plasticity,and neuronal function in the hippocampus and cortex.Furthermore,ZFXN exhibited potent antioxidant activity,evidenced by decreased ROS and malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione(GSH)levels.ZFXN also demonstrated considerable enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),Tom 20 fluorescence intensity,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and energy charge(EC)levels,and mitochondrial complexⅠandⅢactivity,thereby inhibiting mitochondrial damage.Additionally,ZFXN significantly increased SIRT1 activity and elevated SIRT1,nuclear Nrf2,and HO-1 levels.Notably,these effects were substantially counteracted when SIRT1 was suppressed by the inhibitor EX-527 in vitro.In conclusion,ZFXN alleviates PSCI by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and preventing mitochondrial damage.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To explore hypoglycemic effect of 95%ethanol fraction of Nitraria roborowskii Kom(NRK-C)and its possible mechanism evaluated in the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)mice.METHODS The body weight,organ indices,bl...OBJECTIVE To explore hypoglycemic effect of 95%ethanol fraction of Nitraria roborowskii Kom(NRK-C)and its possible mechanism evaluated in the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)mice.METHODS The body weight,organ indices,blood glucose levels,serum biochemical indexes,as well as HE/PAS histopathological section were all analyzed to assess the hypoglycemic effect of NRK-C in T2DM mice induced by a high-fat diet(HFD)combined with six intraperitoneal injections of 35 mg·kg^(-1)of streptozotocin(STZ).The Western blotting and immunofluorescence were further applied to determine the regulatory effect of NRK-C on key signaling proteins.RESULTS The fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced after 7 weeks of administration of NRK-C.In addition,NRK-C could also significantly improve glucose tolerance,hepatic glycogen levels,and lipid levels(total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein),and significantly reduced insulin resistance of diabetic mice,which played an important role in the antidiabetic effects.Further mechanism research demonstrated that phosphorylated PI3K expression was up-regulated and p-GSK3βexpression was up-regulated after NRK-C intervention,indicating that NRK-C might exert a potential antidiabetic effect by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.CONCLUSION All these results suggested that NRK-C might improve T2DM and had the potential to be used as an adjunctive therapy.展开更多
Background:Although the buried wood of Phoebe zhennan is known as the“mummy”of the plant kingdom,there is little research on its pharmacological activity.This study endeavored to investigate the effect and mechanism...Background:Although the buried wood of Phoebe zhennan is known as the“mummy”of the plant kingdom,there is little research on its pharmacological activity.This study endeavored to investigate the effect and mechanism of buried wood of Phoebe zhennan extract(BPE)on physical fatigue mice induced by weight-loaded forced swimming.Methods:Firstly,BPE was obtained by 70%ethanol extraction and freeze-drying processes.Then,the effect of BPE on physical fatigue mice was evaluated by swimming time,rotating stick time,levels of lipid peroxidation,lactate,lactate dehydrogenase,urea nitrogen,creatine kinase and muscle glycogen.Finally,real time fluorescence quantification and western blot were used to investigate the possible mechanism of BPE.Results:BPE could significantly alleviate muscle tissue damage,prolong the exhaustion time of weight-bearing swimming and rotating stick time.Meanwhile,BPE treatment could notably reduce the accumulation of serum lactate,urea nitrogen,and activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase,while increasing the levels of glycogen and activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in muscles.Moreover,BPE treatment obviously increased HO-1,Nrf-2,AMPK,PGC-1αmRNA and protein expressions in the muscles of physical fatigue mice.Conclusion:BPE treatment could ameliorate various impairments and oxidative stress injury induced by physical fatigue via activating Nrf-2/HO-1 and AMPK/PGC-1αsignaling pathway.展开更多
Background Deoxynivalenol(DON)is a mycotoxin that severely pollutes feed ingredients,and methods for reducing DON toxicity have become a significant research direction.Chlorogenic acid(CGA)is an active polyphenol foun...Background Deoxynivalenol(DON)is a mycotoxin that severely pollutes feed ingredients,and methods for reducing DON toxicity have become a significant research direction.Chlorogenic acid(CGA)is an active polyphenol found in some plants,which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and a protective effect on animal intestinal health.The effects of CGA on DON-induced pyroptosis in the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2(IPEC-J2)and its potential mechanism were explored in this study.Results IPEC-J2 cells viability and membrane integrity were inversely correlated with DON concentration.Compared to those in the group treated with DON alone at 2,500 ng/mL,pretreatment with 80μmol/L CGA for 4 h significantly improved cell viability(P<0.01),and the alleviation of typical pyroptotic symptoms induced by DON were observed,including reduced cellular DNA fragmentation,decreased release of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),normalized ROS levels,restoration of extracellularCa2+andK+contents to normal levels(P<0.01),as well as suppressed the enzyme activities of caspase-1 and caspase-4(P<0.01).Additionally,the mRNA expression levels of TNF,MDP,NOD2,TLR4,ASC and GSDMD were significantly improved(P<0.01),while both mRNA and protein expression levels of NF-κB,NLRP3,caspase-1,IL-1βand IL-18 were significantly upregulated(P<0.01)in the CGA+DON group,compare to those in the DON group.Conclusion Pretreatment with 80μmol/L CGA for 4 h effectively alleviated pyroptosis in IPEC-J2 cells induced by 2,500 ng/mL of DON through inhibiting activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3/capase-1 pathway.展开更多
The objective of electrochemical CO_(2) reduction technologies(ECRs)is notably audacious:to revolutionize the market by generating fuel and essential chemicals at a more competitive price than petrochemicals can offer...The objective of electrochemical CO_(2) reduction technologies(ECRs)is notably audacious:to revolutionize the market by generating fuel and essential chemicals at a more competitive price than petrochemicals can offer,all while prioritizing environmental sustainability.To expedite the commercialization of ECR technology,we discuss here how ECR can reshape the industry landscape through 2e−pathways.展开更多
Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an idiopathic,relapsing,and etiologically complicated chronic inflammatory bowel disease.Despite substantial progress in the management of UC,the outcomes of mucosal barrier repair are unsatis...Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an idiopathic,relapsing,and etiologically complicated chronic inflammatory bowel disease.Despite substantial progress in the management of UC,the outcomes of mucosal barrier repair are unsatisfactory.In this study,phillygenin(PHI)treatment alleviated the symptoms of chronic colitis in mice,including body weight loss,severe disease activity index scores,colon shortening,splenomegaly,oxidative stress,and inflammatory response.In particular,PHI treatment ameliorated the tight junction proteins(TJs)reduction,fibrosis,apoptosis,and intestinal stem cell activity,indicating that PHI exerted beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosal barrier in mice with chronic colitis.In the NCM460 cells damage model,dextran sulfate sodium triggered the sequential induction of TJs reduction,fibrosis,and apoptosis.Takeda G protein-coupled receptor-5(TGR5)dysfunction mediated NCM460 cell injury.Moreover,PHI treatment enhanced TJs and suppressed fibrosis and apoptosis to maintain NCM460 cell function,depending on TGR5 activation.PHI promoted TGR5 activation and elevated intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in HEK 293T cells transfected with TGR5 expression plasmids.Cellular thermal shift assay and molecular docking studies confirmed that PHI directly binds to TGR5,indicating that PHI is an agonist of TGR5.The process of PERK-eIF2α pathway-mediated endoplasmic reticulum Ca^(2+) release was involved in NCM460 cell injury as well,which was associated with TGR5 dysfunction.When NCM460 cells were pretreated with PHI,the PERK-eIF2α pathway and elevated Ca^(2+) levels were blocked.In conclusion,our study demonstrated a novel mechanism that PHI inhibited the PERK-eIF2α-Ca^(2+) pathway through TGR5 activation to against DSS-induced TJs reduction,fibrosis,and apoptosis.展开更多
Aging is an inevitable biological phenomenon that involves a multitude of physiological alterations.Dietary interventions are being considered as potential strategies for delaying age-related dysfunction.Unsaponifiabl...Aging is an inevitable biological phenomenon that involves a multitude of physiological alterations.Dietary interventions are being considered as potential strategies for delaying age-related dysfunction.Unsaponifiable matter(USM),a composition of highly active ingredients found in walnut oil,has demonstrated antioxidant effects.This study aims to explore the neuroprotective effects of USM on d-galactose-treated C57BL/6 mice and elucidate its underlying mechanism,which was validated in PC12 cells treated with d-galactose.The results of behavioral tests demonstrated that USM significantly improved cognitive deficits associated with aging.The morphological analysis demonstrated that USM effectively alleviated hippocampal neuronal damage,synaptic impairment,and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by d-galactose.Furthermore,USM significantly increases the antioxidant enzymes activity while reducing the malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species levels.The results suggest that USM can mitigate age-related symptoms caused by d-galactose by activating the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling pathway,which enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes,restore redox balance,and improves synaptic and mitochondrial functions.This has a positive on improving cognition and memory disorders in elderly mice.展开更多
BACKGROUND Erianin is a natural bibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.AIM To explore the possible therapeutic mechanisms of erianin a...BACKGROUND Erianin is a natural bibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.AIM To explore the possible therapeutic mechanisms of erianin and determine if it can reduce cardiac damage in mice with type 2 diabetes.METHODS High-fat diet and intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus in C57BL/6 mice.Mice were divided into different groups including control,model,and treatment with various doses of erianin(10,20,and 40 mg/kg)as well as ML-385+erianin group.RESULTS Erianin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and alleviated diabetic cardiomyopathy through the activation of the adenosine monophosphate-acti-vated protein kinase(AMPK)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)-heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)pathway.Treatments with erianin-M and erianin-H promoted weight stabilization and normalized fasting glucose levels relative to diabetic controls.Echocardiographic assessment demonstrated that erianin dose-dependently enhanced left ventricular systolic function(left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular fractional shortening)and mitigated ventricular remodeling(left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole,left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole;P<0.05 vs model group).No significant differences were observed between the ML-385+erianin and placebo-treated groups.Histopathological examination through hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that erianin ameliorated myocardial fiber fragmentation,structural disorganization,inflammatory cell infiltration,and cytolytic damage.Furthermore,it significantly reduced the serum levels of cardiac troponin I,creatine kinase,and its MB isoenzyme.However,the ML-385+erianin co-treatment failed to alleviate myocardial injury.Metabolic profiling revealed erianin-mediated improvements in glycemic regulation(glycated hemoglobin:P<0.001),plasma insulin homeostasis,and lipid metabolism(total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipo-protein cholesterol reduction,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol restoration;P<0.05 vs model group).Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6 were markedly suppressed in the erianin-M and erianin-H groups compared with the model group,whereas no significant differences were detected between the model and ML-385+erianin groups.Oxidative stress parameters showed decreased malondialdehyde levels accompanied by elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in erianin-treated groups,with the most pronounced effects in the erianin-H group(P<0.05).Western blot analysis confirmed the significant upregulation of proteins associated with the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in erianin-M and erianin-H groups.These protective effects were abolished in the ML-385+erianin co-treatment group,which showed no statistical differences from the model group.CONCLUSION Erianin can effectively alleviate myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic mice by activating the AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.展开更多
