Objective:The benefits of phytosterols have attracted growing interest,but their association with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease(MAFLD)has rarely been reported in population-based studies.This re...Objective:The benefits of phytosterols have attracted growing interest,but their association with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease(MAFLD)has rarely been reported in population-based studies.This research aimed to investigate the correlation between dietary phytosterols and MAFLD.Methods:Phytosterols intake was evaluated using an internet-based dietary questionnaire targeted at the Chinese population.Conditional logistic regression models were employed to investigate dose-response relationships between phytosterol intake and MAFLD,as well as the potential preventive role of phytosterols.Restricted Cubic Spline(RCS)analyses were conducted to examine associations between phytosterols intake and MAFLD.Additionally,a quantile-based g-computation(qgcomp)method was applied to explore the combined effect of campesterol,stigmasterol,β-sitostelane,campestane,and β-sitosterol on MAFLD.Results:Significant inverse relationships were found between total phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.19;95%CI,0.11-0.32;P<0.001),campesterol(OR,0.22;95%CI,0.13-0.37;P<0.001),stigmasterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.30;P<0.001),β-sitostelane(OR,0.26;95%CI,0.16-0.45;P<0.001),campestane(OR,0.23;95%CI,0.14-0.39;P<0.001),andβ-sitosterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.29;P<0.001).The qgcomp analysis showed a significant negative association between the five phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.58;95%CI,0.50-0.67;P<0.001).Additionally,the qgcomp analysis revealed that the combination of these five phytosterols was inversely associated with MAFLD,with stigmasterol contributing the most(weight=0.70).Conclusion:Higher intake of phytosterols was associated with a reduced prevalence of MAFLD,with stigmasterol showing the most significant inverse relationship.Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between phytosterols and MAFLD.展开更多
Biotransformation of phytosterol(PS) by a newly isolated mutant Mycobacterium neoaurum ZJUVN-08 to produce androstenedione has been investigated in this paper.The parameters of the biotransformation process were optim...Biotransformation of phytosterol(PS) by a newly isolated mutant Mycobacterium neoaurum ZJUVN-08 to produce androstenedione has been investigated in this paper.The parameters of the biotransformation process were optimized using fractional factorial design and response surface methodology.Androstenedione was the sole product in the fermentation broth catalyzed by the mutant M.neoaurum ZJUVN-08 strain.Results showed that molar ratio of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HP-β-CD) to PS and substrate concentrations were the two most significant factors affecting androstenedione production.By analyzing the statistical model of three-dimensional surface plot,the optimal process conditions were observed at 0.1 g/L inducer,pH 7.0,molar ratio of HP-β-CD to PS 1.92:1,8.98 g/L PS,and at 120 h of incubation time.Under these conditions,the maximum androstenedione yield was 5.96 g/L and nearly the same with the non-optimized(5.99 g/L),while the maximum PS conversion rate was 94.69% which increased by 10.66% compared with the non-optimized(84.03%).The predicted optimum conditions from the mathematical model were in agreement with the verification experimental results.It is considered that response surface methodology was a powerful and efficient method to optimize the parameters of PS biotransformation process.展开更多
Objective To quantify five specific dietary phytosterols and phytostanols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China. Methods A total of 34 different kinds of vegetables and 33 kinds of fruits were chosen acc...Objective To quantify five specific dietary phytosterols and phytostanols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China. Methods A total of 34 different kinds of vegetables and 33 kinds of fruits were chosen according to the consuming habit of Chinese people. All the samples were purchased from two shops in Beijing. The contents of phytosterols （13-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, 13-sitostanol, and campestanol） were analyzed by GLC method which was established by our laboratory, and the total phytosterols were calculated. Results The total phytosterol content in vegetables ranged 1.1-53.7 mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentration was found in pea, cauliflower, broccoli, and romaine lettuce. The phytosterol contents in fruits ranged 1.6-32.6 mg/100 g, the highest concentration was found in navel orange, tangerine, and mango. Conclusion The phytosterol contents in vegetables and fruits are not as high as those in edible oils, but because of the large amount of consumption, they also play an important role in increasing the people＇s phytosterols intake, indicating that increased intake of vegetables and fruits with higher phytosterol contents helps increase the phytosterol intake in China.展开更多
As a bioactive substance, phytosterol reduces blood cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease. It also has such physiological functions as growth regulation, promotion of protein synthesis, anti-inflammatory,...As a bioactive substance, phytosterol reduces blood cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease. It also has such physiological functions as growth regulation, promotion of protein synthesis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, immune regulation and hormone-like effects. Phytosterol does not show any toxicity to human and animals, and it is a new functional feed additive approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. This article generally reviewed the physiological function of phytosterol like regulation of cholesterol metabolism, antioxidation, hormone-like effects, and its application on animal, production like hypolipidemic and improving dairy animals＇ milk composition. The paper provides a reference for wide application of phytosterol in animal feed.展开更多
