Rational interface engineering via regulating the anchoring groups between molecular catalysts and light-absorbing semiconductors is essential and emergent to stabilize the semiconductor/molecular complex interaction ...Rational interface engineering via regulating the anchoring groups between molecular catalysts and light-absorbing semiconductors is essential and emergent to stabilize the semiconductor/molecular complex interaction and facilitate the photocarriers transport,thus realizing highly active and stable photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting.In this mini review,following a showcasing of the fundamental details of hybrid PEC systems containing semiconductor photoelectrodes and molecular catalysts for water splitting,the state-of-the-art progress of anchoring group regulation at semiconductor/molecular complex interface for efficient and stable PEC water splitting,as well as its effect on charge transfer kinetics,are comprehensively reviewed.Finally,potential research directions aimed at building high-efficiency hybrid PEC water splitting systems are summarized.展开更多
Beginning from the industrial revolution,non-renewable fossil fuels have powered the population growth and economic expansion.However,the overdependence of such energy sources leads to serious eco-crisis and energy se...Beginning from the industrial revolution,non-renewable fossil fuels have powered the population growth and economic expansion.However,the overdependence of such energy sources leads to serious eco-crisis and energy security issues.As shown in Fig.1,the emissions of CO_(2) greenhouse gas are rising year by year because of the significant amount consumption of fossil energy[1].Searching sustainable energy technologies to achieve carbon neutrality has thus become an urgent task for the future of human society[2].As the most abundant and inexhaustible energy source,sunlight has brought dawn to the opportunities for a sustainable society.Owing to the diurnal and seasonal cycles,the solar energy has the intermittent character,which limits its applications.展开更多
CdS nanospheres were grown on indium tin oxide(ITO)substrate using a hydrothermal method.The crystal structure,morphology and electronic structure of the samples synthesized were characterized in detail.The results co...CdS nanospheres were grown on indium tin oxide(ITO)substrate using a hydrothermal method.The crystal structure,morphology and electronic structure of the samples synthesized were characterized in detail.The results confirm that the crystallinity,size,crystal defects of the CdS nanospheres and the film thickness of CdS photoelectrodes can be tuned by varying the precursor Cd2+concentration.Combined with charge transfer dynamics analysis,it can be found that proper particle size and film thickness,as well as fewer defects,will result in better charge separation efficiency of the prepared CdS/ITO photoelectrodes,thereby exhibiting better photoelectrochemical performance for water splitting.The optimized CdS/ITO photoelectrode synthesized with a Cd2+concentration of 0.14 mol⋅L1 gave a photocurrent density of 5.10 mA⋅cm^(-2)at potential of 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),under a simulated solar illumination of 100 mW⋅cm^(-2).展开更多
Hydrogen production by photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting converts the inexhaustible supply of solar radiation to storable H2 as clean energy and thus has received widespread attention.The efficiency of PEC wat...Hydrogen production by photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting converts the inexhaustible supply of solar radiation to storable H2 as clean energy and thus has received widespread attention.The efficiency of PEC water splitting is largely determined by the properties of the photoelectrodes.Two-dimensional(2 D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) are promising candidates for photoelectrodes due to their atomic layer thickness,tunable bandgap,large specific surface area,and high carrier mobility.Moreover,the construction of 2 D TMDs heterostructures provides freedom in material design,which facilitates the further improvement of PEC water splitting.This review begins by describing the mechanism of PEC water splitting and the advantages of 2 D TMDbased heterostructures for photo electrodes.Then,the design considerations of the heterostructures for enhanced PEC efficiency are comprehensively reviewed with a focus on material selection,band engineering,surface modification,and long-term durability.Finally,current challenges and future perspectives for the development of photoelectrodes based on 2 D TMDs heterostructures are addressed.展开更多
An innovative photoelectrode, TiO_2/Ti mesh electrode, was prepared by anodisation. In anodisation, 0.5 mol/L H_2SO_4 was used as electrolytic solution, the current had been constantly 1A from the beginning of the oxi...An innovative photoelectrode, TiO_2/Ti mesh electrode, was prepared by anodisation. In anodisation, 0.5 mol/L H_2SO_4 was used as electrolytic solution, the current had been constantly 1A from the beginning of the oxidation until reaching a designed voltage. Results showed that the photocatalytic activity of electrode was better when the designed voltage was 160 V. The morphology and the crystalline texture of the TiO_2 film on mesh electrode were examined by scanning electronic microscopy and Raman spectroscopy respectively. The examination results indicated that the structure and properties of the film depended on anodisation rate, and the anatase was the dominant component under the controlled experimental conditions. Degradation of Rhodamine B in photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reaction was investigated.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting process is regarded as a promising route to generate hydrogen by solar energy and at the heart of PEC is efficient electrode design.Great progress has been achieved in the aspe...Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting process is regarded as a promising route to generate hydrogen by solar energy and at the heart of PEC is efficient electrode design.Great progress has been achieved in the aspects of material design,cocatalyst study,and electrode fabrication over the past decades.However,some key challenges remain unsolved,including the most demanded conversion efficiency issue.As three critical steps,i.e.light harvesting,charge transfer and surface reaction of the PEC process,occur in a huge range of time scale(from10-12s to100s),how to manage these subsequent steps to facilitate the seamless cooperation between each step to realize efficient PEC process is essentially important.This review focuses on an integral consideration of the three key criteria based on the recent progress on high efficient and stable photoelectrode design in PEC.The basic principles and potential strategies are summarized.Moreover,the challenge and perspective are also discussed.展开更多