Soil salinity hampers plant performance.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2)(e[CO_(2)])could alleviate the detrimental effect of salinity on plants but whether abscisic acid(ABA)is involved in this process is unclear.To addres...Soil salinity hampers plant performance.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2)(e[CO_(2)])could alleviate the detrimental effect of salinity on plants but whether abscisic acid(ABA)is involved in this process is unclear.To address this issue,three tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)genotypes with varying endogenous ABA concentrations(wild-type AC,ABA-deficient mutant flacca and ABA-overproduction line SP5)were grown in pots under ambient(400μmol·mol^(-1))or elevated(800μmol·mol^(-1))CO_(2)with or without the addition of 100 mmol·L-1sodium chloride(NaCl).The results showed that e[CO_(2)]favored ion homeostasis by decreasing root-to-shoot delivery of Na^(+),which was mainly attributed to lowered transpiration rate rather than altered xylem-sap Na^(+)concentration.In AC and SP5,the low transpiration rate of e[CO_(2)]-plants under salinity was accompanied by enhanced endogenous ABA levels,which might play a role in upregulating the abundance of specific transcripts related to Na^(+)homeostasis(i.e.,SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE)under salt stress.In flacca,e[CO_(2)]-induced Na^(+)homeostasis was abolished,which could be ascribed to the low and unaltered ABA levels,albeit the ethylene biosynthesis was enhanced in flacca under salt stress,indicating an antagonistic relationship between ABA and ethylene.Furthermore,e[CO_(2)]inhibited ethylene biosynthesis under salt stress in all three genotypes.The results enrich our comprehension of the fundamental processes of e[CO_(2)]-conferred salt tolerance in tomato.展开更多
Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to i...Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.展开更多
Photocatalytic oxygen reduction for hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))synthesis presents a green and costeffective production method.However,achieving highly selective H_(2)O_(2)synthesis remains challenging,necessitating ...Photocatalytic oxygen reduction for hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))synthesis presents a green and costeffective production method.However,achieving highly selective H_(2)O_(2)synthesis remains challenging,necessitating precise control over free radical reaction pathways and minimizing undesirable oxidative by-products.Herein,we report for the visible light-driven simultaneous co-photocatalytic reduction of O2to H_(2)O_(2)and oxidation of biomass using the atomic rubidium-nitride modified carbon nitride(CNRb).The optimized CNRb catalyst demonstrates a record photoreduction rate of 8.01 mM h^(-1)for H_(2)O_(2)generation and photooxidation rate of 3.75 mM h^(-1)for furfuryl alcohol to furoic acid,achieving a remarkable solar-to-chemical conversion(SCC)efficiency of up to 2.27%.Experimental characterizations and DFT calculation disclosed that the introducing atomic Rb–N configurations allows for the high-selective generation of superoxide radicals while suppressing hydroxyl free radical formation.This is because the Rb–N serves as the new alternative site to perceive a stronger connection position for O2adsorption and reinforce the capability to extract protons,thereby triggering a high selective redox product formation.This study holds great potential in precisely regulating reactive radical processes at the atomic level,thereby paving the way for efficient synthesis of H_(2)O_(2)coupled with biomass valorization.展开更多
Objective:To examine the effect of shikonin against streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods:Intraperitoneal administration of STZ(65 mg/kg)was used for ...Objective:To examine the effect of shikonin against streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods:Intraperitoneal administration of STZ(65 mg/kg)was used for the induction of diabetic retinopathy in rats.Rats received oral administration of shikonin(10,20,and 30 mg/kg).The blood glucose level,insulin,body weight,and organ weight were estimated.Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)levels in serum and lens as well as protein carbonyl content of the lens were determined.The parameters related to oxidative stress and inflammation,and the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM-1)were also measured.In addition,quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA expressions.Results:Shikonin treatment decreased glucose level and boosted insulin level,along with an increase in body weight and improved organ weight.It also lowered O2•−,ONOO−,serum and lens AGEs,and protein carbonyl content.Furthermore,shikonin treatment significantly alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation,as evidenced by reduced malonaldehyde,nitric oxide,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-6,cyclooxygenase-2,prostaglandin E2,protein carbonyl content,and nuclear factor kappa-B,and increased superoxide dismutase,glutathione,catalase,and glutathione peroxidase.Markedly decreased levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1,as well as heightened levels of Nrf2 and HO-1,were noticed after treatment with shikonin.Furthermore,the mRNA expressions of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,ICAM-1,VCAM-1,RAGE,collagenⅣ,and fibronectin were significantly downregulated.Conclusions:Shikonin exhibits protective effects against STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats via modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways.展开更多
SHP2 is the first identified oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase that promotes colorectal cancer(CRC)progression,and it is consistently overexpressed in CRC.It facilitates CRC oncogenesis by mediating downstream signaling ...SHP2 is the first identified oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase that promotes colorectal cancer(CRC)progression,and it is consistently overexpressed in CRC.It facilitates CRC oncogenesis by mediating downstream signaling cascades of receptor tyrosine kinases,including the RAS/ERK,JAK/STAT,and PI3K/AKT pathways,which are clinically associated with poor prognosis.Furthermore,SHP2 orchestrates immunosuppressive signaling networks by impairing cytotoxic T cell infiltration and changing the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages within the tumor microenvironment(TME).Targeting SHP2 represents a dual therapeutic strategy in CRC:It concurrently regulates RTK signaling and reprograms the immunosuppressive TME.SHP2 inhibitors,administered both as monotherapy and in combination regimens,have advanced into clinical trial phases.Consequently,SHP2 serves as both a molecular target for precision oncology and an immunomodulatory node,positioning it as a high-priority candidate for CRC treatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is associated with significant metabolic and renal complications,including diabetic nephropathy(DN).AIM To investigate the role of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M...BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is associated with significant metabolic and renal complications,including diabetic nephropathy(DN).AIM To investigate the role of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2(RRM2)in T2DM and its potential involvement in renal injury through oxidative stress,apoptosis,and ferroptosis.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted,comprising 194 patients with T2DM and 120 healthy controls at our hospital between January 2022 and December 2023.The data were analyzed to ascertain the correlation between RRM2 levels and DN onset in patients with T2DM.The apoptosis rate,reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels,oxidative stress,cystine uptake,and ferrous ion(Fe2+)levels were quantified using the HK-2 cell lysates.Reverse transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to assess mRNA and protein expression,respectively.RESULTS Serum RRM2 levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients than in controls(P<0.05)but declined in the macroalbuminuria subgroup.Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified 30 pg/mL as the optimal cut-off(area under the curve=0.958;sensitivity=86%;specificity=95%).RRM2 was negatively correlated with age,diabetes duration,systolic blood pressure,fasting blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,serum creatinine,neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,kidney injury molecule-1,and malondialdehyde,and positively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate,glutathione(GSH),solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11),and GSH peroxidase 4(GPX4).Logistic regression confirmed RRM2 as an independent protective factor against DN[odds ratio(OR)=0.820,95%confidence interval(95%CI)=0.712-0.945,P=0.006].In vitro,RRM2 overexpression enhanced HK-2 cell proliferation,activated PI3K/Akt signaling,and reduced apoptosis,ROS,oxidative stress,and ferroptosis,accompanied by the restoration of GSH,Nrf2,SLC7A11,and GPX4.These protective effects were abolished by PI3K/Akt inhibition,highlighting RRM2’s renoprotective,pathway-dependent role.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that RRM2 plays a crucial protective role against diabetic renal injury by mitigating oxidative stress,apoptosis,and ferroptosis via PI3K/Akt activation.Serum RRM2 may serve as a novel biomarker for early DN detection,and therapeutic strategies targeting RRM2 may offer potential benefits in preventing diabetic kidney disease progression.展开更多
BACKGROUND RPF2 is a crucial factor in ribosome synthesis,which has been linked to the development of several cancers.However,the mechanism of RPF2 in gastric carcinogenesis is unclear.AIM To explore the role and mech...BACKGROUND RPF2 is a crucial factor in ribosome synthesis,which has been linked to the development of several cancers.However,the mechanism of RPF2 in gastric carcinogenesis is unclear.AIM To explore the role and mechanism of RPF2 in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection.METHODS GES-1 was co-cultured with H.pylori in vitro to detect changes in the expression of RPF2.Overexpression and silencing of RPF2 were performed.Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(q-PCR)and Western blot(WB)were used to determine mRNA and protein expression of RPF2,protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),and epithelial-mesenchymal transitionrelated factors MMP2 and MMP9;cell counting kit 8 and wound healing assays were utilized to evaluate cell viability and migratory capacity;q-PCR,WB,and immunohistochemistry were employed to establish RPF2 expression in cancer tissues.RESULTS H.pylori facilitated RPF2 expression and triggered AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.Functional experiments showed that RPF2 overexpression could promote a series of malignant transformations such as cell proliferation,cell migration and invasion,and further enhance AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activation.RPF2 knockdown had the opposite effect.In addition,RPF2 expression was higher in gastric cancer tissues than in adjacent tissues.CONCLUSION RPF2 plays a significant role in the pathogenic mechanism of H.pylori infection and may be useful in the detection and management of gastric cancer caused by H.pylori infection.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program),No.11932013the National Natural Science Foundation of China(General Program),No.82272255+2 种基金Armed Police Force High-Level Science and Technology Personnel ProjectThe Armed Police Force Focuses on Supporting Scientific and Technological Innovation TeamsKey Project of Tianjin Science and Technology Plan,No.20JCZDJC00570(all to XC)。
文摘Spinal cord injury involves non-reversible damage to the central nervous system that is characterized by limited regenerative capacity and secondary inflammatory damage.The expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis exhibits significant differences before and after injury.Recent studies have revealed that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis is closely associated with secondary inflammatory responses and the recruitment of immune cells following spinal cord injury,suggesting that this axis is a novel target and regulatory control point for treatment.This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic strategies targeting the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis,along with the regenerative and repair mechanisms linking the axis to spinal cord injury.Additionally,we summarize the upstream and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways associated with spinal cord injury and the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review primarily elaborates on therapeutic strategies that target the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the latest progress of research on antagonistic drugs,along with the approaches used to exploit new therapeutic targets within the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the development of targeted drugs.Nevertheless,there are presently no clinical studies relating to spinal cord injury that are focusing on the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review aims to provide new ideas and therapeutic strategies for the future treatment of spinal cord injury.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1712100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82105017)。
文摘Objective:The occurrence and development of atrial fibrillation(AF)are influenced by the autonomic nervous system and inflammation.Acupuncture is an effective treatment for AF.This study explored the protective effects of acupuncture in a rat model of paroxysmal AF and investigated its mechanisms.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats(n=130)were randomly divided into blank control(Con),sham operation(Sham),AF,and acupuncture treatment(Acu)groups.A paroxysmal AF model was established by rapid atrial pacing through the jugular vein.Rats in the Acu group were immobilized to receive acupuncture treatment at Neiguan acupoint(PC6)for 20 min daily for seven days.The other groups were immobilized for the same duration over the treatment period but did not receive acupuncture.The AF induction rate,AF duration,cardiac electrophysiological parameters,and heart rate variability were evaluated by monitoring surface electrocardiogram and vagus nerve discharge signals.After the intervention,the rats were euthanized,and atrial morphology was assessed using haematoxylin and eosin staining.The expression of macrophage F4/80 antigen(F4/80)and cluster of differentiation(CD)86 in atrial myocardial tissue was detected using immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.The expression levels or contents of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a),a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(a7nAChR),phosphorylated Janus kinase 2(p-JAK2),and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3)in atrial myocardial tissue were detected using Western blotting,reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The role of a7nAChR in acupuncture treatment was verified by intraperitoneal injection of the a7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine(MLA).Results:Compared with the AF group,acupuncture significantly reduced AF duration and induction rate,improved cardiac electrophysiology by enhancing vagus nerve activity and regulating autonomic balance.It also decreased the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage proportion,alleviating myocardial injury and infiltration.MLA weakened acupuncture's electrophysiological improvement and anti-inflammatory effect.Results suggest that acupuncture triggers the a7nAChR-JAK2/STAT3 pathway and exerts cardioprotection via neuroimmune regulation.Conclusion:Acupuncture significantly reduced the AF induction rate,shortened AF duration,improved cardiac electrophysiological parameters,enhanced vagus nerve activity,and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and inflammatory factors in rats with paroxysmal AF.