Phytosterols,which are naturally occurring in plants,have excellent nutritional and health values on lowering both the blood cholesterol level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Edible oils are the main source of...Phytosterols,which are naturally occurring in plants,have excellent nutritional and health values on lowering both the blood cholesterol level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Edible oils are the main source of daily intake of phytosterols,whereas the properties of phytosterols may vary a lot depending on their sources.During the processing of edible oil including refining and frying,phytosterol's content fluctuates,which influences the properties of the final product.Phytosterols and their derivatives undergo physical migration between different phases and chemical conversion during the processing,which reduces the quality and the commercial value of edible oils.Therein,the loss of phytosterols is the major concern in the process of neutralization and deodorization.In addition,oxidation and thermal degradation of phytosterols occur simultaneously during frying,which also reduces the content of phytosterols.Nevertheless,the oil matrix has a promoting or an inhibitory effect on the thermal oxidation of phytosterols.Therefore,various efforts have been devoted to analyzing and improving the remaining contents of phytosterols in edible oil.Regardless of the processing method,temperature plays an important role in the loss of phytosterols.At present,themain analysismethods of phytosterols include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography,inwhich the pretreatment of different types of phytosterols is also a crucial step.This review focused on the following topics comprehensively:(i)the distribution of phytosterols in the oil-containing plants and edible oils during the refining processing;(ii)the pretreatment and analysis methods of various phytosterols(free phytosterols,phytosteryl fatty acid esters,phytosteryl glycosides and acylated phytosteryl glycosides);(iii)the variation of phytosterols in process of esterification and oxidation,storage and so on.The study also proposed that the investigation in the loss and safety of phytosterols during processing of the vegetable oils should be proceeded further in combination with efficient and accurate chromatography methods.展开更多
The phytosterol in Potamogeton maackianus was identified and quantified. From the hexane extracts analysis of unsaponifiable fraction ofP. maackianus by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry（GC-MS）, campesterol, st...The phytosterol in Potamogeton maackianus was identified and quantified. From the hexane extracts analysis of unsaponifiable fraction ofP. maackianus by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry（GC-MS）, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were the main phytosterols in P. maackianus with the contents of 0.368, 1.17 and 0.824 mg·g^1, respectively. After 7 days＇ exposure under M. aeruginosa, the contents of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in P.maackianus increased by 23.1%, 40.4% and 40.8%, respectively. Both the contents of 24-ethyl sterols （sitosterol and stigmasterol） and 24-methyl sterol （campesterol） in macrophytes increased, but the percentage of total sterol composition did not change significantly. This result indicated that the content of 4-demethyl sterols and the second alkylation of the phytosterol side-chain at C-24 in P. maackianus were affected by M, aeruginosa.展开更多
Fermentation of the succulent bamboo shoots of Bambusa balcooa Roxb. resulted in an enrichment of phytosterols from 0.12% to 0.62% dry weight as compared to that of the fresh unfermented samples. The bacterial strains...Fermentation of the succulent bamboo shoots of Bambusa balcooa Roxb. resulted in an enrichment of phytosterols from 0.12% to 0.62% dry weight as compared to that of the fresh unfermented samples. The bacterial strains responsible for higher accumulation of phytosterols during fermentation of the bamboo shoots have been isolated and further extraction and purification of the crude phytosterols (isolated from the fermented samples) were done by TLC, UV, NMR, IR and Mass spectral analysis. The isolated phytosterols (β-sitos-terols) were then subjected to microbial transformation which yielded a considerable amount of androsta-1, 4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) in the incubation mixture in presence of metabolic inhibitors (α, α＇-dipyridyl and sodium arsenate).展开更多
Phytosterols have received extensive attention owing to their excellent cholesterol-lowering activity and the role in cardiovascular diseases prevention. However, poor solubility in both oil and water limited the appl...Phytosterols have received extensive attention owing to their excellent cholesterol-lowering activity and the role in cardiovascular diseases prevention. However, poor solubility in both oil and water limited the application of free phytosterols in the food industry. Chemical or enzymatic modifications were effective to improve the physicochemical properties as well as the bioavailability and cholesterollowering activity of phytosterols. Higher oil solubility and lower melting point of phytosterols have been achieved by esterification and transesterification with fatty acids and triacylglycerols so as to enhance the bioavailability, reduce formation of precipitates, and improve the sensory quality of products.While the researches on the improvement on its water solubility is a hot topic. Hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives have promising applications in the food industry because most of foods belong to aqueous matrix. Hydrophilic modification is useful and meaningful for phytosterols in both industrial and commercial applications. This review mainly highlights the hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives in the following aspects:(i) hydrophilic modifications of phytosterols by coupling with various polar components;(ii) cholesterol-lowering activity and possible molecular mechanisms of hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives on reducing serum cholesterol level;and(iii) safety evaluation of hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives in cell-culture studies, animal models and clinical trials.展开更多
This paper established the GC-MS method to analyze phytosterol in beans and study the content and distribution of phytosterol in green beans,red beans,black beans and soybeans in 5 main producing areas of China(Inner ...This paper established the GC-MS method to analyze phytosterol in beans and study the content and distribution of phytosterol in green beans,red beans,black beans and soybeans in 5 main producing areas of China(Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Hebei,Shandong).This paper used GC-MS method to analyze the content and distribution of campesterol,stigmasterol,sitostanol,brassicasterol,ergosterol,cycloartanol,cycloartenol,2,4-methylenecycloartanol,spinasterol,cholesterol and cholestanol in the beans from different producing areas.Results showed that the content of sterol in green beans was higher than in three other kinds of beans,and the content of sterol in red beans was the lowest.Different producing areas had a significant impact on the content of sterol in beans,and the dominant producing areas included Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.The study provided a basis for quality assessment and nutritional evaluation of beans and provided a reference for traceability and variety distinction study of other edible beans.展开更多
Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in explo...Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in exploring alternatives,such as nutritional and dietary components,that could play a central role in CVD prevention.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs.We begin with a description of the overall approach,then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents.Phytosterols,including stigmasterol,β-sitosterol,ergosterol,and fucosterol,emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular,subcellular,and molecular mechanisms.Specifically,the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals,including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide.They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathways.Additionally,they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines,thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB.Moreover,phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile.These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels,particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.展开更多
The sulfatc soap is refined through extracting unsaponifiable neutral substance using ethyl acetate and hcxane-acetone. The content of neutral substance in tall oil decreases from 32.8% to 17.4% and 18%. The acid numb...The sulfatc soap is refined through extracting unsaponifiable neutral substance using ethyl acetate and hcxane-acetone. The content of neutral substance in tall oil decreases from 32.8% to 17.4% and 18%. The acid number of tall oil increases from 119 to 169 and 153. The quality of tall oil is greatly improved. This provides a favorable condition for distillation of tall oil. The unsaponifiable neutral substance from crude sulfate soap mainly consists of tcrpene aldehydes, tcrpcnc alcohols, fatty alcohols and stcrols in which larixol is 26.3% and 18. 5%, stcrols arc 17% and 27.1% separately. The white crystals containing stcrols of 96.9% are obtained by crystallization and rccrystallization. The stcrols arc mainly β-sitostcrol and campcsterol.展开更多
Phytosterols are a kind of active ingredients in plants with various physiological functions.Phytosterols have a good effect in antagonizing cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases.They also have physiologi...Phytosterols are a kind of active ingredients in plants with various physiological functions.Phytosterols have a good effect in antagonizing cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases.They also have physiological functions including regulating growth,promoting protein synthesis,resisting inflammation,oxidation and cancer,and regulating immune and parahormones.In this paper,the physicochemical properties of phytosterols,the mechanism of lowering cholesterol,their application in food field and their development prospects were systematically reviewed.展开更多
Phytosterol esters can effectively decrease serum cholesterol concentration in the human body and prevent cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.It was found that phytosterol esters exhibited better solubility and bioavailab...Phytosterol esters can effectively decrease serum cholesterol concentration in the human body and prevent cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.It was found that phytosterol esters exhibited better solubility and bioavailability than free phytosterols.In recent years,phytosterol esters have attracted increasing attention.However,during food processing,phytosterol esters are susceptible to degradation at high temperatures,resulting in certain losses and formation of potentially harmful substances for humans.This paper reviews the relevant literatures and updates on the thermal oxidation stability of phytosterol esters in recent years from the following aspects:(i)Sources,physiological activities,and applications of phytosterol esters;(ii)Oxidation mechanism of phytosterol esters;(iii)Effects of phytosterols species,the volume of addition,food matrix,heating temperature and time,and antioxidants on the thermal loss and oxidation stability of phytosterol esters.The research progress on the safety of phytosterol esters is also discussed in detail.Additionally,the prospects for future research are highlighted.展开更多
Development of analytical methods for the determination of phytosterols in whole grains is one of growing interests due to their clinical and nutritional functions in human. In this study, we examined simultaneous det...Development of analytical methods for the determination of phytosterols in whole grains is one of growing interests due to their clinical and nutritional functions in human. In this study, we examined simultaneous determination of β-si tosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol in Korean rice cultivars by liquid chromatography atmospheric chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-APCI-TOF-MS). The hulled rice samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS and analyzed by LC-APCI -TOF-MS. The method was validated by low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values and high recovery values with low relative standard deviation (RSD). The highest concentration of sitosterol was detected in Hwasung and Undu rice cultivars, exhibiting approximately 195.5 and 191.7 mg/Kg, respectively. Stigmasterol and campesterol were detected at the highest level in Hwasung rice cultivar, giving the concentrations of approximately 70.0 and 53.9 mg/Kg, respectively. Sitosterol was determined to be a main phytosterol detected in the rice samples. Our data demonstrated that LC/APCI-TOF- MS coupled with QuEChERS method can be used as a simple tool for the determination of phytosterols in rice samples.展开更多
Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous ...Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous cell elongation and a large amount of cellulose synthesis, is an ideal model for the study of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. The role of phytosterols in fiber growth was investigated by treating the fibers with tfidemorph, a sterol biosynthetic inhibitor. The inhibition of phy- tosterol biosynthesis resulted in an apparent suppression of fiber elongation in vitro or in planta. The determination of phy- tosterol quantity indicated that sitosterol and campesterol were the major phytosterols in cotton fibers; moreover, higher con- centrations of these phytosterols were observed during the period of rapid elongation of fibers. Furthermore, the decrease and increase in campesterol：sitosterol ratio was associated with the increase and decease in speed of elongation, respectively, dur- ing the elongation stage. The increase in the ratio was associated with the transition from cell elongation to secondary cell wall synthesis. In addition, a number of phytosterol biosynthetic genes were down-regulated in the short fibers of ligon lintless-1 mutant, compared to its near-isogenic wild-type TM-1. These results demonstrated that phytosterols play a crucial role in cot- ton fiber development, and particularly in fiber elongation.展开更多
Biotransformation of soybean phytosterols into 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione(9-OHAD)by mycobacteria is the core step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone.However,the low permeability of the dense cell enve...Biotransformation of soybean phytosterols into 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione(9-OHAD)by mycobacteria is the core step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone.However,the low permeability of the dense cell envelope largely inhibits the overall conversion efficiency of phytosterols.The antigen 85(Ag85)complex encoded by fbpA,fbpB,and fbpC was proposed as the key factor in the combined catalysis of mycoloyl for producing mycolyl-arabinogalactan(m-AG)and trehalose dimycolate(TDM)in mycobacterial cell envelope.Herein,we confirmed that fbpC3 was essential for the biotransformation of trehalose monomycolate(TMM)to TDM in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum.The deficiency of this gene raised the cell permeability,thereby enhancing the steroid uptake and utilization.The 9-OHAD yield in the fbpC3-deficient 9-OHAD-producing strain was increased by 21.3%.Moreover,the combined deletion of fbpC3 and embC further increased the 9-OHAD yield compared to the single deletion of fbpC3.Finally,after 96 h of bioconversion in industrial resting cells,the 9-OHAD yield of 11.2 g/L was achieved from 20 g/L phytosterols and the productivity reached 0.116 g/L/h.In summary,this study suggested the critical role of the fbpC3 gene in the synthesis of TDM in M.neoaurum and verified the feasibility of improving the bioconversion efficiency of phytosterols through the cell envelope en-gineering strategy.展开更多
Encapsulation of phytosterols in nanostructured lipid carriers(NLCs)is an effective approach to improve their physicochemical properties,but the interaction of phytosterols in NLCs with cholesterol can be affected by ...Encapsulation of phytosterols in nanostructured lipid carriers(NLCs)is an effective approach to improve their physicochemical properties,but the interaction of phytosterols in NLCs with cholesterol can be affected by lipid matrices.The objective of this study was to screen a desired phytosterols-loaded NLC(PS-NLC)formulation to reduce the absorption of intestinal cholesterol.A series of formulations were prepared using amphipathic glycerol monostearate(GMS)as the solid lipid fraction to increase lipid compatibity with phytosterols.All formulations showed a lowering effect on cholesterol bioaccessibility through in vitro intestinal digestion.And the PS-NLCs with medium chain triglycerides(MCT)as the liquid lipid showed significantly higher inhibition of cholesterol bioaccessibility(accessible fraction for intestinal absorption)than the formulations with long chain triglycerides(LCT),which could due to the solubilization of cholesterol by hydrolysis products of LCT,suggesting a notable impact of lipid type on cholesterol bioaccessibility.Furthermore,the analysis of distribution of phytosterols and cholesterol revealed a cocrystallization mechanism occurred during in vitro digestion.This study provides a certain reference for designing phytosterol-ingredient agents with a better hypocholesterolemic effect in water-dispersible functional foods.展开更多
The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of lotus seed core powder phytosterol extract(LSP-PE)on hypercholesterolemia and intestinal microbiota in high-cholesterol diet(HCD)-induced C57BL/6 J m...The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of lotus seed core powder phytosterol extract(LSP-PE)on hypercholesterolemia and intestinal microbiota in high-cholesterol diet(HCD)-induced C57BL/6 J mice.Gavage with LSP-PE reduced levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),hepatic TC,hepatic triglyceride(TG),hepatic LDL-C,hepatic very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL),fecal TC and fecal total bile acid(TBA),while augmented hepatic HDL-C content.In contrast with HCD group,high-dose LSP triggered significant diminutions of serum ALT,serum AST,hepatic ALT and hepatic AST levels in HCD-fed mice,which were 16.49,28.94,43.42,and 44.47%,respectively,thus remarkably ameliorating the pathological changes of liver and small intestine.Indepth genetic research found that LSP was effective in down-regulating the expression of cholesterol metabolism related genes including Niemannpick C1-like protein 1(NPC1L1),acyl-coA cholesterol acyl-transferase 2(ACAT2),microsomal triglyceride transporter(MTP)and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5(ABCG5).Moreover,LSP-PE could restore the disorder of intestinal flora via augmenting the Actinobacteria abundance as well as decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and abundances of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia to regulate cholesterol metabolism-related genes.In summary,LSP-PE possessed excellent cholesterol-lowering activity by positively regulating the gut microbiota and the expression levels of genes related to cholesterol absorption and metabolism.Therefore,this work suggested LSP phytosterol as a potential supplement to alleviate the symptoms of hypercholesterolemia.展开更多
基金funded by Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Commission Science Foundation(No.LH2024H021)National Financial Projects-Assessment and Application of Nutrients Requirement and Food Environment for Chinese Residents(No.131031107000210003)+2 种基金Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Trace Element and Nutrition,National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China(No.WLKFZ202402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82273612)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(Grant No.MCD-2023-1-09).
