Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)are widely used in diverse industries due to their exceptional antioxidant characteristics.However,human exposure to SPAs may cause health problems.In this study,226 dust samples w...Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)are widely used in diverse industries due to their exceptional antioxidant characteristics.However,human exposure to SPAs may cause health problems.In this study,226 dust samples were collected from 10 provinces in China,and six SPAs(three parent SPAs and their three transformation products)were analyzed.The concentrations of6SPAs(the sum of six target compounds)ranged from 15.4 to 3210 ng/g(geometric mean(GM):169 ng/g).The highest concentration of6SPAswas found in Sichuan Province(GM:349 ng/g),which was approximately 4 times higher than that in Hubei Province(81.6 ng/g)(p<0.05).The concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT),2,2'-methylene bis(4-methyl-6–tert-butylphenol)(AO2246),2,6-di–tert–butyl–1,4-benzoquinone(BHT-Q),2,6-di–tert–butyl–4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol(BHT-OH),and ∑_(p)-SPAs were substantially higher in dust from urban areas than rural areas(p<0.05).AO2246 concentration in dust from homes(GM:0.400 ng/g)was about 4 times higher than that in workplaces(0.116 ng/g)(p<0.01).Significantly higherp-SPAs concentrations were found in dust from homes(GM:17.5 ng/g)than workplaces(11.4 ng/g)(p<0.01).The estimated daily intakes(EDIs)of ∑_(6)SPAs exposed through dust ingestion were 0.582,0.342,0.197,0.076,and 0.080 ng/kg bw/day in different age groups,and exposed through dermal contact was 0.358,0.252,0.174,0.167,and 0.177 ng/kg bw/day.EDIs showed that the exposure risks of SPAs decreased with age.This is the first work to determine SPAs in dust from10 provinces in China and investigate the spatial distribution of SPAs in those regions.展开更多
Silica gel column chromatography(CC),Sephadex LH-20 CC and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)were used to study the chemical constituents of the fruits of the medicine-food plant Rubus idaeus Linnaeus.A new ...Silica gel column chromatography(CC),Sephadex LH-20 CC and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)were used to study the chemical constituents of the fruits of the medicine-food plant Rubus idaeus Linnaeus.A new tetrahydrogenated naphthol syringic acid ester,named rubusnolicester(1),two new phenolic glycoside derivatives,4-chloro-2,6-dimethoxylphenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2)and salicylic acid-2-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),together with one known salicylic acid glycoside derivative(4)and three known flavonoids derivatives(5~7),were isolated.Their structures were elucidated by HRESI-MS,NMR spectroscopy,and a comparison of optical rotation(OR).Compounds 1~7 were evaluated the inhibitory activities against the nitric oxide(NO)production induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells in vitro.Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effect with the IC50 value of(12.28±1.25)μmol/L.展开更多
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.is an important industrial crop with a high medicinal value,whose capitulum consists of ray and disc florets containing numerous bioactive components,such as flavonoids and phenolic acid...Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.is an important industrial crop with a high medicinal value,whose capitulum consists of ray and disc florets containing numerous bioactive components,such as flavonoids and phenolic acids.However,the distribution and accumulations of the bioactive metabolites in florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium were unclear.Herein,the ray and disc florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium were separated for comparing the bioactive metabolites.The contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were significantly different between the two florets.The metabolomic analysis identified 203 and 241 differential metabolites between ray and disc florets at two flowering stages.The derivatives of quercetin,isorhamnetin,tricin,and caffeoylquinic acid were enriched in the disc florets,while apigenin,kaempferol,acacetin,and their glycosides mainly accumulated in the ray florets.Besides,the results of transcriptome and qRT-PCR suggested that the F3H,F3'H,and FLS genes highly expressed in disc florets,while the FNS gene was well expressed in ray florets,which explained the different distribution of phenolic compounds between ray and disc florets.Furthermore,the expression of CmCYC2 genes was found to be significantly related to the distribution of flavones by correlation analysis.It was proved by the luciferase reporter assay that CmCYC2a and CmCYC2d factors could bind and activate the CmFNS promoter to regulate the flavones biosynthesis in ray florets.These results revealed the significant difference of metabolite contents and gene expression profile between ray and disc floret in Chrysanthemum morifolium and demonstrated that the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium‘Hangju'was closely relevant to its flower morphology.展开更多
The surface of MoSi2-SiB6/phenolic resin matrix composites was modified by mica,and the thermal oxidation behavior of the composites and the mechanical properties of the pyrolysis products were studied.The results sho...The surface of MoSi2-SiB6/phenolic resin matrix composites was modified by mica,and the thermal oxidation behavior of the composites and the mechanical properties of the pyrolysis products were studied.The results showed that the mica improved the thermal properties of the composites,the thermal expansion coefficient decreased,and the liquid phase formation caused the composites to shrink and increase the density.The flexural strength of mica surface modified composites not only increased to 78.64MPa after thermal treatment at 800-1200℃,but reached 83.02 MPa after high temperature treatment at1400℃.The improvement of the mechanical properties of the residual product benefits from the formation of high temperature ceramic phases such as Mo_(2)C and MoB,and the improvement of the shear strength of the composites by the mica.The shear strength of MBm5-2 at room temperature reached 33.08 MPa,indicating that the improvement of the interlayer properties of the composites further improved its mechanical properties.展开更多
Moringa oleifera Lam.is a Moringa genus in the Moringaceae family that is high in nutrients and has a wide range of applications.Phenolic compounds are widely found in plants and have various health benefits for the h...Moringa oleifera Lam.is a Moringa genus in the Moringaceae family that is high in nutrients and has a wide range of applications.Phenolic compounds are widely found in plants and have various health benefits for the human body.With its high content and wide variety of phenolic compounds,M.oleifera Lam.has been widely studied for its health benefits.The phenolic compounds in M.oleifera Lam.(MOPCs)can be a potential source of functional food ingredients in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.Numerous studies have shown that MOPCs have antioxidant,anti-obesity,anti-diabetic,and antibacterial effects.Although the research on MOPCs has been gradually increasing,the extraction,isolation,identification,biological activities,and comprehensive application of MOPCs need a more systematic summary and generalization.Therefore,this paper reviews the isolation and extraction methods,structure identification,biological activities,and comprehensive applications to provide a further reference for the research and application of MOPCs.展开更多
Grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)is one of the main crops worldwide,and ultraviolet-B(UV-B,280-315 nm)radiation is emerging as a promising technical tool to enhance secondary metabolites that can contribute to the quality ...Grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)is one of the main crops worldwide,and ultraviolet-B(UV-B,280-315 nm)radiation is emerging as a promising technical tool to enhance secondary metabolites that can contribute to the quality and health-promoting properties of both grapes and the resulting wines.However,few studies have assessed the effectiveness of UV-B supplements under field conditions.Here,we compared the effects of two different field UV-B treatments(a single supplement applied at pre-harvest,and a double supplement applied at both veraison and pre-harvest)on the phenolic composition of Tempranillo grape skins and the resulting wines.The double supplement induced stronger changes than the single supplement,with responses being more pronounced in grape skins than in wines.In skins,UV-B supplements significantly increased flavonols,phenolic acids,and flavanols,consistent with previous reports highlighting flavonols as the most reliable UV-B-responsive compounds in grape skins.In wines,the clearest responses were increases in anthocyanins and color intensity.Overall,UV-B supplements improved grape and wine quality,although skin responses were only partially transmitted to the wines.Moreover,wine responses were more unpredictable than skin responses,likely reflecting not only the UV-B-induced changes in grape skins but also the complex chemical interactions among phenolic compounds(and also with other metabolites)during vinification.Further experimentation,particularly in the long term,is required to optimize the application of UV-B supplements as a viticultural and enological practice.展开更多
In thermal protection structures,controlling and optimizing the surface roughness of carbon/phenolic(C/Ph)composites can effectively improve thermal protection performance and ensure the safe operation of carriers in ...In thermal protection structures,controlling and optimizing the surface roughness of carbon/phenolic(C/Ph)composites can effectively improve thermal protection performance and ensure the safe operation of carriers in high-temperature environments.This paper introduces a machine learning(ML)framework to forecast the surface roughness of carbon-phenolic composites under various thermal conditions by employing an ML algorithm derived from historical experimental datasets.Firstly,ablation experiments and collection of surface roughness height data of C/Ph composites under different thermal environments were conducted in an electric arc wind tunnel.Then,an ML model based on Ridge regression is developed for surface roughness prediction.The model involves incorporating feature engineering to choose the most concise and pertinent features,as well as developing an ML model.The ML model considers thermal environment parameters and feature screened by feature engineering as inputs,and predicts the surface height as the output.The results demonstrate that the suggested ML framework effectively anticipates the surface shape and associated surface roughness parameters in various heat flow conditions.Compared with the conventional 3D confocal microscope scanning,the method can obtain the surface topography information of the same area in a much shorter time,thus significantly saving time and cost.展开更多
Carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites have great potential application in the field of electronic information,where excellent structural-functional integration is required.In this work,the establishment of interfacia...Carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites have great potential application in the field of electronic information,where excellent structural-functional integration is required.In this work,the establishment of interfacial structures consisting of carbon nanotubes with different morphologies at the fiber/matrix interface is conducive to the further modulation of the mechanical,tribological,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding and thermal conductivity properties of carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites.Specially,array carbon nanotubes can deep into the resin matrix,effectively hindering crack extension,and constructing an electrically and thermally conductive network.Compared with the carbon fiber/phenolic composites,the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity(163.86±9.60 MPa,5.06±0.25 GPa)of the array carbon nanotubes reinforced carbon fiber/phenolic composites were enhanced by 57.09%and 22.22%.The average friction coefficient and wear rate(0.20±0.02,1.11×10^(-13)±0.13×10^(-13)m^(3)N^(−1)m^(−1))were reduced by 39.39%and 74.31%.EMI shielding effectiveness up to 40 dB in the X-band at 0.4 mm sample thickness,diffusion coefficient(0.39±0.003 mm^(2)/s)and thermal conductivity(0.54±0.004 W/(m K))were enhanced by up to 14.37%and 50.42%.This study reveals the beneficial effects of morphological changes of carbon nanotubes on the design of interfacial structure,proposes the reinforcement mechanism of array carbon nanotubes,and opens up the prospect of carbon fiber/phenolic composites for electronic applications.展开更多
A Ti_(3)SiC_(2)-modified high-silica oxygen/phenolic aerogel composite with excellent oxidation resistance and high-temperature performance was prepared.The experimental results show that the obtained composite has si...A Ti_(3)SiC_(2)-modified high-silica oxygen/phenolic aerogel composite with excellent oxidation resistance and high-temperature performance was prepared.The experimental results show that the obtained composite has significantly improved oxidation resistance.When the addition amount of Ti_(3)SiC_(2)is 75%,the carbonization volume shrinkage rate of the composite after aerobic static combustion is only 5.95%.At the same time,the LAR and MAR after 30 seconds of oxyacetylene ablation under a heat flux density of 1.5 MW/m2 are 0.0307 mm/s and 0.0149 g/s,respectively.The compressive strength after aerobic static combustion at 1000℃is up to 20.43%of that before aerobic static combustion,which is 1.99 times that of the unfilled material,significantly improving the high-temperature mechanical properties of the composite.展开更多
The contents of seven different phenolic acids such as gallic acid, catechinic acid, pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in the poplar leaves （Populus Simonii×Populus Pyramib...The contents of seven different phenolic acids such as gallic acid, catechinic acid, pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in the poplar leaves （Populus Simonii×Populus Pyramibalis c.v and Populus deltoids） suffocated by Methyl jasmonate （MeJA） and Methyl salicylate （MeSA） were monitored for analyzing their functions in interplant communications by using high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）.The results showed that the contents of phenolic acids had obviously difference in leaves exposed to either MeSA or MeJA.When P.deltoides leaves exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid was increased, gallic acid in leaves treated with MeJA comes to a peak at 24 h while to a peak at 12-d having leaves treated with MeSA.When P.Simonii ×P.Pyramibalis c.v leaves were exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, pyrocatechol and ferulic acid was increased; The catechinic acid and benzoic acid had a little drop; The caffeic acid and coumaric acid were undetected in both suffocated and control leaves.This changed pattern indicated that MeJA and MeSA can act as airborne signals to induce defense response of plants.展开更多
A phytochemical investigation on the stems and rhizomes of Sinomenium acutum led to the isolation of 19 compounds, including three phenanthrenes, six anthraquinones, and ten phenolic derivatives. The structures of the...A phytochemical investigation on the stems and rhizomes of Sinomenium acutum led to the isolation of 19 compounds, including three phenanthrenes, six anthraquinones, and ten phenolic derivatives. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of the MS and NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 are two new natural products, and their 1H and 13C NMR spectral data were fully assigned for the first time, with the help of2D NMR. All of the isolates were obtained from genus Sinomenium for the first time and the phenanthrene and anthraquinone are the structure type first reported from this genus plants.展开更多
