The intellectual heritage of modernity needs rethinking. It is marked by radical humanism and implied by the ideas of Descartes and Kant above all, which introduces an unbridgeable gap between animals and human perso...The intellectual heritage of modernity needs rethinking. It is marked by radical humanism and implied by the ideas of Descartes and Kant above all, which introduces an unbridgeable gap between animals and human persons （nonhuman and human animals）. Intuitive sensibility to the question of the welfare of nonhuman animals meets a theoretical ally in the rapidly growing knowledge on their subjectivity and makes us pose a questions about their ontological status. This context arouses a possibility of a turn to personalist ethics, yet not to its anthropocentric version implied by Kant, but to personalism conceived of as an instance of value ethics as exemplified by Antonio Rosmini and Karol Wojtyta （John Paul II）.展开更多
Blood-brain barrier disruption and the neuroinflammatory response are significant pathological features that critically influence disease progression and treatment outcomes.This review systematically analyzes the curr...Blood-brain barrier disruption and the neuroinflammatory response are significant pathological features that critically influence disease progression and treatment outcomes.This review systematically analyzes the current understanding of the bidirectional relationship between blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury,along with emerging combination therapeutic strategies.Literature review indicates that blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammatory responses are key pathological features following traumatic brain injury.In the acute phase after traumatic brain injury,the pathological characteristics include primary blood-brain barrier disruption and the activation of inflammatory cascades.In the subacute phase,the pathological features are characterized by repair mechanisms and inflammatory modulation.In the chronic phase,the pathological features show persistent low-grade inflammation and incomplete recovery of the blood-brain barrier.Various physiological changes,such as structural alterations of the blood-brain barrier,inflammatory cascades,and extracellular matrix remodeling,interact with each other and are influenced by genetic,age,sex,and environmental factors.The dynamic balance between blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation is regulated by hormones,particularly sex hormones and stress-related hormones.Additionally,the role of gastrointestinal hormones is receiving increasing attention.Current treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury include various methods such as conventional drug combinations,multimodality neuromonitoring,hyperbaric oxygen therapy,and non-invasive brain stimulation.Artificial intelligence also shows potential in treatment decision-making and personalized therapy.Emerging sequential combination strategies and precision medicine approaches can help improve treatment outcomes;however,challenges remain,such as inadequate research on the mechanisms of the chronic phase traumatic brain injury and difficulties with technology integration.Future research on traumatic brain injury should focus on personalized treatment strategies,the standardization of techniques,costeffectiveness evaluations,and addressing the needs of patients with comorbidities.A multidisciplinary approach should be used to enhance treatment and improve patient outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Hemiplegia,a prevalent stroke-related condition,is often studied for motor dysfunction;however,spasticity remains under-researched.Abnormal muscle tone significantly hinders hemiplegic patients’walking rec...BACKGROUND:Hemiplegia,a prevalent stroke-related condition,is often studied for motor dysfunction;however,spasticity remains under-researched.Abnormal muscle tone significantly hinders hemiplegic patients’walking recovery.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether early suspension-protected training with a personal assistant machine for stroke patients enhances walking ability and prevents muscle spasms.METHODS:Thirty-two early-stage stroke patients from Shenzhen University General Hospital and the China Rehabilitation Research Center were randomly assigned to the experimental group(n=16)and the control group(n=16).Both groups underwent 4 weeks of gait training under the suspension protection system for 30 minutes daily,5 days a week.The experimental group used the personal assistant machine during training.Three-dimensional gait analysis(using the Cortex motion capture system),Brunnstrom staging,Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower limb motor function,Fugl-Meyer balance function,and the modified Ashworth Scale were evaluated within 1 week before the intervention and after 4 weeks of intervention.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After the 4-week intervention,all outcome measures showed significant changes in each group.The experimental group had a small but significant increase in the modified Ashworth Scale score(P<0.05,d=|0.15|),while the control group had a large significant increase(P<0.05,d=|1.48|).The experimental group demonstrated greater improvements in walking speed(16.5 to 38.44 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|4.01|),step frequency(46.44 to 64.94 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|2.32|),stride length(15.50 to 29.81 cm,P<0.05,d=|3.44|),and peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.82|to|2.17|).After treatment,the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group in walking speed(38.44 vs.26.63 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|2.75|),stride length,peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.31|to|1.45|),step frequency(64.94 vs.59.38 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|0.85|),and a reduced support phase(bilateral:24.31%vs.28.38%,P<0.05,d=|0.88|;non-paretic:66.19%vs.70.13%,P<0.05,d=|0.94|).For early hemiplegia,personal assistant machine-assisted gait training under the suspension protection system helps establish a correct gait pattern,prevents muscle spasms,and improves motor function.展开更多
BACKGROUND Preoperative anxiety is a significant concern for patients,as it affects surgical outcomes,satisfaction,and pain perception.Although both anxiety and pain are common in surgical settings,their relationship ...BACKGROUND Preoperative anxiety is a significant concern for patients,as it affects surgical outcomes,satisfaction,and pain perception.Although both anxiety and pain are common in surgical settings,their relationship with personality traits has not been previously investigated in the Lebanese population.AIM To examine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety,pain perception,and personality traits among Lebanese surgical patients,and to assess the associations between these factors.METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2024 and January 2025 across Lebanese hospitals.A total of 392 adult patients were recruited through convenience sampling.Data were collected using a questionnaire that included sociodemographic,clinical,and surgical variables,the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale for anxiety,the Visual Analog Scale and Numerical Pain Rating Scale for preoperative pain,and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory for personality traits.Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of Makassed General Hospital and Hammoud University Medical Center.RESULTS Overall,25%of participants experienced preoperative anxiety,and 34.5%reported moderate pain.Personality assessment showed that the majority of participants had moderate extraversion(84.1%),moderate emotional stability(65.1%),high conscientiousness(61%),high agreeableness(54.1%),and moderate openness(49.2%).High conscientiousness was significantly associated with higher pain perception(P<0.05),while high emotional stability was associated with lower levels of anxiety(P<0.05).No significant association was found between preoperative anxiety and pain(P>0.05).CONCLUSION This study challenges the assumption that preoperative anxiety and pain are directly correlated and highlights the role of personality traits in shaping patient experience.These findings support the potential value of integrating psychological profiling into preoperative care and lay the groundwork for developing personalized interventions to improve patient-centered surgical outcomes.展开更多
Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery,particularly through nanoformulations of phytoconstituents,enhancing their therapeutic potential.Despite their broad bioactivities,plant-based compounds often suffer fro...Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery,particularly through nanoformulations of phytoconstituents,enhancing their therapeutic potential.Despite their broad bioactivities,plant-based compounds often suffer from poor bioavailability and stability.Nanoformulations address these limitations by improving solubility,targeted delivery,and controlled release.This approach opens new possibilities for treating chronic diseases like cancer,diabetes,and neurodegenerative disorders.This review aims to examine recent advancements in nanotechnology-based formulation strategies designed to enhance the delivery,stability,and therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals and also discusses regulatory issues,safety concerns,scalability,and cost-effectiveness.Emphasis was placed on nanoformulation techniques employed for key phytoconstituents such as curcumin,resveratrol,epigallocatechin gallate,and quercetin.The most commonly employed nanocarriers included polymeric nanoparticles,solid lipid nanoparticles,and liposomes.These formulations significantly improved the solubility,stability,and controlled release profiles of phytochemicals.In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated enhanced anti-inflammatory,anticancer,and antioxidant activities.Moreover,surface-modified and targeted nanoparticles showed promise in increasing site-specific targeting and enhancing bioavailability of the encapsulated compounds.Nanoformulations present a promising strategy for overcoming the pharmacokinetic limitations of phytochemicals.Despite encouraging preclinical results,further studies are needed to address issues related to long-term safety,clinical efficacy,and regulatory approval for successful clinical translation.展开更多
Your comments are welcome!Please feel free to contact us with your personal stories or vivid pictures!Address:24 Baiwanzhuang St.,Xicheng Dist.,Beijing,100037 E-mail:chinatodaynews@aliyun.com.
Therapy discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease,particularly involving immunomodulators,biologics,and small molecules,remains a controversial and evolving topic.This letter reflects on developments following the...Therapy discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease,particularly involving immunomodulators,biologics,and small molecules,remains a controversial and evolving topic.This letter reflects on developments following the publication by Meštrovićet al,emphasizing the complex balance between risks of relapse,antidrug antibody formation,and potential complications of long-term immunosuppression.Recent evidence underscores high relapse rates following withdrawal-especially of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents-and highlights the lack of robust data for newer biologics.Updated guidelines from European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization,British Society of Gastroenterology,and American College of Gastroenterology all support cautious and individualized approaches,with strict criteria and close follow-up,particularly in Crohn’s disease.For ulcerative colitis,therapeutic cycling remains insufficiently addressed.We proposed a flowchart to support clinical decision-making and stress the importance of shared decisionmaking in the era of personalized medicine since,despite new drug classes and evolving strategies,the therapeutic ceiling in inflammatory bowel disease has yet to be fully overcome.展开更多
Objectives:To explore the efficacy and safety of virtual reality(VR)in relieving negative emotions in patients with breast cancer with different personalities.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted.Betwee...Objectives:To explore the efficacy and safety of virtual reality(VR)in relieving negative emotions in patients with breast cancer with different personalities.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted.Between April 2023 and October 2023,we enrolled patients with breast cancer treated in the Department of Breast Cancer and Oncology at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital,Sun Yat-Sen University,Guangdong Province.The patients were randomly divided into an intervention group(n=118)and a control group(n=119)using block randomization.The intervention group received the VR intervention 3-5 times over 5±2 weeks using natural landscapes with music or relaxation guidance,and the duration of each VR intervention was 15±3 min.The control group received routine nursing care,including disease education and psychological counseling.Patients were assessed using the Type D Scale,Positive and Negative Affect Scale,and Distress Thermometer,and adverse events during the intervention were recorded.Results:Overall,85 patients completed the study(44 in the intervention group and 41 in the control group).Patients with Type D personalities showed more negative emotions[25.0(21.5,27.5)vs.19.0(16.0,24.0),P=0.001]and distressed attitudes[4.0(2.0,5.0)vs.3.0(1.0,4.0),P=0.020]with fewer positive emotions(27.2±5.6 vs.31.0±5.9,P=0.014)than those with non-Type D personalities.Total population analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups.However,in the subgroup analysis,patients with Type D personalities in the intervention group showed greater relief from negative emotions than those in the control group[median difference,-5.0(-9.0,-2.5)vs.-2.0(-4.0,2.0),P=0.046].No significant differences were found between groups of patients with non-Type D personality traits.The proportion of adverse events was not significantly different between groups(P=0.110).Conclusions:Breast cancer patients with Type D personalities suffer more severe negative emotions and distress,and more attention should be paid to them.VR intervention significantly and safely reduced negative emotions in patients with Type D personalities.展开更多
A personalized outfit recommendation has emerged as a hot research topic in the fashion domain.However,existing recommendations do not fully exploit user style preferences.Typically,users prefer particular styles such...A personalized outfit recommendation has emerged as a hot research topic in the fashion domain.However,existing recommendations do not fully exploit user style preferences.Typically,users prefer particular styles such as casual and athletic styles,and consider attributes like color and texture when selecting outfits.To achieve personalized outfit recommendations in line with user style preferences,this paper proposes a personal style guided outfit recommendation with multi-modal fashion compatibility modeling,termed as PSGNet.Firstly,a style classifier is designed to categorize fashion images of various clothing types and attributes into distinct style categories.Secondly,a personal style prediction module extracts user style preferences by analyzing historical data.Then,to address the limitations of single-modal representations and enhance fashion compatibility,both fashion images and text data are leveraged to extract multi-modal features.Finally,PSGNet integrates these components through Bayesian personalized ranking(BPR)to unify the personal style and fashion compatibility,where the former is used as personal style features and guides the output of the personalized outfit recommendation tailored to the target user.Extensive experiments on large-scale datasets demonstrate that the proposed model is efficient on the personalized outfit recommendation.展开更多
