Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments in the coloration of fruits.To identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation,metabolic and transcriptome analyses were conducted in‘Nanguo'pear and it...Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments in the coloration of fruits.To identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation,metabolic and transcriptome analyses were conducted in‘Nanguo'pear and its red sport cultivar‘Nanhong'pear.The results showed that‘Nanhong'pear had significantly higher anthocyanin and flavonol contents.Additionally,transcriptomic analysis showed that there were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways between the two cultivars,with PuGSTF12 being the most upregulated gene in the‘Nanhong'cultivar.Further analysis identified a novel MYB transcription factor(PuMYB93),and its silencing repressed PuGSTF12 expression and anthocyanin accumulation,suggesting it plays an essential role in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis.Moreover,yeast one-hybrid analysis,electrophoretic mobility shift assay,andβ-glucuronidase assay indicated that PuMYB93 can directly bind to the PuGSTF12 promoter to positively regulate its expression.Additionally,PuGSTF12 silencing suppressed the coloration of PuMYB93-OE peels,suggesting that PuGSTF12 act downstream of PuMYB93.Overall,the findings of this study show that PuMYB93 promotes anthocyanin transport in pears by regulating PuGSTF12 expression to further enhance anthocyanin accumulation.展开更多
Lignified stone cells are a unique feature of pear fruit,significantly affecting fruit texture.Even though some research efforts have already been made,the stone cell formation mechanism is complex,with many aspects y...Lignified stone cells are a unique feature of pear fruit,significantly affecting fruit texture.Even though some research efforts have already been made,the stone cell formation mechanism is complex,with many aspects yet to be elucidated.Here,through a genome-wide association analysis of stone cell traits,we identified PbrMADS1,a member of the SEPALLATA3(SEP3)subfamily,as a candidate gene specifically expressed in stone cells during early fruit development.Functional studies confirmed that PbrMADS1 promotes stone cell formation;however,it does not directly activate lignin-related genes.Instead,Pbr MADS1 interacts with PbrMYB169,enhancing PbrMYB169's binding to AC elements and amplifying downstream gene activation.Notably,homologous MADS1 and MYB169 proteins from closely related species such as apple and loquat do not form a similar complex.Sequence analysis revealed that the protein sequence of PbrMADS1 contains methionine(M)at the 63rdamino acid position,while apple and loquat homologs carry threonine(T)at the same site.Substituting M with T(PbrMADS1^(M63T))weakened its interaction with Pbr MYB169 and impaired its function in regulating stone cell formation.This study offers new insights into MADS gene-mediated stone cell formation and highlights functional divergence within the SEP3 subfamily among apple tribe species of the Rosaceae family.展开更多
Pear paste is a traditional preparation with both medicinal and nutritional functions.The“pear”,as its core ingredient,plays a crucial role in the efficacy of the preparation.This paper,through the interdisciplinary...Pear paste is a traditional preparation with both medicinal and nutritional functions.The“pear”,as its core ingredient,plays a crucial role in the efficacy of the preparation.This paper,through the interdisciplinary integration of evidence from traditional Chinese medicine,food chemistry,molecular biology,and clinical medicine,constructs a complete“raw material-component transformation-biological regulation”model for the first time.It is found that in pear paste,pears not only serve as a functional matrix.The polysaccharide-polyphenol-triterpene complex system forms a multi-target cough-relieving and anti-inflammatory network through dual regulation of TRPV1/TRPA1 ion channels,inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome,and metabolites of gut microbiota such as SCFAs.The research results provide a theoretical breakthrough for the modern development of pear paste and a scientific basis for the modernization of traditional preparations.展开更多
Pear(Pyrus bretschneideri)fruit stone cells are primarily composed of lignin and have strongly lignified cell walls.The presence of stone cells has a negative influence on fruit texture and taste,and thus the reductio...Pear(Pyrus bretschneideri)fruit stone cells are primarily composed of lignin and have strongly lignified cell walls.The presence of stone cells has a negative influence on fruit texture and taste,and thus the reduction of stone cell content in pear fruit is a key goal of breeding efforts.However,research into the key transcription factors and regulatory networks associated with pear fruit stone cell formation have been limited.We here used a combination of co-expression network and expression quantitative trait locus(eQTL)analyses in 206 pear cultivars with different stone cell contents to identify relevant genes;these analyses uncovered the gene PbrMYB4,a R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene.There was a strong positive correlation between relative PbrMYB4 expression levels in the fruit flesh and stone cell/lignin contents.Overexpression of PbrMYB4 significantly increased the lignin contents,whereas silencing of PbrMYB4 had the opposite effect,decreasing the contents of lignin.PbrMYB4 overexpression in pear calli significantly promoted lignin biosynthesis.In Arabidopsis thaliana,PbrMYB4 overexpression resulted in increasing lignin deposition,cell wall thickness of vessels and xylary fiber,and accelerating expression level of lignin biosynthetic genes.PbrMYB4 was found to activate 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase(Pbr4CL1)by binding to AC-I elements in the promoter regions,as demonstrated with dual-luciferase reporter assays and a yeast one-hybrid assay.These results demonstrated that PbrMYB4 positively regulated lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit stone cells by activating lignin biosynthesis genes.This study improves our understanding of the gene regulatory networks associated with stone cell formation in pear fruit,providing guidance for molecular breeding of pear varieties with low stone cell content.展开更多