Three new phenolic glycosides, named as equisetumoside A (3-methoxy-11,12-dihydroxy-phenylhexane-9- one-4-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside), equisetumoside B (3-methoxy-4,11-dihydroxy-phenylhexane-9-one12-O-beta -D-glucopyra...Three new phenolic glycosides, named as equisetumoside A (3-methoxy-11,12-dihydroxy-phenylhexane-9- one-4-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside), equisetumoside B (3-methoxy-4,11-dihydroxy-phenylhexane-9-one12-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside) and equisetumoside C ( cis-ferulic acid potassium salt 4-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside) were isolated from the water-soluble extract of fertile sprouts of Equisetum, arvense L. (Equisetaceae), together with uridine, inosine, 2'-deoxyinosine, 2'-deoxycytidine, tryptophan, thymidine, 5-carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine, coniferin, and kaempferol 3-O-beta -D-sophoroside-7-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation.展开更多
A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of five bioactive phenolic acids,yunnaneic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A...A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of five bioactive phenolic acids,yunnaneic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A in eight different samples of Salvia yunnanensis collected in Yunnan Province.For comparison,the sample of Salvia miltiorrhiza was included. All the samples were extracted for 60 min with 50%methanol in an ultrasonic bath.The optimal separation was achieved on a YMC-Pack Pro C18 column,with a gradient of 0.1%（v/v） phosphoric acid and acetonitrile,at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at a detection wavelength of 280 nm.The separation was obtained within 65 min for five bioactive phenolic acids.All calibration curves showed good linearity（r^2〉0.999） within test ranges.The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 5%for intra- and inter-day assays.The mean recovery of the method was in the range from 97%to 104%,with RSD less than 5%.This assay was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of five bioactive phenolic acids in nine resource samples. The results showed that the developed HPLC assay was suitable for the quality control of S.yunnanensis and it can be used to differentiate S.yunnanensis from S.miltiorrhiza.展开更多
Phenolic inhibitors were preliminarily isolated from the normal and abortive litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) ovules with a series of solvents, and then separated and purified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), furthe...Phenolic inhibitors were preliminarily isolated from the normal and abortive litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) ovules with a series of solvents, and then separated and purified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), further isolated and identified with GC-MS, and finally checked with standards. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) was isolated and identified from litchi ovules in this experiment for the first time. Determination of its biological activity showed that p-HBA was a very strong growth inhibitory substance. In abortive ovules, p-HBA content and IAA oxidase activity were much higher; IAA content was much lower than those in normal ovules (P<0.01). It is suggested that p-HBA may be involved in the regulation of litchi embryo development; high content of p-HBA may accelerate IAA oxidation and affect the balance of growth promoting and inhibitory substances, causing embryo abortion.展开更多
In-situ reactive compatibilization of high-density polyethylene （HDPE）/ground tire rubber （GTR） blends by dicumyl peroxide （DCP） and HY-2045 - a kind of thermoplastic phenolic resin without catalyst was inves...In-situ reactive compatibilization of high-density polyethylene （HDPE）/ground tire rubber （GTR） blends by dicumyl peroxide （DCP） and HY-2045 - a kind of thermoplastic phenolic resin without catalyst was investigated by studying the mor-phology, stress and strain behavior, dynamic mechanical properties and crystallization performance of the blends. Scanning e-lectron microscopy （SEM） results show that there are a lot of fibrous materials distributing in the interface, which connects the dispersed phase with the matrix and obtains better interfacial strength for prominent mechanical properties. The addition of compatibilizers results in the decrease of crystallinity of the blends and the disappearance of an obvious yield phenomenon, which was proved by the differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） test and X-ray diffraction （XRD） characterization Although the crystallinity of the blends decreases,the tensile strength and tensile strain of the blends significantly increases, especially for the HDPE/GTR/DCP/HY-2045 blends, which is possibly attributed to the good compatibility of the blends owing to the in-situ interface crosslinking. In addition, it is found that the compatibilizing HDPE/GTR blends shows a higher tan^ peak temperature and a broaden transition peak for GTR phase.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to compare contents of free and bound polyphenol and antioxidation of balsam pear in different varieties. [Method] Fourteen varieties of balsam pear were chosen to analyze total contents of fre...[Objective] The aim was to compare contents of free and bound polyphenol and antioxidation of balsam pear in different varieties. [Method] Fourteen varieties of balsam pear were chosen to analyze total contents of free or bound phenol and components of free phenol. FRAP （Freeic reducing/antioxidant power）, DPPH （1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy）, and ABTS ＋· （2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt） were used to measure antioxidation and analyze relationship between polyphenol content and antioxidation. [Result] Among the fourteen varieties of balsam pear, free, bound and total phenols were 157.58 -382.92, 6.46 -54 and 175.27 -413.79 mg GAE/100 g DW; coefficients of variance were 23.50% , 61.04% and 21.58%, respectively; free phenol accounted for 91.34% of total phenol and bound phenol accounted for 8.66% ; contents of total flavone for the fourteen varieties were from 8.97 to 18.22 mg CE/100 g DW and the coefficient was at 22.80%; vanillic aldehyde acid, epicatechin and rutin differed in contents among different varieties, which changed in 1.83-9.29, 35.17-114.52 and 0.91-4.53 mg/100 g DW and the coefficients were 43.85%, 26.97% and 33.09%; FRAP antioxidation was at 272.16 -713.32 mg TE/100 g DW and coefficient at 27.67% ; IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋· clearance were 11.43-34.14 and 21.57-119.71 mg GAE/100 g DW and coefficients were at 35.10% and 63.75% , accordingly; content of total phenol was of extremely positive correlation with FRAP （P0.01） and of extremely negative correlation with IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋ · clearance （P0.01）. [Conclusion] Contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidation are of significant genotype differences; and phenolic substance and antioxidation are mainly in free form and phenolic substance is the major basis for antioxidation.展开更多
Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be obtained from biomass waste,such as empty palm fruit bunches,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husks.Within a biorefinery framework,bio-oil had not met the standards as a fuel due to t...Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be obtained from biomass waste,such as empty palm fruit bunches,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husks.Within a biorefinery framework,bio-oil had not met the standards as a fuel due to the presence of impurities like corrosive phenol.Therefore,the separation of phenol from bio-oil is essential and can be achieved using the extraction method.In this study,biomass wastes(empty fruit bunches of oil palm,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husk)were pyrolyzed in a biorefinery framework to produce bio-oil,which was then refined through liquid-liquid extraction with a methanol-chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents to remove its phenolic compound.The extraction with methanol-chloroform solvent was carried out for 1 h at 50℃.Meanwhile,extraction with ethyl acetate solvent was carried out for 3 h at 70℃.Both extractions used the same variations,i.e.,bio-oil:solvent ratio at 1:1,1:2,1:3,and 1:4,and stirring speeds of 150 rpm,200 rpm,250 rpm,and 300 rpm.The bio-oil obtained from this study contained complex chemical compounds and had characteristics such as a pH of 5,a density of 1.116 g/mL,and a viscosity of 29.57 cSt.Theoptimization results using response surface methodology(RSM)showed that the best yield formethanolchloroform was 72.98%at a stirring speed of 250 rpm and a ratio of 1:3.As for ethyl acetate solvent,the highest yield obtained was 71.78%at a stirring speed of 237.145 rpm and a ratio of 1:2.展开更多
Phenolic compounds represent a broad and structurally diverse class of plant secondary metabolites with importance for both plant biology and human health.This review provides a comprehensive overview of their biosynt...Phenolic compounds represent a broad and structurally diverse class of plant secondary metabolites with importance for both plant biology and human health.This review provides a comprehensive overview of their biosynthesis,chemical diversity,multifaceted functions in plants,roles in the wider ecosystem,and significance in human nutrition and biotechnology.Primarily synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway,these compounds encompass major classes such as lignin,flavonoids,and tannins.Within the plant,they perform critical functions including providing structural support(lignin),defending against biotic stresses(e.g.,pathogens,herbivores),mediating ecological interactions(pollination,symbiosis,allelopathy),and protecting against abiotic stresses likeUVradiation and oxidative damage.Phenolic compounds extend their influence beyond the plant itself by shaping soil ecosystems through rhizodeposition,where they interact with microbial communities and nutrient cycles.At the same time,they play a central role in the health benefits of plant-rich diets,with strong epidemiological evidence linking their regular consumption to a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease,cancer,and obesity.Thereviewfurther examines the significant variation of phenolic content in different food sources and explores the impact of processing methods,highlighting germination as a key strategy for enhancing the nutritional and bioactive value of cereals and legumes.Finally,the potential of phenolic compounds as a source for modern drugs and their targeted production through biotechnological approaches are discussed,underscoring their position as a cornerstone of phytochemical research with ongoing and future applications in health,agriculture,and industry.This paper employs a semi-systematic(or narrative)literature review methodology.A strategic search of key academic databases,including PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,Google Scholar,was conducted to identify relevant literature and highly influential works.This review aims to synthesize the existing knowledge on phenolic compounds and to emphasize their undeniable impact on human health through an interdisciplinary approach.展开更多
Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in...Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in regions where wheat cultivation is challenging or unfeasible.To clarify its drought adaptation mechanisms,we analyzed the effects of moderate soil drought on growth,hormonal homeostasis,and the dynamics and distribution of free amino acids and phenolic compounds in rye at early vegetative stages and post-recovery.Drought triggered both general and organ-specific changes in endogenous phytohormones.A nonspecific response involved the accumulation of stress hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and salicylic acid(SA),alongside the suppression of growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellins.However,hormone dynamics and localization varied across plant organs.ABA and SA levels significantly increased in shoots of drought-stressed and recovered plants,corresponding with inhibited growth.Prolonged drought further enhanced ABA accumulation in both shoots and roots of recovered plants,while SA levels declined in roots but remained elevated in shoots.Drought also caused a substantial reduction in IAA,particularly in shoots,while gibberellins(GA_(3)+GA_(4))significantly decreased in roots.GA_(3)was predominant in most samples,except in the shoots of 2-day-old control plants.Post-recovery,IAA levels increased but remained below control values,while GA_(4)accumulation in roots led to a rise in total gibberellin levels.In contrast,shoot GA_(3)+GA_(4)levels declined,primarily due to GA_(3)reduction.The dominant free amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid,glycine,alanine,and leucinedecreased significantly,underscoring their key role in stress adaptation.Increased flavonoid accumulation,especially in roots,suggests their involvement in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.A significant increase in ABA and SA levels,along with a marked reduction in IAA and GA content in stressed rye plants occurred alongside a reduction in free amino acid content,accumulation of phenolic compounds,and an increase in flavonoid levels.These findings indicate distinct adaptation strategies in rye shoots and roots undermoderate soil drought.They provide a foundation for further research on drought resistance mechanisms in cereals and the development of strategies to enhance their adaptive potential.展开更多
The determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants （SPAs） including propyl gallate （PG）, tertiary butyl hydroquinone （TI3HQ）, butylated hydroxyanisole （BHA） and butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） in food items...The determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants （SPAs） including propyl gallate （PG）, tertiary butyl hydroquinone （TI3HQ）, butylated hydroxyanisole （BHA） and butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） in food items is reported using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. A Cls column is used as the stationary phase, acetonltrile and water：Acetic acid （1%） is used as the mobile phase of gradient elution and the UV detec- tor is set at 280 nm. Under the above conditions, four antioxidents is completely separated within 8 rain. The limit of detection, linear range, and reproducibility of HPLC are evaluated. Isolation parameters of SPAs from different types of food items （cooking oil, margarine and butter, and cheese） are optimized. SPAs are extracted from food items through extraction with methanol/acetonitrile （1 ： 1, in volume）, vortex, ultrasonic treatment and precipitation in a freezer （2 h）. For cooking oil margarine, butter and cheese at 50 and 200 rag/L, recoveries of SPAs are 93.3%0--108.3% （PG）, 85.3~^--108.3~~ （TBHQ）, 96.7~^--101.2~/6 （BHA）, and 73.9^-- 94.6% （BHT）. The method is applied to the determination of SPAs in 38 food items （16 cooking oils, 8 mar- garine, 6 butter and 6 cheese samples）. The levels of SPAs in positive samples are all below the legal limits of China.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3706602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22225605 and 22193051)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750200).
