Maturation of the 4th phase oocytes of mudskipper is induced in vitro by sexpheromones,the extract of ovary,testis and seminal vesicle,oxytocini and deoxycorticosterone(DOC).Maturation rates of oocytes are related to ...Maturation of the 4th phase oocytes of mudskipper is induced in vitro by sexpheromones,the extract of ovary,testis and seminal vesicle,oxytocini and deoxycorticosterone(DOC).Maturation rates of oocytes are related to pheromones and their dosages.The single use ofprostaglandin E_1(PGE_1)is not effective in the induction oi maturation,but the combination ofPGE_1 with HCG promotes oocyte maturation rates.Maturation is induced by injections of the extractof the ovary at dosages of 0.01 cm^3/a fish,seminal vesicle extract at dosages of 0.1 cm^3/a fish,testis extract at dosage of 0.1 cm^3/a fish,or PGE_1 at dosage of 10μg/fish,respectively.Amongthem,seminal vesicle extract is the most effective in the induction of maturation.The artificialnests,with the extract of the ovary,testis or seminal vesicle inside,attract more heterosexualmudskippers than homosexual mudskippers to enter.Especially,the extract of seminal vesicle is themost effective in attracting females.Female mudskippers could be induced to spawn by the extractsof ovary,testis and seminal vesicle placed inside both the ceramic and sponge nests.More spawnedeggs and higher fertilization rates are observed in the ceramic nests than in the sponge ones.展开更多
[Objective] The aim is to identify the composition of female sex pheromones of Orthaga achatina and to understand the differential attractiveness of these components to Orthaga achatina moths. [Method] The pheromone g...[Objective] The aim is to identify the composition of female sex pheromones of Orthaga achatina and to understand the differential attractiveness of these components to Orthaga achatina moths. [Method] The pheromone glands of female moths were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy（GC-MS）; the chemical analysis was confirmed by electroantennogram（EAG） bioassays; a field trial was conducted to confirm the optimized blends. [Result] Z11-16：Ac could elicit the largest EAG responses in male moths at all the doses tested. EAG responses to plant volatiles and to the pheromone isomers of Z11-16：Ac were at a similar level and lower than the responses to Z11-16：Ac. In the field tests, it was demonstrated that synthetic Z11-16：Ac was significantly more attractive to male O. achatina moths, that its pheromone isomers, whether these were presented alone or in mixtures with Z11-16：Ac. [Conclusion]（Z）-11-hexadecenyl acetate（Z11-16：Ac） was identified as the main component of the sex pheromone and it was demonstrated that synthetic Z11-16：Ac was significantly more attractive to male O. achatina moths.展开更多
The dl-form of the sex pheromone of Japanese b(?)tle and the trail pheromone of Bontebok were synthesised in high purity of (Z)-olefinic configuration. The key step of the syntheses of compounds (1) and (2) involved s...The dl-form of the sex pheromone of Japanese b(?)tle and the trail pheromone of Bontebok were synthesised in high purity of (Z)-olefinic configuration. The key step of the syntheses of compounds (1) and (2) involved stereospecific addition of n-alkyl cuprates to acetylene followed by addition of vinyl cuprates to aldehyde (7) and 3-buten--2-one.展开更多
Improving routing algorithm performance not only leads to appreciate the quality of data transmission, but also increases the speed of data transfer. In this paper we propose a hybrid method which is a combination of ...Improving routing algorithm performance not only leads to appreciate the quality of data transmission, but also increases the speed of data transfer. In this paper we propose a hybrid method which is a combination of traffic classification by the help of colored pheromones and helping ants method in the intermediate nodes. This combination increases the convergence speed and decreases the delay and Jitter in the network. Also we compare the obtained results with two known routing algorithms that are based on the ant colony.展开更多
The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted ...The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted by scholars. However, the significance of sex pheromones in shaping mate choice （sexual selection） and in competition over breeding resources （social se- lection） has been largely ignored. The effect of sexual selection on sex pheromones as a sexually dimorphic signaling trait has been discounted because the amount of pheromone released by females is typically minute, while the role of sex pheromones in competition over breeding resources （other than mates） has not yet been considered. As a result of natural selection, variation in sex pheromones among females is expected to be low, and males are not expected to choose their mates among phero- mone-releasing conspecific females. Sexual selection, on the other hand, should drive the increase in pheromone variance among females, and males are expected to choose females based on this variation. Moreover, social selection resulting from more general social interactions, for example competition among females for breeding sites and food, should also promote variance among female sex pheromones. Here, we review the cttrrent evidence for each of the three selection processes acting on sex pheromones of female moths as an advertising trait. We suggest that the three selection types are not mutually exclusive but rather act together to promote different fimess components in diverse ecological situations展开更多
