This study gives an overview on the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP) of Bronte’s pistachio (Pistacia vera, L., cv. Bianca) from Sicily (Italy). Bronte’s pistachios are ...This study gives an overview on the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP) of Bronte’s pistachio (Pistacia vera, L., cv. Bianca) from Sicily (Italy). Bronte’s pistachios are rich in fat, protein, dietary fiber, trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na). Lipids mainly consist of MUFA (33.8 g/100g), primarily oleic acid (32.4 g/ 100g);PUFA is mostly represented by linoleic acid (7.49 g/100g). Bronte’s pistachios are also a valuable source of bioactive compounds such as total polyphenols (501.5 mg/100g), lutein (1.26 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.18 mg/100g), γ-tocopherol (19.2 mg/100g) and phytosterols (134.4 mg/100g). Among phytosterols, the main is β-sitosterol (86% of total content), followed by Δ5-avenasterol (6.3%). Phytic acid content is 1763 mg/100g;Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 and Ins(1,2,3,4,5,)P5 have been detected too (31 mg/100g and 10 mg/100g, respectively). The antioxidant activity was determined both in hydrophilic and lipophilic fraction of pistachios, showing >80% of the total antioxidant activity in the hydrophilic, predominately due to phenolic compounds.展开更多
We used SDSPAGE to evaluate and characterize the protein patterns of seed storage proteins in four pistachios cultivars (Akbari, Ahmad Aghaei, Fandoghi, and Kaleghouchi). Total protein content of pistachio seeds in al...We used SDSPAGE to evaluate and characterize the protein patterns of seed storage proteins in four pistachios cultivars (Akbari, Ahmad Aghaei, Fandoghi, and Kaleghouchi). Total protein content of pistachio seeds in all cultivars did not show any significant difference. Results of SDS PAGE pattern of a few protein bands were up regulated whereas some other bands showed down regulation. The identified protein patterns may be used protein marker for pistachio cultivars.展开更多
In this study,an intelligent system based on combined machine vision(MV)and Support Vector Machine(SVM)was developed for sorting of peeled pistachio kernels and shells.The system was composed of conveyor belt,lighting...In this study,an intelligent system based on combined machine vision(MV)and Support Vector Machine(SVM)was developed for sorting of peeled pistachio kernels and shells.The system was composed of conveyor belt,lighting box,camera,processing unit and sorting unit.A color CCD camera was used to capture images.The images were digitalized by a capture card and transferred to a personal computer for further analysis.Initially,images were converted from RGB color space to HSV color ones.For segmentation of the acquired images,H-component in the HSV color space and Otsu thresholding method were applied.A feature vector containing 30 color features was extracted from the captured images.A feature selection method based on sensitivity analysis was carried out to select superior features.The selected features were presented to SVM classifier.Various SVM models having a different kernel function were developed and tested.The SVM model having cubic polynomial kernel function and 38 support vectors achieved the best accuracy(99.17%)and then was selected to use in online decision-making unit of the system.By launching the online system,it was found that limiting factors of the system capacity were related to the hardware parts of the system(conveyor belt and pneumatic valves used in the sorting unit).The limiting factors led to a distance of 8 mm between the samples.The overall accuracy and capacity of the sorter were obtained 94.33% and 22.74 kg/h,respectively.展开更多
[Objective]The aim was to commercialize micropropagation of pistachio and provide good foundations for varieties improvement. [Method]The seeds and stem-segments were used as explants in the tissue culture of Pistacia...[Objective]The aim was to commercialize micropropagation of pistachio and provide good foundations for varieties improvement. [Method]The seeds and stem-segments were used as explants in the tissue culture of Pistacia vera ＇Kerman＇,tissue culture condition and medium and transplant matrix were researched for micropropagation of pistachio,[Result]Mediums of 1/2DKW and 1/2DKW＋3.00 mg/L of 6-BA ＋0.05 mg/L of NAA were suitable medium for seed germination and axillary bud induction of pistachio; Proliferation coefficient was 3.6 on the medium of 1/2DKW ＋4.00 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.05 mg/L of IBA; Rooting rate was up to 75% on the medium of 1/2DKW ＋ 5.00 mg/L of IBA ＋ 1.00 mg/L of NAA; The suitable transplantation matrix was 3/4 sand ＋ 1/4 vermiculite,and survival rate of plant with root was above 79%. [Conclusion]The pistachio （Kerman） tissue culture technology system was established.展开更多
Although cultivation and utilization of Pistacia are fully exploited, the evolutionary history of the Pistacia genus and the relationships among the species and accessions is still not well understood. The aim of this...Although cultivation and utilization of Pistacia are fully exploited, the evolutionary history of the Pistacia genus and the relationships among the species and accessions is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to analyze random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD） in a total of 50 accessions of wild pistachio species, which included five populations Pistacia vera, Pistacia khinjuk,Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia mutica, and Pistacia eurycarpa.High levels of genetic diversity were detected within wild pistachio accessions, as revealed by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging and supported via analysis of molecular variance. The objectives of this investigation were to estimate marker indices, polymorphic information contents（PICs）, and genetic similarities（GS）for RAPD markers; assess the genetic diversity of Pistacia species, using GS estimated from RAPD fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression and cultivar improvement.Out of the 149 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 146（97.98 %） were polymorphic. Genetic similarities ranged from 0.3 to 0.86 %, marker indices ranged from 2.98 to 17.74 %, and PICs ranged from 0.80 to0.99 %. Our results provided great molecular identification of all assayed genotypes, which have shown that there is large quantity of genetic diversity among the pistachio accessions. This finding might render striking information in breeding management strategies for genetic conservation and cultivar development.展开更多