Federated learning is a machine learning framework designed to protect privacy by keeping training data on clients’devices without sharing private data.It trains a global model through collaboration between clients a...Federated learning is a machine learning framework designed to protect privacy by keeping training data on clients’devices without sharing private data.It trains a global model through collaboration between clients and the server.However,the presence of data heterogeneity can lead to inefficient model training and even reduce the final model’s accuracy and generalization capability.Meanwhile,data scarcity can result in suboptimal cluster distributions for few-shot clients in centralized clustering tasks,and standalone personalization tasks may cause severe overfitting issues.To address these limitations,we introduce a federated learning dual optimization model based on clustering and personalization strategy(FedCPS).FedCPS adopts a decentralized approach,where clients identify their cluster membership locally without relying on a centralized clustering algorithm.Building on this,FedCPS introduces personalized training tasks locally,adding a regularization term to control deviations between local and cluster models.This improves the generalization ability of the final model while mitigating overfitting.The use of weight-sharing techniques also reduces the computational cost of central machines.Experimental results on MNIST,FMNIST,CIFAR10,and CIFAR100 datasets demonstrate that our method achieves better personalization effects compared to other personalized federated learning methods,with an average test accuracy improvement of 0.81%–2.96%.Meanwhile,we adjusted the proportion of few-shot clients to evaluate the impact on accuracy across different methods.The experiments show that FedCPS reduces accuracy by only 0.2%–3.7%,compared to 2.1%–10%for existing methods.Our method demonstrates its advantages across diverse data environments.展开更多
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)is a rapid and effective therapy for major depressive disorder;however,there is significant variability in therapeutic outcomes both within and across individuals,with...Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)is a rapid and effective therapy for major depressive disorder;however,there is significant variability in therapeutic outcomes both within and across individuals,with approximately 50% of patients showing no response to rTMS treatment.Many studies have personalized the stimulation parameters of rTMS(e.g.,location and intensity of stimulation)according to the anatomical and functional structure of the brain.In addition to these parameters,the internal states of the individual,such as circadian rhythm,behavior/cognition,neural oscillation,and neuroplasticity,also contribute to the variation in rTMS effects.In this review,we summarize the current literature on the interaction between rTMS and internal states.We propose two possible methods,multimodal treatment,and adaptive closed-loop treatment,to integrate patients'internal states to achieve better rTMS treatment for depression.展开更多
Globally,hyperuricemia is a growing health,social,and economic problem which could cause gout,chronic kidney diseases and other diseases.There are increasing evidences that a sensible diet makes sense to reduce the ri...Globally,hyperuricemia is a growing health,social,and economic problem which could cause gout,chronic kidney diseases and other diseases.There are increasing evidences that a sensible diet makes sense to reduce the risk of hyperuricemia.This review aims to explore the metabolic mechanism of dietary factors and effects of dietary types associated with hyperuricemia.Recommendations for dietary modification to prevent hyperuricemia are as following:decreasing intake of animal organs,seafood,sugar-sweetened,and alcohol beverages is essential;choosing water or unsweetened tea and coffee instead of sweetened beverages is beneficial;and increasing intake of vegetables,reduced-fat dairy products,foods containing fiber,micronutrients and unsaturated fatty acids is helpful.In addition,consumption of fruits and legumes in moderation is advantageous,and low-fructose of fruits and low-purine of non-soy beans are recommended.Moreover,personalized diet needs to be emphasized for hyperuricemic patients accompanied with diverse metabolic diseases.展开更多
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,the teaching mode in the field of education is undergoing profound changes.Especially the design and implementation of personalized learning paths ha...With the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,the teaching mode in the field of education is undergoing profound changes.Especially the design and implementation of personalized learning paths have become an important direction of intelligent teaching reform.The traditional“one-size-fits-all”teaching model has gradually failed to meet the individualized learning needs of students.However,through the advantages of data analysis and real-time feedback,AI technology can provide tailor-made teaching content and learning paths based on students’learning progress,interests,and abilities.This study explores the innovation of the personalized learning path model based on AI technology,and analyzes the potential and challenges of this model in improving teaching effectiveness,promoting the all-round development of students,and optimizing the interaction between teachers and students.Through case analysis and empirical research,this paper summarizes the implementation methods of the AI-driven personalized learning path,the innovation of teaching models,and their application prospects in educational reform.Meanwhile,the research also discussed the ethical issues of AI technology in education,data privacy protection,and its impact on the teacher-student relationship,and proposed corresponding solutions.展开更多
This study addressed the critical need for an integrated,personalized approach to perimenopausal mental health,addressing both biological and psychosocial fac-tors.Current research highlighted the influence of hormona...This study addressed the critical need for an integrated,personalized approach to perimenopausal mental health,addressing both biological and psychosocial fac-tors.Current research highlighted the influence of hormonal fluctuations,genetic predispositions,and lifestyle factors in shaping perimenopausal mental health outcomes.This transitional period is marked by significant hormonal fluctuations contributing to heightened anxiety,depression,and sleep disturbances,affecting the women’s quality of life.Traditional pharmacological treatments,including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and hormone replacement therapy,have limitations due to variable efficacy and side effects,emphasizing the need for precision medicine.Advancements in pharmacogenomics and metabolomics provide new avenues for individualized treatments,with genetic markers(e.g.,Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1,estrogen receptor 1/estrogen receptor 2,and tachykinin receptor 3)guiding hormone therapy resp-onses.Emerging digital health technologies,such as artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics,wearable monitoring,and telehealth platforms,offer scalable,real-time mental health support,though regulatory and clinical validation challenges remain.Furthermore,integrative treatment models combining hormone-based therapy with non-pharmacological interventions demonstrate significant efficacy in alleviating perimenopausal symptoms.Future directions should prioritize the clinical validation and ethical implementation of digital health solutions,ensuring safety,efficacy,and user accessibility.A multidisciplinary,patient-centric model,incorporating genetics,endocrinology,digital health,and psychosocial interventions,is essential for optimizing perimenopausal mental health outcomes.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence after liver transplantation(LT)presents a significant challenge,with recurrence rates ranging from 8%to 20%globally.Current biomarkers,such as alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and des-gamm...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence after liver transplantation(LT)presents a significant challenge,with recurrence rates ranging from 8%to 20%globally.Current biomarkers,such as alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin(DCP),lack specificity,limiting their utility in risk strati-fication.YKL-40,a glycoprotein involved in extracellular matrix remodeling,hepatic stellate cell activation,and immune modulation,has emerged as a promising biomarker for post-LT surveillance.Elevated serum levels of YKL-40 are associated with advanced liver disease,tumor progression,and poorer post-LT outcomes,highlighting its potential to address gaps in early detection and personalized management of HCC recurrence.This manuscript synthesizes clinical and mechanistic evidence to evaluate YKL-40’s predictive utility in post-LT care.While preliminary findings demonstrate its specificity for liver-related pathologies,challenges remain,including assay standardization,lack of pro-spective validation,and the need to distinguish between malignant and non-malignant causes of elevated levels.Integrating YKL-40 into multi-biomarker panels with AFP and DCP could enhance predictive accuracy and enable tailored therapeutic strategies.Future research should focus on multicenter studies to validate YKL-40’s clinical utility,address confounding factors like graft rejection and systemic inflammation,and explore its role in predictive models driven by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence.YKL-40 holds transformative potential in reshaping post-LT care through precision medicine,providing a pathway for better outcomes and improved management of high-risk LT recipients.展开更多