The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic an...The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic analysis of a WSC1 knockout(ΔWSC1)strain.The knockout of WSC1 significantly altered the gene expression profile in P.expansum,particularly for genes involved in cell wall integrity,signaling,stress response,and toxin production.The differential expression of these genes might make theΔWSC1 strain more vulnerable to environmental stress,while reducing the toxin production capacity,ultimately leading to a decrease in the pathogenicity.The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to stress response signals,defense mechanisms and oxidative stress management changed when pear fruits were infected with theΔWSC1 strain.These changes may trigger a cascade of responses in pear fruits.In addition,compared with those infected with the wild-type strain,pear fruits infected with theΔWSC1 strain exhibited up-regulated expression of genes related to defense and oxidative stress.This study clarifies how the WSC1 gene influences P.expansum’s ability to infect pear fruits and how pear fruits respond to the infection.展开更多
Significant variations in global temperatures and weather patterns over time are known as climate change.Although it occurs naturally,human activities—particularly the burning of fossil fuels,deforestation,and indust...Significant variations in global temperatures and weather patterns over time are known as climate change.Although it occurs naturally,human activities—particularly the burning of fossil fuels,deforestation,and industrial processes—are accelerating these changes,which have various detrimental effects on the environment.This review aims to highlight the edapho-climatic requirements of this cactus and the advantages and challenges of its cultivation to mitigate climate change.The prickly pear cactus is a plant with numerous financial and environmental advantages.It needs well-draining,sandy or gravelly soil to avoid root rot and do best in full sun.With a strong tolerance for dryness,they thrive in arid or semi-arid regions with scorching summers and prefer sparing watering.Despite being suited to tropical climates,some species can tolerate freezing temperatures and sporadic frost.Once established,these hardy plants require little care and thrive in nutrient-poor soils,which makes them perfect for xeriscaping or challenging growing environments.Because of its high water use efficiency ratio and low water requirements,prickly pear can be grown in marginally dry and semi-arid areas.The cactus does contribute to the ecological and socioeconomic fight against climate change.For instance,it supports sustainable agriculture,biodiversity preservation,soil restoration,carbon sequestration,and effective water usage.Demarcating dry and semi-arid zones and fostering employment in these areas is beneficial from a socioeconomic standpoint.The prickly pear’s traditional cultural heritage supports its current economic function as a crop that can withstand drought.While ecological threats necessitate balanced management,this adaptability promotes sustainable growth.Innovations in bioenergy and value-added goods build on its historical applications,increasing its socioeconomic advantages and,eventually,its worldwide significance.展开更多
Korla fragrant pears are one of the“famous,excellent,and special”fruits in Xinjiang.They belong to the white pear variety in the genus Pyrus of the Rosaceae family.With a long-standing planting history and strong re...Korla fragrant pears are one of the“famous,excellent,and special”fruits in Xinjiang.They belong to the white pear variety in the genus Pyrus of the Rosaceae family.With a long-standing planting history and strong regional characteristics,they are mainly produced in southern Xinjiang.Due to unique natural conditions such as large temperature differences between day and night and sufficient sunlight,Korla fragrant pears have a crispy texture,a sweet but not cloying taste,and their flesh is delicate and juicy,with excellent quality.Korla fragrant pears contain a variety of bioactive substances,mainly including polysaccharides,polyphenolic compounds,flavonoid compounds,triterpenoids,and sterols.They have medical effects such as“moistening the lungs,calming the heart,reducing phlegm,anti-inflammation,relieving cough,and resolving carbuncle toxins”.Uyghur and Mongolian medicine often use them as a good dietary therapy product.Based on recent literature reports,this paper reviews the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Korla fragrant pears,aiming to provide references for the research and utilization of the deep processing of Korla fragrant pears.展开更多
Pear anthracnose,caused by Colletotrichum fructicola,is a devastating disease that seriously affects most pear varieties,compromising their yield and quality.However,effective control of this pathogen is lacking.Moreo...Pear anthracnose,caused by Colletotrichum fructicola,is a devastating disease that seriously affects most pear varieties,compromising their yield and quality.However,effective control of this pathogen is lacking.Moreover,the critical resistance responses to C.fructicola in pear are unknown.To investigate these resistance mechanisms of pear against C.fructicola,transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on the anthracnose-resistant variety‘Seli’and susceptible variety‘Cuiguan’after C.fructicola infection.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were mainly involved in metabolism and secondary metabolite synthetic pathways,includingα-linoleic acid metabolism,phenylalanine biosynthesis metabolism,unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis,and biosynthesis of amino acids and their derivatives.In particular,the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs),amino acids,and their derivatives,such as linoleic acid and its derivatives,lauric acid,N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid,and L-proline,was significantly increased in‘Seli’after infection,while the amino acids of oxiglutatione and N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid,as well as the proanthocyanidins,were significantly decreased in‘Cuiguan’.These findings suggest that these metabolites may contribute to the differential anthracnose resistance between‘Seli’and‘Cuiguan’.Overall,our results provid new insights into the regulation of pear anthracnose resistance,which may assist in developing new control strategies and breeding anthracnose-resistant varieties.展开更多