Male animals with more conspicuous visual and acoustic signals increase their mating success, but also increase the risk of being attacked by eavesdropping predators. In rodents, males with richer sex pheromones often...Male animals with more conspicuous visual and acoustic signals increase their mating success, but also increase the risk of being attacked by eavesdropping predators. In rodents, males with richer sex pheromones often have higher attractiveness to females, but whether or not the males are also at higher predation risk is poorly known. Here, we used 2 laboratory inbred strains of the rat Rattus norvegicus, Brown Norway （BN） and Lewis （LEW）, and wild-captured rats as odor donors to assess the relationship between the pheromone levels in male rats and attractiveness to domes- tic cats Felis catus. LEW rats had significantly higher levels of male pheromones （e.g., 4-heptanone, 2-heptanone, and 9-hydroxy-2-nonanone） than BN rats. Simultaneously, wild-captured male rats were selectively assigned to 2 groups （HIGH or LOW） based on pheromone content as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Binary choice tests were carried out during the night in the test room. We found that cats spent more time investigating male bedding and urine of LEW rats than the counterpart of BN rats. Likewise, cats also preferred bedding and urine odor of the HIGH wild rats compared with the counterparts of LOW wild rats. Adding synthetic ana- logs of the 3 pheromone ketones into the urine of either BN rats or LOW wild rats significantly increased their attractiveness to cats. Our data suggest that the rats with exaggerated male phero- mones more strongly attracted predators and thus as a consequence may suffer from elevated pre- dation risk.展开更多
[ Objective] The aim was to study the control effect of different sex pheromones and trapping lamps against main pests in tobacco. [ Method] Control effect of sex pheromone of different matrix lures and Jiaduo trappin...[ Objective] The aim was to study the control effect of different sex pheromones and trapping lamps against main pests in tobacco. [ Method] Control effect of sex pheromone of different matrix lures and Jiaduo trapping lamp against Spodoptern litura, Helicoverpa assulta and Helicoverpa armigera in tobacco in Teng- chong of Yunnan were determined and compared, and the control cast was evaluated. [Result] The use of insect sex pheromones and insecticidal light traps had certain effect against S. litura and H. armiger. The trapping effect of sex pheromone traps was better than that of Jiaduo trapping lamp, and the PVC matrix lure had better performance than rubber matrix lure, which had strongest capturing capacity, continuous control effect and significant effort against S. litura. The traps with different settled densities and hanging heights also had different trapping effect against S. litura and H. armiger, and the hanging height of 100 - 150 cm from ground was the best; as the cost was considered, the cast of the area with low density of traps was the lowest, which was reduced by over 44% than conventional chemical control area. [ Conclusion] It is safe and effective to use sex pheromone and insecticidal light traps to control S. litura and H. armigera, and it is a green environmental protection biological physical control technology, having extended application prospect in large area.展开更多
A simple and efficient asymmetric synthesis of the sex pheromone of the southern corn rootworm is discribed. The key step is the asymmetric Michael addition of enoylsultam with virtually complete asymmetric induction(...A simple and efficient asymmetric synthesis of the sex pheromone of the southern corn rootworm is discribed. The key step is the asymmetric Michael addition of enoylsultam with virtually complete asymmetric induction( e.e. %>99%)展开更多
( 3R,4S )-4-Methyl-3-hexanol and ( 3R,4S )-4-methyl-3-heptanol, which are the pheromones of ant Tetramorium impurm and Leptogenys diminuta , were stereoselectively synthesized by six step sequence starting from N born...( 3R,4S )-4-Methyl-3-hexanol and ( 3R,4S )-4-methyl-3-heptanol, which are the pheromones of ant Tetramorium impurm and Leptogenys diminuta , were stereoselectively synthesized by six step sequence starting from N bornane 10,2 sultam separately, the two asymmetric carbon atoms of the target products were created by employing asymmetric syn aldolization of N acylbornane 10,2 sultam with propylaldehyde. The enantiomeric excess of the target products prepared by this route is over 92%.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to study the most suitable density of chemical pheromone to control Spodoptera litura in tobacco fields. [ Method ] Sixteen traps （ 4 lines x 4 rows） were placed according to the specific...[ Objective ] The paper was to study the most suitable density of chemical pheromone to control Spodoptera litura in tobacco fields. [ Method ] Sixteen traps （ 4 lines x 4 rows） were placed according to the specifications of 25. 8 m ×25.8 m （ 15. 0 trap/hm2 ）, 31. 6 m× 31.6 m （ 10.0 trap/hm2 ） and 36.5 m × 36.5m （ 7.5 trap/hm2 ）. Meanwhile, a control area larger than 2 hm2 was set up with three repetitions. [ Result] Without consideration of impact of wind direc- tion, the amount of trapping moth increased with the increasing controlled area of single trap, but difference of trapping amount of moth was not significant under three different density treatments. Three placement densities could effectively control S. liture in tobacco fields, thereby reduce the use of pesticides and protect the natural enemies and reduce the control cost. [Conclusion] The suitable density of chemical pheromone traps to control S. litura was 31. 6 m x31. 6 m （10.0 trap/hm2 ）.展开更多
