Currently, transplanting mechanisms for dryland plug seedlings in China are mainly semiautomatic and have low efficiency. The rotary seedling pick-up mechanism with a planetary gear train for non-uniform intermittent ...Currently, transplanting mechanisms for dryland plug seedlings in China are mainly semiautomatic and have low efficiency. The rotary seedling pick-up mechanism with a planetary gear train for non-uniform intermittent transmission, and a concave and convex locking arc device, has a large rigid impact. To solve these problems, according to the design requirements for a dryland plug seedling transplanting mechanism, a rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of a planetary gear train with combined non-circular gear transmission of incomplete eccentric circular and noncircular gears was proposed. This has the characteristics of two-times greater fluctuation of the transmission ratio in a cycle, and can achieve a non-uniform continuous drive. Through analysis of the working principle of the seedling pick-up mechanism, its kinematics model was established. The human–computer interaction optimization method and self-developed computer-aided analysis and optimization software were used to obtain a set of parameters that satisfy the operation requirements of the seedling pick-up mechanism. According to the optimized parameters, the structure of the seedling pick-up mechanism was designed, a virtual prototype of the mechanism was created, and a physical prototype was manufactured. A virtual motion simulation of the mechanism was performed, high-speed photographic kinematics tests were conducted, and the kinematic properties of the physical prototype were investigated, whereby the correctness of the theoretical model and the optimized design of the mechanism were verified. Further, laboratory seedling pick-up tests were conducted. The success ratio of seedling pick-up was 93.8% when the seedling pick-up efficiency of the mechanism was 60 plants per minute per row, indicating that the mechanism has a high efficiency and success ratio for seedling pick-up and can be applied to a dryland plug seedling transplanter.展开更多
Carbon-containing Al2O3 refractory crucibles and pure Al2O3 refractory crucible were fabricated to study the effect of carbon-containing Al2O3-C refractories on aluminum and carbon pick-up of iron.Refractory crucibles...Carbon-containing Al2O3 refractory crucibles and pure Al2O3 refractory crucible were fabricated to study the effect of carbon-containing Al2O3-C refractories on aluminum and carbon pick-up of iron.Refractory crucibles with pure iron powder were placed in a vacuum induction furnace and heated at 1600℃ for regular time under flowing argon atmosphere.The Al and C contents of iron samples were analyzed,and iron samples were also investigated using a field scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscope.The results showed that carbon materials did affect the interac?tion of(Al2O3-C)/Fe system,carbothermal reduction in alumina occurred in the reaction system and the extent of reactions depended on the kinds of carbon materials.展开更多
This article discusses the development of astronomical tables in ancient China based on the calendrical chapter titled“Lü-li zhi”律曆志(Monograph on harmonics and calendrical astronomy)in official histories.Aft...This article discusses the development of astronomical tables in ancient China based on the calendrical chapter titled“Lü-li zhi”律曆志(Monograph on harmonics and calendrical astronomy)in official histories.After surveying various types of astral scientific tables in ancient China and their layouts,this paper discusses the characteristics and adoption of“licheng”立成tables,a specific kind of pick-up table that seems to have come into use in the Sui period(581–618)and to have been widespread from the Tang period(618–907)onward.The emergence of licheng tables relates largely to the internal development of ancient Chinese astronomy,but they were also probably inspired by auspicial tables and foreign astronomical tables.By comparing tables recorded in the“Lü-li zhi”and the existing licheng tables,we find that most licheng were deleted during the compilation of“Lü-li zhi”to reduce the number of volumes.Moreover,this paper discusses several common solutions used to compress the size of tables in“Lü-li zhi.”The adoption of licheng tables into the ancient Chinese astral sciences and the reformatting of them in“Lü-li zhi”give us a different perspective for understanding the development of ancient Chinese astronomical tables and the compilation of the calendrical portion of official histories.展开更多
Cold-rolled high strength steel sheets for automobiles contain more Mn and Si based alloy elements, which, under the reducing atmosphere in the annealing furnace, will get enriched on the strip surface. Since the furn...Cold-rolled high strength steel sheets for automobiles contain more Mn and Si based alloy elements, which, under the reducing atmosphere in the annealing furnace, will get enriched on the strip surface. Since the furnace rollers and the strips contact frequently, alloy elements on the roller surface will form hard protuberance. We call this protuberance ＂pick-up＂. In addition, with the increase of the amount of dust in the furnace atmosphere, the occurrence of furnace roller pick-up will also increase. Through chemical reaction and physical accumulation analysis combined with practical experience, the causes of pick-up in different furnace sections were analyzed. Methods of preventing furnace roller pick-up in the high strength steel sheet processing line were discussed and solutions to improving the strip surface quality in the continous annealing furnace were provided.展开更多