The efficiency of sample-based indices proposed to quantify the spatial distribution of trees is influenced by the structure of tree stands, environmental heterogeneity and degree of aggregation. We evaluated 10 commo...The efficiency of sample-based indices proposed to quantify the spatial distribution of trees is influenced by the structure of tree stands, environmental heterogeneity and degree of aggregation. We evaluated 10 commonly used distance-based and 10 density-based indices using two structurally different stands of wild pistachio trees in the Zagros woodlands, Iran, to assess the reliability of each in revealing stand structure in woodlands. All trees were completely stem-mapped in a nearly pure（40 ha） and a mixed（45 ha） stand. First, the inhomogeneous pair correlation function [g（r）] and the Clark-Evans index（CEI） were used as references to reveal the true spatial arrangement of all trees in these stands. The sampled data were then evaluated using the 20 indices.Sampling was undertaken in a grid based on a square lattice using square plots（30 m 9 30 m） and nearest neighbor distances at the sample points. The g（r） and CEI statistics showed that the wild pistachio trees were aggregated in both stands, although the degree of aggregation was markedly higher in the pure stand. Three distance- and six density-based indices statistically verified that the wild pistachio trees were aggregated in both stands. The distance-based Hines and Hines statistic（ht） and the densitybased standardised Morisita（Ip）, patchiness（IP） and Cassie（CA） indices revealed aggregation of the trees in the two structurally different stands in the Zagros woodlands and the higher clumping in the pure stand, whereas the other indices were not sensitive enough.展开更多
Thermogravimetry(TG)analysis was applied for the pyrolysis of activated carbon from pistachio shell in a nitrogen atmosphere by physical activation and chemical activation using carbon dioxide and H3PO4.The kinetic st...Thermogravimetry(TG)analysis was applied for the pyrolysis of activated carbon from pistachio shell in a nitrogen atmosphere by physical activation and chemical activation using carbon dioxide and H3PO4.The kinetic study was accomplished using TG curves based on weight loss as a function of temperature.TG experiments were performed under nitrogen atmosphere(100 ML/min)and a linear heating rate of 20℃/min up to 850℃.Differential thermogravimetric(DTG)data were analyzed using an Arrhenius type reaction model assuming a first-order reaction.Kinetic parameters including activation energy,Ea,and pre-exponential factor,A,for this activated carbon was determined.The activation energy(E,,=172.25 k J/tool)and maximum rate temperature(Rt=670℃)were approximately in the ranges of Ea values from previous studies using types of activated carbon with values between 100-300 kJ/mol.The thermodynamic parameters of activation,△Gc=220.51 kJ/mol,△Hf=164.42 kJ/mol and△Sc=-59.48 J/tool K,were obtained.These quantities indicated the obtained activated carbon from pistachio shell is stable but the rate of the pyrolysis is slow at low temperatures.展开更多
Wild rodents were collected using live snap traps in pistachio gardens of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran from 2007 to 2009, then some physiological parameters of them were measured. The samples were identified as fol...Wild rodents were collected using live snap traps in pistachio gardens of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran from 2007 to 2009, then some physiological parameters of them were measured. The samples were identified as follow: Nesokia indica, Meriones persicus, Meriones lybicus and Tatera indica. Blood samples were obtained from the heart, then the blood parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, HDL, red and white blood cell number) in wild species of rodents and laboratory rat were compared. The results showed that there were no significant differences in serum glucose, triglyceride, HDL and total protein levels among different experimental groups. The concentration of cholesterol in T. indica was more than that in N. indica (P < 0.01). The total numbers of red blood cells also showed significant difference between wild garden rodent species and laboratory rat (P < 0.01), while the numbers of white blood cells showed no significant difference.展开更多
Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This ex...Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This experiment was conducted to determine chilling requirement inducing vegetative and flower buds of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi, Ahmad-Ahgaei, and Akbari pistachio. Shoots with enough vegetative and flower buds were taken from pistachio trees during autumn 2007 and 2008 when temperature reached to 15°C. Cuttings with flower buds were kept under （5 ± 1）°C for 0, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 000, 1 050, 1 100, 1 150, 1 200, 1 250, and 1 300 h, respectively, and cuttings with vegetative buds were kept at 51°C until 1 500 h. The results indicated that pistachio cultivars requite chilling time between 750-1 400 h and heat requirements between 8 852-15 420 growing degree hours （GDH）. Consequently, Kalle-Ghuchi had the lowest chilling （750-950 h）, and heat （8 852-9 768 GDH） requirements, Ahmad-Aghaei and Owhadi had intermediate （1 000-1 250 h, 10 656- 13 320 GDH） and Akbari had the highest chilling （1 200-1 400 h） and heat （11 863-15 420 GDH） requirement.展开更多
Originating from the genus Pistacia, the only edible species, Pistacia vera, covers at least 10 different sub-species and has a commercial value in the nut industry as a snack food. Pistachio kernels arc very popular ...Originating from the genus Pistacia, the only edible species, Pistacia vera, covers at least 10 different sub-species and has a commercial value in the nut industry as a snack food. Pistachio kernels arc very popular ingredients used in meat products and in the confectionary industry as a part of various pastry products. Historically, Iran has the advantage in supply side and leads the world in pistachio trade. Turkey comes in the third place in terms of production and provides over 70 thousand metric tons of pistachios in 2007, capturing 14 percent production share world wide. As being one of the major habitats of pistachios, Turkey has potential to develop new variaties and increase the productivity, thereby to take advantage of higher profits that may arise from foreign trade in pistachios. Even though pistachio production in Turkey has increased in the last 20 years, this opportunity is yet to be discovered since yield and quality factors are still at low levels, resulting in dramatic losses in foreign market shares. Possible remedies for this problem include irrigation made available to pistachio orchards, adopting new caltivars more tolerant to diseases, preventing the illegal entrance of Iranian pistachios, facilitating the unification of pistachio producers, provoking the consumption of fresh pistachios, and expanding the business into new international markets.展开更多