文摘Objective:The benefits of phytosterols have attracted growing interest,but their association with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease(MAFLD)has rarely been reported in population-based studies.This research aimed to investigate the correlation between dietary phytosterols and MAFLD.Methods:Phytosterols intake was evaluated using an internet-based dietary questionnaire targeted at the Chinese population.Conditional logistic regression models were employed to investigate dose-response relationships between phytosterol intake and MAFLD,as well as the potential preventive role of phytosterols.Restricted Cubic Spline(RCS)analyses were conducted to examine associations between phytosterols intake and MAFLD.Additionally,a quantile-based g-computation(qgcomp)method was applied to explore the combined effect of campesterol,stigmasterol,β-sitostelane,campestane,and β-sitosterol on MAFLD.Results:Significant inverse relationships were found between total phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.19;95%CI,0.11-0.32;P<0.001),campesterol(OR,0.22;95%CI,0.13-0.37;P<0.001),stigmasterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.30;P<0.001),β-sitostelane(OR,0.26;95%CI,0.16-0.45;P<0.001),campestane(OR,0.23;95%CI,0.14-0.39;P<0.001),andβ-sitosterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.29;P<0.001).The qgcomp analysis showed a significant negative association between the five phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.58;95%CI,0.50-0.67;P<0.001).Additionally,the qgcomp analysis revealed that the combination of these five phytosterols was inversely associated with MAFLD,with stigmasterol contributing the most(weight=0.70).Conclusion:Higher intake of phytosterols was associated with a reduced prevalence of MAFLD,with stigmasterol showing the most significant inverse relationship.Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between phytosterols and MAFLD.
基金Project (No. 31130042) support by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China
文摘Biotransformation of phytosterol(PS) by a newly isolated mutant Mycobacterium neoaurum ZJUVN-08 to produce androstenedione has been investigated in this paper.The parameters of the biotransformation process were optimized using fractional factorial design and response surface methodology.Androstenedione was the sole product in the fermentation broth catalyzed by the mutant M.neoaurum ZJUVN-08 strain.Results showed that molar ratio of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HP-β-CD) to PS and substrate concentrations were the two most significant factors affecting androstenedione production.By analyzing the statistical model of three-dimensional surface plot,the optimal process conditions were observed at 0.1 g/L inducer,pH 7.0,molar ratio of HP-β-CD to PS 1.92:1,8.98 g/L PS,and at 120 h of incubation time.Under these conditions,the maximum androstenedione yield was 5.96 g/L and nearly the same with the non-optimized(5.99 g/L),while the maximum PS conversion rate was 94.69% which increased by 10.66% compared with the non-optimized(84.03%).The predicted optimum conditions from the mathematical model were in agreement with the verification experimental results.It is considered that response surface methodology was a powerful and efficient method to optimize the parameters of PS biotransformation process.
基金supported by the 11th five-year project of Ministry of Science and Technology (No. 2006 BAD27B01).
文摘Objective To quantify five specific dietary phytosterols and phytostanols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China. Methods A total of 34 different kinds of vegetables and 33 kinds of fruits were chosen according to the consuming habit of Chinese people. All the samples were purchased from two shops in Beijing. The contents of phytosterols （13-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, 13-sitostanol, and campestanol） were analyzed by GLC method which was established by our laboratory, and the total phytosterols were calculated. Results The total phytosterol content in vegetables ranged 1.1-53.7 mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentration was found in pea, cauliflower, broccoli, and romaine lettuce. The phytosterol contents in fruits ranged 1.6-32.6 mg/100 g, the highest concentration was found in navel orange, tangerine, and mango. Conclusion The phytosterol contents in vegetables and fruits are not as high as those in edible oils, but because of the large amount of consumption, they also play an important role in increasing the people＇s phytosterols intake, indicating that increased intake of vegetables and fruits with higher phytosterol contents helps increase the phytosterol intake in China.