Shannon entropy in time domain is a measure of signal or system uncertainty.When based on spectrum entropy,Shannon entropy can be taken as a measure of signal or system complexity. Therefore,wavelet analysis based on ...Shannon entropy in time domain is a measure of signal or system uncertainty.When based on spectrum entropy,Shannon entropy can be taken as a measure of signal or system complexity. Therefore,wavelet analysis based on wavelet entropy measure can signify the complexity of non-steady signal or system in both time and frequency domain.In this paper,in order to meet the requirements of post-analysis on abundant wavelet transform result data and the need of information mergence,the basic definition of wavelet entropy measure is proposed,corresponding algorithms of several wavelet entropies,such as wavelet average entropy,wavelet time-frequency entropy,wavelet distance entropy, etc.are put forward,and the physical meanings of these entropies are analyzed as well.The application principle of wavelet entropy measure in ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) signal analysis,mechanical fault diagnosis,fault detection and classification in power system are analyzed.Finally,take the transmission line fault detection in power system for example,simulations in two different systems,a 10kV automatic blocking and continuous power transmission line and a 500kV Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission line,are carried out,and the two methods,wavelet entropy and wavelet modulus maxima,are compared,the results show feasibility and application prospect of the six wavelet entro- pies.展开更多
To improve the quality of seedling picking and throwing in the mechanical transplanting process of pepper hole tray seedlings,this study establishes a dynamic model of pepper hole tray seedlings during the picking and...To improve the quality of seedling picking and throwing in the mechanical transplanting process of pepper hole tray seedlings,this study establishes a dynamic model of pepper hole tray seedlings during the picking and throwing stages.Through analyses of the instantaneous force on stem during clamping,substrate force during pulling,and kinematic analysis during throwing,the relationships between stem deviation from cotyledon center and clamping height,picking mechanism rotation speed and clamp opening speed,as well as throwing speed,throwing height,and horizontal throwing displacement are obtained.The main influencing factors affecting throwing success rate and their critical values are determined,with the optimal clamping position found to be 15 mm from the surface of the substrate to the stem.Bench experiments explore the effects of picking mechanism rotation speed,throwing height,and planting mouth diameter on throwing success rate,with the critical ranges of each factor aligning closely with theoretical analysis results,validating the accuracy and feasibility of the model.To investigate the optimal combination of picking and planting mechanisms under conditions of high throwing rate,a response surface experiment analysis is conducted to establish regression mathematical models between major influencing factors and assessment indicators.Experimental results demonstrate that with mechanism rotation speed at 67 r/min,throwing height at 93 mm,and planting mouth diameter at 137 mm,the optimized throwing success rate reaches 94.58%.This study provides valuable insights for improving the throwing quality of pepper hole tray seedlings during transplanting.展开更多
In the previous research,the seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with incomplete eccentric circular gear and non-circular gears for vegetable plug seedlings still has two shortcomings.One is that no...In the previous research,the seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with incomplete eccentric circular gear and non-circular gears for vegetable plug seedlings still has two shortcomings.One is that not enough seedling pick-up depth leads to a low success ratio of seedling pick-up at high rotation speeds,the other is that the smaller seedling pushing angle results in poor seedling pushing effect.Therefore,the reverse design of the seedling pick-up mechanism based on its motion trajectory was carried out.The local trajectory of seedling pick-up and seedling pushing sections was adjusted to obtain the theoretical motion trajectory of the seedling pick-up mechanism.The cubic non-uniform B-spline curve was used to fit the adjusted trajectory.A novel seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with non-circular gears was proposed,including three combined non-circular gears,four non-circular gears,one planetary carrier,and two seedling pick-up arms.The reverse design model of the mechanism was established.The analysis and design software of the mechanism was developed to obtain the mechanism parameters meeting design requirements.The virtual prototype of the mechanism was established and its physical prototype was manufactured.Through the virtual motion simulation and high-speed photographic kinematics bench tests of the mechanism,the kinematic model and results of reverse design of the mechanism were verified,with the kinematic performances of the mechanism prototype studied.The seedling pick-up tests of the mechanism were conducted in the laboratory.The success ratios of seedling pick-up were 94.2%,95.6% and 90.2% while the seedling pick-up efficiencies of the mechanism were 60,80 and 100 plants per minute per row,respectively.Besides,the seedling pushing effect was improved mush because of the greater seedling pushing angle.The seedling pick-up mechanism through revise design is of high value to be applied in the practical vegetable plug seedling transplanters.展开更多
