Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in...Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in regions where wheat cultivation is challenging or unfeasible.To clarify its drought adaptation mechanisms,we analyzed the effects of moderate soil drought on growth,hormonal homeostasis,and the dynamics and distribution of free amino acids and phenolic compounds in rye at early vegetative stages and post-recovery.Drought triggered both general and organ-specific changes in endogenous phytohormones.A nonspecific response involved the accumulation of stress hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and salicylic acid(SA),alongside the suppression of growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellins.However,hormone dynamics and localization varied across plant organs.ABA and SA levels significantly increased in shoots of drought-stressed and recovered plants,corresponding with inhibited growth.Prolonged drought further enhanced ABA accumulation in both shoots and roots of recovered plants,while SA levels declined in roots but remained elevated in shoots.Drought also caused a substantial reduction in IAA,particularly in shoots,while gibberellins(GA_(3)+GA_(4))significantly decreased in roots.GA_(3)was predominant in most samples,except in the shoots of 2-day-old control plants.Post-recovery,IAA levels increased but remained below control values,while GA_(4)accumulation in roots led to a rise in total gibberellin levels.In contrast,shoot GA_(3)+GA_(4)levels declined,primarily due to GA_(3)reduction.The dominant free amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid,glycine,alanine,and leucinedecreased significantly,underscoring their key role in stress adaptation.Increased flavonoid accumulation,especially in roots,suggests their involvement in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.A significant increase in ABA and SA levels,along with a marked reduction in IAA and GA content in stressed rye plants occurred alongside a reduction in free amino acid content,accumulation of phenolic compounds,and an increase in flavonoid levels.These findings indicate distinct adaptation strategies in rye shoots and roots undermoderate soil drought.They provide a foundation for further research on drought resistance mechanisms in cereals and the development of strategies to enhance their adaptive potential.展开更多
Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology...Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.展开更多
Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating peanut growth and development.Our previous studies have demonstrated that the microbial inoculant ARC-BBBE,developed by our research group,effectively promotes peanut gr...Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating peanut growth and development.Our previous studies have demonstrated that the microbial inoculant ARC-BBBE,developed by our research group,effectively promotes peanut growth and enhances yield under both greenhouse and field conditions.Therefore,it is of significant interest to investigate how ARC-BBBE influences the levels and spatial distribution of major phytohormones in peanut roots.Greenhouse pot experiments revealed that ARC-BBBE significantly enhanced peanut growth and root system development.A systematic analysis of the effects of ARC-BBBE on key phytohormones in peanut roots across different growth stages showed that gibberellin A_(3)(GA_(3))content varied markedly,with predominant accumulation occurring during the early growth stage,whereas changes in indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)levels were not statistically significant.Specifically,GA_(3)content in the ARC-BBBE treatment group was 1.27-fold higher than in the control group during the seedling stage.Furthermore,peanut growth parameters were significantly improved following ARC-BBBE application,particularly at the flowering stage,where plant height,above-ground biomass,root length,and root weight in the treated group were 1.24-,1.17-,1.13-,and 1.21-fold greater than those in the control,respectively.To elucidate the functional role of phytohormones in ARC-BBBE-mediated growth promotion,we examined the effects of exogenous GA_(3)and its biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole(S3307)on both PHNZY-23-3 rhizobial growth and peanut development.Results indicated that supplementation with 1×10~3 mg/L GA_(3)most effectively promoted peanut growth at the seedling stage,while S3307 application inhibited growth.These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism by which ARC-BBBE modulates GA_(3)dynamics to enhance peanut growth,offering a foundation for future research on plant-microbe interactions and phytohormone regulation.展开更多
Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process tightly regulated by hormonal crosstalk,transcriptional networks,and epigenetic modifications,with striking divergence between climacteric and non-climacteric species....Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process tightly regulated by hormonal crosstalk,transcriptional networks,and epigenetic modifications,with striking divergence between climacteric and non-climacteric species.In climacteric fruits,such as tomatoes,apples,and bananas,ethylene acts as the master regulator,driving autocatalytic biosynthesis through ACS/ACO genes and activating hierarchical transcriptional cascades mediated by MADS-box(RIN),NAC(NOR),and ERF-family transcription factors.These pathways are amplified by epigenetic reprogramming,including DNA demethylation at ripening-related promoters and histone acetylation,which enhance chromatin accessibility to facilitate gene expression.Conversely,non-climacteric fruits like strawberries and grapes predominantly rely on abscisic acid(ABA)to coordinate ripening.Hormonal interplay,such as ethylene-ABA synergy in climacteric fruit systems,further fine-tunes ripening dynamics.Advances in CRISPR-based gene editing and epigenome engineering now enable precise manipulation of these pathways,offering transformative solutions to reduce postharvest losses,enhance nutritional quality,and improve climate resilience.This review integrates mechanistic insights across species,emphasizing opportunities to translate fundamental discoveries into sustainable agricultural innovations,from breeding nutrient-rich cultivars to optimizing postharvest technologies for global food security.展开更多
Abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,cold,flooding,and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide.In recent times,preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands o...Abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,cold,flooding,and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide.In recent times,preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands of ever-increasing human populations have gained unprecedented importance.However,the proportion of agricultural lands facing multiple abiotic stresses is expected only to rise under a changing global climate fueled by anthropogenic activities.Identifying the mechanisms developed and deployed by plants to counteract abiotic stresses and maintain their growth and survival under harsh conditions thus holds great significance.Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones,including the classical auxins,cytokinins,ethylene,and gibberellins,and newer members including brassinosteroids,jasmonates,and strigolactones may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for producing abiotic stress-tolerant crop plants.In this review,we summarize and critically assess the roles that phytohormones play in plant growth and development and abiotic stress tolerance,besides their engineering for conferring abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic crops.We also describe recent successes in identifying the roles of phytohormones under stressful conditions.We conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.展开更多
This study identifies the potential role in heat-stress mitigation of phytohormones and other secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces formosus LWL1 in japonica rice cultivar Dongjin. The j...This study identifies the potential role in heat-stress mitigation of phytohormones and other secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces formosus LWL1 in japonica rice cultivar Dongjin. The japonica rice was grown in controlled chamber conditions with and without P. formosus LWL1 under no stress （NS） and prolonged heat stress （HS） conditions. Endophytic association under NS and HS conditions significantly improved plant growth attributes, such as plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, P. for- mosus LWL1 protected the rice plants from HS compared with controls, indicated by the lower endogenous level of stress-signaling compounds such as abscisic acid （25.71%） and jasmonic acid （34.57%） and the increase in total protein content （18.76%-33.22%）. Such fungal endophytes may be helpful for sustainable crop production under high environmental temperatures.展开更多
Strigolactones(SLs),which are biosynthesized mainly in roots,modulate various aspects of plant growth and development.Here,we review recent research on the role of SLs and their cross-regulation with auxin,cytokinin,a...Strigolactones(SLs),which are biosynthesized mainly in roots,modulate various aspects of plant growth and development.Here,we review recent research on the role of SLs and their cross-regulation with auxin,cytokinin,and ethylene in the modulation of root growth and development.Under nutrientsufficient conditions,SLs regulate the elongation of primary roots and inhibit adventitious root formation in eudicot plants.SLs promote the elongation of seminal roots and increase the number of adventitious roots in grass plants in the short term,while inhibiting lateral root development in both grass and eudicot plants.The effects of SLs on the elongation of root hairs are variable and depend on plant species,growth conditions,and SL concentration.Nitrogen or phosphate deficiency induces the accumulation of endogenous SLs,modulates root growth and development.Genetic analyses indicate cross-regulation of SLs with auxin,cytokinin,and ethylene in regulation of root growth and development.We discuss the implications of these studies and consider their potential for exploiting the components of SL signaling for the design of crop plants with more efficient soil-resource utilization.展开更多
Seed germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed. It requires suitable conditions and environmental factors. Maize is one of the most important crops worldwide. Germination influences both final ...Seed germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed. It requires suitable conditions and environmental factors. Maize is one of the most important crops worldwide. Germination influences both final maize yield and quality. Seed germination is regulated by a complex gene network. It is also influenced by endogenous(phytohormones and nutrients) and exogenous(temperature and water)inputs, involving molecular networks only partly identified to date. This review describes current understanding of the influence of temperature, water, phytohormones, and nutrients in regulating maize seed germination, and indicates knowledge gaps that should be addressed.展开更多
Modification of unsaturated fatty acid （FA） levels has been found to accompany multiple abiotic stress acclimations in many plants. Delta 12 fatty acid desaturase （FAD2） plays a critical role in the synthesis of p...Modification of unsaturated fatty acid （FA） levels has been found to accompany multiple abiotic stress acclimations in many plants. Delta 12 fatty acid desaturase （FAD2） plays a critical role in the synthesis of polyunsaturated FAs in plant cells by converting oleic acid （18：1） to linoleic acid （18：2）. To better understand the relationship between polyunsaturated FAs metabolism and stress adaptation, the expression of FAD2 gene and changes in the FA compositions under various abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated in this study. A 1 423-bp promoter of the FAD2 gene was cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Several putative hormone- and stress- inducible cis-elements were identified in the cloned promoter, which include salt- and pathogen-inducible GT-1 motifs, low-temperature-responsive MYC element, dehydration-responsive MYB element, and GA signaling related WRKY71OS element. To investigate the fine regulation of FAD2 gene, a recombinant FAD2 promoter-GUS construct was introduced into Arabidopsis plants. Histochemical study showed that the promoter was ubiquitously active and responsive not only to exogenous phytohormones including ABA, 24-eBL, and SA but also to darkness, temperature, salt, and sucrose stresses in Arabidopsis seedlings. Consistent with the expression change, treatments with exogenous 24-eBL, ABA, SA, and NaCl resulted in reduction in polyunsaturated FAs in Arabidopsis seedlings. These findings suggest that the FAD2 gene with a wide variety of putative response elements in its promoter is responsive to multiple phytohormones and abiotic stresses and therefore may play an important role in stress responses of Arabidopsis during plant growth and seed development.展开更多