Citrus and palm trees’ extracts, commercially formulated as ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM, were studied against the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, in field conditions. Generally, foliage spraying applicat...Citrus and palm trees’ extracts, commercially formulated as ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM, were studied against the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, in field conditions. Generally, foliage spraying application against the pistachio psyllid may cause severe reduction on the honeybee forager population, which visits infested trees to collect honeydew. ProAlexinTM products have the same formulation with Provigoro 14 WA Bee Care?, a natural water acidifier, which not only has negative action on the honeybees, but also shows disinfectant action against Nosema spp. The scope of the present study was to determine any effect of ProAlexin products on the reduction of the population of the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae. Experiments were performed at the orchard of the A.U.A., with two mixtures sprayed on psyllid infested pistachio trees, the first with ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM and the second only with AgrisprayTM. They were both applied with the addition of APG25TM non-ionic surfactant. Results showed that mortality on the trees treated with ProAlexin PNSTM + AgrisprayTM mixture and AgrisprayTM was significantly higher compared with the control. This could be explained due to the phytoalexins that these products elicit, which are part of the plant mechanism against insect herbivores. These products are potentially promising methods to be used in sustainable agriculture approaches against the pistachio psyllid and they should be tested for their effects on the biological control agents of this pest. Beyond this, the results of this study encourage to test their effects on other pests of pistachio and other tree species.展开更多
Sixteen Afshari male lambs (mean live weight 35 ± 1.21 kg, 10 month of age) were used to study the effect of different levels of pistachio epicarp silage (0%, 8%, 17% and 25%) on wool characteristics. The fleece ...Sixteen Afshari male lambs (mean live weight 35 ± 1.21 kg, 10 month of age) were used to study the effect of different levels of pistachio epicarp silage (0%, 8%, 17% and 25%) on wool characteristics. The fleece weight (FW), staple length on shoulder (STS), flank (STF), back (STB) and rump (STR), true wool fiber (TW), modulated fiber (MF), kemp fiber (KF) percentage, mean wool fiber diameter (MD) and its coefficient variation (CVMD), breaking load (BL), wool tenacity (WT) and extension (E) were measured. These data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SAS software package. The total mean of FW, STS, STB, STF STR;TW, MF, KF, MD, CVMD, BL, WT and E of wool were 1622.2 ± 0.2 gr, 6.20 ± 0.26 cm, 6.80 ± 0.20 cm, 6.50 ± 0.20 cm, 6.90 ± 0.20 cm, 63.30 ± 1.6 mu, 8.30 ± 1.6 mu, 28.40% ± 2.5%, 37.0 ± 0.9 mu, 47.02% ± 2.99%, 7.60 ± 0.3 kgf, 3.40 ± 0.2 gf/tex and 31.1% ± 1.7% respectively, although there was significant difference among treatments on FW, MF, KF, MD, BL and WT. The results showed that feeding lambs with 25% pistachio epicarp silage of total dry matter intake affected wool characteristics and its effect was similar with the control group.展开更多
This study attempts to examine the effects of salinity on leaf, stem, and nut of Pistacia vera （Ohady and Kaleh Ghochi cultivars） in order to characterize their anatomical structures with electron and light microsco...This study attempts to examine the effects of salinity on leaf, stem, and nut of Pistacia vera （Ohady and Kaleh Ghochi cultivars） in order to characterize their anatomical structures with electron and light microscopy. A comparative study of the anatomy indicates a difference between the density of simple and glandular trichomes in leaf surface, deposit of wax, the thickness of leaf, the length of epidermal cells, palisade parenchyma cells, crystals in mesophyll, and the manner of compatibility to salinity. The results obtained in this research demonstrate that compatibility of Ohady cultivar is higher than Kaleh Ghochi and the degree of mechanical wounding depends on their development stages. In addition to results of previous studies which considered crop load as the main cause of fruit deformity. The present study indicates that, in spite of some reduction in total production of a tree, salinity decreases fruit deformity and to a high extent prevents the production of deformed fruit. Indeed, a remarkable reduction in production of deformed fruit will be yielded by selecting pistachio varieties which are resistant to salinity. Moreover, salinity increases the resistance of nuts to mechanical wounding. The results of this study suggest that in EC = 7.6, 12.6 deformity of nut is not related to crop load.展开更多
This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of diurnal temperature fluctuations on seed germination of Pistacia vera L. The seeds of Badami-e-Zarand and Sarakhs cultivars were treated with the f...This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of diurnal temperature fluctuations on seed germination of Pistacia vera L. The seeds of Badami-e-Zarand and Sarakhs cultivars were treated with the following temperatures： T1 = 24 hr at 25℃, T2= 16 hr at 25 ℃ ＋ 8 hr at 10 ℃, T3= 12 hr at 25 ℃ ＋ 12 hr at 10℃ and T4= 8 hr at 25℃ ＋ 16 hr at 10℃. The germination percentage was increased by diurnal temperature fluctuations, however all of treatments extended MTG compared to control （T1）. Temperature affected the quality of roots, in a matter that high constant temperature resulted in dichotomous （forked） roots during seed germination of pistachio. The response of cultivars was different in this case, so that, Badami-e-Zarand had higher dichotomous root percentage. This disorder can be decreased by diurnal temperature fluctuation.展开更多