Self-made TiO2 nanoparticles were used as photoelectrode material of dye sensitized solar cell. The TiO2 thin film coats through spreading nanoparticles evenly onto the ITO glass via self-made spin-heat platform, and ...Self-made TiO2 nanoparticles were used as photoelectrode material of dye sensitized solar cell. The TiO2 thin film coats through spreading nanoparticles evenly onto the ITO glass via self-made spin-heat platform, and then TiO2 thin film is soaked in the dye N-719 more than 12 h to prepare the photoelectrode device. The TiO2 nanoparticles produced by electric-discharge-nanofluid-process have premium anatase crystal property, and its diameter can be controlled within a range of 20-50 nm. The surface energy zeta potential of nanofluid is from -22 mV to -28.8 mV, it is a stable particle suspension in the deionized water. A trace of surfactant Triton X-100 put upon the surface of ITO glass can produce a uniform and dense TiO2 thin film and heating up the spin platform to 200 oC is able to eliminate mixed surfac-tant. Self-made TiO2 film presents excellent dye absorption performance and even doesn＇t need heat treatment procedure to enhance essential property. Results of energy analysis show the thicker film structure will increase the short-circuit current density that causes higher conversion efficiency. But, as the film structure is large and thick, both the open-circuit voltage and fill factor will decline gradually to lead bad efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell.展开更多
CdS quantum dots sensitized platelike WO_3 photoelectrodes were successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and a modified chemical bath deposition(CBD) technique.To further improve the stability of the p...CdS quantum dots sensitized platelike WO_3 photoelectrodes were successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and a modified chemical bath deposition(CBD) technique.To further improve the stability of the photoelectrodes in alkaline environment,the platelike WO_3 films were treated with TiCl_4 to form a nano-TiO_2 buffer layer on the WO_3 plate surface before loading CdSQDs.The resulting electrodes were characterized by using XRD,SEM,HR-TEM and UV-vis spectrum.The photocatalytic activity of the resulting electrodes was investigated by degradation of methyl orange(MO) in aqueous solution.The photoelectrochemical(PEC) property of the resulting electrodes was also characterized by the linear sweep voltammetry.The results of both the degradation of MO and photocurrent tests indicated that the as-prepared CdSQDs sensitized WO_3 platelike photoelectrodes exhibit a significant improvement in photocatalytic degradation and PEC activity under visible light irradiation,compared with unsupported CdSQDs electrodes.Significantly,coating the WO_3 plates with nano-TiO_2 obviously facilitate the charge separation and retards the charge-pair recombination,and results in a highest activity for QDsCdS/TiO_2/WO_3 photoelectrodes.展开更多
Solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems are highly promising for converting solar energy into clean and sustainable chemical energy.In such PEC systems,an integrated photoelectrode incorporates a...Solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems are highly promising for converting solar energy into clean and sustainable chemical energy.In such PEC systems,an integrated photoelectrode incorporates a light harvester for absorbing solar energy,an interlayer for transporting photogenerated charge carriers,and a co-catalyst for triggering redox reactions.Thus,understanding the correlations between the intrinsic structural properties and functions of the photoelectrodes is crucial.Here we critically examine various 2D layered photoanodes/photocathodes,including graphitic carbon nitrides,transition metal dichalcogenides,layered double hydroxides,layered bismuth oxyhalide nanosheets,and MXenes,combined with advanced nanocarbons(carbon dots,carbon nanotubes,graphene,and graphdiyne)as co-catalysts to assemble integrated photoelectrodes for oxygen evolution/hydrogen evolution reactions.The fundamental principles of PEC water splitting and physicochemical properties of photoelectrodes and the associated catalytic reactions are analyzed.Elaborate strategies for the assembly of 2D photoelectrodes with nanocarbons to enhance the PEC performances are introduced.The mechanisms of interplay of 2D photoelectrodes and nanocarbon co-catalysts are further discussed.The challenges and opportunities in the field are identified to guide future research for maximizing the conversion efficiency of PEC water splitting.展开更多