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 22225901,21975237 and 51702312)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant WK2340000101)+5 种基金the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(Grant YD2340002007 and YD9990002017)the Open Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization(Grant RERU2022007)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grants 2023M733371,2024M750006 and 2023T160617)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade C)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20230008)the Natural Science Foundation Youth Project of Anhui Province(2408085QB065)the Postdoctoral Research Funding Project of Anhui Province(2023B727)。
文摘The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into value-added chemicals and fuels has been extensively studied as a promising strategy for mitigating environmental issues and achieving sustainable energy conversion.Substantial efforts have been made to improve the understanding of CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)mechanisms by computational and spectroscopic studies.An in-depth understanding of CO_(2)RR mechanism can provide the guidance and criteria for designing high-efficiency catalysts,and hence,steering CO_(2)RR to desired products.This review systematically discusses the formation mechanisms and reaction pathways of various CO_(2)RR products,including C_(1)products(CO,HCOOH,and CH_(4)),C_(2)products(C_(2)H_(4),C_(2)H_(5)OH,and CH_(3)COOH),and C_(3+)products(C_(3)H_(6),C_(3)H_(7)OH,and others).The reaction pathways are elucidated by analyzing the adsorption behavior,energy barriers,and intermediate coupling steps involved in the generation of each product.Particular emphasis is placed on the key intermediates,such as^(*)OCHO,^(*)COOH,^(*)CO,^(*)OCCOH,and^(*)CCO,which play crucial roles in determining the product selectivity.The effects of catalyst composition,morphology,and electronic structure on the adsorption and activation of these intermediates are also discussed.Moreover,advanced characterization techniques,including in-situ spectroscopy and isotopic labeling experiments,are highlighted for their contributions to unraveling the reaction mechanisms.The review aims to provide critical insights to reveal the activity-determining para meters and underlying CO_(2)RR mechanisms,which will guide the rational design of next-generation electrocatalysts for selective CO^(2)RR towards high-value products.
基金supported by the Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province(No.2019YFS0040)the Improvement Plan of“Xinglin Scholar”Scientific Research Talent,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.XKTD2022002)。
文摘The activation of the sirtuin1(SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels.Clinical trials have demonstrated that Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid(ZFXN)ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI).However,the underlying mechanism,particularly whether it involves protecting mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,remains unclear.This study employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)cell model using SHSY5Y cells and induced PSCI in rats through modified bilateral carotid artery ligation(2VO).The effects of ZFXN on learning and memory,neuroprotective activity,mitochondrial function,oxidative stress,and the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro.Results indicated that ZFXN significantly increased the B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2)/Bcl2-associated X(Bax)ratio,reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nickend-labeling(TUNEL)+cells,and markedly improved cognition,synaptic plasticity,and neuronal function in the hippocampus and cortex.Furthermore,ZFXN exhibited potent antioxidant activity,evidenced by decreased ROS and malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione(GSH)levels.ZFXN also demonstrated considerable enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),Tom 20 fluorescence intensity,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and energy charge(EC)levels,and mitochondrial complexⅠandⅢactivity,thereby inhibiting mitochondrial damage.Additionally,ZFXN significantly increased SIRT1 activity and elevated SIRT1,nuclear Nrf2,and HO-1 levels.Notably,these effects were substantially counteracted when SIRT1 was suppressed by the inhibitor EX-527 in vitro.In conclusion,ZFXN alleviates PSCI by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and preventing mitochondrial damage.
文摘OBJECTIVE To explore hypoglycemic effect of 95%ethanol fraction of Nitraria roborowskii Kom(NRK-C)and its possible mechanism evaluated in the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)mice.METHODS The body weight,organ indices,blood glucose levels,serum biochemical indexes,as well as HE/PAS histopathological section were all analyzed to assess the hypoglycemic effect of NRK-C in T2DM mice induced by a high-fat diet(HFD)combined with six intraperitoneal injections of 35 mg·kg^(-1)of streptozotocin(STZ).The Western blotting and immunofluorescence were further applied to determine the regulatory effect of NRK-C on key signaling proteins.RESULTS The fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced after 7 weeks of administration of NRK-C.In addition,NRK-C could also significantly improve glucose tolerance,hepatic glycogen levels,and lipid levels(total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein),and significantly reduced insulin resistance of diabetic mice,which played an important role in the antidiabetic effects.Further mechanism research demonstrated that phosphorylated PI3K expression was up-regulated and p-GSK3βexpression was up-regulated after NRK-C intervention,indicating that NRK-C might exert a potential antidiabetic effect by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.CONCLUSION All these results suggested that NRK-C might improve T2DM and had the potential to be used as an adjunctive therapy.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the introduction of talent of Pingdingshan University(No.PXY-BSQD-2022040,PXY-BSQD-2023024)Henan Province Science and Technology Research Project(No.242102310313,232102310460).