Tree peony is well known and sought after for its large, colorful flowers. Its propagation is via vegetative methods. Mech- nisms of the adventitious rooting and the regulation of rooting processes are the principles ...Tree peony is well known and sought after for its large, colorful flowers. Its propagation is via vegetative methods. Mech- nisms of the adventitious rooting and the regulation of rooting processes are the principles and techniques of plant propagation and improvement. Microstructures and fluctuations of phytohormones in the adventitious rooting were studied with the etiolated soft- wood shoots of Paeonia suffkuticosa ＇Yinfen Jinlin＇. There are no pre-primordia in the shoots of the cultivar. Adventitious roots are produced in five stages： shoot selection, primordium initiation, primordium growth, conducting tissue differentiation and root protru- sion. Primordia initiated in the cortex. The contents of the endogenous hormones, IAA, ABA and GA, were 5.842, 0.873 and 1.043 nmol·g^-1 FW on the bases of shoots, respectively. CTKs which included isopentenyl adenine （iPA）, zeatin riboside （ZR） and dihy- drozeatin riboside （DHZR） were 0.949, 0.695 and 2.034 nmol·g^-1 FW, respectively. DHZR is active among CTKs. The ratio of IAA to GA, CTK and ABA clearly increased at the stage of primordium initiation, while they showed low levels at the stages of primor- dium growth. The ratios were restored at the shoot levels at the stage of root protrusion. IBA provoked primordia initiation in the cortex, the vascular cambium, the pith and even in the callus induced on the base of shoots. ]AA levels in the treated shoots increased gradually to its highest level （three times of control） at the stage of conducting tissue differentiation. The ratios of IAA to GA, CTK and ABA clearly decreased at the stage of primordium initiation. The ratio of IAA to ABA is regulated at 10：1.展开更多
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins(FLAs),a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs),are usually involved in cell development in plants.To investigate the expression profiling as well
Two maize genotypes (Nefertiti and Bashaier) were picked up from nine maize genotypes during the early vegetative growth (25 days) to be cultivated in open field upon the crop yield under the different drought stress ...Two maize genotypes (Nefertiti and Bashaier) were picked up from nine maize genotypes during the early vegetative growth (25 days) to be cultivated in open field upon the crop yield under the different drought stress levels (90,70,50,30) or under the interaction effect of drought stress and phytohormones or polyamines. According to the data of growth criteria, the maize genotype Nefertiti was found to be the most drought sensitive genotype, while the genotype Bashaier was found to be the most drought resistant genotype. Additionally while the photosynthetic pigments remained more or less unchanged in genotype Bashaier, their biosynthesis destroyed earlier in the drought sensitive genotype (Nefertiti). Also while the genotype Bashaier absorbed and accumulated a sufficient amount of mono and divalent cations (K+, Ca++ and Mg++), the genotype Nefertiti did not. Accordingly while the genotype Bashaier gave a crop yield up to 50% field capacity, the genotype Nefertiti gave a crop yield only up to 70% field capacity and failed to give a crop yield beyond this level. The interaction effect of drought stress and phytohormones and polyamines improved the all above characteristics. Interestingly each of these activators considerably improved the production of crop yield only in genotype Bashaier specially polyamines they produced more than 60% field capacity and at the level of 30% field capacity (the level which did not give crop yield in this genotype). However, phytohormones in generally did not make an important effect on the crop yield in genotype Nefertiti although they improved the dry matter production during the vegetative stages. Such situation seemed to be complicated and borne many questions to be studied in the future.展开更多
[Objective] To explore the effects of various phytohormones at different concentrations on the seed germination and seedling growth of Leymus Chinensiss （ L. chinensis）. [ Method ] The seeds of two varieties of L. c...[Objective] To explore the effects of various phytohormones at different concentrations on the seed germination and seedling growth of Leymus Chinensiss （ L. chinensis）. [ Method ] The seeds of two varieties of L. chinensis were respectively treated with four kinds of phytohormone [ gibbereUin （ GA ）, 2,4-D, naphthalene acetic acid and 6-benzyl aminopurine （6-BA） ] for the observation of seed germination. The seedling growth of natural L. chinensis was observed after the seedlings were respectively treated with these phytohormones. [Result] The germination percentage of L. chinensis was promoted by the GAs and 6-BA at low concentration and inhibited by these two kinds of phytohormone at high concentration. Moreover, they promoted the seedling growth of L. chinensis, and the GA3 had better effect. However, the NAA and 2,4-D at any concentration inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of L. chinensis. [ Conclusion] The various phytohormones have different effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of L. chinensis.展开更多
[Objective] The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of differ- ent phytohormones on the adventitious bud differentiation of oriental lily. [Method] The bulb scales of the test-tube plantlets of Tiber, ...[Objective] The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of differ- ent phytohormones on the adventitious bud differentiation of oriental lily. [Method] The bulb scales of the test-tube plantlets of Tiber, Rodina and Constanta were cul- tured in media supplemented with different cytokinin and auxin at different concen- tration, and then the adventitious buds in each treatment were calculated. [Result] Cytokinins had different influence on the adventitious bud differentiation of the three oriental lily cultivars. Among them, 6-BA had the best effect to induce the adventi- tious bud differentiation from bulb scales of Tiber and Rodina, but there was some difference in the optimal concentration. KT had the best effect to induce the adven- titious bud differentiation of Constanta. The auxins had little influence on the quality of the adventitious bud of the three oriental lily cultivars, but caused some difference in differentiation coefficients. [Conclusion] The most suitable media for the adventi- tious bud differentiation from bulb scales in vitro of Tiber, Rodina and Constanta were MS＋0.2 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L 2,4-D, MS＋I.0 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L IAA, MS＋ 1.0 mg/L KT＋0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, respectively.展开更多
Development of highly sensitive and reliable method for detection of phytohormones is of great significance to study plant hormones and agricultural production.In this study,an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatogr...Development of highly sensitive and reliable method for detection of phytohormones is of great significance to study plant hormones and agricultural production.In this study,an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was established for separation and quantification of trans-zeatin,trans-zeatin riboside,gibberellin A3,indol-3-acetic acid,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and jasmonic acid(JA) without any label.The sepa ration was performed on an Agilent Explus Plus C18 column by using methanol and water as mobile phases with gradient elution.The target compounds were confirmed and quantified by mass spectrum via positive electrospray ionization for trans-zeatin,transzeatin riboside,indole-3-acetic acid,and via negative electrospray ionization for gibberellin3,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and JA.The limits of detection ranged from 0.0127 ng L^-1 for gibberellin A3(GA3) to 33.26 ng L^-1 for JA and were lower than the currently reported values in literature.The proposed method was applied for qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytohormones in peanut gynophores and pods.The recoveries of the spiked phytohormones ranged from 80.20 to102.56%.The contents of seven endogenous hormones varied specifically in different development stages of peanuts.This study provides a highly sensitive and selective detection method for hormones and elucidates the growth and development of the gynophore and peanut fruit,which are controlled by seven endogenous hormones.展开更多
Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and un...Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and understanding its underlying mechanisms in rice is becoming increasingly important.Phytohormones are crucial in managing rice’s reaction to salt stress by controlling its physiological and biochemical functions.Some phytohormones can improve salt tolerance in rice by affecting gene programming,protein expression,and salt stress signaling,thereby helping rice adapt to salt-stressed environments.This review highlights recent advancements in understanding how various phytohormones-such as abscisic acid(ABA),auxin(IAA),cytokinins(CKs),jasmonates(JA),gibberellins(GAs),melatonin(MT),salicylic acid(SA),ethylene(ETHY)and brassinosteroids(BRs)-help mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress in rice.Additionally,we explore the current challenges and future research directions for utilizing exogenous phytohormone regulators to boost rice’s resistance to salt stress.展开更多
Although at different content levels, phytohormones including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinns and ahscisic acid distribute widely over rice tissues. It has
Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt is a perennial medicinal herb that contains pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituents. In China, the rhizomes are used as treatments for a variety of ailments i...Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt is a perennial medicinal herb that contains pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituents. In China, the rhizomes are used as treatments for a variety of ailments including arthritis. However, yields of the saponins are low, and little is known about the plant's genetic background or phytohormonal responsiveness. Using one-quarter of the 454 pyrosequencing information from the Roche GS FLX Titanium platform, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify 157 genes putatively encoding 26 enzymes involved in the synthesis of the bioactive compounds. It was revealed that there are two biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins in A. flaccida. One pathway depends on β-amyrin synthase and is similar to that found in other plants. The second, subsidiary("backburner") pathway is catalyzed by camelliol C synthase and yields β-amyrin as minor byproduct. Both pathways used cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases(CYPs) and family 1 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases(UGTs) to modify the triterpenoid backbone. The expression of CYPs and UGTs were quite different in roots treated with the phytohormones methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. This study provides the first large-scale transcriptional dataset for the biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins and their phytohormonal responsiveness in the genus Anemone.展开更多
Ethylene response factors （ERFs） play important roles in response to plant biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a gene encoding a putative AP2/ERF domain-containing protein was isolated by screening a SSH cDN...Ethylene response factors （ERFs） play important roles in response to plant biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a gene encoding a putative AP2/ERF domain-containing protein was isolated by screening a SSH cDNA library from rice and designated as Oryza sativa AP2/ERF-like protein （OsAP2LP） gene. OsAP2LP is 1491 bp in length, interrupted by seven introns, and encodes a putative protein of 348 amino acids. Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that the OsAP2LP gene was preferentially expressed in roots, panicles, mature embryos and seeds in rice. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of the OsAP2LP gene were increased under the treatments of drought and gibberellin but decreased under the treatments of low temperature, salt, abscisic acid （ABA） and zeatin. Taken together, these results suggest that OsAP2LP might be involved in stress responses, and probably plays roles as a transcription regulator when plants response to cold, salt and drought stresses through ABA and gibberellin pathways.展开更多
The difference between lycopene and phytohormone levels among diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants of two watermelon cultivars during fruit growth and ripening was studied. The expression pattern of five genes（phy...The difference between lycopene and phytohormone levels among diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants of two watermelon cultivars during fruit growth and ripening was studied. The expression pattern of five genes（phytoene synthase（PSY1）, phytoene desaturase（PDS）, ζ-carotene desaturase（ZDS）, carotenoid isomerase（CRTISO）, and lycopene β-cyclase（LCYB）） was analyzed in details. In red-fleshed cultivar Mimei, lycopene content increased rapidly from 25 to 35 days after pollination（DAP）, and then decreased at 40 DAP. Triploid and tetraploid fruit had higher levels of lycopene than diploid. Moreover, triploid tended to contain more lycopene than tetraploid during fruit growth and ripening stages. However, little amount of lycopene（0–2 mg kg–1 fresh weight（FW）） in yellow-fleshed cultivar Huangmei was found during all fruit development stages. In Mimei, transcript level of PSY1 was generally higher than the other four genes, and LCYB gene expression was the lowest among all five genes being tested. PSY1, CRTISO and LCYB genes showed higher transcript levels in polyploid than in diploid fruit. By contrast, in Huangmei, transcript level of LCYB was not the lowest, but only lower than that of PSY1. PSY1, CRTISO and LCYB genes showed higher expression levels in diploid than in polyploid fruit. In Mimei, the negative correlation between gibberellane（GA） content and lycopene accumulation was determined in all three different ploidy fruits, while a positive correlation was observed between abscisic acid（ABA） content and lycopene accumulation only in diploid watermelon. These results indicated that different lycopene contents in different ploidy watermelons is regulated by the differential transcription expression of the lycopene metabolic genes and phytohormones.展开更多
基金This publication presents findings from research conducted under Project No.III-99-24.489Natural Growth Regulators in the Induction of Resistance of Cereal Plants to HeavyMetals(2024-2028)funded by the NationalAcademy of Sciences of Ukraine.