Hydrogen is a promising future sustainable fuel candidate with boundless opportunities.Research into photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting based on a lead halide perovskite(LHP)has progressed significantly with the...Hydrogen is a promising future sustainable fuel candidate with boundless opportunities.Research into photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting based on a lead halide perovskite(LHP)has progressed significantly with the aim of more efficient solar hydrogen production.Herein,we unite a well-known photo-absorbing LHP with cost-effective water-splitting catalysts,and we introduce two types of monolithic LHP-based PEC devices that act as a photocathode and a photoanode for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,leading to efficient unbiased overall water splitting.Through the integration of these two monolithic LHP-based photoelectrodes,an unbiased solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 10.64%and a photocurrent density of 8.65 mA cm^(−2) are achieved.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical water splitting(PEC-WS)is a promising technique for transforming solar energy into storable and environmentally friendly chemical energy.Designing semiconductor photoelectrodes with high light abs...Photoelectrochemical water splitting(PEC-WS)is a promising technique for transforming solar energy into storable and environmentally friendly chemical energy.Designing semiconductor photoelectrodes with high light absorption capability,rapid e-/h+separation and transfer,and sufficient chemical stability is vital for developing an efficient PEC-WS system.Metal chalcogenides(MCs)have emerged as promising candidates for light absorbers because of their unique electrical and optical characteristics.In this review,we present recent developments in hydrogen generation via PEC-WS using MC-based photoelectrodes.First,we present a simple illustration of PEC-WS fundamentals.Second,the current performance of various metal(mono-,di-,and tri-)chalcogenide/semiconductor photoelectrodes in PEC-WS is summarized.Then,the charge transfer mechanism at the MC/semiconductor interface and the PEC-WS mechanism is thoroughly explained.Finally,we discuss future research perspectives toward developing efficient and stable MC/semiconductor photoelectrodes.展开更多
A significant enhancement in solar hydrogen generation efficiency has been achieved by inductive coupled etching （ICP） surface roughening treatment using nano-sized nickel mask. As much as 7 times improvement of pho...A significant enhancement in solar hydrogen generation efficiency has been achieved by inductive coupled etching （ICP） surface roughening treatment using nano-sized nickel mask. As much as 7 times improvement of photocurrent is demonstrated in comparison with a planar one fabricated from the same parent wafer. Under identical illumination conditions in HBr solution, the incident photon conversion efficiency （IPCE） shows an enhancement with a factor of 3, which even exceed 54% at 400 nm wavelength. We believe the enhancement is attributed to several facts including improvement in absorption, reacting area, carder localization and carrier lifetime.展开更多
In this study,sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti photoelectrodes were prepared by anodization. The morphology, crystalline structure,composition of sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti film and light absorption property were examined by SEM,XRD,...In this study,sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti photoelectrodes were prepared by anodization. The morphology, crystalline structure,composition of sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti film and light absorption property were examined by SEM,XRD,XRF,XPS and UV/VIS respectively. Dimethyl phthalate( DMP) ,one kind of environmental disrupting chemicals( EDCs) ,was degraded by the optimized photoelectrodes. Power of xenon light,initial concentration of DMP,photoelectrocatalytic( PEC) area of photoelectrode and bias were investigated in the study on kinetics of PEC degradation of DMP. Hence,this study concluded that the optimum conditions were power of xenon light 150 W,initial concentration of DMP 1 mg/L,PEC area of sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti photoelectrode 10 cm2,bias 1. 3 V in the PEC reaction system.展开更多
The preparation and study of supported TiO2 for photocatalytic application in solar cell devices is a relevant research field. Thin films of TiO2 prepared on Ti by thermal oxidation in a wide range of temperatures (45...The preparation and study of supported TiO2 for photocatalytic application in solar cell devices is a relevant research field. Thin films of TiO2 prepared on Ti by thermal oxidation in a wide range of temperatures (450°C - 900°C) were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiometry and amperometry. This material presents photoelectrochemical activity, which depends dramatically of the oxidation temperature and the exposition time at the studied temperatures. The flatband potential as well as the donor density and the resistance to the charge transfer were measured. All these parameters are temperature dependent, and the optimal values are observed on the photoelectrodes prepared at 750°C. This result is consistent with the photochemical response reported in the literature for thin films of Ti/TiO2 prepared under similar conditions.展开更多
Photo-assisted capacitors are attractive devices for solar energy conversion and storage,while the behavior of photoelectrodes limits their performance.In this work,MoS_(2)photoelectrodes were modified by g-C_(3)N_(4)...Photo-assisted capacitors are attractive devices for solar energy conversion and storage,while the behavior of photoelectrodes limits their performance.In this work,MoS_(2)photoelectrodes were modified by g-C_(3)N_(4),exhibiting enhanced photo-rechargeable properties.Our results show that the introduction of g-C_(3)N_(4)increases the surface area of MoS_(2)photoelectrodes and promotes the transport of charge carriers,which can boost the specific capacity and cycle stability of capacitors.The as-prepared zinc-ion capacitors with g-C_(3)N_(4)/MoS_(2)photoelectrodes show a specific capacity of 380.93 F/g at 1 A/g under AM 1.5 G illumination.Remarkably,after 3000 cycles at 10 A/g,the capacity of the photo-assisted zinc-ion capacitor retains above 99%.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting holds significant promise for sustainable energy harvesting that enables efficient conversion of solar energy into green hydrogen.Nevertheless,achievement of high performance i...Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting holds significant promise for sustainable energy harvesting that enables efficient conversion of solar energy into green hydrogen.Nevertheless,achievement of high performance is often limited by charge carrier recombination,resulting in unsatisfactory saturation current densities.To address this challenge,we present a novel strategy for achieving ultrahigh current density by incorporating a bridge layer between the Si substrate and the NiOOH cocatalyst in this paper.The optimal photoanode(TCO/n-p-Si/TCO/Ni)shows a remarkably low onset potential of 0.92 V vs.a reversible hydrogen electrode and a high saturation current density of 39.6 mA·cm^(-2),which is about 92.7%of the theoretical maximum(42.7 mA·cm^(-2)).In addition,the photoanode demonstrates stable operation for 60 h.Our systematic characterizations and calculations demonstrate that the bridge layer facilitates charge transfer,enhances catalytic performance,and provides corrosion protection to the underlying substrate.Notably,the integration of this photoanode into a PEC device for overall water splitting leads to a reduction of the onset potential.These findings provide a viable pathway for fabricating highperformance industrial photoelectrodes by integrating a substrate and a cocatalyst via a transparent and conductive bridge layer.展开更多
Photoelectorchemical（PEC） water splitting is an attractive approach for producing sustainable and environment-friendly hydrogen. An efficient PEC process is rooted in appropriate semiconductor materials, which shoul...Photoelectorchemical（PEC） water splitting is an attractive approach for producing sustainable and environment-friendly hydrogen. An efficient PEC process is rooted in appropriate semiconductor materials, which should possess small bandgap to ensure wide light harvest, facile charge separation to allow the generated photocharges migrating to the reactive sites and highly catalytic capability to fully utilize the separated photocharges. Proper electrode fabrication method is of equal importance for promoting charge transfer and accelerating surface reactions in the electrodes. Moreover,powerful characterization method can shed light on the complex PEC process and provide deep understanding of the rate-determining step for us to improve the PEC systems further. Targeting on high solar conversion efficiency, here we provide a review on the development of PEC water splitting in the aspect of materials exploring, fabrication method and characterization. It is expected to provide some fundamental insight of PEC and inspire the design of more effective PEC systems.展开更多
A new photoelectrochemical method for the determination of glucose based on the photoelectrochemical effect of poly（thionine） photoelectrode to hydrogen peroxide （H202） was reported. The H2Oz-sensitive photoelectr...A new photoelectrochemical method for the determination of glucose based on the photoelectrochemical effect of poly（thionine） photoelectrode to hydrogen peroxide （H202） was reported. The H2Oz-sensitive photoelectrode was fabricated by electropolymerizing thionine on the surface of ITO electrode. And then glucose oxidase was immobilized on the photoelectrode via the aid of chitosan enwrapping, forming an enzyme-modified photoelectrode. The photoelectrode was employed as an electron acceptor; H2O2 from the catalytic reaction of enzyme was employed as an electron donor, developing an analytical method of glucose without hydrogen peroxidase. In the paper, the pho- toelectrochemical effects of photoelectrode to H202 and glucose were studied. The effects of the bias voltage and the electrolyte pH on the photocurrent were investigated. The linear response of glucose concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 2.00 mmol/L was obtained with a detection limit of 22.0 μmol/L and sensitivity of 73.2 nA/（mmol·L-1）. The applied feasibility of method was acknowledged through monitoring the glucose in practical samples.展开更多
As an eco-friendly,efficient,and low-cost technique,photoelectrochemical water splitting has attracted growing interest in the production of clean and sustainable hydrogen by the conversion of abundant solar energy.In...As an eco-friendly,efficient,and low-cost technique,photoelectrochemical water splitting has attracted growing interest in the production of clean and sustainable hydrogen by the conversion of abundant solar energy.In the photoelectrochemical system,the photoelectrode plays a vital role in absorbing the energy of sunlight to trigger the water splitting process and the overall efficiency depends largely on the integration and design of photoelectrochemical devices.In recent years,the optimization of photoelectrodes and photoelectrochemical devices to achieve highly efficient hydrogen production has been extensively investigated.In this paper,a concise review of recent advances in the modification of nanostructured photoelectrodes and the design of photoelectrochemical devices is presented.Meanwhile,the general principles of structural and morphological factors in altering the photoelectrochemical performance of photoelectrodes are discussed.Furthermore,the performance indicators and first principles to describe the behaviors of charge carriers are analyzed,which will be of profound guiding significance to increasing the overall efficiency of the photoelectrochemical water splitting system.Finally,current challenges and prospects for an in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms using advanced characterization technologies and potential strategies for developing novel photoelectrodes and advanced photoelectrochemical water splitting devices are demonstrated.展开更多
基金support of the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-QN-0415)the Special Project on Functional Materials from Shaanxi Provincial Department of Finance(0801YC2305)+1 种基金the Talent Project from Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research(YK2310)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52225606 and 52304334).