基金Supported by Major Project of National Spark Program(2011GA650001)
文摘As a bioactive substance, phytosterol reduces blood cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease. It also has such physiological functions as growth regulation, promotion of protein synthesis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, immune regulation and hormone-like effects. Phytosterol does not show any toxicity to human and animals, and it is a new functional feed additive approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. This article generally reviewed the physiological function of phytosterol like regulation of cholesterol metabolism, antioxidation, hormone-like effects, and its application on animal, production like hypolipidemic and improving dairy animals＇ milk composition. The paper provides a reference for wide application of phytosterol in animal feed.
基金supported by the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(No.31972110)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0401102).
文摘Phytosterols,which are naturally occurring in plants,have excellent nutritional and health values on lowering both the blood cholesterol level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Edible oils are the main source of daily intake of phytosterols,whereas the properties of phytosterols may vary a lot depending on their sources.During the processing of edible oil including refining and frying,phytosterol's content fluctuates,which influences the properties of the final product.Phytosterols and their derivatives undergo physical migration between different phases and chemical conversion during the processing,which reduces the quality and the commercial value of edible oils.Therein,the loss of phytosterols is the major concern in the process of neutralization and deodorization.In addition,oxidation and thermal degradation of phytosterols occur simultaneously during frying,which also reduces the content of phytosterols.Nevertheless,the oil matrix has a promoting or an inhibitory effect on the thermal oxidation of phytosterols.Therefore,various efforts have been devoted to analyzing and improving the remaining contents of phytosterols in edible oil.Regardless of the processing method,temperature plays an important role in the loss of phytosterols.At present,themain analysismethods of phytosterols include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography,inwhich the pretreatment of different types of phytosterols is also a crucial step.This review focused on the following topics comprehensively:(i)the distribution of phytosterols in the oil-containing plants and edible oils during the refining processing;(ii)the pretreatment and analysis methods of various phytosterols(free phytosterols,phytosteryl fatty acid esters,phytosteryl glycosides and acylated phytosteryl glycosides);(iii)the variation of phytosterols in process of esterification and oxidation,storage and so on.The study also proposed that the investigation in the loss and safety of phytosterols during processing of the vegetable oils should be proceeded further in combination with efficient and accurate chromatography methods.
基金Supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (39925007)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2002AA601021)
文摘The phytosterol in Potamogeton maackianus was identified and quantified. From the hexane extracts analysis of unsaponifiable fraction ofP. maackianus by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry（GC-MS）, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were the main phytosterols in P. maackianus with the contents of 0.368, 1.17 and 0.824 mg·g^1, respectively. After 7 days＇ exposure under M. aeruginosa, the contents of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in P.maackianus increased by 23.1%, 40.4% and 40.8%, respectively. Both the contents of 24-ethyl sterols （sitosterol and stigmasterol） and 24-methyl sterol （campesterol） in macrophytes increased, but the percentage of total sterol composition did not change significantly. This result indicated that the content of 4-demethyl sterols and the second alkylation of the phytosterol side-chain at C-24 in P. maackianus were affected by M, aeruginosa.
文摘Fermentation of the succulent bamboo shoots of Bambusa balcooa Roxb. resulted in an enrichment of phytosterols from 0.12% to 0.62% dry weight as compared to that of the fresh unfermented samples. The bacterial strains responsible for higher accumulation of phytosterols during fermentation of the bamboo shoots have been isolated and further extraction and purification of the crude phytosterols (isolated from the fermented samples) were done by TLC, UV, NMR, IR and Mass spectral analysis. The isolated phytosterols (β-sitos-terols) were then subjected to microbial transformation which yielded a considerable amount of androsta-1, 4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) in the incubation mixture in presence of metabolic inhibitors (α, α＇-dipyridyl and sodium arsenate).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972110)。
文摘Phytosterols have received extensive attention owing to their excellent cholesterol-lowering activity and the role in cardiovascular diseases prevention. However, poor solubility in both oil and water limited the application of free phytosterols in the food industry. Chemical or enzymatic modifications were effective to improve the physicochemical properties as well as the bioavailability and cholesterollowering activity of phytosterols. Higher oil solubility and lower melting point of phytosterols have been achieved by esterification and transesterification with fatty acids and triacylglycerols so as to enhance the bioavailability, reduce formation of precipitates, and improve the sensory quality of products.While the researches on the improvement on its water solubility is a hot topic. Hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives have promising applications in the food industry because most of foods belong to aqueous matrix. Hydrophilic modification is useful and meaningful for phytosterols in both industrial and commercial applications. This review mainly highlights the hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives in the following aspects:(i) hydrophilic modifications of phytosterols by coupling with various polar components;(ii) cholesterol-lowering activity and possible molecular mechanisms of hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives on reducing serum cholesterol level;and(iii) safety evaluation of hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives in cell-culture studies, animal models and clinical trials.