Point-of-care testing(POCT)refers to a category of diagnostic tests that are performed at or near to the site of the patients(also called bedside testing)and is capable of obtaining accurate results in a short time by...Point-of-care testing(POCT)refers to a category of diagnostic tests that are performed at or near to the site of the patients(also called bedside testing)and is capable of obtaining accurate results in a short time by using portable diagnostic devices,avoiding sending samples to the medical laboratories.It has been extensively explored for diagnosing and monitoring patients’diseases and health conditions with the assistance of development in biochemistry and microfluidics.Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices(μPADs)have gained dramatic popularity in POCT because of their simplicity,user-friendly,fast and accurate result reading and low cost.SeveralμPADs have been successfully commercialized and received excellent feedback during the past several decades.This review briefly discusses the main types ofμPADs,preparation methods and their detection principles,followed by a few representative examples.The future perspectives of the development inμPADs are also provided.展开更多
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death,requiring innovative approaches for prevention,diagnosis,and treatment.Personalized medicine customizes interventions according to individual characteristics,with...Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death,requiring innovative approaches for prevention,diagnosis,and treatment.Personalized medicine customizes interventions according to individual characteristics,with artificial intelligence(AI)playing a key role in analyzing complex data to improve diagnostic accuracy,predict outcomes,and optimize therapies.AI can identify patterns in imaging and biomarkers,facilitating the earlier detection of medical conditions.Wearable devices and health applications facilitate continuous monitoring and personalized care.Emerging fields such as digital Chinese medicine offer additional perspectives by integrating traditional diagnostic principles with modern digital tools,contributing to holistic and individualized cardiovascular care.This study examines the advancements and challenges in personalized cardiovascular medicine,highlighting the need to address issues such as data privacy,algorithmic bias,and accessibility to promote the equitable application of personalized medicine.展开更多
Network architectures assisted by Generative Artificial Intelligence(GAI)are envisioned as foundational elements of sixth-generation(6G)communication system.To deliver ubiquitous intelligent services and meet diverse ...Network architectures assisted by Generative Artificial Intelligence(GAI)are envisioned as foundational elements of sixth-generation(6G)communication system.To deliver ubiquitous intelligent services and meet diverse service requirements,6G network architecture should offer personalized services to various mobile devices.Federated learning(FL)with personalized local training,as a privacypreserving machine learning(ML)approach,can be applied to address these challenges.In this paper,we propose a meta-learning-based personalized FL(PFL)method that improves both communication and computation efficiency by utilizing over-the-air computations.Its“pretraining-and-fine-tuning”principle makes it particularly suitable for enabling edge nodes to access personalized GAI services while preserving local privacy.Experiment results demonstrate the outperformance and efficacy of the proposed algorithm,and notably indicate enhanced communication efficiency without compromising accuracy.展开更多
On October 18,2017,the 19th National Congress Report called for the implementation of the Healthy China Strategy.The development of biomedical data plays a pivotal role in advancing this strategy.Since the 18th Nation...On October 18,2017,the 19th National Congress Report called for the implementation of the Healthy China Strategy.The development of biomedical data plays a pivotal role in advancing this strategy.Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,China has vigorously promoted the integration and implementation of the Healthy China and Digital China strategies.The National Health Commission has prioritized the development of health and medical big data,issuing policies to promote standardized applica-tions and foster innovation in"Internet+Healthcare."Biomedical data has significantly contributed to preci-sion medicine,personalized health management,drug development,disease diagnosis,public health monitor-ing,and epidemic prediction capabilities.展开更多
Developing effective and long-term treatment strategies for rare and complex neurodegenerative diseases is challenging. One of the major roadblocks is the extensive heterogeneity among patients. This hinders understan...Developing effective and long-term treatment strategies for rare and complex neurodegenerative diseases is challenging. One of the major roadblocks is the extensive heterogeneity among patients. This hinders understanding the underlying disease-causing mechanisms and building solutions that have implications for a broad spectrum of patients. One potential solution is to develop personalized medicine approaches based on strategies that target the most prevalent cellular events that are perturbed in patients. Especially in patients with a known genetic mutation, it may be possible to understand how these mutations contribute to problems that lead to neurodegeneration. Protein–protein interaction analyses offer great advantages for revealing how proteins interact, which cellular events are primarily involved in these interactions, and how they become affected when key genes are mutated in patients. This line of investigation also suggests novel druggable targets for patients with different mutations. Here, we focus on alsin and spastin, two proteins that are identified as “causative” for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraplegia, respectively, when mutated. Our review analyzes the protein interactome for alsin and spastin, the canonical pathways that are primarily important for each protein domain, as well as compounds that are either Food and Drug Administration–approved or are in active clinical trials concerning the affected cellular pathways. This line of research begins to pave the way for personalized medicine approaches that are desperately needed for rare neurodegenerative diseases that are complex and heterogeneous.展开更多
文摘The intellectual heritage of modernity needs rethinking. It is marked by radical humanism and implied by the ideas of Descartes and Kant above all, which introduces an unbridgeable gap between animals and human persons （nonhuman and human animals）. Intuitive sensibility to the question of the welfare of nonhuman animals meets a theoretical ally in the rapidly growing knowledge on their subjectivity and makes us pose a questions about their ontological status. This context arouses a possibility of a turn to personalist ethics, yet not to its anthropocentric version implied by Kant, but to personalism conceived of as an instance of value ethics as exemplified by Antonio Rosmini and Karol Wojtyta （John Paul II）.