文摘Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in regions where wheat cultivation is challenging or unfeasible.To clarify its drought adaptation mechanisms,we analyzed the effects of moderate soil drought on growth,hormonal homeostasis,and the dynamics and distribution of free amino acids and phenolic compounds in rye at early vegetative stages and post-recovery.Drought triggered both general and organ-specific changes in endogenous phytohormones.A nonspecific response involved the accumulation of stress hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and salicylic acid(SA),alongside the suppression of growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellins.However,hormone dynamics and localization varied across plant organs.ABA and SA levels significantly increased in shoots of drought-stressed and recovered plants,corresponding with inhibited growth.Prolonged drought further enhanced ABA accumulation in both shoots and roots of recovered plants,while SA levels declined in roots but remained elevated in shoots.Drought also caused a substantial reduction in IAA,particularly in shoots,while gibberellins(GA_(3)+GA_(4))significantly decreased in roots.GA_(3)was predominant in most samples,except in the shoots of 2-day-old control plants.Post-recovery,IAA levels increased but remained below control values,while GA_(4)accumulation in roots led to a rise in total gibberellin levels.In contrast,shoot GA_(3)+GA_(4)levels declined,primarily due to GA_(3)reduction.The dominant free amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid,glycine,alanine,and leucinedecreased significantly,underscoring their key role in stress adaptation.Increased flavonoid accumulation,especially in roots,suggests their involvement in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.A significant increase in ABA and SA levels,along with a marked reduction in IAA and GA content in stressed rye plants occurred alongside a reduction in free amino acid content,accumulation of phenolic compounds,and an increase in flavonoid levels.These findings indicate distinct adaptation strategies in rye shoots and roots undermoderate soil drought.They provide a foundation for further research on drought resistance mechanisms in cereals and the development of strategies to enhance their adaptive potential.
文摘Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32441047,32272447)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2022C FA 107)Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for CAAS(No.1610172023001)。
文摘Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating peanut growth and development.Our previous studies have demonstrated that the microbial inoculant ARC-BBBE,developed by our research group,effectively promotes peanut growth and enhances yield under both greenhouse and field conditions.Therefore,it is of significant interest to investigate how ARC-BBBE influences the levels and spatial distribution of major phytohormones in peanut roots.Greenhouse pot experiments revealed that ARC-BBBE significantly enhanced peanut growth and root system development.A systematic analysis of the effects of ARC-BBBE on key phytohormones in peanut roots across different growth stages showed that gibberellin A_(3)(GA_(3))content varied markedly,with predominant accumulation occurring during the early growth stage,whereas changes in indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)levels were not statistically significant.Specifically,GA_(3)content in the ARC-BBBE treatment group was 1.27-fold higher than in the control group during the seedling stage.Furthermore,peanut growth parameters were significantly improved following ARC-BBBE application,particularly at the flowering stage,where plant height,above-ground biomass,root length,and root weight in the treated group were 1.24-,1.17-,1.13-,and 1.21-fold greater than those in the control,respectively.To elucidate the functional role of phytohormones in ARC-BBBE-mediated growth promotion,we examined the effects of exogenous GA_(3)and its biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole(S3307)on both PHNZY-23-3 rhizobial growth and peanut development.Results indicated that supplementation with 1×10~3 mg/L GA_(3)most effectively promoted peanut growth at the seedling stage,while S3307 application inhibited growth.These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism by which ARC-BBBE modulates GA_(3)dynamics to enhance peanut growth,offering a foundation for future research on plant-microbe interactions and phytohormone regulation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372780 and 32172643)the Institutional Research Funding of Sichuan University(2022SCUNL105)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC1302)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M732486)the Guangxi Science and Technology Program(2024AB08197).
文摘Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process tightly regulated by hormonal crosstalk,transcriptional networks,and epigenetic modifications,with striking divergence between climacteric and non-climacteric species.In climacteric fruits,such as tomatoes,apples,and bananas,ethylene acts as the master regulator,driving autocatalytic biosynthesis through ACS/ACO genes and activating hierarchical transcriptional cascades mediated by MADS-box(RIN),NAC(NOR),and ERF-family transcription factors.These pathways are amplified by epigenetic reprogramming,including DNA demethylation at ripening-related promoters and histone acetylation,which enhance chromatin accessibility to facilitate gene expression.Conversely,non-climacteric fruits like strawberries and grapes predominantly rely on abscisic acid(ABA)to coordinate ripening.Hormonal interplay,such as ethylene-ABA synergy in climacteric fruit systems,further fine-tunes ripening dynamics.Advances in CRISPR-based gene editing and epigenome engineering now enable precise manipulation of these pathways,offering transformative solutions to reduce postharvest losses,enhance nutritional quality,and improve climate resilience.This review integrates mechanistic insights across species,emphasizing opportunities to translate fundamental discoveries into sustainable agricultural innovations,from breeding nutrient-rich cultivars to optimizing postharvest technologies for global food security.