The present study was conducted to understand if pheromone or any similar substance was present in human semen and whether it could be recognized by smell. One hundred and fifty two subjects of either sex participated...The present study was conducted to understand if pheromone or any similar substance was present in human semen and whether it could be recognized by smell. One hundred and fifty two subjects of either sex participated in this study. The study lasted for one month. They were to identify urine by smell. Daily first urine sample was submitted by five male and five female subjects for this study. Menstrual status of female subjects was recorded. Many distinguished the smell of urine of male from that of female. Interestingly male subjects recognized the smell of female urine of ovulation day. Reason may be pheromone. A woman may be releasing maximally pheromone on this day. This supports the theory of pheromone which attracts a man to a woman on her ovulation day.展开更多
moths,pheromone receptors(PRs)are crucial for intraspecific sexual communication between males and females.Moth PRs are considered as an ideal model for studying the evolution of insect PRs,and a large number of PRs h...moths,pheromone receptors(PRs)are crucial for intraspecific sexual communication between males and females.Moth PRs are considered as an ideal model for studying the evolution of insect PRs,and a large number of PRs have been identified and functionally characterized in different moth species.Moth PRs were initially thought to fall into a single monophyletic clade in the odorant receptor(OR)family,but recent studies have shown that ORs in another lineage also bind type-I sex pheromones,which indicates that type-I PRs have multiple independent origins in the Lepidoptera.In this study,we investigated whether ORs of the pest moth Spodoptera frugiperda belonging to clades closely related to this novel PR lineage may also have the capacity to bind type-I pheromones and serve as male PRs.Among the 7 ORs tested,only 1(SfruOR23)exhibited a male-biased expression pattern.Importantly,in vitro functional characterization showed that SfruOR23 could bind several type-I sex pheromone compounds with Z-9-tetradecenal(Z9-14:Ald),a minor component found in female sex pheromone glands,as the optimal ligand.In addition,SfruOR23 also showed weak responses to plant volatile organic compounds.Altogether,we characterized an S.frugiperda PR positioned in a lineage closely related to the novel PR clade,indicating that the type-I PR lineage can be extended in moths.展开更多
We evaluated the attraction ofMonochamus alternatus Hope （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, Dryocoetes luteus Blandford and Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Scolytinae） to multiple-funnel trap...We evaluated the attraction ofMonochamus alternatus Hope （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, Dryocoetes luteus Blandford and Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Scolytinae） to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pine volatiles, ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene and the bark beetle pheromones, ipsenol and ipsdienol. M. alternatus were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene but not those baited with ipsdienol and ipsenol. Ipsdienol and ipsenol decreased catches ofM. alternatus in traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene. Traps baited with either binary combinations of ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene or ipsdienol and ipsenol were attractive to D. luteus and O. erosus. The addition of ipsenol and ipsdienol to traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene synergized attraction of O. erosus but not D. luteus .展开更多
Coordinating multiple unmanned aerial vehicles(multi-UAVs)is a challenging technique in highly dynamic and sophisticated environments.Based on digital pheromones as well as current mainstream unmanned system controlli...Coordinating multiple unmanned aerial vehicles(multi-UAVs)is a challenging technique in highly dynamic and sophisticated environments.Based on digital pheromones as well as current mainstream unmanned system controlling algorithms,we propose a strategy for multi-UAVs to acquire targets with limited prior knowledge.In particular,we put forward a more reasonable and effective pheromone update mechanism,by improving digital pheromone fusion algorithms for different semantic pheromones and planning individuals’probabilistic behavioral decision-making schemes.Also,inspired by the flocking model in nature,considering the limitations of some individuals in perception and communication,we design a navigation algorithm model on top of Olfati-Saber’s algorithm for flocking control,by further replacing the pheromone scalar to a vector.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can yield superior performance in terms of coverage,detection and revisit efficiency,and the capability of obstacle avoidance.展开更多
It is difficult to improve both energy consumption and detection accuracy simultaneously,and even to obtain the trade-off between them,when detecting and tracking moving targets,especially for Underwater Wireless Sens...It is difficult to improve both energy consumption and detection accuracy simultaneously,and even to obtain the trade-off between them,when detecting and tracking moving targets,especially for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).To this end,this paper investigates the relationship between the Degree of Target Change(DoTC)and the detection period,as well as the impact of individual nodes.A Hierarchical Detection and Tracking Approach(HDTA)is proposed.Firstly,the network detection period is determined according to DoTC,which reflects the variation of target motion.Secondly,during the network detection period,each detection node calculates its own node detection period based on the detection mutual information.Taking DoTC as pheromone,an ant colony algorithm is proposed to adaptively adjust the network detection period.The simulation results show that the proposed HDTA with the optimizations of network level and node level significantly improves the detection accuracy by 25%and the network energy consumption by 10%simultaneously,compared to the traditional adaptive period detection schemes.展开更多