文摘Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)are widely used in diverse industries due to their exceptional antioxidant characteristics.However,human exposure to SPAs may cause health problems.In this study,226 dust samples were collected from 10 provinces in China,and six SPAs(three parent SPAs and their three transformation products)were analyzed.The concentrations of6SPAs(the sum of six target compounds)ranged from 15.4 to 3210 ng/g(geometric mean(GM):169 ng/g).The highest concentration of6SPAswas found in Sichuan Province(GM:349 ng/g),which was approximately 4 times higher than that in Hubei Province(81.6 ng/g)(p<0.05).The concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT),2,2'-methylene bis(4-methyl-6–tert-butylphenol)(AO2246),2,6-di–tert–butyl–1,4-benzoquinone(BHT-Q),2,6-di–tert–butyl–4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol(BHT-OH),and ∑_(p)-SPAs were substantially higher in dust from urban areas than rural areas(p<0.05).AO2246 concentration in dust from homes(GM:0.400 ng/g)was about 4 times higher than that in workplaces(0.116 ng/g)(p<0.01).Significantly higherp-SPAs concentrations were found in dust from homes(GM:17.5 ng/g)than workplaces(11.4 ng/g)(p<0.01).The estimated daily intakes(EDIs)of ∑_(6)SPAs exposed through dust ingestion were 0.582,0.342,0.197,0.076,and 0.080 ng/kg bw/day in different age groups,and exposed through dermal contact was 0.358,0.252,0.174,0.167,and 0.177 ng/kg bw/day.EDIs showed that the exposure risks of SPAs decreased with age.This is the first work to determine SPAs in dust from10 provinces in China and investigate the spatial distribution of SPAs in those regions.
文摘Silica gel column chromatography(CC),Sephadex LH-20 CC and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)were used to study the chemical constituents of the fruits of the medicine-food plant Rubus idaeus Linnaeus.A new tetrahydrogenated naphthol syringic acid ester,named rubusnolicester(1),two new phenolic glycoside derivatives,4-chloro-2,6-dimethoxylphenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2)and salicylic acid-2-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),together with one known salicylic acid glycoside derivative(4)and three known flavonoids derivatives(5~7),were isolated.Their structures were elucidated by HRESI-MS,NMR spectroscopy,and a comparison of optical rotation(OR).Compounds 1~7 were evaluated the inhibitory activities against the nitric oxide(NO)production induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells in vitro.Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effect with the IC50 value of(12.28±1.25)μmol/L.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81503180)the Opening Project of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Grant No.2021E10013)+1 种基金the Opening Project of NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Grant No.AHYJ-KFKT-202101)the Earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(Grant No.JATS[2022]460)。
文摘Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.is an important industrial crop with a high medicinal value,whose capitulum consists of ray and disc florets containing numerous bioactive components,such as flavonoids and phenolic acids.However,the distribution and accumulations of the bioactive metabolites in florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium were unclear.Herein,the ray and disc florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium were separated for comparing the bioactive metabolites.The contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were significantly different between the two florets.The metabolomic analysis identified 203 and 241 differential metabolites between ray and disc florets at two flowering stages.The derivatives of quercetin,isorhamnetin,tricin,and caffeoylquinic acid were enriched in the disc florets,while apigenin,kaempferol,acacetin,and their glycosides mainly accumulated in the ray florets.Besides,the results of transcriptome and qRT-PCR suggested that the F3H,F3'H,and FLS genes highly expressed in disc florets,while the FNS gene was well expressed in ray florets,which explained the different distribution of phenolic compounds between ray and disc florets.Furthermore,the expression of CmCYC2 genes was found to be significantly related to the distribution of flavones by correlation analysis.It was proved by the luciferase reporter assay that CmCYC2a and CmCYC2d factors could bind and activate the CmFNS promoter to regulate the flavones biosynthesis in ray florets.These results revealed the significant difference of metabolite contents and gene expression profile between ray and disc floret in Chrysanthemum morifolium and demonstrated that the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium‘Hangju'was closely relevant to its flower morphology.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52171045,52162013,and 51932006)。
文摘The surface of MoSi2-SiB6/phenolic resin matrix composites was modified by mica,and the thermal oxidation behavior of the composites and the mechanical properties of the pyrolysis products were studied.The results showed that the mica improved the thermal properties of the composites,the thermal expansion coefficient decreased,and the liquid phase formation caused the composites to shrink and increase the density.The flexural strength of mica surface modified composites not only increased to 78.64MPa after thermal treatment at 800-1200℃,but reached 83.02 MPa after high temperature treatment at1400℃.The improvement of the mechanical properties of the residual product benefits from the formation of high temperature ceramic phases such as Mo_(2)C and MoB,and the improvement of the shear strength of the composites by the mica.The shear strength of MBm5-2 at room temperature reached 33.08 MPa,indicating that the improvement of the interlayer properties of the composites further improved its mechanical properties.
基金supported by Major Project of Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province(202002AA100005,202102AE090027-2)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82260703)+1 种基金Cassava Industrial Technology System of China(CARS11-YNTY)Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Plan Industrial Technology Talents Project(YNWR-CYJS-2020-010)。
文摘Moringa oleifera Lam.is a Moringa genus in the Moringaceae family that is high in nutrients and has a wide range of applications.Phenolic compounds are widely found in plants and have various health benefits for the human body.With its high content and wide variety of phenolic compounds,M.oleifera Lam.has been widely studied for its health benefits.The phenolic compounds in M.oleifera Lam.(MOPCs)can be a potential source of functional food ingredients in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.Numerous studies have shown that MOPCs have antioxidant,anti-obesity,anti-diabetic,and antibacterial effects.Although the research on MOPCs has been gradually increasing,the extraction,isolation,identification,biological activities,and comprehensive application of MOPCs need a more systematic summary and generalization.Therefore,this paper reviews the isolation and extraction methods,structure identification,biological activities,and comprehensive applications to provide a further reference for the research and application of MOPCs.