文摘Background:Although the buried wood of Phoebe zhennan is known as the“mummy”of the plant kingdom,there is little research on its pharmacological activity.This study endeavored to investigate the effect and mechanism of buried wood of Phoebe zhennan extract(BPE)on physical fatigue mice induced by weight-loaded forced swimming.Methods:Firstly,BPE was obtained by 70%ethanol extraction and freeze-drying processes.Then,the effect of BPE on physical fatigue mice was evaluated by swimming time,rotating stick time,levels of lipid peroxidation,lactate,lactate dehydrogenase,urea nitrogen,creatine kinase and muscle glycogen.Finally,real time fluorescence quantification and western blot were used to investigate the possible mechanism of BPE.Results:BPE could significantly alleviate muscle tissue damage,prolong the exhaustion time of weight-bearing swimming and rotating stick time.Meanwhile,BPE treatment could notably reduce the accumulation of serum lactate,urea nitrogen,and activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase,while increasing the levels of glycogen and activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in muscles.Moreover,BPE treatment obviously increased HO-1,Nrf-2,AMPK,PGC-1αmRNA and protein expressions in the muscles of physical fatigue mice.Conclusion:BPE treatment could ameliorate various impairments and oxidative stress injury induced by physical fatigue via activating Nrf-2/HO-1 and AMPK/PGC-1αsignaling pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32373062)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023MC144)Funds of Shandong Province Modern Agricultural Technology System Innovation Team Program(SDAIT-21-10).
文摘Background Deoxynivalenol(DON)is a mycotoxin that severely pollutes feed ingredients,and methods for reducing DON toxicity have become a significant research direction.Chlorogenic acid(CGA)is an active polyphenol found in some plants,which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and a protective effect on animal intestinal health.The effects of CGA on DON-induced pyroptosis in the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2(IPEC-J2)and its potential mechanism were explored in this study.Results IPEC-J2 cells viability and membrane integrity were inversely correlated with DON concentration.Compared to those in the group treated with DON alone at 2,500 ng/mL,pretreatment with 80μmol/L CGA for 4 h significantly improved cell viability(P<0.01),and the alleviation of typical pyroptotic symptoms induced by DON were observed,including reduced cellular DNA fragmentation,decreased release of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),normalized ROS levels,restoration of extracellularCa2+andK+contents to normal levels(P<0.01),as well as suppressed the enzyme activities of caspase-1 and caspase-4(P<0.01).Additionally,the mRNA expression levels of TNF,MDP,NOD2,TLR4,ASC and GSDMD were significantly improved(P<0.01),while both mRNA and protein expression levels of NF-κB,NLRP3,caspase-1,IL-1βand IL-18 were significantly upregulated(P<0.01)in the CGA+DON group,compare to those in the DON group.Conclusion Pretreatment with 80μmol/L CGA for 4 h effectively alleviated pyroptosis in IPEC-J2 cells induced by 2,500 ng/mL of DON through inhibiting activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3/capase-1 pathway.
文摘The objective of electrochemical CO_(2) reduction technologies(ECRs)is notably audacious:to revolutionize the market by generating fuel and essential chemicals at a more competitive price than petrochemicals can offer,all while prioritizing environmental sustainability.To expedite the commercialization of ECR technology,we discuss here how ECR can reshape the industry landscape through 2e−pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(Grant Nos.:31800293 and 32370422)Project of Standard for TCM(Grant No.:ZYBZH-Y-JIN-34).
文摘Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an idiopathic,relapsing,and etiologically complicated chronic inflammatory bowel disease.Despite substantial progress in the management of UC,the outcomes of mucosal barrier repair are unsatisfactory.In this study,phillygenin(PHI)treatment alleviated the symptoms of chronic colitis in mice,including body weight loss,severe disease activity index scores,colon shortening,splenomegaly,oxidative stress,and inflammatory response.In particular,PHI treatment ameliorated the tight junction proteins(TJs)reduction,fibrosis,apoptosis,and intestinal stem cell activity,indicating that PHI exerted beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosal barrier in mice with chronic colitis.In the NCM460 cells damage model,dextran sulfate sodium triggered the sequential induction of TJs reduction,fibrosis,and apoptosis.Takeda G protein-coupled receptor-5(TGR5)dysfunction mediated NCM460 cell injury.Moreover,PHI treatment enhanced TJs and suppressed fibrosis and apoptosis to maintain NCM460 cell function,depending on TGR5 activation.PHI promoted TGR5 activation and elevated intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in HEK 293T cells transfected with TGR5 expression plasmids.Cellular thermal shift assay and molecular docking studies confirmed that PHI directly binds to TGR5,indicating that PHI is an agonist of TGR5.The process of PERK-eIF2α pathway-mediated endoplasmic reticulum Ca^(2+) release was involved in NCM460 cell injury as well,which was associated with TGR5 dysfunction.When NCM460 cells were pretreated with PHI,the PERK-eIF2α pathway and elevated Ca^(2+) levels were blocked.In conclusion,our study demonstrated a novel mechanism that PHI inhibited the PERK-eIF2α-Ca^(2+) pathway through TGR5 activation to against DSS-induced TJs reduction,fibrosis,and apoptosis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFD1600402)Hebei Provincial Major Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Project(21287101Z)Hebei Provincial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project(215A7102D)。
文摘Aging is an inevitable biological phenomenon that involves a multitude of physiological alterations.Dietary interventions are being considered as potential strategies for delaying age-related dysfunction.Unsaponifiable matter(USM),a composition of highly active ingredients found in walnut oil,has demonstrated antioxidant effects.This study aims to explore the neuroprotective effects of USM on d-galactose-treated C57BL/6 mice and elucidate its underlying mechanism,which was validated in PC12 cells treated with d-galactose.The results of behavioral tests demonstrated that USM significantly improved cognitive deficits associated with aging.The morphological analysis demonstrated that USM effectively alleviated hippocampal neuronal damage,synaptic impairment,and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by d-galactose.Furthermore,USM significantly increases the antioxidant enzymes activity while reducing the malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species levels.The results suggest that USM can mitigate age-related symptoms caused by d-galactose by activating the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling pathway,which enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes,restore redox balance,and improves synaptic and mitochondrial functions.This has a positive on improving cognition and memory disorders in elderly mice.