Pyrus pyrifolia,commonly known as sand pear,is a key economic fruit tree in temperate regions that possesses highly diverse germplasm resources for pear quality improvement.However,research on the relationship between...Pyrus pyrifolia,commonly known as sand pear,is a key economic fruit tree in temperate regions that possesses highly diverse germplasm resources for pear quality improvement.However,research on the relationship between resistance and fruit quality traits in the breeding of fruit species like pear is limited.Pan-transcriptomes effectively capture genetic information from coding regions and reflect variations in gene expression between individuals.Here,we constructed a pan-transcriptome based on 506 samples from different tissues of sand pear,and explored the intrinsic relationships among phenotypes and the selection for disease resistance during improvement based on expression presence/absence variations(eP AVs).The pan-transcriptome in this study contains 156,744 transcripts,among which the novel transcripts showed significant enrichment in the defense response.Interestingly,disease resistance genes are highly expressed in landraces of pear but have been selected against during the improvement of this perennial tree species.We found that the genetically diverse landraces can be divided into two subgroups and inferred that they have undergone different dispersal processes.Through co-expression network analysis,we confirmed that the formation of stone cells in pears,the synthesis of fruit anthocyanins,and the ability to resist stress are interrelated.They are jointly regulated by several modules,and the expression of regulatory genes has significant correlations with these three processes.Moreover,we identified candidate genes such as HKL1 that may affect sugar content and are missing from the reference genome.This study provides insights into the associations between complex fruit traits,while providing a database resource for pear disease resistance and fruit quality breeding.展开更多
PpMYB10 and PpMYB114 have been identified as the key R2R3-MYB transcription factors(TFs)that positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear.Our previous study demonstrated that the ethylene-induced Pp ERF9-Pp TP...PpMYB10 and PpMYB114 have been identified as the key R2R3-MYB transcription factors(TFs)that positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear.Our previous study demonstrated that the ethylene-induced Pp ERF9-Pp TPL1 co-repressor complex represses the expression of PpMYB114,but not PpMYB10,via histone deacetylation.However,the precise molecular mechanism underlying the ethylene-mediated inhibition of PpMYB10 expression remains to be elucidated.The results of this study reveal a high correlation between the expression patterns of PpMYB114 and PpMYB10 in response to ethylene signaling.Moreover,PpMYB114 was found to promote the expression of PpMYB10 by directly binding to the MYB-binding site(MBS)element within its promoter region.Transient overexpression or silencing of PpMYB114 resulted in the promotion or inhibition of PpMYB10 expression in mature pear fruit,respectively.The overexpression of PpMYB114 in pear calli significantly induced PpMYB10 expression and anthocyanin biosynthesis.Conversely,transient silencing of PpMYB10 in PpMYB114-OE pear calli hindered the promotive effect of PpMYB114 on anthocyanin biosynthesis,indicating that PpMYB114 induces anthocyanin biosynthesis,which is at least partially dependent on the transcriptional activation of PpMYB10.Collectively,these results indicate that ethylene may inhibit the expression of PpMYB10 by repressing PpMYB114.Our findings provide insights into a possible mechanism involving ethylene-inhibited PpMYB10 in pear and reveal the regulatory relationship between the R2R3-MYBs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.展开更多
The new late-maturing pear cultivar‘Suyu’was bred through hybrid breeding using‘Mili’as the female parent and‘Dangshansuli’as the male parent.This cultivar has a nearly round fruit shape with a greenish-yellow s...The new late-maturing pear cultivar‘Suyu’was bred through hybrid breeding using‘Mili’as the female parent and‘Dangshansuli’as the male parent.This cultivar has a nearly round fruit shape with a greenish-yellow skin,an average single fruit weight of 394.3 g,and a small core.The flesh is white,fine-textured,crisp,juicy,sweet,and aromatic,with a soluble solid content of 12.8%.The tree has a strong growth vigor,an open canopy,high budding rate,and strong branching ability,making it suitable for spindle or cylindrical cultivation.The main color of the one-year-old branches on the sunny side is brown.The young leaves are yellowish-green,and the mature leaves are ovate with sharp serrations.Each inflorescence has 5 to 7 flowers with pink petals,a pistil that protrudes above the stamens,and purple-red anthers.The fruit development period is about 150 d,and it matures in mid-to-late September in Changli,Hebei.The cultivar is high-yielding,stable,and well-suited for storage.‘Suyu’can be cultivated in pear-growing areas of Hebei Province and regions with similar ecological types.展开更多
In order to enhance the guidance for Yuluxiang pear cultivation in hilly and mountainous regions, this study provides a comprehensive introduction to various aspects, including the establishment of high-standard orcha...In order to enhance the guidance for Yuluxiang pear cultivation in hilly and mountainous regions, this study provides a comprehensive introduction to various aspects, including the establishment of high-standard orchards and the reinforcement of integrated management techniques, in order to offer a valuable reference for fruit farmers engaged in scientific planting practices.展开更多
The fruit of Huangguan pear is deeply loved by consumers because of its rich nutrition and rich flavor.The quality evaluation system of Huangguan pear is composed of many quality types.In this study,the types and func...The fruit of Huangguan pear is deeply loved by consumers because of its rich nutrition and rich flavor.The quality evaluation system of Huangguan pear is composed of many quality types.In this study,the types and functions of nutritional quality indexes of Huangguan pear were summarized,such as vitamin C,soluble solids,soluble sugar and titratable acid,and the factors affecting the nutritional quality of Huangguan pear including genetic factors,environmental factors and agricultural management measures were overviewed,aiming to provide reference for establishing a comprehensive quality evaluation system of Huangguan pear and then promoting the high-quality development of Huangguan pear industry.展开更多