Iran is the main pistachio producer and exporter country in the world. Pistachio as a commercial output has a special importance in the agricultural production of Iran and contains large portion of non-oil exportation...Iran is the main pistachio producer and exporter country in the world. Pistachio as a commercial output has a special importance in the agricultural production of Iran and contains large portion of non-oil exportation. The main aim of this study has been to analysis the world market and Iran＇s pistachio exports market using Hirschman-Herfindahl index. For this purpose, Iran＇s exports data over 1992-2009 and world exports statistics in 1992-2007 have been used. The results showed that diversification in target markets of Iran＇s pistachio exports increased in this period. The market structure of pistachio exports for Iran has been predominant firm and monopoly in first and end of this period, respectively. While in world market, Iran has been predominant firm except 1997 and 2007 years. According to findings of this study, it is forecasted that the competition degree of Iran＇s pistachio exports market will increase during the period 2011 to 2015.展开更多
In this study,the effect of adding essential oil from different plants on prolonging the shelf life of pistachio puree was investigated.For this purpose,Rancimat method,which is one of the accelerated shelf-life test(...In this study,the effect of adding essential oil from different plants on prolonging the shelf life of pistachio puree was investigated.For this purpose,Rancimat method,which is one of the accelerated shelf-life test(ASLT)methods,was used to determine the effect of oregano(OO)and rosemary(RO)essential oils on the oxidative stability of pistachio puree.Butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)and the control sample were used for the comparison.Concentrations used for essential oils and synthetic antioxidants were 150,300 and 600 ppm and 150 ppm,respectively.The conductivity was followed at three temperatures,110,120 and 130℃,with the addition of essential oils and BHA to pistachio puree during ASLT.Pistachio puree with essential oils showed protection against the lipid oxidation process.As the temperature increased induction time was significantly decreased during ASLT(p<0.05).The same concentrations of essential oils and BHA were also added into pistachio puree to observe the change in peroxide value(PV)and free fatty acid(FFA)value under normal storage temperatures 15,25 and 40℃.The PV and FFA increase were lower in RO,OO and BHA added pistachio puree samples during 8-month storage(p<0.05).Six hundred(600)ppm of RO added sample had an antioxidative effect as much as 150 ppm BHA added sample for both ASLT and normal storage conditions.These essential oils could be used as natural antioxidants in foods with high lipid content increasing the shelf life of these products.展开更多
Pistachio nut cream is a new product that was produced by mixing powdered sugar, roasted pistachio nut, defatted powdered milk, lecithin, vanilla and margarine. Pistachio nut cream was stored at 4 and 20 °C in se...Pistachio nut cream is a new product that was produced by mixing powdered sugar, roasted pistachio nut, defatted powdered milk, lecithin, vanilla and margarine. Pistachio nut cream was stored at 4 and 20 °C in sealed jars. Nut creams were analyzed by chemical analysis such as peroxide values （meq kgt）, total and free fatty acidity （%）, moisture content （%）, pH, 2-tiobarbutric acid and browning indices. Sensory evaluations of the cream were examined according to the color, odour, texture, taste, aroma and feelings by the panelists. Samples containing 10% and 15% pistachio nut that were stored at 4 °C were better and more acceptable with respect to the chemical properties of pistachio nut cream compared to the nut cream samples that were stored at 20 °C.展开更多
The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) has significantly helped managers provide optimal models of sustainable agricultural development, identify local features related to agricultural production and their pro...The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) has significantly helped managers provide optimal models of sustainable agricultural development, identify local features related to agricultural production and their proper zoning, identify agricultural needs and constraints and finally provide the appropriate structure of land use. The main purpose of this study was to determine areas capable of cultivating Pistachio according to the parameters affecting the Pistachio cultivation in Roshtkhar town. Statistics of meteorological stations of the town were taken from Meteorology Organization of Khorasan Razavi for the period of 1989-2010 in order to determine climatic parameters required to cultivate Pistachio. For mapping surface elevation, slope, aspect, and TIN of the geographic organization of armed forces with a scale of 1:250,000 topographic maps were used. For mapping vegetation and land use in the area under study, land capability map of the area on a scale of 1:250,000 from the institute of soil and water was used. Also information on cultivation and annual production of agricultural statistics, published by Agriculture was used. Finally, it was concluded that the northeast and southwest of Roshtkhar town are the most prone areas to cultivate Pistachio.展开更多
Turkey is an important country which has pistachio trees in the world. The Southeastern Anatolia Project （GAP） region located in southeastern of Anatolia has all of pistachio trees. In other words, pistachio trees h...Turkey is an important country which has pistachio trees in the world. The Southeastern Anatolia Project （GAP） region located in southeastern of Anatolia has all of pistachio trees. In other words, pistachio trees have grown only in GAP region. Provinces of ~anliurfa, Gaziantep and Adiyaman are in the GAP region. In this study, we have investigated problems of pistachio farmers in these cities. So, we applied survey to pistachio farmers. Then we analyzed data which we had from the surveys with SPSS. As a result, the farmers have mainly got input problems, marketing problems, processing problems, keeping problems, financial problems, labor problems and managerial problems. As a solution, pistachio farmers must set up cooperatives which help finding inputs, markets, loan, labor, manager them and come up with their problems. Government has to support pistachio farmers and price of pistachio yield, pistachio farmers must have training programs about theirs works. Finally, pistachio nuts of stock market must be surely founded.展开更多