基金supported by Open Scientific Research Program of Military Logistics,No.BLB20J009(to YZhao).
文摘Blood-brain barrier disruption and the neuroinflammatory response are significant pathological features that critically influence disease progression and treatment outcomes.This review systematically analyzes the current understanding of the bidirectional relationship between blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury,along with emerging combination therapeutic strategies.Literature review indicates that blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammatory responses are key pathological features following traumatic brain injury.In the acute phase after traumatic brain injury,the pathological characteristics include primary blood-brain barrier disruption and the activation of inflammatory cascades.In the subacute phase,the pathological features are characterized by repair mechanisms and inflammatory modulation.In the chronic phase,the pathological features show persistent low-grade inflammation and incomplete recovery of the blood-brain barrier.Various physiological changes,such as structural alterations of the blood-brain barrier,inflammatory cascades,and extracellular matrix remodeling,interact with each other and are influenced by genetic,age,sex,and environmental factors.The dynamic balance between blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation is regulated by hormones,particularly sex hormones and stress-related hormones.Additionally,the role of gastrointestinal hormones is receiving increasing attention.Current treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury include various methods such as conventional drug combinations,multimodality neuromonitoring,hyperbaric oxygen therapy,and non-invasive brain stimulation.Artificial intelligence also shows potential in treatment decision-making and personalized therapy.Emerging sequential combination strategies and precision medicine approaches can help improve treatment outcomes;however,challenges remain,such as inadequate research on the mechanisms of the chronic phase traumatic brain injury and difficulties with technology integration.Future research on traumatic brain injury should focus on personalized treatment strategies,the standardization of techniques,costeffectiveness evaluations,and addressing the needs of patients with comorbidities.A multidisciplinary approach should be used to enhance treatment and improve patient outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND:Hemiplegia,a prevalent stroke-related condition,is often studied for motor dysfunction;however,spasticity remains under-researched.Abnormal muscle tone significantly hinders hemiplegic patients’walking recovery.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether early suspension-protected training with a personal assistant machine for stroke patients enhances walking ability and prevents muscle spasms.METHODS:Thirty-two early-stage stroke patients from Shenzhen University General Hospital and the China Rehabilitation Research Center were randomly assigned to the experimental group(n=16)and the control group(n=16).Both groups underwent 4 weeks of gait training under the suspension protection system for 30 minutes daily,5 days a week.The experimental group used the personal assistant machine during training.Three-dimensional gait analysis(using the Cortex motion capture system),Brunnstrom staging,Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower limb motor function,Fugl-Meyer balance function,and the modified Ashworth Scale were evaluated within 1 week before the intervention and after 4 weeks of intervention.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After the 4-week intervention,all outcome measures showed significant changes in each group.The experimental group had a small but significant increase in the modified Ashworth Scale score(P<0.05,d=|0.15|),while the control group had a large significant increase(P<0.05,d=|1.48|).The experimental group demonstrated greater improvements in walking speed(16.5 to 38.44 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|4.01|),step frequency(46.44 to 64.94 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|2.32|),stride length(15.50 to 29.81 cm,P<0.05,d=|3.44|),and peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.82|to|2.17|).After treatment,the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group in walking speed(38.44 vs.26.63 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|2.75|),stride length,peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.31|to|1.45|),step frequency(64.94 vs.59.38 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|0.85|),and a reduced support phase(bilateral:24.31%vs.28.38%,P<0.05,d=|0.88|;non-paretic:66.19%vs.70.13%,P<0.05,d=|0.94|).For early hemiplegia,personal assistant machine-assisted gait training under the suspension protection system helps establish a correct gait pattern,prevents muscle spasms,and improves motor function.
