This study explores the status,challenges,and opportunities of smallholder aquaculture in the Leyte Sab-a Basin Peatland(LSBP),with a particular focus on the application of Nature-Based Solutions(NbS)for sustainable m...This study explores the status,challenges,and opportunities of smallholder aquaculture in the Leyte Sab-a Basin Peatland(LSBP),with a particular focus on the application of Nature-Based Solutions(NbS)for sustainable management.Using a mixed-methods approach that combines a comprehensive literature review with a focus group discussion(FGD)involving 22 local practitioners,the study identifies both traditional practices-such as bamboo pond structures and the use of Kangkong(Ipomoea aquatica)and Azolla as fish feed-and key constraints to productivity.These include environmental vulnerabilities(e.g.,declining water quality,climate variability),technical limitations(e.g.,disease risks,lack of fingerlings),and socio-economic barriers(e.g.,limited market access,financial insecurity,and gender inequality).While most smallholders are unfamiliar with formal NbS frameworks,their current practices already reflect ecological principles aligned with NbS.The study further highlights the socio-economic significance of aquaculture as both a livelihood resource and a contributor to food security in rural peatland communities.Linking traditional knowledge with scientifically guided NbS-such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA),aquaponics,and biofiltration systems-can enhance ecosystem resilience and livelihood security.In addition,strengthening gender-inclusive participation and providing equitable access to training and financial support are critical to improving resilience.This study concludes that targeted capacity-building,financial support mechanisms,and multi-stakeholder partnerships are needed to facilitate inclusive,sustainable,and climate-resilient aquaculture systems in peatland environments.Beyond addressing immediate livelihood changes,these strategies also contribute to biodiversity conservation,ecosystem restoration,and climate adaptation in fragile wetland landscapes.展开更多
Based on the results of the National Survey of Peat Resources(1983-1985) and the investigation results on the peatlands of China,the storage and density of the organic carbon in the peatlands of China were estimated.T...Based on the results of the National Survey of Peat Resources(1983-1985) and the investigation results on the peatlands of China,the storage and density of the organic carbon in the peatlands of China were estimated.The total organic carbon storage(OCS) of the peatlands in China,including bare peatlands and buried peatlands,are 1.503 × 109 t,unevenly distributed over 30 provincial level administrative units and 16 climatic zones.Peatland organic carbon storage(POCS) in Sichuan(6.45 × 108 t) and Yunnan provinces(2.91 × 108 t) is the highest,accounting for 62.29% of the total POCS.Humid zone of plateau has the highest POCS of 7.14 × 108 t,especially in the Zoigê Plateau,where the POCS is 6.30 × 108 t,accounting for 41.92% of the total POCS of China.The organic carbon density(OCD) of the peatlands in China mostly ranges from 80 kg/m3 to 140 kg/m3,and the range of the maximum is 270-360 kg/m3,and the minimum is less than 80 kg/m3.Divided by the Yanshan Mountain,Taihang Mountains and Hengduan Mountains,the peatland oganic carbon density(POCD) is lower on the northwestern side than that on the southeastern side.Jiangxi Province has the highest POCD due to the ancient buried peatlands.The OCD of the bare peatlands is mostly in the range of 60-150 kg/m3,and that of the buried peatlands is more than 100 kg/m3.In the bare peatlands,the OCD generally increases from the surface layer to the below surface layer,and then decreases with the depth.Although the peatlands area in China is small,the OCS per unit area is far higher than the other soil types,so peatlands protection can effectively mitigate climate change.展开更多
Inspired by the importance of Redfield-type C:N:P ratios in global soils,we looked for analogous patterns in peatlands and aimed at deciphering the potential affecting factors.By analyzing a suite of peatlands soil da...Inspired by the importance of Redfield-type C:N:P ratios in global soils,we looked for analogous patterns in peatlands and aimed at deciphering the potential affecting factors.By analyzing a suite of peatlands soil data(n = 1031),mean soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorous(TP) contents were 50.51%,1.45% and 0.13%,respectively,while average C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were 26.72,1186.00 and 46.58,respectively.C:N ratios showed smaller variations across different vegetation coverage and had less spatial heterogeneity than C:P and N:P ratios.No consistent C:N:P ratio,though with a general value of 1245:47:1,was found for entire peatland soils in China.The Northeast China,Tibet,Zoigê Plateau and parts of Xinjiang had high soil SOC,TN,TP,and C:P ratio.Qinghai,parts of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and the coast zones have low TP and N:P ratio.Significant differences for SOC,TN,TP,C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were observed across groups categorized by predominant vegetation.Moisture,temperature and precipitation all closely related to SOC,TN,TP and their pairwise ratios.The hydrothermal coefficient(RH),defined as annual average precipitation divided by temperature,positively and significantly related to C:N,C:P and N:P ratios,implying that ongoing climate change may prejudice peatlands as carbon sinks during the past 50 years in China.展开更多
Climate anomalies can cause natural disasters such as severe fires and floods on peatlands in South Sumatra.Factors that affect the natural disasters on peatlands include rainfall,groundwater level,and soil moisture.T...Climate anomalies can cause natural disasters such as severe fires and floods on peatlands in South Sumatra.Factors that affect the natural disasters on peatlands include rainfall,groundwater level,and soil moisture.This paper aims to study the effect of the climate anomalies in 2019 and 2020 and effects of these influencing factors on peatlands in South Sumatra.The data used in this study was derived from insitu measurement at two SESAME’s measurement stations in the study area.The results indicate that in the 2019 dry season,the rainfall was minimal,the lowest groundwater table depth was-1.14 m and the lowest soil moisture was 3.4%.In the 2020 dry season,rainfall was above the monthly average of 100 mm,the lowest groundwater level was-0.44 m,and the lowest soil moisture was 26.64%.There is also a strong correlation between soil moisture and groundwater table depth.The correlation between the two is stronger when there is less rainfall.展开更多
Peatlands represent one of the most important economic resources and abandoned peatlands after mining can be considered as ecological resources by re-vegetation restoration or management. However, some environmental p...Peatlands represent one of the most important economic resources and abandoned peatlands after mining can be considered as ecological resources by re-vegetation restoration or management. However, some environmental problems like particles from peatlands and their effects in the water system have to be characterized. Since centuries, artificial drainage has been a current practice for the mining of peatlands. Mainly mined for horticultural purpose, New Brunswick＇s peatlands--predominantly located in the eastern of the province--cover about 140,000 ha. At the downstream end of the drainage system, the water from peatlands flow into sedimentation basins. Drainage waters are often laden with solid particles. Once they have flowed through the ponds to allow sediment settling, the water is released into the water system. This paper describes the spatio-temporal evolution of suspended solids from 12 New Brunswick drained peatlands. The studied sites were characterized by some heterogeneity in the concentration of suspended solids. This study also provides knowledge on the suspended solids amount that can be released by drained peatlands, and it proposes a function to estimate the concentration of suspended solids by using climate variables; and identifies some potential ecological risks.展开更多