文摘Abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,cold,flooding,and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide.In recent times,preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands of ever-increasing human populations have gained unprecedented importance.However,the proportion of agricultural lands facing multiple abiotic stresses is expected only to rise under a changing global climate fueled by anthropogenic activities.Identifying the mechanisms developed and deployed by plants to counteract abiotic stresses and maintain their growth and survival under harsh conditions thus holds great significance.Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones,including the classical auxins,cytokinins,ethylene,and gibberellins,and newer members including brassinosteroids,jasmonates,and strigolactones may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for producing abiotic stress-tolerant crop plants.In this review,we summarize and critically assess the roles that phytohormones play in plant growth and development and abiotic stress tolerance,besides their engineering for conferring abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic crops.We also describe recent successes in identifying the roles of phytohormones under stressful conditions.We conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Ministry of Science,ICT and Future-Planning through Basic-Science Research Program(No.2014R1A1A2A10058022)
文摘This study identifies the potential role in heat-stress mitigation of phytohormones and other secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces formosus LWL1 in japonica rice cultivar Dongjin. The japonica rice was grown in controlled chamber conditions with and without P. formosus LWL1 under no stress （NS） and prolonged heat stress （HS） conditions. Endophytic association under NS and HS conditions significantly improved plant growth attributes, such as plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, P. for- mosus LWL1 protected the rice plants from HS compared with controls, indicated by the lower endogenous level of stress-signaling compounds such as abscisic acid （25.71%） and jasmonic acid （34.57%） and the increase in total protein content （18.76%-33.22%）. Such fungal endophytes may be helpful for sustainable crop production under high environmental temperatures.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601821 and 31770300)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28110100)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0194000,2018YFD0100304,2016YFD0101006)the Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System(HARS-22-03-G3)。
文摘Strigolactones(SLs),which are biosynthesized mainly in roots,modulate various aspects of plant growth and development.Here,we review recent research on the role of SLs and their cross-regulation with auxin,cytokinin,and ethylene in the modulation of root growth and development.Under nutrientsufficient conditions,SLs regulate the elongation of primary roots and inhibit adventitious root formation in eudicot plants.SLs promote the elongation of seminal roots and increase the number of adventitious roots in grass plants in the short term,while inhibiting lateral root development in both grass and eudicot plants.The effects of SLs on the elongation of root hairs are variable and depend on plant species,growth conditions,and SL concentration.Nitrogen or phosphate deficiency induces the accumulation of endogenous SLs,modulates root growth and development.Genetic analyses indicate cross-regulation of SLs with auxin,cytokinin,and ethylene in regulation of root growth and development.We discuss the implications of these studies and consider their potential for exploiting the components of SL signaling for the design of crop plants with more efficient soil-resource utilization.
基金supported by Talent Introduction Special Funds of Qingdao Agricultural University(663/1120070)。
文摘Seed germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed. It requires suitable conditions and environmental factors. Maize is one of the most important crops worldwide. Germination influences both final maize yield and quality. Seed germination is regulated by a complex gene network. It is also influenced by endogenous(phytohormones and nutrients) and exogenous(temperature and water)inputs, involving molecular networks only partly identified to date. This review describes current understanding of the influence of temperature, water, phytohormones, and nutrients in regulating maize seed germination, and indicates knowledge gaps that should be addressed.
基金supported by grants from the National HighTech R&D Program of China (2008AA02Z103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671332)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China (Z304430)
文摘Modification of unsaturated fatty acid （FA） levels has been found to accompany multiple abiotic stress acclimations in many plants. Delta 12 fatty acid desaturase （FAD2） plays a critical role in the synthesis of polyunsaturated FAs in plant cells by converting oleic acid （18：1） to linoleic acid （18：2）. To better understand the relationship between polyunsaturated FAs metabolism and stress adaptation, the expression of FAD2 gene and changes in the FA compositions under various abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated in this study. A 1 423-bp promoter of the FAD2 gene was cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Several putative hormone- and stress- inducible cis-elements were identified in the cloned promoter, which include salt- and pathogen-inducible GT-1 motifs, low-temperature-responsive MYC element, dehydration-responsive MYB element, and GA signaling related WRKY71OS element. To investigate the fine regulation of FAD2 gene, a recombinant FAD2 promoter-GUS construct was introduced into Arabidopsis plants. Histochemical study showed that the promoter was ubiquitously active and responsive not only to exogenous phytohormones including ABA, 24-eBL, and SA but also to darkness, temperature, salt, and sucrose stresses in Arabidopsis seedlings. Consistent with the expression change, treatments with exogenous 24-eBL, ABA, SA, and NaCl resulted in reduction in polyunsaturated FAs in Arabidopsis seedlings. These findings suggest that the FAD2 gene with a wide variety of putative response elements in its promoter is responsive to multiple phytohormones and abiotic stresses and therefore may play an important role in stress responses of Arabidopsis during plant growth and seed development.