基金the project PID2023-150695NB-I00,funded by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UEAdditional funding from the Agencia de Desarrollo Economico de La Rioja(ADER,Government of La Rioja)through the Project S-UV-STAINABLE Rioja(2022-I-IDI-00064)is also acknowledged.
文摘Grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)is one of the main crops worldwide,and ultraviolet-B(UV-B,280-315 nm)radiation is emerging as a promising technical tool to enhance secondary metabolites that can contribute to the quality and health-promoting properties of both grapes and the resulting wines.However,few studies have assessed the effectiveness of UV-B supplements under field conditions.Here,we compared the effects of two different field UV-B treatments(a single supplement applied at pre-harvest,and a double supplement applied at both veraison and pre-harvest)on the phenolic composition of Tempranillo grape skins and the resulting wines.The double supplement induced stronger changes than the single supplement,with responses being more pronounced in grape skins than in wines.In skins,UV-B supplements significantly increased flavonols,phenolic acids,and flavanols,consistent with previous reports highlighting flavonols as the most reliable UV-B-responsive compounds in grape skins.In wines,the clearest responses were increases in anthocyanins and color intensity.Overall,UV-B supplements improved grape and wine quality,although skin responses were only partially transmitted to the wines.Moreover,wine responses were more unpredictable than skin responses,likely reflecting not only the UV-B-induced changes in grape skins but also the complex chemical interactions among phenolic compounds(and also with other metabolites)during vinification.Further experimentation,particularly in the long term,is required to optimize the application of UV-B supplements as a viticultural and enological practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2241240,12172045,and 12221002).
文摘In thermal protection structures,controlling and optimizing the surface roughness of carbon/phenolic(C/Ph)composites can effectively improve thermal protection performance and ensure the safe operation of carriers in high-temperature environments.This paper introduces a machine learning(ML)framework to forecast the surface roughness of carbon-phenolic composites under various thermal conditions by employing an ML algorithm derived from historical experimental datasets.Firstly,ablation experiments and collection of surface roughness height data of C/Ph composites under different thermal environments were conducted in an electric arc wind tunnel.Then,an ML model based on Ridge regression is developed for surface roughness prediction.The model involves incorporating feature engineering to choose the most concise and pertinent features,as well as developing an ML model.The ML model considers thermal environment parameters and feature screened by feature engineering as inputs,and predicts the surface height as the output.The results demonstrate that the suggested ML framework effectively anticipates the surface shape and associated surface roughness parameters in various heat flow conditions.Compared with the conventional 3D confocal microscope scanning,the method can obtain the surface topography information of the same area in a much shorter time,thus significantly saving time and cost.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51872232)the Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Research Team of Shaanxi Province(No.2022TD-31)the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2021ZDLGY14-04).
文摘Carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites have great potential application in the field of electronic information,where excellent structural-functional integration is required.In this work,the establishment of interfacial structures consisting of carbon nanotubes with different morphologies at the fiber/matrix interface is conducive to the further modulation of the mechanical,tribological,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding and thermal conductivity properties of carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites.Specially,array carbon nanotubes can deep into the resin matrix,effectively hindering crack extension,and constructing an electrically and thermally conductive network.Compared with the carbon fiber/phenolic composites,the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity(163.86±9.60 MPa,5.06±0.25 GPa)of the array carbon nanotubes reinforced carbon fiber/phenolic composites were enhanced by 57.09%and 22.22%.The average friction coefficient and wear rate(0.20±0.02,1.11×10^(-13)±0.13×10^(-13)m^(3)N^(−1)m^(−1))were reduced by 39.39%and 74.31%.EMI shielding effectiveness up to 40 dB in the X-band at 0.4 mm sample thickness,diffusion coefficient(0.39±0.003 mm^(2)/s)and thermal conductivity(0.54±0.004 W/(m K))were enhanced by up to 14.37%and 50.42%.This study reveals the beneficial effects of morphological changes of carbon nanotubes on the design of interfacial structure,proposes the reinforcement mechanism of array carbon nanotubes,and opens up the prospect of carbon fiber/phenolic composites for electronic applications.
基金Funded by by the Wuhan Science and Technology Project(No.2024010702030141)。
文摘A Ti_(3)SiC_(2)-modified high-silica oxygen/phenolic aerogel composite with excellent oxidation resistance and high-temperature performance was prepared.The experimental results show that the obtained composite has significantly improved oxidation resistance.When the addition amount of Ti_(3)SiC_(2)is 75%,the carbonization volume shrinkage rate of the composite after aerobic static combustion is only 5.95%.At the same time,the LAR and MAR after 30 seconds of oxyacetylene ablation under a heat flux density of 1.5 MW/m2 are 0.0307 mm/s and 0.0149 g/s,respectively.The compressive strength after aerobic static combustion at 1000℃is up to 20.43%of that before aerobic static combustion,which is 1.99 times that of the unfilled material,significantly improving the high-temperature mechanical properties of the composite.
基金This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30170764)
文摘The contents of seven different phenolic acids such as gallic acid, catechinic acid, pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in the poplar leaves （Populus Simonii×Populus Pyramibalis c.v and Populus deltoids） suffocated by Methyl jasmonate （MeJA） and Methyl salicylate （MeSA） were monitored for analyzing their functions in interplant communications by using high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）.The results showed that the contents of phenolic acids had obviously difference in leaves exposed to either MeSA or MeJA.When P.deltoides leaves exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid was increased, gallic acid in leaves treated with MeJA comes to a peak at 24 h while to a peak at 12-d having leaves treated with MeSA.When P.Simonii ×P.Pyramibalis c.v leaves were exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, pyrocatechol and ferulic acid was increased; The catechinic acid and benzoic acid had a little drop; The caffeic acid and coumaric acid were undetected in both suffocated and control leaves.This changed pattern indicated that MeJA and MeSA can act as airborne signals to induce defense response of plants.