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONWittig reaction has been widely used in the syntheses of insect pheromones. However, the conventional route is not suitable for large-scale syntheses because it is hard to operate. The successful appli...Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONWittig reaction has been widely used in the syntheses of insect pheromones. However, the conventional route is not suitable for large-scale syntheses because it is hard to operate. The successful application of phasc transfer catalysis makes the operation of Wittig reaction markedly convenient. At prcsent more investigations on PTC Wittig reaction have bccn reported. But almost all arc on the PTC展开更多
Swarm Intelligence (SI) is a collective behavior that emerges from interaction between individuals in a group. Typical SI includes fish schooling, ant foraging, bird migration, and so on. A great deal of models have b...Swarm Intelligence (SI) is a collective behavior that emerges from interaction between individuals in a group. Typical SI includes fish schooling, ant foraging, bird migration, and so on. A great deal of models have been introduced to characterize the mechanism of SI. This article reviews several typical models and classifies them into four categories: self-driven particle models, with Boids model as the primary example;pheromone communication models, including the ant colony pheromone model which serves as the foundation for ant colony optimization;leadership decision models, utilizing the hierarchical dynamics model of pigeon flock as a prime instance;empirical research models, which employ the topological rule model of starling flock as a classic model. On this basis, each type of model is elaborated upon in terms of its typical model overview, applications, and model evaluation. More specifically, multi-agent swarm control, path optimization and obstacle avoidance, formation and consensus control, trajectory tracking in the dense crowd and social networks analysis are surveyed in the application of each category, respectively. Furthermore, the more precise and effective modeling techniques for leadership decision and empirical research models are described. Limitations and potential directions for further exploration in the study of SI are presented.展开更多
Mating behavior is essential for sexual reproduction,and it is often modulated by key chemical cues.In many moth species,males find compatible mates through the reception of sex pheromones which are released by female...Mating behavior is essential for sexual reproduction,and it is often modulated by key chemical cues.In many moth species,males find compatible mates through the reception of sex pheromones which are released by females.Pheromone receptors(PRs)are key elements in sensing these chemical signals.Concurrently,male moths emit a complex blend of volatile compounds during courtship;however,the mechanisms for recognizing putative male pheromones remain poorly understood.Here,we employed gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection and mass spectrometry to analyze the volatile compounds produced by males of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera.Three candidate male sex pheromones were identified,with(Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate(Z7-12:OAc)eliciting the most pronounced electrophysiological response in the male antenna.The olfactory receptor neuron(ORN)ORN-a in Type A trichoid sensilla was shown to respond to Z7-12:OAc by conducting single sensillum recording(SSR)assays.Additionally,we found that the OR13s from five Heliothinae species responded to Z7-12:OAc by using the Xenopus oocyte expression system and two-electrode voltage-clamp recording.Our findings identified a candidate for evaluation in future behavioral studies of the poorly understood chemosensory recognition mechanisms underlying male sex pheromones.If its relevance is supported by behavioral data,this knowledge may facilitate the design of novel olfactory regulators for effective pest control strategies involving mating disruption.展开更多
Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are thought to bind and transport sex pheromones onto the olfactory receptors on the dendrite membrane of olfactory neurons, and thus play a vital role in sex pheromone perception. Ho...Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are thought to bind and transport sex pheromones onto the olfactory receptors on the dendrite membrane of olfactory neurons, and thus play a vital role in sex pheromone perception. However, the function of PBPs has rarely been demonstrated in vivo.In this study, two PBPs (PBP1 and PBP3) of Chilo suppressalis, one of the most notorious pyralid pests, were in vivo functionally characterized using insects with the PBP gene knocked out by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. First, through direct injection of PBP-single guide RNA (sgRNA)/Cas9 messenger RNA into newly laid eggs, a high rate of target-gene editing (checked with polled eggs) was induced at 24 h after injection, 21.3% for PBPl-sgRNA injected eggs and 19.5% for PBP3-sgRNA injected eggs. Second, by an in-crossing strategy, insects with mutant PBP1 or PBP3 (both with a premature stop codon) were screened and homozygous mutants were obtained in the G3 generation. Third, the mutant insects were measured for electroantennogram (EAG) response to female sex pheromones. As a result, both PBP mutant males displayed significant reduction in EAG response, and this reduction in PBP1 mutants was higher than that in PBP3 mutants, indicating a more important role of PBP1. Finally, the relative importance of two PBPs and the possible off target effect induced by sgRNA-injection are discussed. Taken together, our study provides a deeper insight into the function of and interaction between different PBP genes in sex pheromone perception of C. suppressalis, as well as a valuable reference in methodology for gene functional study in other genes and other moth species.展开更多