Red fruit peel is one of pear's most valuable economic traits and is mainly determined by anthocyanins.Many pear cultivars with a red peel originated from bud sports;however,little is known about the genetic mecha...Red fruit peel is one of pear's most valuable economic traits and is mainly determined by anthocyanins.Many pear cultivars with a red peel originated from bud sports;however,little is known about the genetic mechanisms underlying this trait.We have previously identified a mutant Pp BBX24 containing a 14-nucleotide deletion in the coding region(Ppbbx24-del)as the only known variant associated with the red coloration of the mutant‘Red Zaosu'pear(Pyrus pyrifolia White Pear Group).Herein,we analyzed the role of the mutant gene in red coloration and its mechanism of action.The results showed that light promoted red peel coloration in the‘Red Zaosu'pear,and Ppbbx24-del positively affected light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis,while normal Pp BBX24 had the opposite effects.Transient and stable transformation experiments confirmed that Ppbbx24-del could promote anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruit peels,calli,and tobacco flowers.Due to the loss of nuclear localization sequence(NLS)and viral protein(VP)domains,Ppbbx24-del co-localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm,whereas PpBBX24 localized only in the nucleus.Real-time PCR and transcriptome analyses indicated that PpM YB10 and PpH Y5 are highly expressed in the‘Red Zaosu'pear.In yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays,Ppbbx24-del and PpHY5 independently promoted the expression of PpC HS,PpC HI,and PpM YB10 by binding to their promoters;however,PpBBX24 did not affect the expression of these genes.Additionally,we found that Ppbbx24-del and PpHY5 had additive effects on the expression of PpC HS,PpC HI,and PpMYB10,as they promote the expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes separately.The co-expression of PpB BX24 and PpHY5 inhibited the activation of downstream genes by PpHY5,which was attributed to the interaction between the two loci.In conclusion,our results clarify the molecular mechanism by which mutant Ppbbx24-del and PpBBX24 exert opposite effects in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in pear.These findings lay an important theoretical foundation for using Ppbbx24-del to create red pear cultivars.展开更多
Dehydrin(DHN)enhances plant resistance to environmental stress by regulating the synthesis of osmotic adjustment substances and scavenging reactive oxygen species.However,the role of PbDHN3 under salt stress remains u...Dehydrin(DHN)enhances plant resistance to environmental stress by regulating the synthesis of osmotic adjustment substances and scavenging reactive oxygen species.However,the role of PbDHN3 under salt stress remains unclear.In this study,salt stress induced high expression of PbDHN3,and the overexpression of PbDHN3(OE-PbDHN3)enhanced plant growth under salt stress compared to wild-type(WT)plants.OE-PbDHN3 plants exhibited higher chlorophyll content and root growth capacity than WT plants under salt stress.Transcriptome analysis revealed that PbDHN3 expression is associated with ethylene signaling pathways.OE-PbDHN3 transgenic plants substantially influenced ethylene content and the expression of related genes.Following treatment with exogenous ethephon,the transgenic lines notably inhibited the processes of ethylene synthesis and signaling transduction.OE-PbDHN3 transgenic lines treated with exogenous ethylene and the ethylene inhibitor 1-MCP demonstrated significant inhibition of ethylene synthesis and signaling transduction,while promoting root development and chlorophyll content.Under salt stress,OE-PbDHN3 downregulated the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes PbACO1-like and PbACO2,and signal transduction genes PbEIN3-like during the initial stress phase.This early regulation mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress on the plants.These findings demonstrate that PbDHN3 ameliorates the ethylene-mediated plant growth phenotype under salt stress through regulation of ethylene synthesis and signal transduction.展开更多
Pear fruit corking disorder is a non-infectious physiological condition that primarily occurs during the late developmental stages of pear and significantly impacts fruit quality and economic value in several major cu...Pear fruit corking disorder is a non-infectious physiological condition that primarily occurs during the late developmental stages of pear and significantly impacts fruit quality and economic value in several major cultivars.As the underlying mechanism remains unclear,effective prevention strategies and genetic improvements continue to present major challenges.In this study,‘Akizuki’pear was used as experimental material,and the lignin content in cork-affected tissue was found to be significantly higher than in healthy tissue.Exogenous abscisic acid(ABA)treatment induced cork formation and promoted lignin biosynthesis,a major structural component,in both pear fruits and calli.Through integrated RNA-seq and expression analyses,we identified the ABA-responsive gene PbrMYB8,which was differentially expressed between healthy and diseased tissues and associated with lignin biosynthesis during corking disorder.Stable transformation of PbrMYB8 into pear calli and Arabidopsis confirmed its role in promoting lignin biosynthesis.Notably,PbrMYB8 not only activated lignin biosynthesis genes independently but also interacted with PbrMYB169 to form a protein complex that co-regulated their expression.These findings improve our understanding of lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit corking disorder by identifying a key regulator and its interaction network and provide a theoretical foundation for future strategies aimed at improving pear fruit quality.展开更多
Genetic variation contributes to the phenotypic diversity of plants.Most red pear cultivars that accumulate anthocyanins originated from somatic variation and are termed as bud sports.‘Hongzaosu’is a bud sport deriv...Genetic variation contributes to the phenotypic diversity of plants.Most red pear cultivars that accumulate anthocyanins originated from somatic variation and are termed as bud sports.‘Hongzaosu’is a bud sport derived from the green pear‘Zaosu’.A new genetic map was constructed from a population derived from the cross of‘Yuluxiang’and‘Hongzaosu’,from which PpBBX24 was identified as a crucial gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation.Genetic and phylogenetic evidences revealed that PpBBX24 is a repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear.A 14 bp deletion was detected in the third exon of PpBBX24 in‘Hongzaosu’,resulting in premature termination of protein translation.The truncated PpBBX24 protein was a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis by activating the transcription of PpCHS and PpUFGT.Three independent variations in the BBX24 coding region that led to premature termination of translation were detected in other pear bud sports and the progeny of a bud sport that all accumulate anthocyanins.The genome of‘Hongzaosu’was assembled using both long-read and short-read sequences.By combining genomic and transcriptomic data,allele-specific expression of PpMYB110a was observed in the fruit skin of‘Hongzaosu',which was likely caused by a large variation in the promoter.This work enhances understanding of coloration in red pears and provides a novel genomic resource for further studies on‘Hongzaosu’pear.展开更多