A comparative life cycle assessment(LCA),with the use of GaBi 6 software and specific related databases,of three water intensive tree cultivation systems was conducted in order to evaluate environmental impacts and en...A comparative life cycle assessment(LCA),with the use of GaBi 6 software and specific related databases,of three water intensive tree cultivation systems was conducted in order to evaluate environmental impacts and energy consumption.The tree crops are traditionally cultivated in two representative areas in Greece,namely Aegina island,Attica region,for pistachios and Agia,East Thessaly region,central Greece,for apples and almonds.The impact categories considered include global warming potential(GWP),eutrophication potential(EP),acidification potential(AP)and cumulative energy demand(CED).Based upon the results obtained,it is deduced that pistachios and almonds show minor differences for all impact categories considered,while apples exhibit the best environmental profile.The phases of fertilizers production,irrigation system and field management were identified as the main“hot-spots”for all crops,exhibiting the highest environmental impacts and energy consumption.A sensitivity analysis was performed to explore actions that can be considered at farm scale,such as water desalination for irrigation purposes,transition to organic production and use of renewable energy,in order to reduce water requirements and promote energy conservation,especially in semi-arid and arid Mediterranean regions which suffer from water shortage and are prone to salinization.Finally,the results of this study were compared with the results derived from other relevant LCA studies.展开更多
文摘This study gives an overview on the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP) of Bronte’s pistachio (Pistacia vera, L., cv. Bianca) from Sicily (Italy). Bronte’s pistachios are rich in fat, protein, dietary fiber, trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na). Lipids mainly consist of MUFA (33.8 g/100g), primarily oleic acid (32.4 g/ 100g);PUFA is mostly represented by linoleic acid (7.49 g/100g). Bronte’s pistachios are also a valuable source of bioactive compounds such as total polyphenols (501.5 mg/100g), lutein (1.26 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.18 mg/100g), γ-tocopherol (19.2 mg/100g) and phytosterols (134.4 mg/100g). Among phytosterols, the main is β-sitosterol (86% of total content), followed by Δ5-avenasterol (6.3%). Phytic acid content is 1763 mg/100g;Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 and Ins(1,2,3,4,5,)P5 have been detected too (31 mg/100g and 10 mg/100g, respectively). The antioxidant activity was determined both in hydrophilic and lipophilic fraction of pistachios, showing >80% of the total antioxidant activity in the hydrophilic, predominately due to phenolic compounds.
文摘We used SDSPAGE to evaluate and characterize the protein patterns of seed storage proteins in four pistachios cultivars (Akbari, Ahmad Aghaei, Fandoghi, and Kaleghouchi). Total protein content of pistachio seeds in all cultivars did not show any significant difference. Results of SDS PAGE pattern of a few protein bands were up regulated whereas some other bands showed down regulation. The identified protein patterns may be used protein marker for pistachio cultivars.
基金support provided by the Research Department of University of Tehran,Iran,under Grant No.1305051.6.34 is duly acknowledged。
文摘In this study,an intelligent system based on combined machine vision(MV)and Support Vector Machine(SVM)was developed for sorting of peeled pistachio kernels and shells.The system was composed of conveyor belt,lighting box,camera,processing unit and sorting unit.A color CCD camera was used to capture images.The images were digitalized by a capture card and transferred to a personal computer for further analysis.Initially,images were converted from RGB color space to HSV color ones.For segmentation of the acquired images,H-component in the HSV color space and Otsu thresholding method were applied.A feature vector containing 30 color features was extracted from the captured images.A feature selection method based on sensitivity analysis was carried out to select superior features.The selected features were presented to SVM classifier.Various SVM models having a different kernel function were developed and tested.The SVM model having cubic polynomial kernel function and 38 support vectors achieved the best accuracy(99.17%)and then was selected to use in online decision-making unit of the system.By launching the online system,it was found that limiting factors of the system capacity were related to the hardware parts of the system(conveyor belt and pneumatic valves used in the sorting unit).The limiting factors led to a distance of 8 mm between the samples.The overall accuracy and capacity of the sorter were obtained 94.33% and 22.74 kg/h,respectively.
基金Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (6072005)Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning Under the Jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality(PXM2009-014207-076874)~~
文摘[Objective]The aim was to commercialize micropropagation of pistachio and provide good foundations for varieties improvement. [Method]The seeds and stem-segments were used as explants in the tissue culture of Pistacia vera ＇Kerman＇,tissue culture condition and medium and transplant matrix were researched for micropropagation of pistachio,[Result]Mediums of 1/2DKW and 1/2DKW＋3.00 mg/L of 6-BA ＋0.05 mg/L of NAA were suitable medium for seed germination and axillary bud induction of pistachio; Proliferation coefficient was 3.6 on the medium of 1/2DKW ＋4.00 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.05 mg/L of IBA; Rooting rate was up to 75% on the medium of 1/2DKW ＋ 5.00 mg/L of IBA ＋ 1.00 mg/L of NAA; The suitable transplantation matrix was 3/4 sand ＋ 1/4 vermiculite,and survival rate of plant with root was above 79%. [Conclusion]The pistachio （Kerman） tissue culture technology system was established.