基金This study is supported by the FJNSF(No.B0210003)by the NSFC(No.30170739)
文摘Maturation of the 4th phase oocytes of mudskipper is induced in vitro by sexpheromones,the extract of ovary,testis and seminal vesicle,oxytocini and deoxycorticosterone(DOC).Maturation rates of oocytes are related to pheromones and their dosages.The single use ofprostaglandin E_1(PGE_1)is not effective in the induction oi maturation,but the combination ofPGE_1 with HCG promotes oocyte maturation rates.Maturation is induced by injections of the extractof the ovary at dosages of 0.01 cm^3/a fish,seminal vesicle extract at dosages of 0.1 cm^3/a fish,testis extract at dosage of 0.1 cm^3/a fish,or PGE_1 at dosage of 10μg/fish,respectively.Amongthem,seminal vesicle extract is the most effective in the induction of maturation.The artificialnests,with the extract of the ovary,testis or seminal vesicle inside,attract more heterosexualmudskippers than homosexual mudskippers to enter.Especially,the extract of seminal vesicle is themost effective in attracting females.Female mudskippers could be induced to spawn by the extractsof ovary,testis and seminal vesicle placed inside both the ceramic and sponge nests.More spawnedeggs and higher fertilization rates are observed in the ceramic nests than in the sponge ones.
基金Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.201201A6104001)Zhejiang Province Department of Education Research Projects(Grant No.ZWT14048)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim is to identify the composition of female sex pheromones of Orthaga achatina and to understand the differential attractiveness of these components to Orthaga achatina moths. [Method] The pheromone glands of female moths were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy（GC-MS）; the chemical analysis was confirmed by electroantennogram（EAG） bioassays; a field trial was conducted to confirm the optimized blends. [Result] Z11-16：Ac could elicit the largest EAG responses in male moths at all the doses tested. EAG responses to plant volatiles and to the pheromone isomers of Z11-16：Ac were at a similar level and lower than the responses to Z11-16：Ac. In the field tests, it was demonstrated that synthetic Z11-16：Ac was significantly more attractive to male O. achatina moths, that its pheromone isomers, whether these were presented alone or in mixtures with Z11-16：Ac. [Conclusion]（Z）-11-hexadecenyl acetate（Z11-16：Ac） was identified as the main component of the sex pheromone and it was demonstrated that synthetic Z11-16：Ac was significantly more attractive to male O. achatina moths.
文摘The dl-form of the sex pheromone of Japanese b(?)tle and the trail pheromone of Bontebok were synthesised in high purity of (Z)-olefinic configuration. The key step of the syntheses of compounds (1) and (2) involved stereospecific addition of n-alkyl cuprates to acetylene followed by addition of vinyl cuprates to aldehyde (7) and 3-buten--2-one.
文摘Improving routing algorithm performance not only leads to appreciate the quality of data transmission, but also increases the speed of data transfer. In this paper we propose a hybrid method which is a combination of traffic classification by the help of colored pheromones and helping ants method in the intermediate nodes. This combination increases the convergence speed and decreases the delay and Jitter in the network. Also we compare the obtained results with two known routing algorithms that are based on the ant colony.
文摘The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted by scholars. However, the significance of sex pheromones in shaping mate choice （sexual selection） and in competition over breeding resources （social se- lection） has been largely ignored. The effect of sexual selection on sex pheromones as a sexually dimorphic signaling trait has been discounted because the amount of pheromone released by females is typically minute, while the role of sex pheromones in competition over breeding resources （other than mates） has not yet been considered. As a result of natural selection, variation in sex pheromones among females is expected to be low, and males are not expected to choose their mates among phero- mone-releasing conspecific females. Sexual selection, on the other hand, should drive the increase in pheromone variance among females, and males are expected to choose females based on this variation. Moreover, social selection resulting from more general social interactions, for example competition among females for breeding sites and food, should also promote variance among female sex pheromones. Here, we review the cttrrent evidence for each of the three selection processes acting on sex pheromones of female moths as an advertising trait. We suggest that the three selection types are not mutually exclusive but rather act together to promote different fimess components in diverse ecological situations
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDB11010400], grants from China National Science Foundation [91231107 and 31301887], and the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of IPM [ChineseIPM1401].Acknowledgments We are grateful to Jin-Hua Zhang and You-Jin Ren for sample collection and animal care, and Jian-Guo Jiang and Gui-Jun Wen for capturing wild rats.