文摘Tree peony is well known and sought after for its large, colorful flowers. Its propagation is via vegetative methods. Mech- nisms of the adventitious rooting and the regulation of rooting processes are the principles and techniques of plant propagation and improvement. Microstructures and fluctuations of phytohormones in the adventitious rooting were studied with the etiolated soft- wood shoots of Paeonia suffkuticosa ＇Yinfen Jinlin＇. There are no pre-primordia in the shoots of the cultivar. Adventitious roots are produced in five stages： shoot selection, primordium initiation, primordium growth, conducting tissue differentiation and root protru- sion. Primordia initiated in the cortex. The contents of the endogenous hormones, IAA, ABA and GA, were 5.842, 0.873 and 1.043 nmol·g^-1 FW on the bases of shoots, respectively. CTKs which included isopentenyl adenine （iPA）, zeatin riboside （ZR） and dihy- drozeatin riboside （DHZR） were 0.949, 0.695 and 2.034 nmol·g^-1 FW, respectively. DHZR is active among CTKs. The ratio of IAA to GA, CTK and ABA clearly increased at the stage of primordium initiation, while they showed low levels at the stages of primor- dium growth. The ratios were restored at the shoot levels at the stage of root protrusion. IBA provoked primordia initiation in the cortex, the vascular cambium, the pith and even in the callus induced on the base of shoots. ]AA levels in the treated shoots increased gradually to its highest level （three times of control） at the stage of conducting tissue differentiation. The ratios of IAA to GA, CTK and ABA clearly decreased at the stage of primordium initiation. The ratio of IAA to ABA is regulated at 10：1.
文摘Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins(FLAs),a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs),are usually involved in cell development in plants.To investigate the expression profiling as well
文摘Two maize genotypes (Nefertiti and Bashaier) were picked up from nine maize genotypes during the early vegetative growth (25 days) to be cultivated in open field upon the crop yield under the different drought stress levels (90,70,50,30) or under the interaction effect of drought stress and phytohormones or polyamines. According to the data of growth criteria, the maize genotype Nefertiti was found to be the most drought sensitive genotype, while the genotype Bashaier was found to be the most drought resistant genotype. Additionally while the photosynthetic pigments remained more or less unchanged in genotype Bashaier, their biosynthesis destroyed earlier in the drought sensitive genotype (Nefertiti). Also while the genotype Bashaier absorbed and accumulated a sufficient amount of mono and divalent cations (K+, Ca++ and Mg++), the genotype Nefertiti did not. Accordingly while the genotype Bashaier gave a crop yield up to 50% field capacity, the genotype Nefertiti gave a crop yield only up to 70% field capacity and failed to give a crop yield beyond this level. The interaction effect of drought stress and phytohormones and polyamines improved the all above characteristics. Interestingly each of these activators considerably improved the production of crop yield only in genotype Bashaier specially polyamines they produced more than 60% field capacity and at the level of 30% field capacity (the level which did not give crop yield in this genotype). However, phytohormones in generally did not make an important effect on the crop yield in genotype Nefertiti although they improved the dry matter production during the vegetative stages. Such situation seemed to be complicated and borne many questions to be studied in the future.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Fund of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Department ( No. 11531424)~~
文摘[Objective] To explore the effects of various phytohormones at different concentrations on the seed germination and seedling growth of Leymus Chinensiss （ L. chinensis）. [ Method ] The seeds of two varieties of L. chinensis were respectively treated with four kinds of phytohormone [ gibbereUin （ GA ）, 2,4-D, naphthalene acetic acid and 6-benzyl aminopurine （6-BA） ] for the observation of seed germination. The seedling growth of natural L. chinensis was observed after the seedlings were respectively treated with these phytohormones. [Result] The germination percentage of L. chinensis was promoted by the GAs and 6-BA at low concentration and inhibited by these two kinds of phytohormone at high concentration. Moreover, they promoted the seedling growth of L. chinensis, and the GA3 had better effect. However, the NAA and 2,4-D at any concentration inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of L. chinensis. [ Conclusion] The various phytohormones have different effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of L. chinensis.
基金Supported by Special Fund for the Dominant Subjects Development of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu ProvinceScience and Technology Innovation Fund of Nanjing Forestry University(X09-120-4)~~
文摘[Objective] The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of differ- ent phytohormones on the adventitious bud differentiation of oriental lily. [Method] The bulb scales of the test-tube plantlets of Tiber, Rodina and Constanta were cul- tured in media supplemented with different cytokinin and auxin at different concen- tration, and then the adventitious buds in each treatment were calculated. [Result] Cytokinins had different influence on the adventitious bud differentiation of the three oriental lily cultivars. Among them, 6-BA had the best effect to induce the adventi- tious bud differentiation from bulb scales of Tiber and Rodina, but there was some difference in the optimal concentration. KT had the best effect to induce the adven- titious bud differentiation of Constanta. The auxins had little influence on the quality of the adventitious bud of the three oriental lily cultivars, but caused some difference in differentiation coefficients. [Conclusion] The most suitable media for the adventi- tious bud differentiation from bulb scales in vitro of Tiber, Rodina and Constanta were MS＋0.2 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L 2,4-D, MS＋I.0 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L IAA, MS＋ 1.0 mg/L KT＋0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, respectively.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-14)partly supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (RAPD)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2018MB030)
文摘Development of highly sensitive and reliable method for detection of phytohormones is of great significance to study plant hormones and agricultural production.In this study,an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was established for separation and quantification of trans-zeatin,trans-zeatin riboside,gibberellin A3,indol-3-acetic acid,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and jasmonic acid(JA) without any label.The sepa ration was performed on an Agilent Explus Plus C18 column by using methanol and water as mobile phases with gradient elution.The target compounds were confirmed and quantified by mass spectrum via positive electrospray ionization for trans-zeatin,transzeatin riboside,indole-3-acetic acid,and via negative electrospray ionization for gibberellin3,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and JA.The limits of detection ranged from 0.0127 ng L^-1 for gibberellin A3(GA3) to 33.26 ng L^-1 for JA and were lower than the currently reported values in literature.The proposed method was applied for qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytohormones in peanut gynophores and pods.The recoveries of the spiked phytohormones ranged from 80.20 to102.56%.The contents of seven endogenous hormones varied specifically in different development stages of peanuts.This study provides a highly sensitive and selective detection method for hormones and elucidates the growth and development of the gynophore and peanut fruit,which are controlled by seven endogenous hormones.