As a result of several decades of peat extraction, the area of cutaway peatlands in Finland totals ca. 50,000 ha. Furthermore, some 2000 - 3000 ha of peatlands are abandoned annually from active peat extraction. Fores...As a result of several decades of peat extraction, the area of cutaway peatlands in Finland totals ca. 50,000 ha. Furthermore, some 2000 - 3000 ha of peatlands are abandoned annually from active peat extraction. Forestry is considered to be their main after-use option. However, since cutaway peat is generally rich in nitrogen, but poor in phosphorus and potassium, soil amelioration measures are needed for successful vegetation and afforestation. Soil preparations bringing mineral soil into peat surface or recycling of ash containing P and K are alternative ways for soil amelioration. We studied the initial effects of soil preparation and ash fertilization on soil CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes and colonisation of cutaway peat by vegetation. Oppositely to the previous studies, this study shows that carbon released from the residual peat may be so high that the ash-fertilized cutaway peatlands still act as sources of carbon even after afforestation. However, even though the CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes following ash fertilization or soil preparation may occasionally exceed the carbon sequestration into growing tree stands, afforestation mostly compensates the CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes if also we take into consideration the below-ground biomass. In conclusion, our study shows that although ash fertilization enhances the CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes into the atmosphere, it has beneficial effects on the environment by enabling rapid colonisation of vegetation on these sites which would remain vegetationless for decades without soil amelioration.展开更多
Peatlands are one of the major natural sources of methane （CH4）, but the level of CH4 efflux is uncertain, especially in alpine peatlands. In this study, CH4 emission fluxes from natural and drained peatlands on the...Peatlands are one of the major natural sources of methane （CH4）, but the level of CH4 efflux is uncertain, especially in alpine peatlands. In this study, CH4 emission fluxes from natural and drained peatlands on the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau, southwest China, were measured from June to October in 2013 using the opaque static chamber technique and the Fast Greenhouse Gas Analyzer （DLT-100, Los Gatos Research Corp.）. CH4 emission fluxes ranged from 2.07 to 56.33 mg m^-2 h^-1 in natural peatlands and from 0.02 to 0.42 mg m^-2 h^-1 in drained peatlands. Mean CH4 emission flux was 19.13 mg m^-2 h^-1 in natural peatlands and 0.14 mg m^-2 h^-1 in drained peatlands. These results showed that drainage led to a significant decrease in CH4 emissions. CH4 emission fluxes for all sampling plots were significantly correlated with variation in water table depth for linear （R^2 = 0.453, P 〈 0.01） and exponential functions （R^2 = 0.429, P 〈 0.01）.展开更多
Cerro Tocorpuri, belongs to the II region of Chile, in San Pedro de Atacama, on the border of Chile-Bolivia. The presence of a more or less constant supply of water conditions the existence of characteristic vegetatio...Cerro Tocorpuri, belongs to the II region of Chile, in San Pedro de Atacama, on the border of Chile-Bolivia. The presence of a more or less constant supply of water conditions the existence of characteristic vegetation systems known as bogs (bofedales, vegas and marshes). These wetlands have a cultural, environmental and economic social importance. As a result of the exploitation of aquatic rights, peatlands began to dry up with the consequent loss of natural resources and damage to ancestral rights, and natural resources. The activities of microorganisms in wetlands play an important role in biogeochemical processes. The interaction between microbial diversity and soil, influences to the ability of the ecosystem to recover from stress (resilience). In the present work, the soil characteristics and the associated microbial biodiversity were studied, comparing samples of active and deteriorated peatland. It was seen that the loss of water causes great changes in the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil, which leads to a modification of the microbiota Proteobacteria decreased by 18% in deteriorated peatlands, which are evident more sensible to extreme conditions while Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria increased in these sample showing a better adaptation to the change of conditions. In view of the fact that high Andean Peatlands are exposed to increasing environmental impact, this preliminary comparative study of pristine and altered soil could guide the research directed to recovery of dead peatlands strategies.展开更多
In the alpine regions of Hindu Kush,Himalayas and Karakorum, climatic and topographic conditions can support the formation of peat,important for the livelihood of the local communities,and ecological services alike. T...In the alpine regions of Hindu Kush,Himalayas and Karakorum, climatic and topographic conditions can support the formation of peat,important for the livelihood of the local communities,and ecological services alike. These peatlands are a source of fuel for the local community, habitat for nesting birds, and water regulation at source for rivers.Ground-based surveys of high-altitude peatlands are not only difficult, but also expensive and time consuming. Therefore, a method using cost-effective remote sensing technology is required. In this article we assessed the distribution and extent of highaltitude peatlands in a 2000 ha area of Broghil Valley using Landsat 8 data. The composite image was trained using a priori knowledge of the area, and classified into peatland and non-peatland land covers using a supervised decision tree algorithm. The Landsat-based classification map was compared with field data collected with a differential GPS. This comparison suggests 82% overall accuracy, which is fairly high for high altitude areas. The method was successfully applied and has the potential to be replicated for other areas in Pakistan and the highaltitude regions of the neighbouring Asian countries.展开更多
Background:Black spruce(Picea mariana(Mill.)BSP)-forested peatlands are widespread ecosystems in boreal North America in which peat accumulation,known as the paludification process,has been shown to induce forest grow...Background:Black spruce(Picea mariana(Mill.)BSP)-forested peatlands are widespread ecosystems in boreal North America in which peat accumulation,known as the paludification process,has been shown to induce forest growth decline.The continuously evolving environmental conditions(e.g.,water table rise,increasing peat thickness)in paludified forests may require tree growth mechanism adjustments over time.In this study,we investigate tree ecophysiological mechanisms along a paludification gradient in a boreal forested peatland of eastern Canada by combining peat-based and tree-ring analyses.Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in tree rings are used to document changes in carbon assimilation rates,stomatal conductance,and water use efficiency.In addition,paleohydrological analyses are performed to evaluate the dynamical ecophysiological adjustments of black spruce trees to site-specific water table variations.Results:Increasing peat accumulation considerably impacts forest growth,but no significant differences in tree water use efficiency(iWUE)are found between the study sites.Tree-ring isotopic analysis indicates no iWUE decrease over the last 100 years,but rather an important increase at each site up to the 1980 s,before iWUE stabilized.Surprisingly,inferred basal area increments do not reflect such trends.Therefore,iWUE variations do not reflect tree ecophysiological adjustments required by changes in growing conditions.Local water table variations induce no changes in ecophysiological mechanisms,but a synchronous shift in iWUE is observed at all sites in the mid-1980 s.Conclusions:Our study shows that paludification induces black spruce growth decline without altering tree water use efficiency in boreal forested peatlands.These findings highlight that failing to account for paludification-related carbon use and allocation could result in the overestimation of aboveground biomass production in paludified sites.Further research on carbon allocation strategies is of utmost importance to understand the carbon sink capacity of these widespread ecosystems in the context of climate change,and to make appropriate forest management decisions in the boreal biome.展开更多