基金National Natural Sciences Foundation of Chin(NS FCGrant Nos.81222051 and 81473106)National Key Technology R&D Program"New Drug Innovation"of China(Gran No s.2012ZX09301002-002-002 and 2012ZX09304-005)
文摘A phytochemical investigation on the stems and rhizomes of Sinomenium acutum led to the isolation of 19 compounds, including three phenanthrenes, six anthraquinones, and ten phenolic derivatives. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of the MS and NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 are two new natural products, and their 1H and 13C NMR spectral data were fully assigned for the first time, with the help of2D NMR. All of the isolates were obtained from genus Sinomenium for the first time and the phenanthrene and anthraquinone are the structure type first reported from this genus plants.
文摘Three new phenolic glycosides, named as equisetumoside A (3-methoxy-11,12-dihydroxy-phenylhexane-9- one-4-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside), equisetumoside B (3-methoxy-4,11-dihydroxy-phenylhexane-9-one12-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside) and equisetumoside C ( cis-ferulic acid potassium salt 4-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside) were isolated from the water-soluble extract of fertile sprouts of Equisetum, arvense L. (Equisetaceae), together with uridine, inosine, 2'-deoxyinosine, 2'-deoxycytidine, tryptophan, thymidine, 5-carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine, coniferin, and kaempferol 3-O-beta -D-sophoroside-7-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation.
基金National High-Tech R & D Program(863 Program, Grant No.2004AA2Z3342)
文摘A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of five bioactive phenolic acids,yunnaneic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A in eight different samples of Salvia yunnanensis collected in Yunnan Province.For comparison,the sample of Salvia miltiorrhiza was included. All the samples were extracted for 60 min with 50%methanol in an ultrasonic bath.The optimal separation was achieved on a YMC-Pack Pro C18 column,with a gradient of 0.1%（v/v） phosphoric acid and acetonitrile,at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at a detection wavelength of 280 nm.The separation was obtained within 65 min for five bioactive phenolic acids.All calibration curves showed good linearity（r^2〉0.999） within test ranges.The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 5%for intra- and inter-day assays.The mean recovery of the method was in the range from 97%to 104%,with RSD less than 5%.This assay was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of five bioactive phenolic acids in nine resource samples. The results showed that the developed HPLC assay was suitable for the quality control of S.yunnanensis and it can be used to differentiate S.yunnanensis from S.miltiorrhiza.
文摘Phenolic inhibitors were preliminarily isolated from the normal and abortive litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) ovules with a series of solvents, and then separated and purified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), further isolated and identified with GC-MS, and finally checked with standards. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) was isolated and identified from litchi ovules in this experiment for the first time. Determination of its biological activity showed that p-HBA was a very strong growth inhibitory substance. In abortive ovules, p-HBA content and IAA oxidase activity were much higher; IAA content was much lower than those in normal ovules (P<0.01). It is suggested that p-HBA may be involved in the regulation of litchi embryo development; high content of p-HBA may accelerate IAA oxidation and affect the balance of growth promoting and inhibitory substances, causing embryo abortion.
文摘In-situ reactive compatibilization of high-density polyethylene （HDPE）/ground tire rubber （GTR） blends by dicumyl peroxide （DCP） and HY-2045 - a kind of thermoplastic phenolic resin without catalyst was investigated by studying the mor-phology, stress and strain behavior, dynamic mechanical properties and crystallization performance of the blends. Scanning e-lectron microscopy （SEM） results show that there are a lot of fibrous materials distributing in the interface, which connects the dispersed phase with the matrix and obtains better interfacial strength for prominent mechanical properties. The addition of compatibilizers results in the decrease of crystallinity of the blends and the disappearance of an obvious yield phenomenon, which was proved by the differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） test and X-ray diffraction （XRD） characterization Although the crystallinity of the blends decreases,the tensile strength and tensile strain of the blends significantly increases, especially for the HDPE/GTR/DCP/HY-2045 blends, which is possibly attributed to the good compatibility of the blends owing to the in-situ interface crosslinking. In addition, it is found that the compatibilizing HDPE/GTR blends shows a higher tan^ peak temperature and a broaden transition peak for GTR phase.
基金Supported by Guangdong International Cooperation Program (2010B050600005)Guangdong Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation Project of CAS (2009B091300135)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (10251064001000006)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to compare contents of free and bound polyphenol and antioxidation of balsam pear in different varieties. [Method] Fourteen varieties of balsam pear were chosen to analyze total contents of free or bound phenol and components of free phenol. FRAP （Freeic reducing/antioxidant power）, DPPH （1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy）, and ABTS ＋· （2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt） were used to measure antioxidation and analyze relationship between polyphenol content and antioxidation. [Result] Among the fourteen varieties of balsam pear, free, bound and total phenols were 157.58 -382.92, 6.46 -54 and 175.27 -413.79 mg GAE/100 g DW; coefficients of variance were 23.50% , 61.04% and 21.58%, respectively; free phenol accounted for 91.34% of total phenol and bound phenol accounted for 8.66% ; contents of total flavone for the fourteen varieties were from 8.97 to 18.22 mg CE/100 g DW and the coefficient was at 22.80%; vanillic aldehyde acid, epicatechin and rutin differed in contents among different varieties, which changed in 1.83-9.29, 35.17-114.52 and 0.91-4.53 mg/100 g DW and the coefficients were 43.85%, 26.97% and 33.09%; FRAP antioxidation was at 272.16 -713.32 mg TE/100 g DW and coefficient at 27.67% ; IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋· clearance were 11.43-34.14 and 21.57-119.71 mg GAE/100 g DW and coefficients were at 35.10% and 63.75% , accordingly; content of total phenol was of extremely positive correlation with FRAP （P0.01） and of extremely negative correlation with IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋ · clearance （P0.01）. [Conclusion] Contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidation are of significant genotype differences; and phenolic substance and antioxidation are mainly in free form and phenolic substance is the major basis for antioxidation.
基金supported by theUniversitasNegeri Semarang throughDPAUNNES 2024The grant number is No.271.26.2/UN37/PPK.10/2024.