文摘Male animals with more conspicuous visual and acoustic signals increase their mating success, but also increase the risk of being attacked by eavesdropping predators. In rodents, males with richer sex pheromones often have higher attractiveness to females, but whether or not the males are also at higher predation risk is poorly known. Here, we used 2 laboratory inbred strains of the rat Rattus norvegicus, Brown Norway （BN） and Lewis （LEW）, and wild-captured rats as odor donors to assess the relationship between the pheromone levels in male rats and attractiveness to domes- tic cats Felis catus. LEW rats had significantly higher levels of male pheromones （e.g., 4-heptanone, 2-heptanone, and 9-hydroxy-2-nonanone） than BN rats. Simultaneously, wild-captured male rats were selectively assigned to 2 groups （HIGH or LOW） based on pheromone content as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Binary choice tests were carried out during the night in the test room. We found that cats spent more time investigating male bedding and urine of LEW rats than the counterpart of BN rats. Likewise, cats also preferred bedding and urine odor of the HIGH wild rats compared with the counterparts of LOW wild rats. Adding synthetic ana- logs of the 3 pheromone ketones into the urine of either BN rats or LOW wild rats significantly increased their attractiveness to cats. Our data suggest that the rats with exaggerated male phero- mones more strongly attracted predators and thus as a consequence may suffer from elevated pre- dation risk.
基金Supported by Key Project of China National Tobacco Company ( 110201202015)Project of Yunnan Tobacco Company ( 2012YN11)
文摘[ Objective] The aim was to study the control effect of different sex pheromones and trapping lamps against main pests in tobacco. [ Method] Control effect of sex pheromone of different matrix lures and Jiaduo trapping lamp against Spodoptern litura, Helicoverpa assulta and Helicoverpa armigera in tobacco in Teng- chong of Yunnan were determined and compared, and the control cast was evaluated. [Result] The use of insect sex pheromones and insecticidal light traps had certain effect against S. litura and H. armiger. The trapping effect of sex pheromone traps was better than that of Jiaduo trapping lamp, and the PVC matrix lure had better performance than rubber matrix lure, which had strongest capturing capacity, continuous control effect and significant effort against S. litura. The traps with different settled densities and hanging heights also had different trapping effect against S. litura and H. armiger, and the hanging height of 100 - 150 cm from ground was the best; as the cost was considered, the cast of the area with low density of traps was the lowest, which was reduced by over 44% than conventional chemical control area. [ Conclusion] It is safe and effective to use sex pheromone and insecticidal light traps to control S. litura and H. armigera, and it is a green environmental protection biological physical control technology, having extended application prospect in large area.
文摘A simple and efficient asymmetric synthesis of the sex pheromone of the southern corn rootworm is discribed. The key step is the asymmetric Michael addition of enoylsultam with virtually complete asymmetric induction( e.e. %>99%)
文摘( 3R,4S )-4-Methyl-3-hexanol and ( 3R,4S )-4-methyl-3-heptanol, which are the pheromones of ant Tetramorium impurm and Leptogenys diminuta , were stereoselectively synthesized by six step sequence starting from N bornane 10,2 sultam separately, the two asymmetric carbon atoms of the target products were created by employing asymmetric syn aldolization of N acylbornane 10,2 sultam with propylaldehyde. The enantiomeric excess of the target products prepared by this route is over 92%.
基金Supported by Integration Research and Application of Biological Control Technology against Pests and Diseases in Lincang Ecological Feature Tobacco Growing Areas ( 2011YN79)
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to study the most suitable density of chemical pheromone to control Spodoptera litura in tobacco fields. [ Method ] Sixteen traps （ 4 lines x 4 rows） were placed according to the specifications of 25. 8 m ×25.8 m （ 15. 0 trap/hm2 ）, 31. 6 m× 31.6 m （ 10.0 trap/hm2 ） and 36.5 m × 36.5m （ 7.5 trap/hm2 ）. Meanwhile, a control area larger than 2 hm2 was set up with three repetitions. [ Result] Without consideration of impact of wind direc- tion, the amount of trapping moth increased with the increasing controlled area of single trap, but difference of trapping amount of moth was not significant under three different density treatments. Three placement densities could effectively control S. liture in tobacco fields, thereby reduce the use of pesticides and protect the natural enemies and reduce the control cost. [Conclusion] The suitable density of chemical pheromone traps to control S. litura was 31. 6 m x31. 6 m （10.0 trap/hm2 ）.