Peatlands are areas where peat accumulation meets specific criteria,including more than 30%organic matter by dry mass and a minimum thickness of 30 cm[1].Intact peatlands serve as habitats for numerous rare and endang...Peatlands are areas where peat accumulation meets specific criteria,including more than 30%organic matter by dry mass and a minimum thickness of 30 cm[1].Intact peatlands serve as habitats for numerous rare and endangered species,making them biodiversity hotspots(Fig.1a).The porous structure and high organic matter content in peat layers facilitate pollutant adsorption,which contributes to water purification(Fig.1a).展开更多
Peatlands store one-third of the Earth's carbon.Climate warming-induced peatlands vegetation shifted from Sphagnum to shrub,however,it is controversial whether this change leads to increased carbon losses.Through ...Peatlands store one-third of the Earth's carbon.Climate warming-induced peatlands vegetation shifted from Sphagnum to shrub,however,it is controversial whether this change leads to increased carbon losses.Through sequencing of the rhizosphere microbiome(vertically),measuring peat properties(vertically),a 35-day incubation experiment and a 35-day cross-inoculation experiment(only the upper layer),we investigated the ecosystem functions and the role of microbial communities and substrates in influencing the ecosystem functions of Sphagnum-and shrub-dominated peatlands in three locations in south China.The carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission from shrub-dominated peatlands was significantly lower than that from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands.The slow-growing fungi:Archaeorhizomyces,Hyphodiscus and Acidobacteria:Bryobacter,Occallatibacter were identified as keystone taxa in shrub-dominated peatlands,which mainly explained the effects of shrub microbial communities on CO_(2)emission.The recalcitrant carbon content was the key substrate associated with CO_(2)emission and the community composition of the plant rhizosphere microbiome.Furthermore,microbes fixed carbon in shrub-dominated peatlands was significantly higher than in Sphagnumdominated peatlands,as the CO_(2)emission reversed between Sphagnum-and shrub-dominated peatlands after soil sterilization.Overall,the relative abundance of keystone microbial taxa and nutrient levels decreased with peatland depth.Our study provided new evidence that climate change-induced peatland vegetation shift from Sphagnum to shrub leads to a higher accumulation of recalcitrant carbon,and does not deteriorate ecosystem functions.This study has implications for predicting the future influence of climate change on peatland ecosystems.展开更多
The properties of peat strongly influence the carbon(C)sink capacity of peatlands;however,their centennial-scale variability and dynamics throughout the Holocene remain largely unknown due to limited high-resolution d...The properties of peat strongly influence the carbon(C)sink capacity of peatlands;however,their centennial-scale variability and dynamics throughout the Holocene remain largely unknown due to limited high-resolution data.Here we present two decadal-resolution ash-free bulk density(AFBD)records from the peatlands in northeastern China and the eastern Tibetan Plateau,which show statistically significant periodicities centered on~1000,~710,~350,~210,~130 years,as well as~500 years,corresponding to primary solar cycles.Meanwhile,the peatland AFBD is in anti-phase with total solar irradiance(TSI),where enhanced solar activity corresponds to reduced AFBD.The spectral similarity and phase correlation with solar activity and the Asian summer monsoon(ASM)intensity variations imply the significant influence of solar activity on centennial-scale AFBD variability,likely enhanced by the modulation of the ASM.These new findings have important implications for modeling C sequestration in peatlands.展开更多
Globally,peatlands play an important role in the carbon(C)cycle.High water level is a key factor in maintaining C storage in peatlands,but water levels are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance.Th...Globally,peatlands play an important role in the carbon(C)cycle.High water level is a key factor in maintaining C storage in peatlands,but water levels are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance.This review examines literature related to the effects of water level alteration on C cycling in peatlands to summarize new ideas and uncertainties emerging in this field.Peatland ecosystems maintain their function by altering plant community structure to adapt to changing water levels.Regarding primary production,woody plants are more productive in unflooded,well-aerated conditions,while Sphagnum mosses are more productive in wetter conditions.The responses of sedges to water level alteration are species-specific.While peat decomposition is faster in unflooded,well aerated conditions,increased plant production may counteract the C loss induced by increased ecosystem respiration(ER)for a period of time.In contrast,rising water table maintains anaerobic conditions and enhances the role of the peatland as a C sink.Nevertheless,changes in DOC flux during water level fluctuation is complicated and depends on the interactions of flooding with environment.Notably,vegetation also plays a role in C flux but particular species vary in their ability to sequester and transport C.Bog ecosystems have a greater resilience to water level alteration than fens,due to differences in biogeochemical responses to hydrology.The full understanding of the role of peatlands in global C cycling deserves much more study due to uncertainties of vegetation feedbacks,peat-water interactions,microbial mediation of vegetation,wildfire,and functional responses after hydrologic restoration.展开更多
Aims Climate warming and increasing nitrogen(N)deposition have influenced plant nutrient status and thus plant carbon(C)fixation and vegetation composition in boreal peatlands.Phenols,which are secondary metabolites i...Aims Climate warming and increasing nitrogen(N)deposition have influenced plant nutrient status and thus plant carbon(C)fixation and vegetation composition in boreal peatlands.Phenols,which are secondary metabolites in plants for defense and adaptation,also play important roles in regulating peatland C dynamics due to their anti-decomposition properties.However,how the phenolic levels of different functional types of plants vary depending on nutrient availability remain unclear in boreal peatlands.Methods Here,we investigated total phenols contents(TPC)and total tannins contents in leaves of 11 plant species in 18 peatlands of the Great Hing’an Mountains area in northeastern China,and examined their variations with leaf N and phosphorus(P)and underlying mechanisms.Important Findings Shrubs had higher TPC than graminoids,indicating less C allocation to defense and less uptake of organic N in faster-growing and nonmycorrhizal graminoids than in slower-growing and mycorrhizal shrubs.For shrubs,leaf TPC decreased with increasing N contents but was not influenced by changing leaf phosphorus(P)contents,which suggested that shrubs would reduce the C investment for defense with increasing N availability.Differently,leaf TPC of graminoids increased with leaf N contents and decreased with leaf P contents.As graminoids are more N-limited and less P-limited,we inferred that graminoids would increase the defensive C investment under increased nutrient availability.We concluded that shrubs would invest more C in growth than in defense with increasing N availability,but it was just opposite for graminoids,which might be an important mechanism to explain the resource competition and encroachment of shrubs in boreal peatlands in the context of climate warming and ever-increasing N deposition.展开更多
In Northeast China, peatlands and paleosols have developed very well in the eastern swamps and western sandy lands, respectively. They become an important object of studying the paleoenvironment in this region. Since ...In Northeast China, peatlands and paleosols have developed very well in the eastern swamps and western sandy lands, respectively. They become an important object of studying the paleoenvironment in this region. Since both of them were formed under humid climate conditions, it is significant to compare their formation and ages for the unification of climatic change divisions and the reconstruction of the展开更多