Moldy core is a serious internal defect in pears.Since there is no significant difference in appearance between the healthy pears and those with mild moldy core,it is still a great challenge for the early detection of...Moldy core is a serious internal defect in pears.Since there is no significant difference in appearance between the healthy pears and those with mild moldy core,it is still a great challenge for the early detection of moldy pear core.This study transformed the vibration acoustic signals(VA signal)of pears into recurrence plots and Markov transition field to enable image-based classification of moldy cores.In addition to traditional machine-learning baselines(Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbors)trained on LBP-extracted texture features from RP/MTF,the deep models were constructed and compared,which include ResNet-101,DenseNet-121,SqueezeNet,Vision Transformer(ViT),and an improved SqueezeNet(ISqueezeNet).Hyperparameters were tuned via Bayesian optimization over optimizer type,learning rate,batch size,and L2 weight decay,yielding model-specific optimal settings.Under these configurations,the ISqueezeNet achieved the highest test accuracy of 93.05%,with class-wise accuracies of 89.28%(healthy),96.15%(slight),and 94.44%(moderate and severe).Comparisons with lightweight networks(MobileNetV1 and ShuffleNetV2)further showed that ISqueezeNet attains superior accuracy with favorable parameter efficiency and inference speed.Grad-CAM visualizations confirmed that the model focuses on lesionrelevant regions,supporting interpretability and practical reliability.These results indicate that the proposed approach is promising for early,nondestructive detection of moldy pear cores.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to clear the relationship between fruit growth and development and endogenous hormones content in the pulp of Dangshansu pear.[Method] Choosing Dangshansu pear as material,the dynamic changes o...[Objective] The aim was to clear the relationship between fruit growth and development and endogenous hormones content in the pulp of Dangshansu pear.[Method] Choosing Dangshansu pear as material,the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones in pulp during various development stages were determined by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）.[Result] The results indicated that the content of endogenous hormones like ZR,GA and IAA promoting fruit growth showed increase trend within 15 d after pollination,and higher content of ZR,GA and IAA could promote ovary development and normal fruit setting of Dangshansu pear.The content of ZR in pulp had the highest value at the beginning of the first fast growth period,and then showed decrease trend until fruit became mature.The dynamic changes of IAA and GA were similar,namely their contents were higher in the first fast growth period,and decreased with fruit development,and then increased rapidly and was up to the maximum value in the second fast growth period,corresponding with the growth dynamic of fruit.The peaks of ABA content could be found on the 15th,45th and 120th day after pollination,which corresponded with the physiological fruit dropping and maturing period of Dangshansu pear.[Conclusion] The duration of various development periods and content of endogenous hormones of Dangshansu pear were different,and fruit growth and development were closely related to the content of endogenous hormones.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372641)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2024QC143)the Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(2022-MS-258)。
文摘Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments in the coloration of fruits.To identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation,metabolic and transcriptome analyses were conducted in‘Nanguo'pear and its red sport cultivar‘Nanhong'pear.The results showed that‘Nanhong'pear had significantly higher anthocyanin and flavonol contents.Additionally,transcriptomic analysis showed that there were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways between the two cultivars,with PuGSTF12 being the most upregulated gene in the‘Nanhong'cultivar.Further analysis identified a novel MYB transcription factor(PuMYB93),and its silencing repressed PuGSTF12 expression and anthocyanin accumulation,suggesting it plays an essential role in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis.Moreover,yeast one-hybrid analysis,electrophoretic mobility shift assay,andβ-glucuronidase assay indicated that PuMYB93 can directly bind to the PuGSTF12 promoter to positively regulate its expression.Additionally,PuGSTF12 silencing suppressed the coloration of PuMYB93-OE peels,suggesting that PuGSTF12 act downstream of PuMYB93.Overall,the findings of this study show that PuMYB93 promotes anthocyanin transport in pears by regulating PuGSTF12 expression to further enhance anthocyanin accumulation.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation of China(U24A20415,32230097,32472689)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)+2 种基金the National Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024QC064)the Advanced Talents Research Foundation of Shandong Agricultural Universitythe“First Class Discipline”Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University。
文摘Lignified stone cells are a unique feature of pear fruit,significantly affecting fruit texture.Even though some research efforts have already been made,the stone cell formation mechanism is complex,with many aspects yet to be elucidated.Here,through a genome-wide association analysis of stone cell traits,we identified PbrMADS1,a member of the SEPALLATA3(SEP3)subfamily,as a candidate gene specifically expressed in stone cells during early fruit development.Functional studies confirmed that PbrMADS1 promotes stone cell formation;however,it does not directly activate lignin-related genes.Instead,Pbr MADS1 interacts with PbrMYB169,enhancing PbrMYB169's binding to AC elements and amplifying downstream gene activation.Notably,homologous MADS1 and MYB169 proteins from closely related species such as apple and loquat do not form a similar complex.Sequence analysis revealed that the protein sequence of PbrMADS1 contains methionine(M)at the 63rdamino acid position,while apple and loquat homologs carry threonine(T)at the same site.Substituting M with T(PbrMADS1^(M63T))weakened its interaction with Pbr MYB169 and impaired its function in regulating stone cell formation.This study offers new insights into MADS gene-mediated stone cell formation and highlights functional divergence within the SEP3 subfamily among apple tribe species of the Rosaceae family.