文摘BACKGROUND Erianin is a natural bibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.AIM To explore the possible therapeutic mechanisms of erianin and determine if it can reduce cardiac damage in mice with type 2 diabetes.METHODS High-fat diet and intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus in C57BL/6 mice.Mice were divided into different groups including control,model,and treatment with various doses of erianin(10,20,and 40 mg/kg)as well as ML-385+erianin group.RESULTS Erianin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and alleviated diabetic cardiomyopathy through the activation of the adenosine monophosphate-acti-vated protein kinase(AMPK)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)-heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)pathway.Treatments with erianin-M and erianin-H promoted weight stabilization and normalized fasting glucose levels relative to diabetic controls.Echocardiographic assessment demonstrated that erianin dose-dependently enhanced left ventricular systolic function(left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular fractional shortening)and mitigated ventricular remodeling(left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole,left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole;P<0.05 vs model group).No significant differences were observed between the ML-385+erianin and placebo-treated groups.Histopathological examination through hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that erianin ameliorated myocardial fiber fragmentation,structural disorganization,inflammatory cell infiltration,and cytolytic damage.Furthermore,it significantly reduced the serum levels of cardiac troponin I,creatine kinase,and its MB isoenzyme.However,the ML-385+erianin co-treatment failed to alleviate myocardial injury.Metabolic profiling revealed erianin-mediated improvements in glycemic regulation(glycated hemoglobin:P<0.001),plasma insulin homeostasis,and lipid metabolism(total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipo-protein cholesterol reduction,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol restoration;P<0.05 vs model group).Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6 were markedly suppressed in the erianin-M and erianin-H groups compared with the model group,whereas no significant differences were detected between the model and ML-385+erianin groups.Oxidative stress parameters showed decreased malondialdehyde levels accompanied by elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in erianin-treated groups,with the most pronounced effects in the erianin-H group(P<0.05).Western blot analysis confirmed the significant upregulation of proteins associated with the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in erianin-M and erianin-H groups.These protective effects were abolished in the ML-385+erianin co-treatment group,which showed no statistical differences from the model group.CONCLUSION Erianin can effectively alleviate myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic mice by activating the AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.
基金supported by the Chinese Scholarship Council(CSC).
文摘Soil salinity hampers plant performance.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2)(e[CO_(2)])could alleviate the detrimental effect of salinity on plants but whether abscisic acid(ABA)is involved in this process is unclear.To address this issue,three tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)genotypes with varying endogenous ABA concentrations(wild-type AC,ABA-deficient mutant flacca and ABA-overproduction line SP5)were grown in pots under ambient(400μmol·mol^(-1))or elevated(800μmol·mol^(-1))CO_(2)with or without the addition of 100 mmol·L-1sodium chloride(NaCl).The results showed that e[CO_(2)]favored ion homeostasis by decreasing root-to-shoot delivery of Na^(+),which was mainly attributed to lowered transpiration rate rather than altered xylem-sap Na^(+)concentration.In AC and SP5,the low transpiration rate of e[CO_(2)]-plants under salinity was accompanied by enhanced endogenous ABA levels,which might play a role in upregulating the abundance of specific transcripts related to Na^(+)homeostasis(i.e.,SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE)under salt stress.In flacca,e[CO_(2)]-induced Na^(+)homeostasis was abolished,which could be ascribed to the low and unaltered ABA levels,albeit the ethylene biosynthesis was enhanced in flacca under salt stress,indicating an antagonistic relationship between ABA and ethylene.Furthermore,e[CO_(2)]inhibited ethylene biosynthesis under salt stress in all three genotypes.The results enrich our comprehension of the fundamental processes of e[CO_(2)]-conferred salt tolerance in tomato.
文摘Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22309032,22109120,and 62104170)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515011737)+2 种基金Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(2023A04J1395)GDAS’Project of Science and Technology Development(2021GDASYL-20210102010)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY23F040001)。
文摘Photocatalytic oxygen reduction for hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))synthesis presents a green and costeffective production method.However,achieving highly selective H_(2)O_(2)synthesis remains challenging,necessitating precise control over free radical reaction pathways and minimizing undesirable oxidative by-products.Herein,we report for the visible light-driven simultaneous co-photocatalytic reduction of O2to H_(2)O_(2)and oxidation of biomass using the atomic rubidium-nitride modified carbon nitride(CNRb).The optimized CNRb catalyst demonstrates a record photoreduction rate of 8.01 mM h^(-1)for H_(2)O_(2)generation and photooxidation rate of 3.75 mM h^(-1)for furfuryl alcohol to furoic acid,achieving a remarkable solar-to-chemical conversion(SCC)efficiency of up to 2.27%.Experimental characterizations and DFT calculation disclosed that the introducing atomic Rb–N configurations allows for the high-selective generation of superoxide radicals while suppressing hydroxyl free radical formation.This is because the Rb–N serves as the new alternative site to perceive a stronger connection position for O2adsorption and reinforce the capability to extract protons,thereby triggering a high selective redox product formation.This study holds great potential in precisely regulating reactive radical processes at the atomic level,thereby paving the way for efficient synthesis of H_(2)O_(2)coupled with biomass valorization.