基金supported by the Basic Research Fund of Weifang Institute of Science and Technology under Grant No.KJRC2023047.
文摘Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and understanding its underlying mechanisms in rice is becoming increasingly important.Phytohormones are crucial in managing rice’s reaction to salt stress by controlling its physiological and biochemical functions.Some phytohormones can improve salt tolerance in rice by affecting gene programming,protein expression,and salt stress signaling,thereby helping rice adapt to salt-stressed environments.This review highlights recent advancements in understanding how various phytohormones-such as abscisic acid(ABA),auxin(IAA),cytokinins(CKs),jasmonates(JA),gibberellins(GAs),melatonin(MT),salicylic acid(SA),ethylene(ETHY)and brassinosteroids(BRs)-help mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress in rice.Additionally,we explore the current challenges and future research directions for utilizing exogenous phytohormone regulators to boost rice’s resistance to salt stress.
文摘Although at different content levels, phytohormones including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinns and ahscisic acid distribute widely over rice tissues. It has
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31670334)the Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education for Young and Middle-aged Scientists(No.T201608)
文摘Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt is a perennial medicinal herb that contains pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituents. In China, the rhizomes are used as treatments for a variety of ailments including arthritis. However, yields of the saponins are low, and little is known about the plant's genetic background or phytohormonal responsiveness. Using one-quarter of the 454 pyrosequencing information from the Roche GS FLX Titanium platform, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify 157 genes putatively encoding 26 enzymes involved in the synthesis of the bioactive compounds. It was revealed that there are two biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins in A. flaccida. One pathway depends on β-amyrin synthase and is similar to that found in other plants. The second, subsidiary("backburner") pathway is catalyzed by camelliol C synthase and yields β-amyrin as minor byproduct. Both pathways used cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases(CYPs) and family 1 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases(UGTs) to modify the triterpenoid backbone. The expression of CYPs and UGTs were quite different in roots treated with the phytohormones methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. This study provides the first large-scale transcriptional dataset for the biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins and their phytohormonal responsiveness in the genus Anemone.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.30770132 and 30570103)
文摘Ethylene response factors （ERFs） play important roles in response to plant biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a gene encoding a putative AP2/ERF domain-containing protein was isolated by screening a SSH cDNA library from rice and designated as Oryza sativa AP2/ERF-like protein （OsAP2LP） gene. OsAP2LP is 1491 bp in length, interrupted by seven introns, and encodes a putative protein of 348 amino acids. Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that the OsAP2LP gene was preferentially expressed in roots, panicles, mature embryos and seeds in rice. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of the OsAP2LP gene were increased under the treatments of drought and gibberellin but decreased under the treatments of low temperature, salt, abscisic acid （ABA） and zeatin. Taken together, these results suggest that OsAP2LP might be involved in stress responses, and probably plays roles as a transcription regulator when plants response to cold, salt and drought stresses through ABA and gibberellin pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171979 and 31471893)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, China (ASTIP) (CAAS-ASTIP-2017-ZFRI)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-26-03)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, China (1610192016301 and 1616032017209)
文摘The difference between lycopene and phytohormone levels among diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants of two watermelon cultivars during fruit growth and ripening was studied. The expression pattern of five genes（phytoene synthase（PSY1）, phytoene desaturase（PDS）, ζ-carotene desaturase（ZDS）, carotenoid isomerase（CRTISO）, and lycopene β-cyclase（LCYB）） was analyzed in details. In red-fleshed cultivar Mimei, lycopene content increased rapidly from 25 to 35 days after pollination（DAP）, and then decreased at 40 DAP. Triploid and tetraploid fruit had higher levels of lycopene than diploid. Moreover, triploid tended to contain more lycopene than tetraploid during fruit growth and ripening stages. However, little amount of lycopene（0–2 mg kg–1 fresh weight（FW）） in yellow-fleshed cultivar Huangmei was found during all fruit development stages. In Mimei, transcript level of PSY1 was generally higher than the other four genes, and LCYB gene expression was the lowest among all five genes being tested. PSY1, CRTISO and LCYB genes showed higher transcript levels in polyploid than in diploid fruit. By contrast, in Huangmei, transcript level of LCYB was not the lowest, but only lower than that of PSY1. PSY1, CRTISO and LCYB genes showed higher expression levels in diploid than in polyploid fruit. In Mimei, the negative correlation between gibberellane（GA） content and lycopene accumulation was determined in all three different ploidy fruits, while a positive correlation was observed between abscisic acid（ABA） content and lycopene accumulation only in diploid watermelon. These results indicated that different lycopene contents in different ploidy watermelons is regulated by the differential transcription expression of the lycopene metabolic genes and phytohormones.