文摘Rational interface engineering via regulating the anchoring groups between molecular catalysts and light-absorbing semiconductors is essential and emergent to stabilize the semiconductor/molecular complex interaction and facilitate the photocarriers transport,thus realizing highly active and stable photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting.In this mini review,following a showcasing of the fundamental details of hybrid PEC systems containing semiconductor photoelectrodes and molecular catalysts for water splitting,the state-of-the-art progress of anchoring group regulation at semiconductor/molecular complex interface for efficient and stable PEC water splitting,as well as its effect on charge transfer kinetics,are comprehensively reviewed.Finally,potential research directions aimed at building high-efficiency hybrid PEC water splitting systems are summarized.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52202321)the Starting Research Funds of Hefei University of Technology.
文摘Beginning from the industrial revolution,non-renewable fossil fuels have powered the population growth and economic expansion.However,the overdependence of such energy sources leads to serious eco-crisis and energy security issues.As shown in Fig.1,the emissions of CO_(2) greenhouse gas are rising year by year because of the significant amount consumption of fossil energy[1].Searching sustainable energy technologies to achieve carbon neutrality has thus become an urgent task for the future of human society[2].As the most abundant and inexhaustible energy source,sunlight has brought dawn to the opportunities for a sustainable society.Owing to the diurnal and seasonal cycles,the solar energy has the intermittent character,which limits its applications.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF0705104)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51402199,U21A20316)+1 种基金Liaoning Revitalization Talents Prograrn(XLYC2007193)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2021NLTS1210).
文摘CdS nanospheres were grown on indium tin oxide(ITO)substrate using a hydrothermal method.The crystal structure,morphology and electronic structure of the samples synthesized were characterized in detail.The results confirm that the crystallinity,size,crystal defects of the CdS nanospheres and the film thickness of CdS photoelectrodes can be tuned by varying the precursor Cd2+concentration.Combined with charge transfer dynamics analysis,it can be found that proper particle size and film thickness,as well as fewer defects,will result in better charge separation efficiency of the prepared CdS/ITO photoelectrodes,thereby exhibiting better photoelectrochemical performance for water splitting.The optimized CdS/ITO photoelectrode synthesized with a Cd2+concentration of 0.14 mol⋅L1 gave a photocurrent density of 5.10 mA⋅cm^(-2)at potential of 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),under a simulated solar illumination of 100 mW⋅cm^(-2).
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFA0306900 and 2018YFA0209500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21872114)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.20720210009)。
文摘Hydrogen production by photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting converts the inexhaustible supply of solar radiation to storable H2 as clean energy and thus has received widespread attention.The efficiency of PEC water splitting is largely determined by the properties of the photoelectrodes.Two-dimensional(2 D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) are promising candidates for photoelectrodes due to their atomic layer thickness,tunable bandgap,large specific surface area,and high carrier mobility.Moreover,the construction of 2 D TMDs heterostructures provides freedom in material design,which facilitates the further improvement of PEC water splitting.This review begins by describing the mechanism of PEC water splitting and the advantages of 2 D TMDbased heterostructures for photo electrodes.Then,the design considerations of the heterostructures for enhanced PEC efficiency are comprehensively reviewed with a focus on material selection,band engineering,surface modification,and long-term durability.Finally,current challenges and future perspectives for the development of photoelectrodes based on 2 D TMDs heterostructures are addressed.
基金TheScientificResearchFoundationofHarbinInstituteofTechnology (No .HIT .2 0 0 1.5 6)
文摘An innovative photoelectrode, TiO_2/Ti mesh electrode, was prepared by anodisation. In anodisation, 0.5 mol/L H_2SO_4 was used as electrolytic solution, the current had been constantly 1A from the beginning of the oxidation until reaching a designed voltage. Results showed that the photocatalytic activity of electrode was better when the designed voltage was 160 V. The morphology and the crystalline texture of the TiO_2 film on mesh electrode were examined by scanning electronic microscopy and Raman spectroscopy respectively. The examination results indicated that the structure and properties of the film depended on anodisation rate, and the anatase was the dominant component under the controlled experimental conditions. Degradation of Rhodamine B in photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reaction was investigated.
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting process is regarded as a promising route to generate hydrogen by solar energy and at the heart of PEC is efficient electrode design.Great progress has been achieved in the aspects of material design,cocatalyst study,and electrode fabrication over the past decades.However,some key challenges remain unsolved,including the most demanded conversion efficiency issue.As three critical steps,i.e.light harvesting,charge transfer and surface reaction of the PEC process,occur in a huge range of time scale(from10-12s to100s),how to manage these subsequent steps to facilitate the seamless cooperation between each step to realize efficient PEC process is essentially important.This review focuses on an integral consideration of the three key criteria based on the recent progress on high efficient and stable photoelectrode design in PEC.The basic principles and potential strategies are summarized.Moreover,the challenge and perspective are also discussed.