基金Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Project of the Autonomous Prefecture(Project No.:202401)National College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(Project Title:"Li Zhiyun·Ku Li Chun"-Pioneer in Promoting National Geographic Brand,Project Number:202513561005).
文摘Pear paste is a traditional preparation with both medicinal and nutritional functions.The“pear”,as its core ingredient,plays a crucial role in the efficacy of the preparation.This paper,through the interdisciplinary integration of evidence from traditional Chinese medicine,food chemistry,molecular biology,and clinical medicine,constructs a complete“raw material-component transformation-biological regulation”model for the first time.It is found that in pear paste,pears not only serve as a functional matrix.The polysaccharide-polyphenol-triterpene complex system forms a multi-target cough-relieving and anti-inflammatory network through dual regulation of TRPV1/TRPA1 ion channels,inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome,and metabolites of gut microbiota such as SCFAs.The research results provide a theoretical breakthrough for the modern development of pear paste and a scientific basis for the modernization of traditional preparations.
基金funded by the Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32230097)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-28)+2 种基金the Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(Grant No.JATS[2023]412)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Young Scholar(Grant No.BK20221010)supported by the high-performance computing platform of Bioinformatics Center,Nanjing Agricultural University。
文摘Pear(Pyrus bretschneideri)fruit stone cells are primarily composed of lignin and have strongly lignified cell walls.The presence of stone cells has a negative influence on fruit texture and taste,and thus the reduction of stone cell content in pear fruit is a key goal of breeding efforts.However,research into the key transcription factors and regulatory networks associated with pear fruit stone cell formation have been limited.We here used a combination of co-expression network and expression quantitative trait locus(eQTL)analyses in 206 pear cultivars with different stone cell contents to identify relevant genes;these analyses uncovered the gene PbrMYB4,a R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene.There was a strong positive correlation between relative PbrMYB4 expression levels in the fruit flesh and stone cell/lignin contents.Overexpression of PbrMYB4 significantly increased the lignin contents,whereas silencing of PbrMYB4 had the opposite effect,decreasing the contents of lignin.PbrMYB4 overexpression in pear calli significantly promoted lignin biosynthesis.In Arabidopsis thaliana,PbrMYB4 overexpression resulted in increasing lignin deposition,cell wall thickness of vessels and xylary fiber,and accelerating expression level of lignin biosynthetic genes.PbrMYB4 was found to activate 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase(Pbr4CL1)by binding to AC-I elements in the promoter regions,as demonstrated with dual-luciferase reporter assays and a yeast one-hybrid assay.These results demonstrated that PbrMYB4 positively regulated lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit stone cells by activating lignin biosynthesis genes.This study improves our understanding of the gene regulatory networks associated with stone cell formation in pear fruit,providing guidance for molecular breeding of pear varieties with low stone cell content.
文摘The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic analysis of a WSC1 knockout(ΔWSC1)strain.The knockout of WSC1 significantly altered the gene expression profile in P.expansum,particularly for genes involved in cell wall integrity,signaling,stress response,and toxin production.The differential expression of these genes might make theΔWSC1 strain more vulnerable to environmental stress,while reducing the toxin production capacity,ultimately leading to a decrease in the pathogenicity.The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to stress response signals,defense mechanisms and oxidative stress management changed when pear fruits were infected with theΔWSC1 strain.These changes may trigger a cascade of responses in pear fruits.In addition,compared with those infected with the wild-type strain,pear fruits infected with theΔWSC1 strain exhibited up-regulated expression of genes related to defense and oxidative stress.This study clarifies how the WSC1 gene influences P.expansum’s ability to infect pear fruits and how pear fruits respond to the infection.
文摘Significant variations in global temperatures and weather patterns over time are known as climate change.Although it occurs naturally,human activities—particularly the burning of fossil fuels,deforestation,and industrial processes—are accelerating these changes,which have various detrimental effects on the environment.This review aims to highlight the edapho-climatic requirements of this cactus and the advantages and challenges of its cultivation to mitigate climate change.The prickly pear cactus is a plant with numerous financial and environmental advantages.It needs well-draining,sandy or gravelly soil to avoid root rot and do best in full sun.With a strong tolerance for dryness,they thrive in arid or semi-arid regions with scorching summers and prefer sparing watering.Despite being suited to tropical climates,some species can tolerate freezing temperatures and sporadic frost.Once established,these hardy plants require little care and thrive in nutrient-poor soils,which makes them perfect for xeriscaping or challenging growing environments.Because of its high water use efficiency ratio and low water requirements,prickly pear can be grown in marginally dry and semi-arid areas.The cactus does contribute to the ecological and socioeconomic fight against climate change.For instance,it supports sustainable agriculture,biodiversity preservation,soil restoration,carbon sequestration,and effective water usage.Demarcating dry and semi-arid zones and fostering employment in these areas is beneficial from a socioeconomic standpoint.The prickly pear’s traditional cultural heritage supports its current economic function as a crop that can withstand drought.While ecological threats necessitate balanced management,this adaptability promotes sustainable growth.Innovations in bioenergy and value-added goods build on its historical applications,increasing its socioeconomic advantages and,eventually,its worldwide significance.
基金Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Project of the Autonomous Prefecture(Project No.:202401)National College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(Project Title:"Li Zhiyun·Ku Li Chun"-Pioneer in Promoting National Geographic Brand,Project Number:202513561005).