The rotary plug seedling pick-up mechanism for vegetable automatic transplanter is the technical bottleneck to improve the mechanization level of vegetable planting in China.In order to solve the problems of rotary se...The rotary plug seedling pick-up mechanism for vegetable automatic transplanter is the technical bottleneck to improve the mechanization level of vegetable planting in China.In order to solve the problems of rotary seedling pick-up mechanism proposed in previous study,such as low success ratio of seedling pick-up at high speed,and interference between the seedling bowl and the end of the other seedling pick-up arm,a novel kind of rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of planetary gear train with combined type gears of incomplete denatured-eccentric-circular and non-circular gears was proposed.Through kinematic analysis of the seedling pick-up mechanism,the kinematics model was established.The computer-aided analysis and optimization software with human-computer interaction method was developed to realize parameters optimization of the seedling pick-up mechanism.Three-dimensional parametric design system of seedling pick-up mechanisms with combined non-circular gear transmission was developed for mechanism virtual simulation to verify the correctness of theoretical model and design results of the mechanism.The physical prototype of the mechanism was manufactured,and high-speed camera kinematics tests of the mechanism were conducted in the laboratory to study its kinematic characteristics.Laboratory seedling pick-up tests were carried out.The mechanism has the success ratio of seedling pick-up 96.3%without interference during seedling transporting when the rotation speed of the mechanism is 50 r/min and the seedling transplanting efficiency is 100 plants/min per row,showing that the novel mechanism has better working performance than the original one and could be applied in vegetable plug seedling transplanter.展开更多
Although the pick-up/drop-off(PUDO)strategy in carpooling offers the convenience of short-distance walking for passengers during boarding and disembarking,there is a noticeable hesitancy among commuters to adopt this ...Although the pick-up/drop-off(PUDO)strategy in carpooling offers the convenience of short-distance walking for passengers during boarding and disembarking,there is a noticeable hesitancy among commuters to adopt this travel method,despite its numerous benefits.Here,this paper establishes a tripartite evolutionary game theory(EGT)model to verify the evolutionary stability of choosing the PUDO strategy of drivers and passengers and offering subsidies strategy of carpooling platforms in carpooling system.The model presented in this paper serves as a valuable tool for assessing the dissemination and implementation of PUDO strategy and offering subsidies strategy in carpooling applications.Subsequently,an empirical analysis is conducted to examine and compare the sensitivity of the parameters across various scenarios.The findings suggest that:firstly,providing subsidies to passengers and drivers,along with deductions for drivers through carpooling platforms,is an effective way to promote wider adoption of the PUDO strategy.Then,the decision-making process is divided into three stages:initial stage,middle stage,and mature stage.PUDO strategy progresses from initial rejection to widespread acceptance among drivers in the middle stage and,in the mature stage,both passengers and drivers tend to adopt it under carpooling platform subsidies;the factors influencing the costs of waiting and walking times,as well as the subsidies granted to passengers,are essential determinants that require careful consideration by passengers,drivers,and carpooling platforms when choosing the PUDO strategy.Our work provides valuable insight into the PUDO strategy’s applicability and the declared results provide implications for traffic managers and carpooling platforms to offer a suitable incentive.展开更多
The energy spectrum of energetic particles in space often shows a non-thermal spectral shape with two spectral transitions/breaks over a wide energy range, carrying crucial information about their acceleration, releas...The energy spectrum of energetic particles in space often shows a non-thermal spectral shape with two spectral transitions/breaks over a wide energy range, carrying crucial information about their acceleration, release and transportation process. To self-consistently characterize the spectral features of energetic particles, here we propose a novel extended pan-spectrum(EPS) formula to fit the particle energy-flux spectrum, which has the merit that can incorporate many commonly used spectrum functions with one spectral transition, including the pan-spectrum, double-power-law, Kappa, Ellison-Ramaty(ER) functions, etc. The formula can also determine the spectral shape with two spectral transitions, including the triple-power-law function, Kappa distribution(at low energy)plus power law(at high energy), power law(at low energy) plus ER function, etc. Considering the uncertainties in both J and E, we can fit this EPS formula well to the representative energy spectra of various particle phenomena in space, including solar energetic particles(electrons, protons, ~3He and heavier ions), anomalous cosmic rays, solar wind suprathermal particles(halo and superhalo electrons;pick-up ions and the suprathermal tail), etc. Therefore, the EPS fitting can help us self-consistently determine the spectral features of different particle phenomena, and improve our understanding of the physical nature of the origin, acceleration, and transportation of energetic particles in space.展开更多