文摘BACKGROUND Preoperative anxiety is a significant concern for patients,as it affects surgical outcomes,satisfaction,and pain perception.Although both anxiety and pain are common in surgical settings,their relationship with personality traits has not been previously investigated in the Lebanese population.AIM To examine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety,pain perception,and personality traits among Lebanese surgical patients,and to assess the associations between these factors.METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2024 and January 2025 across Lebanese hospitals.A total of 392 adult patients were recruited through convenience sampling.Data were collected using a questionnaire that included sociodemographic,clinical,and surgical variables,the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale for anxiety,the Visual Analog Scale and Numerical Pain Rating Scale for preoperative pain,and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory for personality traits.Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of Makassed General Hospital and Hammoud University Medical Center.RESULTS Overall,25%of participants experienced preoperative anxiety,and 34.5%reported moderate pain.Personality assessment showed that the majority of participants had moderate extraversion(84.1%),moderate emotional stability(65.1%),high conscientiousness(61%),high agreeableness(54.1%),and moderate openness(49.2%).High conscientiousness was significantly associated with higher pain perception(P<0.05),while high emotional stability was associated with lower levels of anxiety(P<0.05).No significant association was found between preoperative anxiety and pain(P>0.05).CONCLUSION This study challenges the assumption that preoperative anxiety and pain are directly correlated and highlights the role of personality traits in shaping patient experience.These findings support the potential value of integrating psychological profiling into preoperative care and lay the groundwork for developing personalized interventions to improve patient-centered surgical outcomes.
文摘Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery,particularly through nanoformulations of phytoconstituents,enhancing their therapeutic potential.Despite their broad bioactivities,plant-based compounds often suffer from poor bioavailability and stability.Nanoformulations address these limitations by improving solubility,targeted delivery,and controlled release.This approach opens new possibilities for treating chronic diseases like cancer,diabetes,and neurodegenerative disorders.This review aims to examine recent advancements in nanotechnology-based formulation strategies designed to enhance the delivery,stability,and therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals and also discusses regulatory issues,safety concerns,scalability,and cost-effectiveness.Emphasis was placed on nanoformulation techniques employed for key phytoconstituents such as curcumin,resveratrol,epigallocatechin gallate,and quercetin.The most commonly employed nanocarriers included polymeric nanoparticles,solid lipid nanoparticles,and liposomes.These formulations significantly improved the solubility,stability,and controlled release profiles of phytochemicals.In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated enhanced anti-inflammatory,anticancer,and antioxidant activities.Moreover,surface-modified and targeted nanoparticles showed promise in increasing site-specific targeting and enhancing bioavailability of the encapsulated compounds.Nanoformulations present a promising strategy for overcoming the pharmacokinetic limitations of phytochemicals.Despite encouraging preclinical results,further studies are needed to address issues related to long-term safety,clinical efficacy,and regulatory approval for successful clinical translation.
文摘Your comments are welcome!Please feel free to contact us with your personal stories or vivid pictures!Address:24 Baiwanzhuang St.,Xicheng Dist.,Beijing,100037 E-mail:chinatodaynews@aliyun.com.
文摘Therapy discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease,particularly involving immunomodulators,biologics,and small molecules,remains a controversial and evolving topic.This letter reflects on developments following the publication by Meštrovićet al,emphasizing the complex balance between risks of relapse,antidrug antibody formation,and potential complications of long-term immunosuppression.Recent evidence underscores high relapse rates following withdrawal-especially of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents-and highlights the lack of robust data for newer biologics.Updated guidelines from European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization,British Society of Gastroenterology,and American College of Gastroenterology all support cautious and individualized approaches,with strict criteria and close follow-up,particularly in Crohn’s disease.For ulcerative colitis,therapeutic cycling remains insufficiently addressed.We proposed a flowchart to support clinical decision-making and stress the importance of shared decisionmaking in the era of personalized medicine since,despite new drug classes and evolving strategies,the therapeutic ceiling in inflammatory bowel disease has yet to be fully overcome.
基金supported by a project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Research on the integration of artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology to promote psychological rehabilitation of breast cancer patients with different personalities(project approval no.82073408).
文摘Objectives:To explore the efficacy and safety of virtual reality(VR)in relieving negative emotions in patients with breast cancer with different personalities.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted.Between April 2023 and October 2023,we enrolled patients with breast cancer treated in the Department of Breast Cancer and Oncology at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital,Sun Yat-Sen University,Guangdong Province.The patients were randomly divided into an intervention group(n=118)and a control group(n=119)using block randomization.The intervention group received the VR intervention 3-5 times over 5±2 weeks using natural landscapes with music or relaxation guidance,and the duration of each VR intervention was 15±3 min.The control group received routine nursing care,including disease education and psychological counseling.Patients were assessed using the Type D Scale,Positive and Negative Affect Scale,and Distress Thermometer,and adverse events during the intervention were recorded.Results:Overall,85 patients completed the study(44 in the intervention group and 41 in the control group).Patients with Type D personalities showed more negative emotions[25.0(21.5,27.5)vs.19.0(16.0,24.0),P=0.001]and distressed attitudes[4.0(2.0,5.0)vs.3.0(1.0,4.0),P=0.020]with fewer positive emotions(27.2±5.6 vs.31.0±5.9,P=0.014)than those with non-Type D personalities.Total population analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups.However,in the subgroup analysis,patients with Type D personalities in the intervention group showed greater relief from negative emotions than those in the control group[median difference,-5.0(-9.0,-2.5)vs.-2.0(-4.0,2.0),P=0.046].No significant differences were found between groups of patients with non-Type D personality traits.The proportion of adverse events was not significantly different between groups(P=0.110).Conclusions:Breast cancer patients with Type D personalities suffer more severe negative emotions and distress,and more attention should be paid to them.VR intervention significantly and safely reduced negative emotions in patients with Type D personalities.
基金Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles,Donghua University,ChinaOpen Project of Henan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Mechanical Equipment,Zhengzhou University of Light Industry,China(No.IM202303)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFB1706300)。
文摘A personalized outfit recommendation has emerged as a hot research topic in the fashion domain.However,existing recommendations do not fully exploit user style preferences.Typically,users prefer particular styles such as casual and athletic styles,and consider attributes like color and texture when selecting outfits.To achieve personalized outfit recommendations in line with user style preferences,this paper proposes a personal style guided outfit recommendation with multi-modal fashion compatibility modeling,termed as PSGNet.Firstly,a style classifier is designed to categorize fashion images of various clothing types and attributes into distinct style categories.Secondly,a personal style prediction module extracts user style preferences by analyzing historical data.Then,to address the limitations of single-modal representations and enhance fashion compatibility,both fashion images and text data are leveraged to extract multi-modal features.Finally,PSGNet integrates these components through Bayesian personalized ranking(BPR)to unify the personal style and fashion compatibility,where the former is used as personal style features and guides the output of the personalized outfit recommendation tailored to the target user.Extensive experiments on large-scale datasets demonstrate that the proposed model is efficient on the personalized outfit recommendation.