文摘Korla fragrant pears are one of the“famous,excellent,and special”fruits in Xinjiang.They belong to the white pear variety in the genus Pyrus of the Rosaceae family.With a long-standing planting history and strong regional characteristics,they are mainly produced in southern Xinjiang.Due to unique natural conditions such as large temperature differences between day and night and sufficient sunlight,Korla fragrant pears have a crispy texture,a sweet but not cloying taste,and their flesh is delicate and juicy,with excellent quality.Korla fragrant pears contain a variety of bioactive substances,mainly including polysaccharides,polyphenolic compounds,flavonoid compounds,triterpenoids,and sterols.They have medical effects such as“moistening the lungs,calming the heart,reducing phlegm,anti-inflammation,relieving cough,and resolving carbuncle toxins”.Uyghur and Mongolian medicine often use them as a good dietary therapy product.Based on recent literature reports,this paper reviews the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Korla fragrant pears,aiming to provide references for the research and utilization of the deep processing of Korla fragrant pears.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28-14)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302484)the University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province,China(2022AHO50926 and 2022AH040129).
文摘Pear anthracnose,caused by Colletotrichum fructicola,is a devastating disease that seriously affects most pear varieties,compromising their yield and quality.However,effective control of this pathogen is lacking.Moreover,the critical resistance responses to C.fructicola in pear are unknown.To investigate these resistance mechanisms of pear against C.fructicola,transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on the anthracnose-resistant variety‘Seli’and susceptible variety‘Cuiguan’after C.fructicola infection.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were mainly involved in metabolism and secondary metabolite synthetic pathways,includingα-linoleic acid metabolism,phenylalanine biosynthesis metabolism,unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis,and biosynthesis of amino acids and their derivatives.In particular,the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs),amino acids,and their derivatives,such as linoleic acid and its derivatives,lauric acid,N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid,and L-proline,was significantly increased in‘Seli’after infection,while the amino acids of oxiglutatione and N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid,as well as the proanthocyanidins,were significantly decreased in‘Cuiguan’.These findings suggest that these metabolites may contribute to the differential anthracnose resistance between‘Seli’and‘Cuiguan’.Overall,our results provid new insights into the regulation of pear anthracnose resistance,which may assist in developing new control strategies and breeding anthracnose-resistant varieties.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(32230097)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200503)+2 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2023]412)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Young Scholar,China(BK20221010)。
文摘Pyrus pyrifolia,commonly known as sand pear,is a key economic fruit tree in temperate regions that possesses highly diverse germplasm resources for pear quality improvement.However,research on the relationship between resistance and fruit quality traits in the breeding of fruit species like pear is limited.Pan-transcriptomes effectively capture genetic information from coding regions and reflect variations in gene expression between individuals.Here,we constructed a pan-transcriptome based on 506 samples from different tissues of sand pear,and explored the intrinsic relationships among phenotypes and the selection for disease resistance during improvement based on expression presence/absence variations(eP AVs).The pan-transcriptome in this study contains 156,744 transcripts,among which the novel transcripts showed significant enrichment in the defense response.Interestingly,disease resistance genes are highly expressed in landraces of pear but have been selected against during the improvement of this perennial tree species.We found that the genetically diverse landraces can be divided into two subgroups and inferred that they have undergone different dispersal processes.Through co-expression network analysis,we confirmed that the formation of stone cells in pears,the synthesis of fruit anthocyanins,and the ability to resist stress are interrelated.They are jointly regulated by several modules,and the expression of regulatory genes has significant correlations with these three processes.Moreover,we identified candidate genes such as HKL1 that may affect sugar content and are missing from the reference genome.This study provides insights into the associations between complex fruit traits,while providing a database resource for pear disease resistance and fruit quality breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072545 and 32272678)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY22C150003)。
文摘PpMYB10 and PpMYB114 have been identified as the key R2R3-MYB transcription factors(TFs)that positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear.Our previous study demonstrated that the ethylene-induced Pp ERF9-Pp TPL1 co-repressor complex represses the expression of PpMYB114,but not PpMYB10,via histone deacetylation.However,the precise molecular mechanism underlying the ethylene-mediated inhibition of PpMYB10 expression remains to be elucidated.The results of this study reveal a high correlation between the expression patterns of PpMYB114 and PpMYB10 in response to ethylene signaling.Moreover,PpMYB114 was found to promote the expression of PpMYB10 by directly binding to the MYB-binding site(MBS)element within its promoter region.Transient overexpression or silencing of PpMYB114 resulted in the promotion or inhibition of PpMYB10 expression in mature pear fruit,respectively.The overexpression of PpMYB114 in pear calli significantly induced PpMYB10 expression and anthocyanin biosynthesis.Conversely,transient silencing of PpMYB10 in PpMYB114-OE pear calli hindered the promotive effect of PpMYB114 on anthocyanin biosynthesis,indicating that PpMYB114 induces anthocyanin biosynthesis,which is at least partially dependent on the transcriptional activation of PpMYB10.Collectively,these results indicate that ethylene may inhibit the expression of PpMYB10 by repressing PpMYB114.Our findings provide insights into a possible mechanism involving ethylene-inhibited PpMYB10 in pear and reveal the regulatory relationship between the R2R3-MYBs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
基金Supported by Hebei Provincial Key Research and Development Program(21326308D-1-2)Hebei Provincial High-Level Talent Support Program(C20231157)Basic Research Funds of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(2024020202).