Northern peatlands represent one of the largest biospheric carbon reservoirs in the world.Their southern margins act as new carbon reservoirs,which can greatly influence the global carbon dynamics.However,the Holocene...Northern peatlands represent one of the largest biospheric carbon reservoirs in the world.Their southern margins act as new carbon reservoirs,which can greatly influence the global carbon dynamics.However,the Holocene initiation,expansion and climate sensitivity of these peatlands remain intensely debated.Here we used a compilation of basal peat ages across six isolated peatlands at the southern margins of northern peatlands to address these issues.We found that the earliest initiation event of these peatlands occurred after the Younger Dryas(YD,12,800–11,700 years ago)period.The second initiation event and rapid expansion occurred since 5 ka cal.BP.The recession of East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)during the YD period and at around 5 ka cal.BP likely played a major role in controlling the initiation and expansion of these peatlands.The rapid expansion of these peatlands possibly contributed to the significant increases in atmospheric methane concentrations during the late Holocene because of the minerotrophic fens status and rapid expansion of them.These ecological processes are different from northern peatlands,indicating the special carbon sink and source implications of these peatlands in the global carbon cycle.展开更多
Indonesian peatlands are a fragile ecosystem,and to protect it,growing Liberica coffee is a promising way for both the environment and the economy.This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the liberica coffee on...Indonesian peatlands are a fragile ecosystem,and to protect it,growing Liberica coffee is a promising way for both the environment and the economy.This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the liberica coffee on peatland with different water tables and develop an improved cultivation system in this ecosystem.The study area was in Tanjung Jabung Barat District,Jambi Province,Indonesia.The plant age is greater than 15 years and the average plant density was about 1000 trees/hm2.The study was conducted in two stages.The 1st stage was a survey to identify and characterize smallholder liberica coffee farming at three peatland zones,namely 0-100 m,200-300 m,and>400 m from the principal drainage canal,and the 2nd stage was a field experiment to test the effectiveness of amendments in improving liberica coffee growth and improving degraded peatland.The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications,including manure(M),at the rate of 10 t/hm^(2);lime(L),3 t/hm^(2);peat surface elevation(P),and a farmer’s practice(Control)without manure and/or lime as a control.This research revealed that liberica coffee can not tolerate high water table as it may stimulate disease incidence and cause low-quality yield.However,recycling of organic C of about 17.14 t/(hm^(2)·a)through cherry residue application and litter compensated part of the loss of organic C through CO_(2)emissions,coffee bean removal,and maintaining peat fertility for sustainable farming.The low yield of(0.70±0.12)t/(hm^(2)∙a)coffee bean could be increased to(0.87±0.24)and(0.94±0.14)t/(hm^(2)∙a)by adding 3 t/(hm^(2)∙3a)of lime or 10 t/(hm^(2)∙a)of manure,respectively.This research revealed that water table management and amendments are two main factors in liberica coffee farming on peatlands.It is of great significance to study the cultivation technology of coffee in peatland.展开更多
The Jurassic is an important period of global coal formation, including the development of several large coalfields in central Asia and northern China. Individual seams within these peatlands represent sustained perio...The Jurassic is an important period of global coal formation, including the development of several large coalfields in central Asia and northern China. Individual seams within these peatlands represent sustained periods of terrestrial carbon accumulation and a key environmental indicator attributed to this record is the rate of carbon accumulation. Determining the rate of carbon accumulation requires a measure of time contained within the coal and this study aimed at determining the rate via the identification of Milankovitch orbital cycles using spectral analysis. Spectral analyses of geophysical data from two thick coal seams, No. 43(35.9 m) and No. 3(13.2 m), of the Middle Jurassic of the southern Junggar coalfield were conducted to identify significant signals of variations in ash content. The results showed that the variations in ash content of the coal showed spatial cycles at 0.2, 0.7 and 1.1 m^(-1), which were interpreted to represent 123 ka(eccentricity), 37.1 ka(obliquity), and 21.2 ka(precession) orbital periodicities, respectively. Using this timeframe, the depositional time of the No. 43 and No. 3 coal seams were calculated to be 876–970 and 322–357 ka, respectively. In combination with an understanding of carbon loss during coalification, the carbon accumulation rates of these Middle Jurassic peatlands were calculated to be 58.6–64.9 and60.3–66.8 g C m^(-2) a^(-1) for the No. 43 and No. 3 coal seams, respectively. Given that the net primary productivity(NPP) was 4.3 times the value of the carbon accumulation in a mid-latitude region of 40°–45°N, an NPP of 251.8–279.1 and259.1–287.1 g C m^(-2) a^(-1) was calculated for the No. 43 and No. 3 coal seams, respectively. In the context of the same paleolatitude(40°–45°N) and peat type, the NPP values of the Middle Jurassic strata in the study area were higher than those of the peatlands of the Holocene and Permian, and were similar to the NPP values of Early Cretaceous peatlands. Considering the NPP of a peatland is predominantly controlled by atmospheric CO_2 and O_2 levels and temperature, the lower content of CO_2 and an excessive O_2 level in the temporal atmosphere would lead to a decrease in peatland NPP. Therefore, it is inferred that the CO_2 level during the Middle Jurassic was higher than that of the icehouse Permian and Holocene periods, and it was similar to the CO_2 level of the greenhouse Cretaceous period. The results are consistent with the global CO_2 variation curve of Berner. In conclusion, Milankovitch orbital cycles calculated from geophysical logs can be used to infer the NPP of temporal peatlands during different geological periods, based on which the deep-time paleoclimates can be analyzed.展开更多
VIIRS 375 m active fire data(VNP14IMG),the highest spatial resolution available cost-free fire product,were assessed for representing fire in typical degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia.The results of applying th...VIIRS 375 m active fire data(VNP14IMG),the highest spatial resolution available cost-free fire product,were assessed for representing fire in typical degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia.The results of applying the Tropical Peatland Combustion Algorithm to Landsat-8(ToPeCAl-L8)daytime imagery were utilised as the fire references.To permit the comparison of non-simultaneous VNP14IMG and ToPeCAl-L8,peatland fire propagation speeds resulting from previous study using TET-1 data in Central Kalimantan’s peatlands were utilised.Most peatland fires were still within 750 m from their source over 15 h under uniform conditions,except for very large fires.The detection rates of nighttime VNP14IMG compared with ToPeCAl-L8 showed about 80%agreement for small fire areas(<14 ha).For fires larger than 14 ha,a dissolved 375 m buffer(cluster buffer)of VNP14IMG active fires with an integration of nighttime and daytime acquisitions,produced a probability of detection up to 90%.These results generated a recommendation for implementing cluster buffer analysis and integration of nighttime and daytime analysis of VNP14IMG data for better accuracy in fire detection for ground fire management.They also demonstrate the utility of the ToPeCAl-L8 algorithm with VIIRS 375 m active fire data.展开更多
基金supported by the AQUADAPT Project of the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction(IIRR)―the Philippines and Cambodia jointly funded by IDRC(International Research Development Centre of Canada)and the Government of Canada’s International Climate Finance Initiative.Project Title:Building and Evidence base for Inclusive,Nature-based Climate Solutions in Smallscale Aquaculture for Sustainable Aquatic Food Systems:Philippines and Cambodia(IDRC Project Number:110229).