文摘Self-made TiO2 nanoparticles were used as photoelectrode material of dye sensitized solar cell. The TiO2 thin film coats through spreading nanoparticles evenly onto the ITO glass via self-made spin-heat platform, and then TiO2 thin film is soaked in the dye N-719 more than 12 h to prepare the photoelectrode device. The TiO2 nanoparticles produced by electric-discharge-nanofluid-process have premium anatase crystal property, and its diameter can be controlled within a range of 20-50 nm. The surface energy zeta potential of nanofluid is from -22 mV to -28.8 mV, it is a stable particle suspension in the deionized water. A trace of surfactant Triton X-100 put upon the surface of ITO glass can produce a uniform and dense TiO2 thin film and heating up the spin platform to 200 oC is able to eliminate mixed surfac-tant. Self-made TiO2 film presents excellent dye absorption performance and even doesn＇t need heat treatment procedure to enhance essential property. Results of energy analysis show the thicker film structure will increase the short-circuit current density that causes higher conversion efficiency. But, as the film structure is large and thick, both the open-circuit voltage and fill factor will decline gradually to lead bad efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell.
基金Project(2014FJ3041)supported by the Research Funds of Science and Technology Agency of Hunan Provincial,ChinaProject(14A076)supported by the Research Funds of Education Agency of Hunan Provincial,ChinaProject supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Central South University,China
文摘CdS quantum dots sensitized platelike WO_3 photoelectrodes were successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and a modified chemical bath deposition(CBD) technique.To further improve the stability of the photoelectrodes in alkaline environment,the platelike WO_3 films were treated with TiCl_4 to form a nano-TiO_2 buffer layer on the WO_3 plate surface before loading CdSQDs.The resulting electrodes were characterized by using XRD,SEM,HR-TEM and UV-vis spectrum.The photocatalytic activity of the resulting electrodes was investigated by degradation of methyl orange(MO) in aqueous solution.The photoelectrochemical(PEC) property of the resulting electrodes was also characterized by the linear sweep voltammetry.The results of both the degradation of MO and photocurrent tests indicated that the as-prepared CdSQDs sensitized WO_3 platelike photoelectrodes exhibit a significant improvement in photocatalytic degradation and PEC activity under visible light irradiation,compared with unsupported CdSQDs electrodes.Significantly,coating the WO_3 plates with nano-TiO_2 obviously facilitate the charge separation and retards the charge-pair recombination,and results in a highest activity for QDsCdS/TiO_2/WO_3 photoelectrodes.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878271,51702284,21878270,and 21961160742)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LR19B060002)+8 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Startup Foundation for Hundred-Talent Program of Zhejiang Universitythe Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(2019R01006)Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies,CASZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies(2020K10)the support of the NSFC 21501138the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2019CFB556)Science Research Foundation of Wuhan Institute of Technology(K2019039)the Australian Research Council(ARC)and QUT Centre for Materials Science for partial support.
文摘Solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems are highly promising for converting solar energy into clean and sustainable chemical energy.In such PEC systems,an integrated photoelectrode incorporates a light harvester for absorbing solar energy,an interlayer for transporting photogenerated charge carriers,and a co-catalyst for triggering redox reactions.Thus,understanding the correlations between the intrinsic structural properties and functions of the photoelectrodes is crucial.Here we critically examine various 2D layered photoanodes/photocathodes,including graphitic carbon nitrides,transition metal dichalcogenides,layered double hydroxides,layered bismuth oxyhalide nanosheets,and MXenes,combined with advanced nanocarbons(carbon dots,carbon nanotubes,graphene,and graphdiyne)as co-catalysts to assemble integrated photoelectrodes for oxygen evolution/hydrogen evolution reactions.The fundamental principles of PEC water splitting and physicochemical properties of photoelectrodes and the associated catalytic reactions are analyzed.Elaborate strategies for the assembly of 2D photoelectrodes with nanocarbons to enhance the PEC performances are introduced.The mechanisms of interplay of 2D photoelectrodes and nanocarbon co-catalysts are further discussed.The challenges and opportunities in the field are identified to guide future research for maximizing the conversion efficiency of PEC water splitting.
基金funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(2019R1A2C3010479,2019M1A2A2065612,2021M3H4A1A03049662)Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Program.
文摘Hydrogen is a promising future sustainable fuel candidate with boundless opportunities.Research into photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting based on a lead halide perovskite(LHP)has progressed significantly with the aim of more efficient solar hydrogen production.Herein,we unite a well-known photo-absorbing LHP with cost-effective water-splitting catalysts,and we introduce two types of monolithic LHP-based PEC devices that act as a photocathode and a photoanode for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,leading to efficient unbiased overall water splitting.Through the integration of these two monolithic LHP-based photoelectrodes,an unbiased solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 10.64%and a photocurrent density of 8.65 mA cm^(−2) are achieved.