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2017YFD0700800)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LZ16E050003)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51505429)Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(Grant No.15022011-Y)
文摘Currently, transplanting mechanisms for dryland plug seedlings in China are mainly semiautomatic and have low efficiency. The rotary seedling pick-up mechanism with a planetary gear train for non-uniform intermittent transmission, and a concave and convex locking arc device, has a large rigid impact. To solve these problems, according to the design requirements for a dryland plug seedling transplanting mechanism, a rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of a planetary gear train with combined non-circular gear transmission of incomplete eccentric circular and noncircular gears was proposed. This has the characteristics of two-times greater fluctuation of the transmission ratio in a cycle, and can achieve a non-uniform continuous drive. Through analysis of the working principle of the seedling pick-up mechanism, its kinematics model was established. The human–computer interaction optimization method and self-developed computer-aided analysis and optimization software were used to obtain a set of parameters that satisfy the operation requirements of the seedling pick-up mechanism. According to the optimized parameters, the structure of the seedling pick-up mechanism was designed, a virtual prototype of the mechanism was created, and a physical prototype was manufactured. A virtual motion simulation of the mechanism was performed, high-speed photographic kinematics tests were conducted, and the kinematic properties of the physical prototype were investigated, whereby the correctness of the theoretical model and the optimized design of the mechanism were verified. Further, laboratory seedling pick-up tests were conducted. The success ratio of seedling pick-up was 93.8% when the seedling pick-up efficiency of the mechanism was 60 plants per minute per row, indicating that the mechanism has a high efficiency and success ratio for seedling pick-up and can be applied to a dryland plug seedling transplanter.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51572203).
文摘Carbon-containing Al2O3 refractory crucibles and pure Al2O3 refractory crucible were fabricated to study the effect of carbon-containing Al2O3-C refractories on aluminum and carbon pick-up of iron.Refractory crucibles with pure iron powder were placed in a vacuum induction furnace and heated at 1600℃ for regular time under flowing argon atmosphere.The Al and C contents of iron samples were analyzed,and iron samples were also investigated using a field scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscope.The results showed that carbon materials did affect the interac?tion of(Al2O3-C)/Fe system,carbothermal reduction in alumina occurred in the reaction system and the extent of reactions depended on the kinds of carbon materials.
文摘This article discusses the development of astronomical tables in ancient China based on the calendrical chapter titled“Lü-li zhi”律曆志(Monograph on harmonics and calendrical astronomy)in official histories.After surveying various types of astral scientific tables in ancient China and their layouts,this paper discusses the characteristics and adoption of“licheng”立成tables,a specific kind of pick-up table that seems to have come into use in the Sui period(581–618)and to have been widespread from the Tang period(618–907)onward.The emergence of licheng tables relates largely to the internal development of ancient Chinese astronomy,but they were also probably inspired by auspicial tables and foreign astronomical tables.By comparing tables recorded in the“Lü-li zhi”and the existing licheng tables,we find that most licheng were deleted during the compilation of“Lü-li zhi”to reduce the number of volumes.Moreover,this paper discusses several common solutions used to compress the size of tables in“Lü-li zhi.”The adoption of licheng tables into the ancient Chinese astral sciences and the reformatting of them in“Lü-li zhi”give us a different perspective for understanding the development of ancient Chinese astronomical tables and the compilation of the calendrical portion of official histories.
文摘Cold-rolled high strength steel sheets for automobiles contain more Mn and Si based alloy elements, which, under the reducing atmosphere in the annealing furnace, will get enriched on the strip surface. Since the furnace rollers and the strips contact frequently, alloy elements on the roller surface will form hard protuberance. We call this protuberance ＂pick-up＂. In addition, with the increase of the amount of dust in the furnace atmosphere, the occurrence of furnace roller pick-up will also increase. Through chemical reaction and physical accumulation analysis combined with practical experience, the causes of pick-up in different furnace sections were analyzed. Methods of preventing furnace roller pick-up in the high strength steel sheet processing line were discussed and solutions to improving the strip surface quality in the continous annealing furnace were provided.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50407009)Distinguished Scholars Foundation of Sichuan Province (No.06ZQ026-012)Science Fund of Key Laboratory of Power System Protection and Dynamic Security Monitoring and Control,Ministry of Education,China (No.KW02002).