文摘This study explores the status,challenges,and opportunities of smallholder aquaculture in the Leyte Sab-a Basin Peatland(LSBP),with a particular focus on the application of Nature-Based Solutions(NbS)for sustainable management.Using a mixed-methods approach that combines a comprehensive literature review with a focus group discussion(FGD)involving 22 local practitioners,the study identifies both traditional practices-such as bamboo pond structures and the use of Kangkong(Ipomoea aquatica)and Azolla as fish feed-and key constraints to productivity.These include environmental vulnerabilities(e.g.,declining water quality,climate variability),technical limitations(e.g.,disease risks,lack of fingerlings),and socio-economic barriers(e.g.,limited market access,financial insecurity,and gender inequality).While most smallholders are unfamiliar with formal NbS frameworks,their current practices already reflect ecological principles aligned with NbS.The study further highlights the socio-economic significance of aquaculture as both a livelihood resource and a contributor to food security in rural peatland communities.Linking traditional knowledge with scientifically guided NbS-such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA),aquaponics,and biofiltration systems-can enhance ecosystem resilience and livelihood security.In addition,strengthening gender-inclusive participation and providing equitable access to training and financial support are critical to improving resilience.This study concludes that targeted capacity-building,financial support mechanisms,and multi-stakeholder partnerships are needed to facilitate inclusive,sustainable,and climate-resilient aquaculture systems in peatland environments.Beyond addressing immediate livelihood changes,these strategies also contribute to biodiversity conservation,ecosystem restoration,and climate adaptation in fragile wetland landscapes.
基金Under the auspices of Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.WELF-2009-B-001)Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(No. 09YJCZH117)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51079155)
文摘Based on the results of the National Survey of Peat Resources(1983-1985) and the investigation results on the peatlands of China,the storage and density of the organic carbon in the peatlands of China were estimated.The total organic carbon storage(OCS) of the peatlands in China,including bare peatlands and buried peatlands,are 1.503 × 109 t,unevenly distributed over 30 provincial level administrative units and 16 climatic zones.Peatland organic carbon storage(POCS) in Sichuan(6.45 × 108 t) and Yunnan provinces(2.91 × 108 t) is the highest,accounting for 62.29% of the total POCS.Humid zone of plateau has the highest POCS of 7.14 × 108 t,especially in the Zoigê Plateau,where the POCS is 6.30 × 108 t,accounting for 41.92% of the total POCS of China.The organic carbon density(OCD) of the peatlands in China mostly ranges from 80 kg/m3 to 140 kg/m3,and the range of the maximum is 270-360 kg/m3,and the minimum is less than 80 kg/m3.Divided by the Yanshan Mountain,Taihang Mountains and Hengduan Mountains,the peatland oganic carbon density(POCD) is lower on the northwestern side than that on the southeastern side.Jiangxi Province has the highest POCD due to the ancient buried peatlands.The OCD of the bare peatlands is mostly in the range of 60-150 kg/m3,and that of the buried peatlands is more than 100 kg/m3.In the bare peatlands,the OCD generally increases from the surface layer to the below surface layer,and then decreases with the depth.Although the peatlands area in China is small,the OCS per unit area is far higher than the other soil types,so peatlands protection can effectively mitigate climate change.
基金Under the auspices of National Key Research Program of China(No.2016YFC0500404-5)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41671081,41471081,41671087)Foundation of Jilin Province(No.20140520141JH)
文摘Inspired by the importance of Redfield-type C:N:P ratios in global soils,we looked for analogous patterns in peatlands and aimed at deciphering the potential affecting factors.By analyzing a suite of peatlands soil data(n = 1031),mean soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorous(TP) contents were 50.51%,1.45% and 0.13%,respectively,while average C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were 26.72,1186.00 and 46.58,respectively.C:N ratios showed smaller variations across different vegetation coverage and had less spatial heterogeneity than C:P and N:P ratios.No consistent C:N:P ratio,though with a general value of 1245:47:1,was found for entire peatland soils in China.The Northeast China,Tibet,Zoigê Plateau and parts of Xinjiang had high soil SOC,TN,TP,and C:P ratio.Qinghai,parts of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and the coast zones have low TP and N:P ratio.Significant differences for SOC,TN,TP,C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were observed across groups categorized by predominant vegetation.Moisture,temperature and precipitation all closely related to SOC,TN,TP and their pairwise ratios.The hydrothermal coefficient(RH),defined as annual average precipitation divided by temperature,positively and significantly related to C:N,C:P and N:P ratios,implying that ongoing climate change may prejudice peatlands as carbon sinks during the past 50 years in China.
文摘Climate anomalies can cause natural disasters such as severe fires and floods on peatlands in South Sumatra.Factors that affect the natural disasters on peatlands include rainfall,groundwater level,and soil moisture.This paper aims to study the effect of the climate anomalies in 2019 and 2020 and effects of these influencing factors on peatlands in South Sumatra.The data used in this study was derived from insitu measurement at two SESAME’s measurement stations in the study area.The results indicate that in the 2019 dry season,the rainfall was minimal,the lowest groundwater table depth was-1.14 m and the lowest soil moisture was 3.4%.In the 2020 dry season,rainfall was above the monthly average of 100 mm,the lowest groundwater level was-0.44 m,and the lowest soil moisture was 26.64%.There is also a strong correlation between soil moisture and groundwater table depth.The correlation between the two is stronger when there is less rainfall.