基金supported by Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz,Iran
文摘Although cultivation and utilization of Pistacia are fully exploited, the evolutionary history of the Pistacia genus and the relationships among the species and accessions is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to analyze random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD） in a total of 50 accessions of wild pistachio species, which included five populations Pistacia vera, Pistacia khinjuk,Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia mutica, and Pistacia eurycarpa.High levels of genetic diversity were detected within wild pistachio accessions, as revealed by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging and supported via analysis of molecular variance. The objectives of this investigation were to estimate marker indices, polymorphic information contents（PICs）, and genetic similarities（GS）for RAPD markers; assess the genetic diversity of Pistacia species, using GS estimated from RAPD fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression and cultivar improvement.Out of the 149 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 146（97.98 %） were polymorphic. Genetic similarities ranged from 0.3 to 0.86 %, marker indices ranged from 2.98 to 17.74 %, and PICs ranged from 0.80 to0.99 %. Our results provided great molecular identification of all assayed genotypes, which have shown that there is large quantity of genetic diversity among the pistachio accessions. This finding might render striking information in breeding management strategies for genetic conservation and cultivar development.
基金supported by Vice Chancellor for Research,Shiraz University,IranErasmus Mundus scholarship for travel to Goettingen,Germany
文摘The efficiency of sample-based indices proposed to quantify the spatial distribution of trees is influenced by the structure of tree stands, environmental heterogeneity and degree of aggregation. We evaluated 10 commonly used distance-based and 10 density-based indices using two structurally different stands of wild pistachio trees in the Zagros woodlands, Iran, to assess the reliability of each in revealing stand structure in woodlands. All trees were completely stem-mapped in a nearly pure（40 ha） and a mixed（45 ha） stand. First, the inhomogeneous pair correlation function [g（r）] and the Clark-Evans index（CEI） were used as references to reveal the true spatial arrangement of all trees in these stands. The sampled data were then evaluated using the 20 indices.Sampling was undertaken in a grid based on a square lattice using square plots（30 m 9 30 m） and nearest neighbor distances at the sample points. The g（r） and CEI statistics showed that the wild pistachio trees were aggregated in both stands, although the degree of aggregation was markedly higher in the pure stand. Three distance- and six density-based indices statistically verified that the wild pistachio trees were aggregated in both stands. The distance-based Hines and Hines statistic（ht） and the densitybased standardised Morisita（Ip）, patchiness（IP） and Cassie（CA） indices revealed aggregation of the trees in the two structurally different stands in the Zagros woodlands and the higher clumping in the pure stand, whereas the other indices were not sensitive enough.
文摘Thermogravimetry(TG)analysis was applied for the pyrolysis of activated carbon from pistachio shell in a nitrogen atmosphere by physical activation and chemical activation using carbon dioxide and H3PO4.The kinetic study was accomplished using TG curves based on weight loss as a function of temperature.TG experiments were performed under nitrogen atmosphere(100 ML/min)and a linear heating rate of 20℃/min up to 850℃.Differential thermogravimetric(DTG)data were analyzed using an Arrhenius type reaction model assuming a first-order reaction.Kinetic parameters including activation energy,Ea,and pre-exponential factor,A,for this activated carbon was determined.The activation energy(E,,=172.25 k J/tool)and maximum rate temperature(Rt=670℃)were approximately in the ranges of Ea values from previous studies using types of activated carbon with values between 100-300 kJ/mol.The thermodynamic parameters of activation,△Gc=220.51 kJ/mol,△Hf=164.42 kJ/mol and△Sc=-59.48 J/tool K,were obtained.These quantities indicated the obtained activated carbon from pistachio shell is stable but the rate of the pyrolysis is slow at low temperatures.
文摘Wild rodents were collected using live snap traps in pistachio gardens of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran from 2007 to 2009, then some physiological parameters of them were measured. The samples were identified as follow: Nesokia indica, Meriones persicus, Meriones lybicus and Tatera indica. Blood samples were obtained from the heart, then the blood parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, HDL, red and white blood cell number) in wild species of rodents and laboratory rat were compared. The results showed that there were no significant differences in serum glucose, triglyceride, HDL and total protein levels among different experimental groups. The concentration of cholesterol in T. indica was more than that in N. indica (P < 0.01). The total numbers of red blood cells also showed significant difference between wild garden rodent species and laboratory rat (P < 0.01), while the numbers of white blood cells showed no significant difference.
文摘Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This experiment was conducted to determine chilling requirement inducing vegetative and flower buds of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi, Ahmad-Ahgaei, and Akbari pistachio. Shoots with enough vegetative and flower buds were taken from pistachio trees during autumn 2007 and 2008 when temperature reached to 15°C. Cuttings with flower buds were kept under （5 ± 1）°C for 0, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 000, 1 050, 1 100, 1 150, 1 200, 1 250, and 1 300 h, respectively, and cuttings with vegetative buds were kept at 51°C until 1 500 h. The results indicated that pistachio cultivars requite chilling time between 750-1 400 h and heat requirements between 8 852-15 420 growing degree hours （GDH）. Consequently, Kalle-Ghuchi had the lowest chilling （750-950 h）, and heat （8 852-9 768 GDH） requirements, Ahmad-Aghaei and Owhadi had intermediate （1 000-1 250 h, 10 656- 13 320 GDH） and Akbari had the highest chilling （1 200-1 400 h） and heat （11 863-15 420 GDH） requirement.