文摘Shannon entropy in time domain is a measure of signal or system uncertainty.When based on spectrum entropy,Shannon entropy can be taken as a measure of signal or system complexity. Therefore,wavelet analysis based on wavelet entropy measure can signify the complexity of non-steady signal or system in both time and frequency domain.In this paper,in order to meet the requirements of post-analysis on abundant wavelet transform result data and the need of information mergence,the basic definition of wavelet entropy measure is proposed,corresponding algorithms of several wavelet entropies,such as wavelet average entropy,wavelet time-frequency entropy,wavelet distance entropy, etc.are put forward,and the physical meanings of these entropies are analyzed as well.The application principle of wavelet entropy measure in ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) signal analysis,mechanical fault diagnosis,fault detection and classification in power system are analyzed.Finally,take the transmission line fault detection in power system for example,simulations in two different systems,a 10kV automatic blocking and continuous power transmission line and a 500kV Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission line,are carried out,and the two methods,wavelet entropy and wavelet modulus maxima,are compared,the results show feasibility and application prospect of the six wavelet entro- pies.
基金supported in part by the Innovation Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘To improve the quality of seedling picking and throwing in the mechanical transplanting process of pepper hole tray seedlings,this study establishes a dynamic model of pepper hole tray seedlings during the picking and throwing stages.Through analyses of the instantaneous force on stem during clamping,substrate force during pulling,and kinematic analysis during throwing,the relationships between stem deviation from cotyledon center and clamping height,picking mechanism rotation speed and clamp opening speed,as well as throwing speed,throwing height,and horizontal throwing displacement are obtained.The main influencing factors affecting throwing success rate and their critical values are determined,with the optimal clamping position found to be 15 mm from the surface of the substrate to the stem.Bench experiments explore the effects of picking mechanism rotation speed,throwing height,and planting mouth diameter on throwing success rate,with the critical ranges of each factor aligning closely with theoretical analysis results,validating the accuracy and feasibility of the model.To investigate the optimal combination of picking and planting mechanisms under conditions of high throwing rate,a response surface experiment analysis is conducted to establish regression mathematical models between major influencing factors and assessment indicators.Experimental results demonstrate that with mechanism rotation speed at 67 r/min,throwing height at 93 mm,and planting mouth diameter at 137 mm,the optimized throwing success rate reaches 94.58%.This study provides valuable insights for improving the throwing quality of pepper hole tray seedlings during transplanting.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32171899)the Basic Research Projects of the Wenzhou Science&Technology Bureau(Grant No.N20220001).
文摘In the previous research,the seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with incomplete eccentric circular gear and non-circular gears for vegetable plug seedlings still has two shortcomings.One is that not enough seedling pick-up depth leads to a low success ratio of seedling pick-up at high rotation speeds,the other is that the smaller seedling pushing angle results in poor seedling pushing effect.Therefore,the reverse design of the seedling pick-up mechanism based on its motion trajectory was carried out.The local trajectory of seedling pick-up and seedling pushing sections was adjusted to obtain the theoretical motion trajectory of the seedling pick-up mechanism.The cubic non-uniform B-spline curve was used to fit the adjusted trajectory.A novel seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with non-circular gears was proposed,including three combined non-circular gears,four non-circular gears,one planetary carrier,and two seedling pick-up arms.The reverse design model of the mechanism was established.The analysis and design software of the mechanism was developed to obtain the mechanism parameters meeting design requirements.The virtual prototype of the mechanism was established and its physical prototype was manufactured.Through the virtual motion simulation and high-speed photographic kinematics bench tests of the mechanism,the kinematic model and results of reverse design of the mechanism were verified,with the kinematic performances of the mechanism prototype studied.The seedling pick-up tests of the mechanism were conducted in the laboratory.The success ratios of seedling pick-up were 94.2%,95.6% and 90.2% while the seedling pick-up efficiencies of the mechanism were 60,80 and 100 plants per minute per row,respectively.Besides,the seedling pushing effect was improved mush because of the greater seedling pushing angle.The seedling pick-up mechanism through revise design is of high value to be applied in the practical vegetable plug seedling transplanters.