文摘Peatlands represent one of the most important economic resources and abandoned peatlands after mining can be considered as ecological resources by re-vegetation restoration or management. However, some environmental problems like particles from peatlands and their effects in the water system have to be characterized. Since centuries, artificial drainage has been a current practice for the mining of peatlands. Mainly mined for horticultural purpose, New Brunswick＇s peatlands--predominantly located in the eastern of the province--cover about 140,000 ha. At the downstream end of the drainage system, the water from peatlands flow into sedimentation basins. Drainage waters are often laden with solid particles. Once they have flowed through the ponds to allow sediment settling, the water is released into the water system. This paper describes the spatio-temporal evolution of suspended solids from 12 New Brunswick drained peatlands. The studied sites were characterized by some heterogeneity in the concentration of suspended solids. This study also provides knowledge on the suspended solids amount that can be released by drained peatlands, and it proposes a function to estimate the concentration of suspended solids by using climate variables; and identifies some potential ecological risks.
文摘As a result of several decades of peat extraction, the area of cutaway peatlands in Finland totals ca. 50,000 ha. Furthermore, some 2000 - 3000 ha of peatlands are abandoned annually from active peat extraction. Forestry is considered to be their main after-use option. However, since cutaway peat is generally rich in nitrogen, but poor in phosphorus and potassium, soil amelioration measures are needed for successful vegetation and afforestation. Soil preparations bringing mineral soil into peat surface or recycling of ash containing P and K are alternative ways for soil amelioration. We studied the initial effects of soil preparation and ash fertilization on soil CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes and colonisation of cutaway peat by vegetation. Oppositely to the previous studies, this study shows that carbon released from the residual peat may be so high that the ash-fertilized cutaway peatlands still act as sources of carbon even after afforestation. However, even though the CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes following ash fertilization or soil preparation may occasionally exceed the carbon sequestration into growing tree stands, afforestation mostly compensates the CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes if also we take into consideration the below-ground biomass. In conclusion, our study shows that although ash fertilization enhances the CO<sub>2</sub>-effluxes into the atmosphere, it has beneficial effects on the environment by enabling rapid colonisation of vegetation on these sites which would remain vegetationless for decades without soil amelioration.
基金financially supported by Grant Projects on Clean Development Mechanism in China(No.2012076)the special basic scientific research expenses from Research Institute of Forestry New Technology,Chinese Academy of Forestry(No.CAFINT2014K06)
文摘Peatlands are one of the major natural sources of methane （CH4）, but the level of CH4 efflux is uncertain, especially in alpine peatlands. In this study, CH4 emission fluxes from natural and drained peatlands on the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau, southwest China, were measured from June to October in 2013 using the opaque static chamber technique and the Fast Greenhouse Gas Analyzer （DLT-100, Los Gatos Research Corp.）. CH4 emission fluxes ranged from 2.07 to 56.33 mg m^-2 h^-1 in natural peatlands and from 0.02 to 0.42 mg m^-2 h^-1 in drained peatlands. Mean CH4 emission flux was 19.13 mg m^-2 h^-1 in natural peatlands and 0.14 mg m^-2 h^-1 in drained peatlands. These results showed that drainage led to a significant decrease in CH4 emissions. CH4 emission fluxes for all sampling plots were significantly correlated with variation in water table depth for linear （R^2 = 0.453, P 〈 0.01） and exponential functions （R^2 = 0.429, P 〈 0.01）.
文摘Cerro Tocorpuri, belongs to the II region of Chile, in San Pedro de Atacama, on the border of Chile-Bolivia. The presence of a more or less constant supply of water conditions the existence of characteristic vegetation systems known as bogs (bofedales, vegas and marshes). These wetlands have a cultural, environmental and economic social importance. As a result of the exploitation of aquatic rights, peatlands began to dry up with the consequent loss of natural resources and damage to ancestral rights, and natural resources. The activities of microorganisms in wetlands play an important role in biogeochemical processes. The interaction between microbial diversity and soil, influences to the ability of the ecosystem to recover from stress (resilience). In the present work, the soil characteristics and the associated microbial biodiversity were studied, comparing samples of active and deteriorated peatland. It was seen that the loss of water causes great changes in the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil, which leads to a modification of the microbiota Proteobacteria decreased by 18% in deteriorated peatlands, which are evident more sensible to extreme conditions while Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria increased in these sample showing a better adaptation to the change of conditions. In view of the fact that high Andean Peatlands are exposed to increasing environmental impact, this preliminary comparative study of pristine and altered soil could guide the research directed to recovery of dead peatlands strategies.
文摘In the alpine regions of Hindu Kush,Himalayas and Karakorum, climatic and topographic conditions can support the formation of peat,important for the livelihood of the local communities,and ecological services alike. These peatlands are a source of fuel for the local community, habitat for nesting birds, and water regulation at source for rivers.Ground-based surveys of high-altitude peatlands are not only difficult, but also expensive and time consuming. Therefore, a method using cost-effective remote sensing technology is required. In this article we assessed the distribution and extent of highaltitude peatlands in a 2000 ha area of Broghil Valley using Landsat 8 data. The composite image was trained using a priori knowledge of the area, and classified into peatland and non-peatland land covers using a supervised decision tree algorithm. The Landsat-based classification map was compared with field data collected with a differential GPS. This comparison suggests 82% overall accuracy, which is fairly high for high altitude areas. The method was successfully applied and has the potential to be replicated for other areas in Pakistan and the highaltitude regions of the neighbouring Asian countries.
基金Scholarships to J.B.were provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC-CGS M)the Fonds de recherche du Québec–Nature et technologies(FRQNT)funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through discovery grants to M.G.andÉB。
文摘Background:Black spruce(Picea mariana(Mill.)BSP)-forested peatlands are widespread ecosystems in boreal North America in which peat accumulation,known as the paludification process,has been shown to induce forest growth decline.The continuously evolving environmental conditions(e.g.,water table rise,increasing peat thickness)in paludified forests may require tree growth mechanism adjustments over time.In this study,we investigate tree ecophysiological mechanisms along a paludification gradient in a boreal forested peatland of eastern Canada by combining peat-based and tree-ring analyses.Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in tree rings are used to document changes in carbon assimilation rates,stomatal conductance,and water use efficiency.In addition,paleohydrological analyses are performed to evaluate the dynamical ecophysiological adjustments of black spruce trees to site-specific water table variations.Results:Increasing peat accumulation considerably impacts forest growth,but no significant differences in tree water use efficiency(iWUE)are found between the study sites.Tree-ring isotopic analysis indicates no iWUE decrease over the last 100 years,but rather an important increase at each site up to the 1980 s,before iWUE stabilized.Surprisingly,inferred basal area increments do not reflect such trends.Therefore,iWUE variations do not reflect tree ecophysiological adjustments required by changes in growing conditions.Local water table variations induce no changes in ecophysiological mechanisms,but a synchronous shift in iWUE is observed at all sites in the mid-1980 s.Conclusions:Our study shows that paludification induces black spruce growth decline without altering tree water use efficiency in boreal forested peatlands.These findings highlight that failing to account for paludification-related carbon use and allocation could result in the overestimation of aboveground biomass production in paludified sites.Further research on carbon allocation strategies is of utmost importance to understand the carbon sink capacity of these widespread ecosystems in the context of climate change,and to make appropriate forest management decisions in the boreal biome.