文摘Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be obtained from biomass waste,such as empty palm fruit bunches,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husks.Within a biorefinery framework,bio-oil had not met the standards as a fuel due to the presence of impurities like corrosive phenol.Therefore,the separation of phenol from bio-oil is essential and can be achieved using the extraction method.In this study,biomass wastes(empty fruit bunches of oil palm,sugarcane bagasse,and rice husk)were pyrolyzed in a biorefinery framework to produce bio-oil,which was then refined through liquid-liquid extraction with a methanol-chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents to remove its phenolic compound.The extraction with methanol-chloroform solvent was carried out for 1 h at 50℃.Meanwhile,extraction with ethyl acetate solvent was carried out for 3 h at 70℃.Both extractions used the same variations,i.e.,bio-oil:solvent ratio at 1:1,1:2,1:3,and 1:4,and stirring speeds of 150 rpm,200 rpm,250 rpm,and 300 rpm.The bio-oil obtained from this study contained complex chemical compounds and had characteristics such as a pH of 5,a density of 1.116 g/mL,and a viscosity of 29.57 cSt.Theoptimization results using response surface methodology(RSM)showed that the best yield formethanolchloroform was 72.98%at a stirring speed of 250 rpm and a ratio of 1:3.As for ethyl acetate solvent,the highest yield obtained was 71.78%at a stirring speed of 237.145 rpm and a ratio of 1:2.
基金funded as a part of the institutional scientific project entitled“Treatment of seed and plantlets with wild plant-derived products”financed by Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek.
文摘Phenolic compounds represent a broad and structurally diverse class of plant secondary metabolites with importance for both plant biology and human health.This review provides a comprehensive overview of their biosynthesis,chemical diversity,multifaceted functions in plants,roles in the wider ecosystem,and significance in human nutrition and biotechnology.Primarily synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway,these compounds encompass major classes such as lignin,flavonoids,and tannins.Within the plant,they perform critical functions including providing structural support(lignin),defending against biotic stresses(e.g.,pathogens,herbivores),mediating ecological interactions(pollination,symbiosis,allelopathy),and protecting against abiotic stresses likeUVradiation and oxidative damage.Phenolic compounds extend their influence beyond the plant itself by shaping soil ecosystems through rhizodeposition,where they interact with microbial communities and nutrient cycles.At the same time,they play a central role in the health benefits of plant-rich diets,with strong epidemiological evidence linking their regular consumption to a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease,cancer,and obesity.Thereviewfurther examines the significant variation of phenolic content in different food sources and explores the impact of processing methods,highlighting germination as a key strategy for enhancing the nutritional and bioactive value of cereals and legumes.Finally,the potential of phenolic compounds as a source for modern drugs and their targeted production through biotechnological approaches are discussed,underscoring their position as a cornerstone of phytochemical research with ongoing and future applications in health,agriculture,and industry.This paper employs a semi-systematic(or narrative)literature review methodology.A strategic search of key academic databases,including PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,Google Scholar,was conducted to identify relevant literature and highly influential works.This review aims to synthesize the existing knowledge on phenolic compounds and to emphasize their undeniable impact on human health through an interdisciplinary approach.
基金This publication presents findings from research conducted under Project No.III-99-24.489Natural Growth Regulators in the Induction of Resistance of Cereal Plants to HeavyMetals(2024-2028)funded by the NationalAcademy of Sciences of Ukraine.
文摘Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in regions where wheat cultivation is challenging or unfeasible.To clarify its drought adaptation mechanisms,we analyzed the effects of moderate soil drought on growth,hormonal homeostasis,and the dynamics and distribution of free amino acids and phenolic compounds in rye at early vegetative stages and post-recovery.Drought triggered both general and organ-specific changes in endogenous phytohormones.A nonspecific response involved the accumulation of stress hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and salicylic acid(SA),alongside the suppression of growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellins.However,hormone dynamics and localization varied across plant organs.ABA and SA levels significantly increased in shoots of drought-stressed and recovered plants,corresponding with inhibited growth.Prolonged drought further enhanced ABA accumulation in both shoots and roots of recovered plants,while SA levels declined in roots but remained elevated in shoots.Drought also caused a substantial reduction in IAA,particularly in shoots,while gibberellins(GA_(3)+GA_(4))significantly decreased in roots.GA_(3)was predominant in most samples,except in the shoots of 2-day-old control plants.Post-recovery,IAA levels increased but remained below control values,while GA_(4)accumulation in roots led to a rise in total gibberellin levels.In contrast,shoot GA_(3)+GA_(4)levels declined,primarily due to GA_(3)reduction.The dominant free amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid,glycine,alanine,and leucinedecreased significantly,underscoring their key role in stress adaptation.Increased flavonoid accumulation,especially in roots,suggests their involvement in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.A significant increase in ABA and SA levels,along with a marked reduction in IAA and GA content in stressed rye plants occurred alongside a reduction in free amino acid content,accumulation of phenolic compounds,and an increase in flavonoid levels.These findings indicate distinct adaptation strategies in rye shoots and roots undermoderate soil drought.They provide a foundation for further research on drought resistance mechanisms in cereals and the development of strategies to enhance their adaptive potential.
文摘The determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants （SPAs） including propyl gallate （PG）, tertiary butyl hydroquinone （TI3HQ）, butylated hydroxyanisole （BHA） and butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） in food items is reported using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. A Cls column is used as the stationary phase, acetonltrile and water：Acetic acid （1%） is used as the mobile phase of gradient elution and the UV detec- tor is set at 280 nm. Under the above conditions, four antioxidents is completely separated within 8 rain. The limit of detection, linear range, and reproducibility of HPLC are evaluated. Isolation parameters of SPAs from different types of food items （cooking oil, margarine and butter, and cheese） are optimized. SPAs are extracted from food items through extraction with methanol/acetonitrile （1 ： 1, in volume）, vortex, ultrasonic treatment and precipitation in a freezer （2 h）. For cooking oil margarine, butter and cheese at 50 and 200 rag/L, recoveries of SPAs are 93.3%0--108.3% （PG）, 85.3~^--108.3~~ （TBHQ）, 96.7~^--101.2~/6 （BHA）, and 73.9^-- 94.6% （BHT）. The method is applied to the determination of SPAs in 38 food items （16 cooking oils, 8 mar- garine, 6 butter and 6 cheese samples）. The levels of SPAs in positive samples are all below the legal limits of China.