基金supported by the Foundation of President of Hebei University(XZJJ202303).
文摘Federated learning is a machine learning framework designed to protect privacy by keeping training data on clients’devices without sharing private data.It trains a global model through collaboration between clients and the server.However,the presence of data heterogeneity can lead to inefficient model training and even reduce the final model’s accuracy and generalization capability.Meanwhile,data scarcity can result in suboptimal cluster distributions for few-shot clients in centralized clustering tasks,and standalone personalization tasks may cause severe overfitting issues.To address these limitations,we introduce a federated learning dual optimization model based on clustering and personalization strategy(FedCPS).FedCPS adopts a decentralized approach,where clients identify their cluster membership locally without relying on a centralized clustering algorithm.Building on this,FedCPS introduces personalized training tasks locally,adding a regularization term to control deviations between local and cluster models.This improves the generalization ability of the final model while mitigating overfitting.The use of weight-sharing techniques also reduces the computational cost of central machines.Experimental results on MNIST,FMNIST,CIFAR10,and CIFAR100 datasets demonstrate that our method achieves better personalization effects compared to other personalized federated learning methods,with an average test accuracy improvement of 0.81%–2.96%.Meanwhile,we adjusted the proportion of few-shot clients to evaluate the impact on accuracy across different methods.The experiments show that FedCPS reduces accuracy by only 0.2%–3.7%,compared to 2.1%–10%for existing methods.Our method demonstrates its advantages across diverse data environments.
基金supported by STI2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0204300 and 2021ZD0200800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82271528)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Peking University Medicine Fund for World's Leading Discipline or Discipline Cluster Development,BMU2022DJXK007).
文摘Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)is a rapid and effective therapy for major depressive disorder;however,there is significant variability in therapeutic outcomes both within and across individuals,with approximately 50% of patients showing no response to rTMS treatment.Many studies have personalized the stimulation parameters of rTMS(e.g.,location and intensity of stimulation)according to the anatomical and functional structure of the brain.In addition to these parameters,the internal states of the individual,such as circadian rhythm,behavior/cognition,neural oscillation,and neuroplasticity,also contribute to the variation in rTMS effects.In this review,we summarize the current literature on the interaction between rTMS and internal states.We propose two possible methods,multimodal treatment,and adaptive closed-loop treatment,to integrate patients'internal states to achieve better rTMS treatment for depression.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32122069)Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(No.BJJWZYJH01201910011025)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M730134)。
文摘Globally,hyperuricemia is a growing health,social,and economic problem which could cause gout,chronic kidney diseases and other diseases.There are increasing evidences that a sensible diet makes sense to reduce the risk of hyperuricemia.This review aims to explore the metabolic mechanism of dietary factors and effects of dietary types associated with hyperuricemia.Recommendations for dietary modification to prevent hyperuricemia are as following:decreasing intake of animal organs,seafood,sugar-sweetened,and alcohol beverages is essential;choosing water or unsweetened tea and coffee instead of sweetened beverages is beneficial;and increasing intake of vegetables,reduced-fat dairy products,foods containing fiber,micronutrients and unsaturated fatty acids is helpful.In addition,consumption of fruits and legumes in moderation is advantageous,and low-fructose of fruits and low-purine of non-soy beans are recommended.Moreover,personalized diet needs to be emphasized for hyperuricemic patients accompanied with diverse metabolic diseases.
基金The 2024 Guangdong University of Science and Technology Teaching,Science and Innovation Project(GKJXXZ2024028)。
文摘With the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,the teaching mode in the field of education is undergoing profound changes.Especially the design and implementation of personalized learning paths have become an important direction of intelligent teaching reform.The traditional“one-size-fits-all”teaching model has gradually failed to meet the individualized learning needs of students.However,through the advantages of data analysis and real-time feedback,AI technology can provide tailor-made teaching content and learning paths based on students’learning progress,interests,and abilities.This study explores the innovation of the personalized learning path model based on AI technology,and analyzes the potential and challenges of this model in improving teaching effectiveness,promoting the all-round development of students,and optimizing the interaction between teachers and students.Through case analysis and empirical research,this paper summarizes the implementation methods of the AI-driven personalized learning path,the innovation of teaching models,and their application prospects in educational reform.Meanwhile,the research also discussed the ethical issues of AI technology in education,data privacy protection,and its impact on the teacher-student relationship,and proposed corresponding solutions.