基金supported by the Carbon Neutrality and Energy System Transformation(CNEST)project(2023YFE0204600)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2344229).
文摘Peatlands are areas where peat accumulation meets specific criteria,including more than 30%organic matter by dry mass and a minimum thickness of 30 cm[1].Intact peatlands serve as habitats for numerous rare and endangered species,making them biodiversity hotspots(Fig.1a).The porous structure and high organic matter content in peat layers facilitate pollutant adsorption,which contributes to water purification(Fig.1a).
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University(030/63211053,030/C02922104).
文摘Peatlands store one-third of the Earth's carbon.Climate warming-induced peatlands vegetation shifted from Sphagnum to shrub,however,it is controversial whether this change leads to increased carbon losses.Through sequencing of the rhizosphere microbiome(vertically),measuring peat properties(vertically),a 35-day incubation experiment and a 35-day cross-inoculation experiment(only the upper layer),we investigated the ecosystem functions and the role of microbial communities and substrates in influencing the ecosystem functions of Sphagnum-and shrub-dominated peatlands in three locations in south China.The carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission from shrub-dominated peatlands was significantly lower than that from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands.The slow-growing fungi:Archaeorhizomyces,Hyphodiscus and Acidobacteria:Bryobacter,Occallatibacter were identified as keystone taxa in shrub-dominated peatlands,which mainly explained the effects of shrub microbial communities on CO_(2)emission.The recalcitrant carbon content was the key substrate associated with CO_(2)emission and the community composition of the plant rhizosphere microbiome.Furthermore,microbes fixed carbon in shrub-dominated peatlands was significantly higher than in Sphagnumdominated peatlands,as the CO_(2)emission reversed between Sphagnum-and shrub-dominated peatlands after soil sterilization.Overall,the relative abundance of keystone microbial taxa and nutrient levels decreased with peatland depth.Our study provided new evidence that climate change-induced peatland vegetation shift from Sphagnum to shrub leads to a higher accumulation of recalcitrant carbon,and does not deteriorate ecosystem functions.This study has implications for predicting the future influence of climate change on peatland ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0801501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42488201&42171157)。
文摘The properties of peat strongly influence the carbon(C)sink capacity of peatlands;however,their centennial-scale variability and dynamics throughout the Holocene remain largely unknown due to limited high-resolution data.Here we present two decadal-resolution ash-free bulk density(AFBD)records from the peatlands in northeastern China and the eastern Tibetan Plateau,which show statistically significant periodicities centered on~1000,~710,~350,~210,~130 years,as well as~500 years,corresponding to primary solar cycles.Meanwhile,the peatland AFBD is in anti-phase with total solar irradiance(TSI),where enhanced solar activity corresponds to reduced AFBD.The spectral similarity and phase correlation with solar activity and the Asian summer monsoon(ASM)intensity variations imply the significant influence of solar activity on centennial-scale AFBD variability,likely enhanced by the modulation of the ASM.These new findings have important implications for modeling C sequestration in peatlands.
基金This work was supported by the Regional Innovation and Development Fund of National Science Fundation of China[U19A2042]the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFA0602303].
文摘Globally,peatlands play an important role in the carbon(C)cycle.High water level is a key factor in maintaining C storage in peatlands,but water levels are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance.This review examines literature related to the effects of water level alteration on C cycling in peatlands to summarize new ideas and uncertainties emerging in this field.Peatland ecosystems maintain their function by altering plant community structure to adapt to changing water levels.Regarding primary production,woody plants are more productive in unflooded,well-aerated conditions,while Sphagnum mosses are more productive in wetter conditions.The responses of sedges to water level alteration are species-specific.While peat decomposition is faster in unflooded,well aerated conditions,increased plant production may counteract the C loss induced by increased ecosystem respiration(ER)for a period of time.In contrast,rising water table maintains anaerobic conditions and enhances the role of the peatland as a C sink.Nevertheless,changes in DOC flux during water level fluctuation is complicated and depends on the interactions of flooding with environment.Notably,vegetation also plays a role in C flux but particular species vary in their ability to sequester and transport C.Bog ecosystems have a greater resilience to water level alteration than fens,due to differences in biogeochemical responses to hydrology.The full understanding of the role of peatlands in global C cycling deserves much more study due to uncertainties of vegetation feedbacks,peat-water interactions,microbial mediation of vegetation,wildfire,and functional responses after hydrologic restoration.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41730855,41522301)+1 种基金the Open Project Foundation in Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains,Ministry of Education(GPES201904)supported by the 11th Recruitment Program of Global Experts(the Thousand Talents Plan)for Young Professionals granted by the central budget of China.
文摘Aims Climate warming and increasing nitrogen(N)deposition have influenced plant nutrient status and thus plant carbon(C)fixation and vegetation composition in boreal peatlands.Phenols,which are secondary metabolites in plants for defense and adaptation,also play important roles in regulating peatland C dynamics due to their anti-decomposition properties.However,how the phenolic levels of different functional types of plants vary depending on nutrient availability remain unclear in boreal peatlands.Methods Here,we investigated total phenols contents(TPC)and total tannins contents in leaves of 11 plant species in 18 peatlands of the Great Hing’an Mountains area in northeastern China,and examined their variations with leaf N and phosphorus(P)and underlying mechanisms.Important Findings Shrubs had higher TPC than graminoids,indicating less C allocation to defense and less uptake of organic N in faster-growing and nonmycorrhizal graminoids than in slower-growing and mycorrhizal shrubs.For shrubs,leaf TPC decreased with increasing N contents but was not influenced by changing leaf phosphorus(P)contents,which suggested that shrubs would reduce the C investment for defense with increasing N availability.Differently,leaf TPC of graminoids increased with leaf N contents and decreased with leaf P contents.As graminoids are more N-limited and less P-limited,we inferred that graminoids would increase the defensive C investment under increased nutrient availability.We concluded that shrubs would invest more C in growth than in defense with increasing N availability,but it was just opposite for graminoids,which might be an important mechanism to explain the resource competition and encroachment of shrubs in boreal peatlands in the context of climate warming and ever-increasing N deposition.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In Northeast China, peatlands and paleosols have developed very well in the eastern swamps and western sandy lands, respectively. They become an important object of studying the paleoenvironment in this region. Since both of them were formed under humid climate conditions, it is significant to compare their formation and ages for the unification of climatic change divisions and the reconstruction of the
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province(Grant No.YDZJ202201-ZYTS471)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42071121)supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”(Grant No.2412022ZD023).