文摘Objective:To examine the effect of shikonin against streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods:Intraperitoneal administration of STZ(65 mg/kg)was used for the induction of diabetic retinopathy in rats.Rats received oral administration of shikonin(10,20,and 30 mg/kg).The blood glucose level,insulin,body weight,and organ weight were estimated.Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)levels in serum and lens as well as protein carbonyl content of the lens were determined.The parameters related to oxidative stress and inflammation,and the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM-1)were also measured.In addition,quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA expressions.Results:Shikonin treatment decreased glucose level and boosted insulin level,along with an increase in body weight and improved organ weight.It also lowered O2•−,ONOO−,serum and lens AGEs,and protein carbonyl content.Furthermore,shikonin treatment significantly alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation,as evidenced by reduced malonaldehyde,nitric oxide,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-6,cyclooxygenase-2,prostaglandin E2,protein carbonyl content,and nuclear factor kappa-B,and increased superoxide dismutase,glutathione,catalase,and glutathione peroxidase.Markedly decreased levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1,as well as heightened levels of Nrf2 and HO-1,were noticed after treatment with shikonin.Furthermore,the mRNA expressions of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,ICAM-1,VCAM-1,RAGE,collagenⅣ,and fibronectin were significantly downregulated.Conclusions:Shikonin exhibits protective effects against STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats via modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
基金Supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Youths,No.QN25H160012Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan,No.2023RC006.
文摘SHP2 is the first identified oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase that promotes colorectal cancer(CRC)progression,and it is consistently overexpressed in CRC.It facilitates CRC oncogenesis by mediating downstream signaling cascades of receptor tyrosine kinases,including the RAS/ERK,JAK/STAT,and PI3K/AKT pathways,which are clinically associated with poor prognosis.Furthermore,SHP2 orchestrates immunosuppressive signaling networks by impairing cytotoxic T cell infiltration and changing the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages within the tumor microenvironment(TME).Targeting SHP2 represents a dual therapeutic strategy in CRC:It concurrently regulates RTK signaling and reprograms the immunosuppressive TME.SHP2 inhibitors,administered both as monotherapy and in combination regimens,have advanced into clinical trial phases.Consequently,SHP2 serves as both a molecular target for precision oncology and an immunomodulatory node,positioning it as a high-priority candidate for CRC treatment.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is associated with significant metabolic and renal complications,including diabetic nephropathy(DN).AIM To investigate the role of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2(RRM2)in T2DM and its potential involvement in renal injury through oxidative stress,apoptosis,and ferroptosis.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted,comprising 194 patients with T2DM and 120 healthy controls at our hospital between January 2022 and December 2023.The data were analyzed to ascertain the correlation between RRM2 levels and DN onset in patients with T2DM.The apoptosis rate,reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels,oxidative stress,cystine uptake,and ferrous ion(Fe2+)levels were quantified using the HK-2 cell lysates.Reverse transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to assess mRNA and protein expression,respectively.RESULTS Serum RRM2 levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients than in controls(P<0.05)but declined in the macroalbuminuria subgroup.Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified 30 pg/mL as the optimal cut-off(area under the curve=0.958;sensitivity=86%;specificity=95%).RRM2 was negatively correlated with age,diabetes duration,systolic blood pressure,fasting blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,serum creatinine,neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,kidney injury molecule-1,and malondialdehyde,and positively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate,glutathione(GSH),solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11),and GSH peroxidase 4(GPX4).Logistic regression confirmed RRM2 as an independent protective factor against DN[odds ratio(OR)=0.820,95%confidence interval(95%CI)=0.712-0.945,P=0.006].In vitro,RRM2 overexpression enhanced HK-2 cell proliferation,activated PI3K/Akt signaling,and reduced apoptosis,ROS,oxidative stress,and ferroptosis,accompanied by the restoration of GSH,Nrf2,SLC7A11,and GPX4.These protective effects were abolished by PI3K/Akt inhibition,highlighting RRM2’s renoprotective,pathway-dependent role.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that RRM2 plays a crucial protective role against diabetic renal injury by mitigating oxidative stress,apoptosis,and ferroptosis via PI3K/Akt activation.Serum RRM2 may serve as a novel biomarker for early DN detection,and therapeutic strategies targeting RRM2 may offer potential benefits in preventing diabetic kidney disease progression.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82160634.
文摘BACKGROUND RPF2 is a crucial factor in ribosome synthesis,which has been linked to the development of several cancers.However,the mechanism of RPF2 in gastric carcinogenesis is unclear.AIM To explore the role and mechanism of RPF2 in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection.METHODS GES-1 was co-cultured with H.pylori in vitro to detect changes in the expression of RPF2.Overexpression and silencing of RPF2 were performed.Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(q-PCR)and Western blot(WB)were used to determine mRNA and protein expression of RPF2,protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),and epithelial-mesenchymal transitionrelated factors MMP2 and MMP9;cell counting kit 8 and wound healing assays were utilized to evaluate cell viability and migratory capacity;q-PCR,WB,and immunohistochemistry were employed to establish RPF2 expression in cancer tissues.RESULTS H.pylori facilitated RPF2 expression and triggered AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.Functional experiments showed that RPF2 overexpression could promote a series of malignant transformations such as cell proliferation,cell migration and invasion,and further enhance AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activation.RPF2 knockdown had the opposite effect.In addition,RPF2 expression was higher in gastric cancer tissues than in adjacent tissues.CONCLUSION RPF2 plays a significant role in the pathogenic mechanism of H.pylori infection and may be useful in the detection and management of gastric cancer caused by H.pylori infection.