基金The authors thank the editors and the anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments have notably contributed to the improved quality and clarity of this paper.This article was supported in part by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LZ16E05003)the Natural Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2017YFD0700800)and the Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(Grant No.15022011-Y).
文摘The rotary plug seedling pick-up mechanism for vegetable automatic transplanter is the technical bottleneck to improve the mechanization level of vegetable planting in China.In order to solve the problems of rotary seedling pick-up mechanism proposed in previous study,such as low success ratio of seedling pick-up at high speed,and interference between the seedling bowl and the end of the other seedling pick-up arm,a novel kind of rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of planetary gear train with combined type gears of incomplete denatured-eccentric-circular and non-circular gears was proposed.Through kinematic analysis of the seedling pick-up mechanism,the kinematics model was established.The computer-aided analysis and optimization software with human-computer interaction method was developed to realize parameters optimization of the seedling pick-up mechanism.Three-dimensional parametric design system of seedling pick-up mechanisms with combined non-circular gear transmission was developed for mechanism virtual simulation to verify the correctness of theoretical model and design results of the mechanism.The physical prototype of the mechanism was manufactured,and high-speed camera kinematics tests of the mechanism were conducted in the laboratory to study its kinematic characteristics.Laboratory seedling pick-up tests were carried out.The mechanism has the success ratio of seedling pick-up 96.3%without interference during seedling transporting when the rotation speed of the mechanism is 50 r/min and the seedling transplanting efficiency is 100 plants/min per row,showing that the novel mechanism has better working performance than the original one and could be applied in vegetable plug seedling transplanter.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.72171172 and 62088101the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology,China Major Project under Grant No.2021SHZDZX0100the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology,China Project under Grant No.19511132101.
文摘Although the pick-up/drop-off(PUDO)strategy in carpooling offers the convenience of short-distance walking for passengers during boarding and disembarking,there is a noticeable hesitancy among commuters to adopt this travel method,despite its numerous benefits.Here,this paper establishes a tripartite evolutionary game theory(EGT)model to verify the evolutionary stability of choosing the PUDO strategy of drivers and passengers and offering subsidies strategy of carpooling platforms in carpooling system.The model presented in this paper serves as a valuable tool for assessing the dissemination and implementation of PUDO strategy and offering subsidies strategy in carpooling applications.Subsequently,an empirical analysis is conducted to examine and compare the sensitivity of the parameters across various scenarios.The findings suggest that:firstly,providing subsidies to passengers and drivers,along with deductions for drivers through carpooling platforms,is an effective way to promote wider adoption of the PUDO strategy.Then,the decision-making process is divided into three stages:initial stage,middle stage,and mature stage.PUDO strategy progresses from initial rejection to widespread acceptance among drivers in the middle stage and,in the mature stage,both passengers and drivers tend to adopt it under carpooling platform subsidies;the factors influencing the costs of waiting and walking times,as well as the subsidies granted to passengers,are essential determinants that require careful consideration by passengers,drivers,and carpooling platforms when choosing the PUDO strategy.Our work provides valuable insight into the PUDO strategy’s applicability and the declared results provide implications for traffic managers and carpooling platforms to offer a suitable incentive.
基金supported in part by NSFC under contracts 42225404, 42127803, 42150105by National Key R&D Program of China No. 2021YFA0718600by ISSI-BJ through the international teams Nos. 23-581 and 56。
文摘The energy spectrum of energetic particles in space often shows a non-thermal spectral shape with two spectral transitions/breaks over a wide energy range, carrying crucial information about their acceleration, release and transportation process. To self-consistently characterize the spectral features of energetic particles, here we propose a novel extended pan-spectrum(EPS) formula to fit the particle energy-flux spectrum, which has the merit that can incorporate many commonly used spectrum functions with one spectral transition, including the pan-spectrum, double-power-law, Kappa, Ellison-Ramaty(ER) functions, etc. The formula can also determine the spectral shape with two spectral transitions, including the triple-power-law function, Kappa distribution(at low energy)plus power law(at high energy), power law(at low energy) plus ER function, etc. Considering the uncertainties in both J and E, we can fit this EPS formula well to the representative energy spectra of various particle phenomena in space, including solar energetic particles(electrons, protons, ~3He and heavier ions), anomalous cosmic rays, solar wind suprathermal particles(halo and superhalo electrons;pick-up ions and the suprathermal tail), etc. Therefore, the EPS fitting can help us self-consistently determine the spectral features of different particle phenomena, and improve our understanding of the physical nature of the origin, acceleration, and transportation of energetic particles in space.