基金Supported by National Agricultural Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Project in 2017(GJFP201701505)
文摘This paper established the GC-MS method to analyze phytosterol in beans and study the content and distribution of phytosterol in green beans,red beans,black beans and soybeans in 5 main producing areas of China(Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Hebei,Shandong).This paper used GC-MS method to analyze the content and distribution of campesterol,stigmasterol,sitostanol,brassicasterol,ergosterol,cycloartanol,cycloartenol,2,4-methylenecycloartanol,spinasterol,cholesterol and cholestanol in the beans from different producing areas.Results showed that the content of sterol in green beans was higher than in three other kinds of beans,and the content of sterol in red beans was the lowest.Different producing areas had a significant impact on the content of sterol in beans,and the dominant producing areas included Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.The study provided a basis for quality assessment and nutritional evaluation of beans and provided a reference for traceability and variety distinction study of other edible beans.
基金funded by the Deputyship for Research and Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia(Project number ISP23-81)Sunway University Research Accelerator Grant Scheme(GRTIN-RAG-SBMDC-10-2024).
文摘Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in exploring alternatives,such as nutritional and dietary components,that could play a central role in CVD prevention.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs.We begin with a description of the overall approach,then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents.Phytosterols,including stigmasterol,β-sitosterol,ergosterol,and fucosterol,emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular,subcellular,and molecular mechanisms.Specifically,the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals,including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide.They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathways.Additionally,they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines,thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB.Moreover,phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile.These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels,particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
文摘The sulfatc soap is refined through extracting unsaponifiable neutral substance using ethyl acetate and hcxane-acetone. The content of neutral substance in tall oil decreases from 32.8% to 17.4% and 18%. The acid number of tall oil increases from 119 to 169 and 153. The quality of tall oil is greatly improved. This provides a favorable condition for distillation of tall oil. The unsaponifiable neutral substance from crude sulfate soap mainly consists of tcrpene aldehydes, tcrpcnc alcohols, fatty alcohols and stcrols in which larixol is 26.3% and 18. 5%, stcrols arc 17% and 27.1% separately. The white crystals containing stcrols of 96.9% are obtained by crystallization and rccrystallization. The stcrols arc mainly β-sitostcrol and campcsterol.
文摘Phytosterols are a kind of active ingredients in plants with various physiological functions.Phytosterols have a good effect in antagonizing cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases.They also have physiological functions including regulating growth,promoting protein synthesis,resisting inflammation,oxidation and cancer,and regulating immune and parahormones.In this paper,the physicochemical properties of phytosterols,the mechanism of lowering cholesterol,their application in food field and their development prospects were systematically reviewed.
基金The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support from the basic research project of the key scientific research projects of colleges and universities in Henan Province(21zx010).
文摘Phytosterol esters can effectively decrease serum cholesterol concentration in the human body and prevent cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.It was found that phytosterol esters exhibited better solubility and bioavailability than free phytosterols.In recent years,phytosterol esters have attracted increasing attention.However,during food processing,phytosterol esters are susceptible to degradation at high temperatures,resulting in certain losses and formation of potentially harmful substances for humans.This paper reviews the relevant literatures and updates on the thermal oxidation stability of phytosterol esters in recent years from the following aspects:(i)Sources,physiological activities,and applications of phytosterol esters;(ii)Oxidation mechanism of phytosterol esters;(iii)Effects of phytosterols species,the volume of addition,food matrix,heating temperature and time,and antioxidants on the thermal loss and oxidation stability of phytosterol esters.The research progress on the safety of phytosterol esters is also discussed in detail.Additionally,the prospects for future research are highlighted.
文摘Development of analytical methods for the determination of phytosterols in whole grains is one of growing interests due to their clinical and nutritional functions in human. In this study, we examined simultaneous determination of β-si tosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol in Korean rice cultivars by liquid chromatography atmospheric chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-APCI-TOF-MS). The hulled rice samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS and analyzed by LC-APCI -TOF-MS. The method was validated by low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values and high recovery values with low relative standard deviation (RSD). The highest concentration of sitosterol was detected in Hwasung and Undu rice cultivars, exhibiting approximately 195.5 and 191.7 mg/Kg, respectively. Stigmasterol and campesterol were detected at the highest level in Hwasung rice cultivar, giving the concentrations of approximately 70.0 and 53.9 mg/Kg, respectively. Sitosterol was determined to be a main phytosterol detected in the rice samples. Our data demonstrated that LC/APCI-TOF- MS coupled with QuEChERS method can be used as a simple tool for the determination of phytosterols in rice samples.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31130039, 30671258)the Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects, China (2009ZX08009-118B)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from the Ministry of Education, China (NCET-07-0712)
文摘Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous cell elongation and a large amount of cellulose synthesis, is an ideal model for the study of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. The role of phytosterols in fiber growth was investigated by treating the fibers with tfidemorph, a sterol biosynthetic inhibitor. The inhibition of phy- tosterol biosynthesis resulted in an apparent suppression of fiber elongation in vitro or in planta. The determination of phy- tosterol quantity indicated that sitosterol and campesterol were the major phytosterols in cotton fibers; moreover, higher con- centrations of these phytosterols were observed during the period of rapid elongation of fibers. Furthermore, the decrease and increase in campesterol：sitosterol ratio was associated with the increase and decease in speed of elongation, respectively, dur- ing the elongation stage. The increase in the ratio was associated with the transition from cell elongation to secondary cell wall synthesis. In addition, a number of phytosterol biosynthetic genes were down-regulated in the short fibers of ligon lintless-1 mutant, compared to its near-isogenic wild-type TM-1. These results demonstrated that phytosterols play a crucial role in cot- ton fiber development, and particularly in fiber elongation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21776075 and 32100067)the Natural Science Founda-tion of Shanghai(No.20ZR1415100)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.SQ2020YFC210061)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M671028),the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(No.20204Y0380)the Teacher’s Professional Development Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,and the Scientific Research Foundation of SUMHS.