基金funded by a full scholarship(PD-071)from the Ministry of Higher Education of the Arab Republic of EgyptJSPS KAKENHI(21K18823)+3 种基金the Tatematsu FoundationCasio Science Promotion FoundationENEOS Tonengeneral Research/Development Encouragement&Scholarship FoundationJSPS KAKENHI(18H03841)。
文摘Photoelectrochemical water splitting(PEC-WS)is a promising technique for transforming solar energy into storable and environmentally friendly chemical energy.Designing semiconductor photoelectrodes with high light absorption capability,rapid e-/h+separation and transfer,and sufficient chemical stability is vital for developing an efficient PEC-WS system.Metal chalcogenides(MCs)have emerged as promising candidates for light absorbers because of their unique electrical and optical characteristics.In this review,we present recent developments in hydrogen generation via PEC-WS using MC-based photoelectrodes.First,we present a simple illustration of PEC-WS fundamentals.Second,the current performance of various metal(mono-,di-,and tri-)chalcogenide/semiconductor photoelectrodes in PEC-WS is summarized.Then,the charge transfer mechanism at the MC/semiconductor interface and the PEC-WS mechanism is thoroughly explained.Finally,we discuss future research perspectives toward developing efficient and stable MC/semiconductor photoelectrodes.
基金supported by the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Project of China(Grant Nos.2011CB301900,2012CB619304,and 2010CB327504)the Hi-tech Research Project of China(Grant No.2011AA03A103)+4 种基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.60990311,61274003,60936004,and 61176063)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China(Grant No.NCET-11-0229)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK2011010)the Funds of Key Laboratory of China(Grant No.9140C140102120C14)the Research Funds from NJU-Yangzhou Institute of Opto-electronics of China
文摘A significant enhancement in solar hydrogen generation efficiency has been achieved by inductive coupled etching （ICP） surface roughening treatment using nano-sized nickel mask. As much as 7 times improvement of photocurrent is demonstrated in comparison with a planar one fabricated from the same parent wafer. Under identical illumination conditions in HBr solution, the incident photon conversion efficiency （IPCE） shows an enhancement with a factor of 3, which even exceed 54% at 400 nm wavelength. We believe the enhancement is attributed to several facts including improvement in absorption, reacting area, carder localization and carrier lifetime.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Grant No 50678044)
文摘In this study,sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti photoelectrodes were prepared by anodization. The morphology, crystalline structure,composition of sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti film and light absorption property were examined by SEM,XRD,XRF,XPS and UV/VIS respectively. Dimethyl phthalate( DMP) ,one kind of environmental disrupting chemicals( EDCs) ,was degraded by the optimized photoelectrodes. Power of xenon light,initial concentration of DMP,photoelectrocatalytic( PEC) area of photoelectrode and bias were investigated in the study on kinetics of PEC degradation of DMP. Hence,this study concluded that the optimum conditions were power of xenon light 150 W,initial concentration of DMP 1 mg/L,PEC area of sulfur-doped TiO2 /Ti photoelectrode 10 cm2,bias 1. 3 V in the PEC reaction system.
文摘The preparation and study of supported TiO2 for photocatalytic application in solar cell devices is a relevant research field. Thin films of TiO2 prepared on Ti by thermal oxidation in a wide range of temperatures (450°C - 900°C) were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiometry and amperometry. This material presents photoelectrochemical activity, which depends dramatically of the oxidation temperature and the exposition time at the studied temperatures. The flatband potential as well as the donor density and the resistance to the charge transfer were measured. All these parameters are temperature dependent, and the optimal values are observed on the photoelectrodes prepared at 750°C. This result is consistent with the photochemical response reported in the literature for thin films of Ti/TiO2 prepared under similar conditions.
基金upported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52302250 and 52272200)the Hebei Natural Science Foundation(B2024502013)+4 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources(LAPS21004 and LAPS202114)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2222076)the 2022 Strategic Research Key Project of Science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of Education,the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721129)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022MS030 and 2021MS028)the NCEPU"Double First-Class"Program。
文摘Photo-assisted capacitors are attractive devices for solar energy conversion and storage,while the behavior of photoelectrodes limits their performance.In this work,MoS_(2)photoelectrodes were modified by g-C_(3)N_(4),exhibiting enhanced photo-rechargeable properties.Our results show that the introduction of g-C_(3)N_(4)increases the surface area of MoS_(2)photoelectrodes and promotes the transport of charge carriers,which can boost the specific capacity and cycle stability of capacitors.The as-prepared zinc-ion capacitors with g-C_(3)N_(4)/MoS_(2)photoelectrodes show a specific capacity of 380.93 F/g at 1 A/g under AM 1.5 G illumination.Remarkably,after 3000 cycles at 10 A/g,the capacity of the photo-assisted zinc-ion capacitor retains above 99%.