文摘Originating from the genus Pistacia, the only edible species, Pistacia vera, covers at least 10 different sub-species and has a commercial value in the nut industry as a snack food. Pistachio kernels arc very popular ingredients used in meat products and in the confectionary industry as a part of various pastry products. Historically, Iran has the advantage in supply side and leads the world in pistachio trade. Turkey comes in the third place in terms of production and provides over 70 thousand metric tons of pistachios in 2007, capturing 14 percent production share world wide. As being one of the major habitats of pistachios, Turkey has potential to develop new variaties and increase the productivity, thereby to take advantage of higher profits that may arise from foreign trade in pistachios. Even though pistachio production in Turkey has increased in the last 20 years, this opportunity is yet to be discovered since yield and quality factors are still at low levels, resulting in dramatic losses in foreign market shares. Possible remedies for this problem include irrigation made available to pistachio orchards, adopting new caltivars more tolerant to diseases, preventing the illegal entrance of Iranian pistachios, facilitating the unification of pistachio producers, provoking the consumption of fresh pistachios, and expanding the business into new international markets.
文摘Citrus and palm trees’ extracts, commercially formulated as ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM, were studied against the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, in field conditions. Generally, foliage spraying application against the pistachio psyllid may cause severe reduction on the honeybee forager population, which visits infested trees to collect honeydew. ProAlexinTM products have the same formulation with Provigoro 14 WA Bee Care?, a natural water acidifier, which not only has negative action on the honeybees, but also shows disinfectant action against Nosema spp. The scope of the present study was to determine any effect of ProAlexin products on the reduction of the population of the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae. Experiments were performed at the orchard of the A.U.A., with two mixtures sprayed on psyllid infested pistachio trees, the first with ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM and the second only with AgrisprayTM. They were both applied with the addition of APG25TM non-ionic surfactant. Results showed that mortality on the trees treated with ProAlexin PNSTM + AgrisprayTM mixture and AgrisprayTM was significantly higher compared with the control. This could be explained due to the phytoalexins that these products elicit, which are part of the plant mechanism against insect herbivores. These products are potentially promising methods to be used in sustainable agriculture approaches against the pistachio psyllid and they should be tested for their effects on the biological control agents of this pest. Beyond this, the results of this study encourage to test their effects on other pests of pistachio and other tree species.
文摘Sixteen Afshari male lambs (mean live weight 35 ± 1.21 kg, 10 month of age) were used to study the effect of different levels of pistachio epicarp silage (0%, 8%, 17% and 25%) on wool characteristics. The fleece weight (FW), staple length on shoulder (STS), flank (STF), back (STB) and rump (STR), true wool fiber (TW), modulated fiber (MF), kemp fiber (KF) percentage, mean wool fiber diameter (MD) and its coefficient variation (CVMD), breaking load (BL), wool tenacity (WT) and extension (E) were measured. These data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SAS software package. The total mean of FW, STS, STB, STF STR;TW, MF, KF, MD, CVMD, BL, WT and E of wool were 1622.2 ± 0.2 gr, 6.20 ± 0.26 cm, 6.80 ± 0.20 cm, 6.50 ± 0.20 cm, 6.90 ± 0.20 cm, 63.30 ± 1.6 mu, 8.30 ± 1.6 mu, 28.40% ± 2.5%, 37.0 ± 0.9 mu, 47.02% ± 2.99%, 7.60 ± 0.3 kgf, 3.40 ± 0.2 gf/tex and 31.1% ± 1.7% respectively, although there was significant difference among treatments on FW, MF, KF, MD, BL and WT. The results showed that feeding lambs with 25% pistachio epicarp silage of total dry matter intake affected wool characteristics and its effect was similar with the control group.
文摘This study attempts to examine the effects of salinity on leaf, stem, and nut of Pistacia vera （Ohady and Kaleh Ghochi cultivars） in order to characterize their anatomical structures with electron and light microscopy. A comparative study of the anatomy indicates a difference between the density of simple and glandular trichomes in leaf surface, deposit of wax, the thickness of leaf, the length of epidermal cells, palisade parenchyma cells, crystals in mesophyll, and the manner of compatibility to salinity. The results obtained in this research demonstrate that compatibility of Ohady cultivar is higher than Kaleh Ghochi and the degree of mechanical wounding depends on their development stages. In addition to results of previous studies which considered crop load as the main cause of fruit deformity. The present study indicates that, in spite of some reduction in total production of a tree, salinity decreases fruit deformity and to a high extent prevents the production of deformed fruit. Indeed, a remarkable reduction in production of deformed fruit will be yielded by selecting pistachio varieties which are resistant to salinity. Moreover, salinity increases the resistance of nuts to mechanical wounding. The results of this study suggest that in EC = 7.6, 12.6 deformity of nut is not related to crop load.
文摘This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of diurnal temperature fluctuations on seed germination of Pistacia vera L. The seeds of Badami-e-Zarand and Sarakhs cultivars were treated with the following temperatures： T1 = 24 hr at 25℃, T2= 16 hr at 25 ℃ ＋ 8 hr at 10 ℃, T3= 12 hr at 25 ℃ ＋ 12 hr at 10℃ and T4= 8 hr at 25℃ ＋ 16 hr at 10℃. The germination percentage was increased by diurnal temperature fluctuations, however all of treatments extended MTG compared to control （T1）. Temperature affected the quality of roots, in a matter that high constant temperature resulted in dichotomous （forked） roots during seed germination of pistachio. The response of cultivars was different in this case, so that, Badami-e-Zarand had higher dichotomous root percentage. This disorder can be decreased by diurnal temperature fluctuation.