文摘The present study was conducted to understand if pheromone or any similar substance was present in human semen and whether it could be recognized by smell. One hundred and fifty two subjects of either sex participated in this study. The study lasted for one month. They were to identify urine by smell. Daily first urine sample was submitted by five male and five female subjects for this study. Menstrual status of female subjects was recorded. Many distinguished the smell of urine of male from that of female. Interestingly male subjects recognized the smell of female urine of ovulation day. Reason may be pheromone. A woman may be releasing maximally pheromone on this day. This supports the theory of pheromone which attracts a man to a woman on her ovulation day.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1400800 and 2022YFE0116500)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(CAASZDRW202108)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program.Research was conducted as part of the CAAS-INRAE Associated International Laboratory on Plant Protection,with the support of the French Embassy in China(COMIX 2019-2020).
文摘moths,pheromone receptors(PRs)are crucial for intraspecific sexual communication between males and females.Moth PRs are considered as an ideal model for studying the evolution of insect PRs,and a large number of PRs have been identified and functionally characterized in different moth species.Moth PRs were initially thought to fall into a single monophyletic clade in the odorant receptor(OR)family,but recent studies have shown that ORs in another lineage also bind type-I sex pheromones,which indicates that type-I PRs have multiple independent origins in the Lepidoptera.In this study,we investigated whether ORs of the pest moth Spodoptera frugiperda belonging to clades closely related to this novel PR lineage may also have the capacity to bind type-I pheromones and serve as male PRs.Among the 7 ORs tested,only 1(SfruOR23)exhibited a male-biased expression pattern.Importantly,in vitro functional characterization showed that SfruOR23 could bind several type-I sex pheromone compounds with Z-9-tetradecenal(Z9-14:Ald),a minor component found in female sex pheromone glands,as the optimal ligand.In addition,SfruOR23 also showed weak responses to plant volatile organic compounds.Altogether,we characterized an S.frugiperda PR positioned in a lineage closely related to the novel PR clade,indicating that the type-I PR lineage can be extended in moths.
基金Acknowledgments This work was funded by the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents （Grant No. ChineselPM0904） and the National Nature Science Foundation of China （30800107, 30621003, 30525009）. All experiments were done in China according to the rules of the ethical board for animal experiments, complying with the current laws of this country.
文摘We evaluated the attraction ofMonochamus alternatus Hope （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, Dryocoetes luteus Blandford and Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Scolytinae） to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pine volatiles, ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene and the bark beetle pheromones, ipsenol and ipsdienol. M. alternatus were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene but not those baited with ipsdienol and ipsenol. Ipsdienol and ipsenol decreased catches ofM. alternatus in traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene. Traps baited with either binary combinations of ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene or ipsdienol and ipsenol were attractive to D. luteus and O. erosus. The addition of ipsenol and ipsdienol to traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene synergized attraction of O. erosus but not D. luteus .
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFB1301003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61701439 and 61731002)+2 种基金the Zhejiang Key Research and Development Plan(Nos.2019C01002and 2019C03131)the Pro ject sponsored by Zhejiang Lab(No.2019LC0AB01)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY20F010016)。
文摘Coordinating multiple unmanned aerial vehicles(multi-UAVs)is a challenging technique in highly dynamic and sophisticated environments.Based on digital pheromones as well as current mainstream unmanned system controlling algorithms,we propose a strategy for multi-UAVs to acquire targets with limited prior knowledge.In particular,we put forward a more reasonable and effective pheromone update mechanism,by improving digital pheromone fusion algorithms for different semantic pheromones and planning individuals’probabilistic behavioral decision-making schemes.Also,inspired by the flocking model in nature,considering the limitations of some individuals in perception and communication,we design a navigation algorithm model on top of Olfati-Saber’s algorithm for flocking control,by further replacing the pheromone scalar to a vector.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can yield superior performance in terms of coverage,detection and revisit efficiency,and the capability of obstacle avoidance.