文摘Biotransformation of soybean phytosterols into 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione(9-OHAD)by mycobacteria is the core step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone.However,the low permeability of the dense cell envelope largely inhibits the overall conversion efficiency of phytosterols.The antigen 85(Ag85)complex encoded by fbpA,fbpB,and fbpC was proposed as the key factor in the combined catalysis of mycoloyl for producing mycolyl-arabinogalactan(m-AG)and trehalose dimycolate(TDM)in mycobacterial cell envelope.Herein,we confirmed that fbpC3 was essential for the biotransformation of trehalose monomycolate(TMM)to TDM in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum.The deficiency of this gene raised the cell permeability,thereby enhancing the steroid uptake and utilization.The 9-OHAD yield in the fbpC3-deficient 9-OHAD-producing strain was increased by 21.3%.Moreover,the combined deletion of fbpC3 and embC further increased the 9-OHAD yield compared to the single deletion of fbpC3.Finally,after 96 h of bioconversion in industrial resting cells,the 9-OHAD yield of 11.2 g/L was achieved from 20 g/L phytosterols and the productivity reached 0.116 g/L/h.In summary,this study suggested the critical role of the fbpC3 gene in the synthesis of TDM in M.neoaurum and verified the feasibility of improving the bioconversion efficiency of phytosterols through the cell envelope en-gineering strategy.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972110).
文摘Encapsulation of phytosterols in nanostructured lipid carriers(NLCs)is an effective approach to improve their physicochemical properties,but the interaction of phytosterols in NLCs with cholesterol can be affected by lipid matrices.The objective of this study was to screen a desired phytosterols-loaded NLC(PS-NLC)formulation to reduce the absorption of intestinal cholesterol.A series of formulations were prepared using amphipathic glycerol monostearate(GMS)as the solid lipid fraction to increase lipid compatibity with phytosterols.All formulations showed a lowering effect on cholesterol bioaccessibility through in vitro intestinal digestion.And the PS-NLCs with medium chain triglycerides(MCT)as the liquid lipid showed significantly higher inhibition of cholesterol bioaccessibility(accessible fraction for intestinal absorption)than the formulations with long chain triglycerides(LCT),which could due to the solubilization of cholesterol by hydrolysis products of LCT,suggesting a notable impact of lipid type on cholesterol bioaccessibility.Furthermore,the analysis of distribution of phytosterols and cholesterol revealed a cocrystallization mechanism occurred during in vitro digestion.This study provides a certain reference for designing phytosterol-ingredient agents with a better hypocholesterolemic effect in water-dispersible functional foods.
基金funded by Hunan Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2021JJ10007)the Research and Development Program in Key Areas of Hunan Province(2021NK2015,2020NK2027,2019SK2121)+1 种基金Hunan Scientific Talents Promotion Program supported by Hunan Association for Science and Technology(2019 TJ-Q01)the Research and Development Program in Key Areas of Hunan Province(2020NK2027).
文摘The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of lotus seed core powder phytosterol extract(LSP-PE)on hypercholesterolemia and intestinal microbiota in high-cholesterol diet(HCD)-induced C57BL/6 J mice.Gavage with LSP-PE reduced levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),hepatic TC,hepatic triglyceride(TG),hepatic LDL-C,hepatic very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL),fecal TC and fecal total bile acid(TBA),while augmented hepatic HDL-C content.In contrast with HCD group,high-dose LSP triggered significant diminutions of serum ALT,serum AST,hepatic ALT and hepatic AST levels in HCD-fed mice,which were 16.49,28.94,43.42,and 44.47%,respectively,thus remarkably ameliorating the pathological changes of liver and small intestine.Indepth genetic research found that LSP was effective in down-regulating the expression of cholesterol metabolism related genes including Niemannpick C1-like protein 1(NPC1L1),acyl-coA cholesterol acyl-transferase 2(ACAT2),microsomal triglyceride transporter(MTP)and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5(ABCG5).Moreover,LSP-PE could restore the disorder of intestinal flora via augmenting the Actinobacteria abundance as well as decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and abundances of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia to regulate cholesterol metabolism-related genes.In summary,LSP-PE possessed excellent cholesterol-lowering activity by positively regulating the gut microbiota and the expression levels of genes related to cholesterol absorption and metabolism.Therefore,this work suggested LSP phytosterol as a potential supplement to alleviate the symptoms of hypercholesterolemia.