文摘Iran is the main pistachio producer and exporter country in the world. Pistachio as a commercial output has a special importance in the agricultural production of Iran and contains large portion of non-oil exportation. The main aim of this study has been to analysis the world market and Iran＇s pistachio exports market using Hirschman-Herfindahl index. For this purpose, Iran＇s exports data over 1992-2009 and world exports statistics in 1992-2007 have been used. The results showed that diversification in target markets of Iran＇s pistachio exports increased in this period. The market structure of pistachio exports for Iran has been predominant firm and monopoly in first and end of this period, respectively. While in world market, Iran has been predominant firm except 1997 and 2007 years. According to findings of this study, it is forecasted that the competition degree of Iran＇s pistachio exports market will increase during the period 2011 to 2015.
文摘In this study,the effect of adding essential oil from different plants on prolonging the shelf life of pistachio puree was investigated.For this purpose,Rancimat method,which is one of the accelerated shelf-life test(ASLT)methods,was used to determine the effect of oregano(OO)and rosemary(RO)essential oils on the oxidative stability of pistachio puree.Butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)and the control sample were used for the comparison.Concentrations used for essential oils and synthetic antioxidants were 150,300 and 600 ppm and 150 ppm,respectively.The conductivity was followed at three temperatures,110,120 and 130℃,with the addition of essential oils and BHA to pistachio puree during ASLT.Pistachio puree with essential oils showed protection against the lipid oxidation process.As the temperature increased induction time was significantly decreased during ASLT(p<0.05).The same concentrations of essential oils and BHA were also added into pistachio puree to observe the change in peroxide value(PV)and free fatty acid(FFA)value under normal storage temperatures 15,25 and 40℃.The PV and FFA increase were lower in RO,OO and BHA added pistachio puree samples during 8-month storage(p<0.05).Six hundred(600)ppm of RO added sample had an antioxidative effect as much as 150 ppm BHA added sample for both ASLT and normal storage conditions.These essential oils could be used as natural antioxidants in foods with high lipid content increasing the shelf life of these products.
文摘Pistachio nut cream is a new product that was produced by mixing powdered sugar, roasted pistachio nut, defatted powdered milk, lecithin, vanilla and margarine. Pistachio nut cream was stored at 4 and 20 °C in sealed jars. Nut creams were analyzed by chemical analysis such as peroxide values （meq kgt）, total and free fatty acidity （%）, moisture content （%）, pH, 2-tiobarbutric acid and browning indices. Sensory evaluations of the cream were examined according to the color, odour, texture, taste, aroma and feelings by the panelists. Samples containing 10% and 15% pistachio nut that were stored at 4 °C were better and more acceptable with respect to the chemical properties of pistachio nut cream compared to the nut cream samples that were stored at 20 °C.
文摘The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) has significantly helped managers provide optimal models of sustainable agricultural development, identify local features related to agricultural production and their proper zoning, identify agricultural needs and constraints and finally provide the appropriate structure of land use. The main purpose of this study was to determine areas capable of cultivating Pistachio according to the parameters affecting the Pistachio cultivation in Roshtkhar town. Statistics of meteorological stations of the town were taken from Meteorology Organization of Khorasan Razavi for the period of 1989-2010 in order to determine climatic parameters required to cultivate Pistachio. For mapping surface elevation, slope, aspect, and TIN of the geographic organization of armed forces with a scale of 1:250,000 topographic maps were used. For mapping vegetation and land use in the area under study, land capability map of the area on a scale of 1:250,000 from the institute of soil and water was used. Also information on cultivation and annual production of agricultural statistics, published by Agriculture was used. Finally, it was concluded that the northeast and southwest of Roshtkhar town are the most prone areas to cultivate Pistachio.
文摘Turkey is an important country which has pistachio trees in the world. The Southeastern Anatolia Project （GAP） region located in southeastern of Anatolia has all of pistachio trees. In other words, pistachio trees have grown only in GAP region. Provinces of ~anliurfa, Gaziantep and Adiyaman are in the GAP region. In this study, we have investigated problems of pistachio farmers in these cities. So, we applied survey to pistachio farmers. Then we analyzed data which we had from the surveys with SPSS. As a result, the farmers have mainly got input problems, marketing problems, processing problems, keeping problems, financial problems, labor problems and managerial problems. As a solution, pistachio farmers must set up cooperatives which help finding inputs, markets, loan, labor, manager them and come up with their problems. Government has to support pistachio farmers and price of pistachio yield, pistachio farmers must have training programs about theirs works. Finally, pistachio nuts of stock market must be surely founded.
基金the financial support of the European Commission(LIFE+Environment Policy&Governance)in the framework of the LIFE11 ENV/GR/951 project"Sustainable strategies for the improvement of seriously degraded agricultural areas:The example of Pistachia vera L(AgroStrat)"。
文摘A comparative life cycle assessment(LCA),with the use of GaBi 6 software and specific related databases,of three water intensive tree cultivation systems was conducted in order to evaluate environmental impacts and energy consumption.The tree crops are traditionally cultivated in two representative areas in Greece,namely Aegina island,Attica region,for pistachios and Agia,East Thessaly region,central Greece,for apples and almonds.The impact categories considered include global warming potential(GWP),eutrophication potential(EP),acidification potential(AP)and cumulative energy demand(CED).Based upon the results obtained,it is deduced that pistachios and almonds show minor differences for all impact categories considered,while apples exhibit the best environmental profile.The phases of fertilizers production,irrigation system and field management were identified as the main“hot-spots”for all crops,exhibiting the highest environmental impacts and energy consumption.A sensitivity analysis was performed to explore actions that can be considered at farm scale,such as water desalination for irrigation purposes,transition to organic production and use of renewable energy,in order to reduce water requirements and promote energy conservation,especially in semi-arid and arid Mediterranean regions which suffer from water shortage and are prone to salinization.Finally,the results of this study were compared with the results derived from other relevant LCA studies.