文摘It is difficult to improve both energy consumption and detection accuracy simultaneously,and even to obtain the trade-off between them,when detecting and tracking moving targets,especially for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).To this end,this paper investigates the relationship between the Degree of Target Change(DoTC)and the detection period,as well as the impact of individual nodes.A Hierarchical Detection and Tracking Approach(HDTA)is proposed.Firstly,the network detection period is determined according to DoTC,which reflects the variation of target motion.Secondly,during the network detection period,each detection node calculates its own node detection period based on the detection mutual information.Taking DoTC as pheromone,an ant colony algorithm is proposed to adaptively adjust the network detection period.The simulation results show that the proposed HDTA with the optimizations of network level and node level significantly improves the detection accuracy by 25%and the network energy consumption by 10%simultaneously,compared to the traditional adaptive period detection schemes.
文摘Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONWittig reaction has been widely used in the syntheses of insect pheromones. However, the conventional route is not suitable for large-scale syntheses because it is hard to operate. The successful application of phasc transfer catalysis makes the operation of Wittig reaction markedly convenient. At prcsent more investigations on PTC Wittig reaction have bccn reported. But almost all arc on the PTC
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61873017)the Academic Excellence Foundation of Beihang University for PhD Students,China.
文摘Swarm Intelligence (SI) is a collective behavior that emerges from interaction between individuals in a group. Typical SI includes fish schooling, ant foraging, bird migration, and so on. A great deal of models have been introduced to characterize the mechanism of SI. This article reviews several typical models and classifies them into four categories: self-driven particle models, with Boids model as the primary example;pheromone communication models, including the ant colony pheromone model which serves as the foundation for ant colony optimization;leadership decision models, utilizing the hierarchical dynamics model of pigeon flock as a prime instance;empirical research models, which employ the topological rule model of starling flock as a classic model. On this basis, each type of model is elaborated upon in terms of its typical model overview, applications, and model evaluation. More specifically, multi-agent swarm control, path optimization and obstacle avoidance, formation and consensus control, trajectory tracking in the dense crowd and social networks analysis are surveyed in the application of each category, respectively. Furthermore, the more precise and effective modeling techniques for leadership decision and empirical research models are described. Limitations and potential directions for further exploration in the study of SI are presented.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272540 and 32072509)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1400800)the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-CSCB-202302)。
文摘Mating behavior is essential for sexual reproduction,and it is often modulated by key chemical cues.In many moth species,males find compatible mates through the reception of sex pheromones which are released by females.Pheromone receptors(PRs)are key elements in sensing these chemical signals.Concurrently,male moths emit a complex blend of volatile compounds during courtship;however,the mechanisms for recognizing putative male pheromones remain poorly understood.Here,we employed gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection and mass spectrometry to analyze the volatile compounds produced by males of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera.Three candidate male sex pheromones were identified,with(Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate(Z7-12:OAc)eliciting the most pronounced electrophysiological response in the male antenna.The olfactory receptor neuron(ORN)ORN-a in Type A trichoid sensilla was shown to respond to Z7-12:OAc by conducting single sensillum recording(SSR)assays.Additionally,we found that the OR13s from five Heliothinae species responded to Z7-12:OAc by using the Xenopus oocyte expression system and two-electrode voltage-clamp recording.Our findings identified a candidate for evaluation in future behavioral studies of the poorly understood chemosensory recognition mechanisms underlying male sex pheromones.If its relevance is supported by behavioral data,this knowledge may facilitate the design of novel olfactory regulators for effective pest control strategies involving mating disruption.
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372264)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20160723)a Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201303017).
文摘Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are thought to bind and transport sex pheromones onto the olfactory receptors on the dendrite membrane of olfactory neurons, and thus play a vital role in sex pheromone perception. However, the function of PBPs has rarely been demonstrated in vivo.In this study, two PBPs (PBP1 and PBP3) of Chilo suppressalis, one of the most notorious pyralid pests, were in vivo functionally characterized using insects with the PBP gene knocked out by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. First, through direct injection of PBP-single guide RNA (sgRNA)/Cas9 messenger RNA into newly laid eggs, a high rate of target-gene editing (checked with polled eggs) was induced at 24 h after injection, 21.3% for PBPl-sgRNA injected eggs and 19.5% for PBP3-sgRNA injected eggs. Second, by an in-crossing strategy, insects with mutant PBP1 or PBP3 (both with a premature stop codon) were screened and homozygous mutants were obtained in the G3 generation. Third, the mutant insects were measured for electroantennogram (EAG) response to female sex pheromones. As a result, both PBP mutant males displayed significant reduction in EAG response, and this reduction in PBP1 mutants was higher than that in PBP3 mutants, indicating a more important role of PBP1. Finally, the relative importance of two PBPs and the possible off target effect induced by sgRNA-injection are discussed. Taken together, our study provides a deeper insight into the function of and interaction between different PBP genes in sex pheromone perception of C. suppressalis, as well as a valuable reference in methodology for gene functional study in other genes and other moth species.