基金Supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education,No.RS-2023-00237287。
文摘This study addressed the critical need for an integrated,personalized approach to perimenopausal mental health,addressing both biological and psychosocial fac-tors.Current research highlighted the influence of hormonal fluctuations,genetic predispositions,and lifestyle factors in shaping perimenopausal mental health outcomes.This transitional period is marked by significant hormonal fluctuations contributing to heightened anxiety,depression,and sleep disturbances,affecting the women’s quality of life.Traditional pharmacological treatments,including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and hormone replacement therapy,have limitations due to variable efficacy and side effects,emphasizing the need for precision medicine.Advancements in pharmacogenomics and metabolomics provide new avenues for individualized treatments,with genetic markers(e.g.,Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1,estrogen receptor 1/estrogen receptor 2,and tachykinin receptor 3)guiding hormone therapy resp-onses.Emerging digital health technologies,such as artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics,wearable monitoring,and telehealth platforms,offer scalable,real-time mental health support,though regulatory and clinical validation challenges remain.Furthermore,integrative treatment models combining hormone-based therapy with non-pharmacological interventions demonstrate significant efficacy in alleviating perimenopausal symptoms.Future directions should prioritize the clinical validation and ethical implementation of digital health solutions,ensuring safety,efficacy,and user accessibility.A multidisciplinary,patient-centric model,incorporating genetics,endocrinology,digital health,and psychosocial interventions,is essential for optimizing perimenopausal mental health outcomes.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence after liver transplantation(LT)presents a significant challenge,with recurrence rates ranging from 8%to 20%globally.Current biomarkers,such as alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin(DCP),lack specificity,limiting their utility in risk strati-fication.YKL-40,a glycoprotein involved in extracellular matrix remodeling,hepatic stellate cell activation,and immune modulation,has emerged as a promising biomarker for post-LT surveillance.Elevated serum levels of YKL-40 are associated with advanced liver disease,tumor progression,and poorer post-LT outcomes,highlighting its potential to address gaps in early detection and personalized management of HCC recurrence.This manuscript synthesizes clinical and mechanistic evidence to evaluate YKL-40’s predictive utility in post-LT care.While preliminary findings demonstrate its specificity for liver-related pathologies,challenges remain,including assay standardization,lack of pro-spective validation,and the need to distinguish between malignant and non-malignant causes of elevated levels.Integrating YKL-40 into multi-biomarker panels with AFP and DCP could enhance predictive accuracy and enable tailored therapeutic strategies.Future research should focus on multicenter studies to validate YKL-40’s clinical utility,address confounding factors like graft rejection and systemic inflammation,and explore its role in predictive models driven by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence.YKL-40 holds transformative potential in reshaping post-LT care through precision medicine,providing a pathway for better outcomes and improved management of high-risk LT recipients.
文摘Point-of-care testing(POCT)refers to a category of diagnostic tests that are performed at or near to the site of the patients(also called bedside testing)and is capable of obtaining accurate results in a short time by using portable diagnostic devices,avoiding sending samples to the medical laboratories.It has been extensively explored for diagnosing and monitoring patients’diseases and health conditions with the assistance of development in biochemistry and microfluidics.Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices(μPADs)have gained dramatic popularity in POCT because of their simplicity,user-friendly,fast and accurate result reading and low cost.SeveralμPADs have been successfully commercialized and received excellent feedback during the past several decades.This review briefly discusses the main types ofμPADs,preparation methods and their detection principles,followed by a few representative examples.The future perspectives of the development inμPADs are also provided.
文摘Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death,requiring innovative approaches for prevention,diagnosis,and treatment.Personalized medicine customizes interventions according to individual characteristics,with artificial intelligence(AI)playing a key role in analyzing complex data to improve diagnostic accuracy,predict outcomes,and optimize therapies.AI can identify patterns in imaging and biomarkers,facilitating the earlier detection of medical conditions.Wearable devices and health applications facilitate continuous monitoring and personalized care.Emerging fields such as digital Chinese medicine offer additional perspectives by integrating traditional diagnostic principles with modern digital tools,contributing to holistic and individualized cardiovascular care.This study examines the advancements and challenges in personalized cardiovascular medicine,highlighting the need to address issues such as data privacy,algorithmic bias,and accessibility to promote the equitable application of personalized medicine.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2024YFE0200700in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62201504.
文摘Network architectures assisted by Generative Artificial Intelligence(GAI)are envisioned as foundational elements of sixth-generation(6G)communication system.To deliver ubiquitous intelligent services and meet diverse service requirements,6G network architecture should offer personalized services to various mobile devices.Federated learning(FL)with personalized local training,as a privacypreserving machine learning(ML)approach,can be applied to address these challenges.In this paper,we propose a meta-learning-based personalized FL(PFL)method that improves both communication and computation efficiency by utilizing over-the-air computations.Its“pretraining-and-fine-tuning”principle makes it particularly suitable for enabling edge nodes to access personalized GAI services while preserving local privacy.Experiment results demonstrate the outperformance and efficacy of the proposed algorithm,and notably indicate enhanced communication efficiency without compromising accuracy.
文摘On October 18,2017,the 19th National Congress Report called for the implementation of the Healthy China Strategy.The development of biomedical data plays a pivotal role in advancing this strategy.Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,China has vigorously promoted the integration and implementation of the Healthy China and Digital China strategies.The National Health Commission has prioritized the development of health and medical big data,issuing policies to promote standardized applica-tions and foster innovation in"Internet+Healthcare."Biomedical data has significantly contributed to preci-sion medicine,personalized health management,drug development,disease diagnosis,public health monitor-ing,and epidemic prediction capabilities.
基金funded by NIH-NIA R01AG061708 (to PHO)Patrick Grange Memorial Foundation (to PHO)+1 种基金A Long Swim (to PHO)CureSPG4 Foundation (to PHO)。
文摘Developing effective and long-term treatment strategies for rare and complex neurodegenerative diseases is challenging. One of the major roadblocks is the extensive heterogeneity among patients. This hinders understanding the underlying disease-causing mechanisms and building solutions that have implications for a broad spectrum of patients. One potential solution is to develop personalized medicine approaches based on strategies that target the most prevalent cellular events that are perturbed in patients. Especially in patients with a known genetic mutation, it may be possible to understand how these mutations contribute to problems that lead to neurodegeneration. Protein–protein interaction analyses offer great advantages for revealing how proteins interact, which cellular events are primarily involved in these interactions, and how they become affected when key genes are mutated in patients. This line of investigation also suggests novel druggable targets for patients with different mutations. Here, we focus on alsin and spastin, two proteins that are identified as “causative” for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraplegia, respectively, when mutated. Our review analyzes the protein interactome for alsin and spastin, the canonical pathways that are primarily important for each protein domain, as well as compounds that are either Food and Drug Administration–approved or are in active clinical trials concerning the affected cellular pathways. This line of research begins to pave the way for personalized medicine approaches that are desperately needed for rare neurodegenerative diseases that are complex and heterogeneous.