文摘Northern peatlands represent one of the largest biospheric carbon reservoirs in the world.Their southern margins act as new carbon reservoirs,which can greatly influence the global carbon dynamics.However,the Holocene initiation,expansion and climate sensitivity of these peatlands remain intensely debated.Here we used a compilation of basal peat ages across six isolated peatlands at the southern margins of northern peatlands to address these issues.We found that the earliest initiation event of these peatlands occurred after the Younger Dryas(YD,12,800–11,700 years ago)period.The second initiation event and rapid expansion occurred since 5 ka cal.BP.The recession of East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)during the YD period and at around 5 ka cal.BP likely played a major role in controlling the initiation and expansion of these peatlands.The rapid expansion of these peatlands possibly contributed to the significant increases in atmospheric methane concentrations during the late Holocene because of the minerotrophic fens status and rapid expansion of them.These ecological processes are different from northern peatlands,indicating the special carbon sink and source implications of these peatlands in the global carbon cycle.
文摘Indonesian peatlands are a fragile ecosystem,and to protect it,growing Liberica coffee is a promising way for both the environment and the economy.This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the liberica coffee on peatland with different water tables and develop an improved cultivation system in this ecosystem.The study area was in Tanjung Jabung Barat District,Jambi Province,Indonesia.The plant age is greater than 15 years and the average plant density was about 1000 trees/hm2.The study was conducted in two stages.The 1st stage was a survey to identify and characterize smallholder liberica coffee farming at three peatland zones,namely 0-100 m,200-300 m,and>400 m from the principal drainage canal,and the 2nd stage was a field experiment to test the effectiveness of amendments in improving liberica coffee growth and improving degraded peatland.The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications,including manure(M),at the rate of 10 t/hm^(2);lime(L),3 t/hm^(2);peat surface elevation(P),and a farmer’s practice(Control)without manure and/or lime as a control.This research revealed that liberica coffee can not tolerate high water table as it may stimulate disease incidence and cause low-quality yield.However,recycling of organic C of about 17.14 t/(hm^(2)·a)through cherry residue application and litter compensated part of the loss of organic C through CO_(2)emissions,coffee bean removal,and maintaining peat fertility for sustainable farming.The low yield of(0.70±0.12)t/(hm^(2)∙a)coffee bean could be increased to(0.87±0.24)and(0.94±0.14)t/(hm^(2)∙a)by adding 3 t/(hm^(2)∙3a)of lime or 10 t/(hm^(2)∙a)of manure,respectively.This research revealed that water table management and amendments are two main factors in liberica coffee farming on peatlands.It is of great significance to study the cultivation technology of coffee in peatland.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41572090)the China Geological Survey Project (Grant No. DD20160204-YQ17W01)
文摘The Jurassic is an important period of global coal formation, including the development of several large coalfields in central Asia and northern China. Individual seams within these peatlands represent sustained periods of terrestrial carbon accumulation and a key environmental indicator attributed to this record is the rate of carbon accumulation. Determining the rate of carbon accumulation requires a measure of time contained within the coal and this study aimed at determining the rate via the identification of Milankovitch orbital cycles using spectral analysis. Spectral analyses of geophysical data from two thick coal seams, No. 43(35.9 m) and No. 3(13.2 m), of the Middle Jurassic of the southern Junggar coalfield were conducted to identify significant signals of variations in ash content. The results showed that the variations in ash content of the coal showed spatial cycles at 0.2, 0.7 and 1.1 m^(-1), which were interpreted to represent 123 ka(eccentricity), 37.1 ka(obliquity), and 21.2 ka(precession) orbital periodicities, respectively. Using this timeframe, the depositional time of the No. 43 and No. 3 coal seams were calculated to be 876–970 and 322–357 ka, respectively. In combination with an understanding of carbon loss during coalification, the carbon accumulation rates of these Middle Jurassic peatlands were calculated to be 58.6–64.9 and60.3–66.8 g C m^(-2) a^(-1) for the No. 43 and No. 3 coal seams, respectively. Given that the net primary productivity(NPP) was 4.3 times the value of the carbon accumulation in a mid-latitude region of 40°–45°N, an NPP of 251.8–279.1 and259.1–287.1 g C m^(-2) a^(-1) was calculated for the No. 43 and No. 3 coal seams, respectively. In the context of the same paleolatitude(40°–45°N) and peat type, the NPP values of the Middle Jurassic strata in the study area were higher than those of the peatlands of the Holocene and Permian, and were similar to the NPP values of Early Cretaceous peatlands. Considering the NPP of a peatland is predominantly controlled by atmospheric CO_2 and O_2 levels and temperature, the lower content of CO_2 and an excessive O_2 level in the temporal atmosphere would lead to a decrease in peatland NPP. Therefore, it is inferred that the CO_2 level during the Middle Jurassic was higher than that of the icehouse Permian and Holocene periods, and it was similar to the CO_2 level of the greenhouse Cretaceous period. The results are consistent with the global CO_2 variation curve of Berner. In conclusion, Milankovitch orbital cycles calculated from geophysical logs can be used to infer the NPP of temporal peatlands during different geological periods, based on which the deep-time paleoclimates can be analyzed.
基金funded by STEM-University of South Australia under scholarship programme of Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project(RISET-Pro)in Ministry of Research,Technology and Higher Edu-cation of the Republic of Indonesia(Kemenristekdikti)with World Bank Loan No.8245-ID.
文摘VIIRS 375 m active fire data(VNP14IMG),the highest spatial resolution available cost-free fire product,were assessed for representing fire in typical degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia.The results of applying the Tropical Peatland Combustion Algorithm to Landsat-8(ToPeCAl-L8)daytime imagery were utilised as the fire references.To permit the comparison of non-simultaneous VNP14IMG and ToPeCAl-L8,peatland fire propagation speeds resulting from previous study using TET-1 data in Central Kalimantan’s peatlands were utilised.Most peatland fires were still within 750 m from their source over 15 h under uniform conditions,except for very large fires.The detection rates of nighttime VNP14IMG compared with ToPeCAl-L8 showed about 80%agreement for small fire areas(<14 ha).For fires larger than 14 ha,a dissolved 375 m buffer(cluster buffer)of VNP14IMG active fires with an integration of nighttime and daytime acquisitions,produced a probability of detection up to 90%.These results generated a recommendation for implementing cluster buffer analysis and integration of nighttime and daytime analysis of VNP14IMG data for better accuracy in fire detection for ground fire management.They also demonstrate the utility of the ToPeCAl-L8 algorithm with VIIRS 375 m active fire data.