基金supported by Multi-Year Research Grants from the University of Macao(MYRG-GRG2023-00010-IAPME,MYRG-GRG2024-00038-IAPME,MYRG2022-00026-IAPME)the Science and Technology Development Fund(FDCT)from Macao SAR(0023/2023/AFJ,0050/2023/RIB2,006/2022/ALC,0087/2024/AFJ,0111/2022/A2).
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting holds significant promise for sustainable energy harvesting that enables efficient conversion of solar energy into green hydrogen.Nevertheless,achievement of high performance is often limited by charge carrier recombination,resulting in unsatisfactory saturation current densities.To address this challenge,we present a novel strategy for achieving ultrahigh current density by incorporating a bridge layer between the Si substrate and the NiOOH cocatalyst in this paper.The optimal photoanode(TCO/n-p-Si/TCO/Ni)shows a remarkably low onset potential of 0.92 V vs.a reversible hydrogen electrode and a high saturation current density of 39.6 mA·cm^(-2),which is about 92.7%of the theoretical maximum(42.7 mA·cm^(-2)).In addition,the photoanode demonstrates stable operation for 60 h.Our systematic characterizations and calculations demonstrate that the bridge layer facilitates charge transfer,enhances catalytic performance,and provides corrosion protection to the underlying substrate.Notably,the integration of this photoanode into a PEC device for overall water splitting leads to a reduction of the onset potential.These findings provide a viable pathway for fabricating highperformance industrial photoelectrodes by integrating a substrate and a cocatalyst via a transparent and conductive bridge layer.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council through its Discovery Project (DP)Federation Fellowship (FF) Program
文摘Photoelectorchemical（PEC） water splitting is an attractive approach for producing sustainable and environment-friendly hydrogen. An efficient PEC process is rooted in appropriate semiconductor materials, which should possess small bandgap to ensure wide light harvest, facile charge separation to allow the generated photocharges migrating to the reactive sites and highly catalytic capability to fully utilize the separated photocharges. Proper electrode fabrication method is of equal importance for promoting charge transfer and accelerating surface reactions in the electrodes. Moreover,powerful characterization method can shed light on the complex PEC process and provide deep understanding of the rate-determining step for us to improve the PEC systems further. Targeting on high solar conversion efficiency, here we provide a review on the development of PEC water splitting in the aspect of materials exploring, fabrication method and characterization. It is expected to provide some fundamental insight of PEC and inspire the design of more effective PEC systems.
文摘A new photoelectrochemical method for the determination of glucose based on the photoelectrochemical effect of poly（thionine） photoelectrode to hydrogen peroxide （H202） was reported. The H2Oz-sensitive photoelectrode was fabricated by electropolymerizing thionine on the surface of ITO electrode. And then glucose oxidase was immobilized on the photoelectrode via the aid of chitosan enwrapping, forming an enzyme-modified photoelectrode. The photoelectrode was employed as an electron acceptor; H2O2 from the catalytic reaction of enzyme was employed as an electron donor, developing an analytical method of glucose without hydrogen peroxidase. In the paper, the pho- toelectrochemical effects of photoelectrode to H202 and glucose were studied. The effects of the bias voltage and the electrolyte pH on the photocurrent were investigated. The linear response of glucose concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 2.00 mmol/L was obtained with a detection limit of 22.0 μmol/L and sensitivity of 73.2 nA/（mmol·L-1）. The applied feasibility of method was acknowledged through monitoring the glucose in practical samples.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.2196116074,21878270,and 221922811)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2020XZZX002-09)+3 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LR19B060002)Startup Foundation for Hundred-Talent Program of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies(Grant No.2020K10)Jiangxi Province "Double Thousand Plan"project(Grant No.205201000020)Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies,CAS,and the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(Grant No.2019R01006)。
文摘As an eco-friendly,efficient,and low-cost technique,photoelectrochemical water splitting has attracted growing interest in the production of clean and sustainable hydrogen by the conversion of abundant solar energy.In the photoelectrochemical system,the photoelectrode plays a vital role in absorbing the energy of sunlight to trigger the water splitting process and the overall efficiency depends largely on the integration and design of photoelectrochemical devices.In recent years,the optimization of photoelectrodes and photoelectrochemical devices to achieve highly efficient hydrogen production has been extensively investigated.In this paper,a concise review of recent advances in the modification of nanostructured photoelectrodes and the design of photoelectrochemical devices is presented.Meanwhile,the general principles of structural and morphological factors in altering the photoelectrochemical performance of photoelectrodes are discussed.Furthermore,the performance indicators and first principles to describe the behaviors of charge carriers are analyzed,which will be of profound guiding significance to increasing the overall efficiency of the photoelectrochemical water splitting system.Finally,current challenges and prospects for an in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms using advanced characterization technologies and potential strategies for developing novel photoelectrodes and advanced photoelectrochemical water splitting devices are demonstrated.