文摘The new late-maturing pear cultivar‘Suyu’was bred through hybrid breeding using‘Mili’as the female parent and‘Dangshansuli’as the male parent.This cultivar has a nearly round fruit shape with a greenish-yellow skin,an average single fruit weight of 394.3 g,and a small core.The flesh is white,fine-textured,crisp,juicy,sweet,and aromatic,with a soluble solid content of 12.8%.The tree has a strong growth vigor,an open canopy,high budding rate,and strong branching ability,making it suitable for spindle or cylindrical cultivation.The main color of the one-year-old branches on the sunny side is brown.The young leaves are yellowish-green,and the mature leaves are ovate with sharp serrations.Each inflorescence has 5 to 7 flowers with pink petals,a pistil that protrudes above the stamens,and purple-red anthers.The fruit development period is about 150 d,and it matures in mid-to-late September in Changli,Hebei.The cultivar is high-yielding,stable,and well-suited for storage.‘Suyu’can be cultivated in pear-growing areas of Hebei Province and regions with similar ecological types.
文摘In order to enhance the guidance for Yuluxiang pear cultivation in hilly and mountainous regions, this study provides a comprehensive introduction to various aspects, including the establishment of high-standard orchards and the reinforcement of integrated management techniques, in order to offer a valuable reference for fruit farmers engaged in scientific planting practices.
基金Supported by The Fourth Batch of High-end Talent Project in Hebei ProvinceQuality Evaluation System Project of High-quality Fruits and Vegetables in Hebei Province.
文摘The fruit of Huangguan pear is deeply loved by consumers because of its rich nutrition and rich flavor.The quality evaluation system of Huangguan pear is composed of many quality types.In this study,the types and functions of nutritional quality indexes of Huangguan pear were summarized,such as vitamin C,soluble solids,soluble sugar and titratable acid,and the factors affecting the nutritional quality of Huangguan pear including genetic factors,environmental factors and agricultural management measures were overviewed,aiming to provide reference for establishing a comprehensive quality evaluation system of Huangguan pear and then promoting the high-quality development of Huangguan pear industry.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072531)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2016-RIP)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFE0190700)the ScienceTechnology&Innovation Funding Authority(STDF)of Egypt(43093)for funding this work。
文摘Red fruit peel is one of pear's most valuable economic traits and is mainly determined by anthocyanins.Many pear cultivars with a red peel originated from bud sports;however,little is known about the genetic mechanisms underlying this trait.We have previously identified a mutant Pp BBX24 containing a 14-nucleotide deletion in the coding region(Ppbbx24-del)as the only known variant associated with the red coloration of the mutant‘Red Zaosu'pear(Pyrus pyrifolia White Pear Group).Herein,we analyzed the role of the mutant gene in red coloration and its mechanism of action.The results showed that light promoted red peel coloration in the‘Red Zaosu'pear,and Ppbbx24-del positively affected light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis,while normal Pp BBX24 had the opposite effects.Transient and stable transformation experiments confirmed that Ppbbx24-del could promote anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruit peels,calli,and tobacco flowers.Due to the loss of nuclear localization sequence(NLS)and viral protein(VP)domains,Ppbbx24-del co-localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm,whereas PpBBX24 localized only in the nucleus.Real-time PCR and transcriptome analyses indicated that PpM YB10 and PpH Y5 are highly expressed in the‘Red Zaosu'pear.In yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays,Ppbbx24-del and PpHY5 independently promoted the expression of PpC HS,PpC HI,and PpM YB10 by binding to their promoters;however,PpBBX24 did not affect the expression of these genes.Additionally,we found that Ppbbx24-del and PpHY5 had additive effects on the expression of PpC HS,PpC HI,and PpMYB10,as they promote the expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes separately.The co-expression of PpB BX24 and PpHY5 inhibited the activation of downstream genes by PpHY5,which was attributed to the interaction between the two loci.In conclusion,our results clarify the molecular mechanism by which mutant Ppbbx24-del and PpBBX24 exert opposite effects in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in pear.These findings lay an important theoretical foundation for using Ppbbx24-del to create red pear cultivars.
基金funded by the Earmarked Fund for CARS(CARS-28-07)the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province,China(2022LZGC011)the Qingdao Agricultural University Doctoral Start-Up Fund,China.
文摘Dehydrin(DHN)enhances plant resistance to environmental stress by regulating the synthesis of osmotic adjustment substances and scavenging reactive oxygen species.However,the role of PbDHN3 under salt stress remains unclear.In this study,salt stress induced high expression of PbDHN3,and the overexpression of PbDHN3(OE-PbDHN3)enhanced plant growth under salt stress compared to wild-type(WT)plants.OE-PbDHN3 plants exhibited higher chlorophyll content and root growth capacity than WT plants under salt stress.Transcriptome analysis revealed that PbDHN3 expression is associated with ethylene signaling pathways.OE-PbDHN3 transgenic plants substantially influenced ethylene content and the expression of related genes.Following treatment with exogenous ethephon,the transgenic lines notably inhibited the processes of ethylene synthesis and signaling transduction.OE-PbDHN3 transgenic lines treated with exogenous ethylene and the ethylene inhibitor 1-MCP demonstrated significant inhibition of ethylene synthesis and signaling transduction,while promoting root development and chlorophyll content.Under salt stress,OE-PbDHN3 downregulated the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes PbACO1-like and PbACO2,and signal transduction genes PbEIN3-like during the initial stress phase.This early regulation mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress on the plants.These findings demonstrate that PbDHN3 ameliorates the ethylene-mediated plant growth phenotype under salt stress through regulation of ethylene synthesis and signal transduction.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation of China(32230097)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)the Project of Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory(Grant No.ZSBBL-KY2023-08).
文摘Pear fruit corking disorder is a non-infectious physiological condition that primarily occurs during the late developmental stages of pear and significantly impacts fruit quality and economic value in several major cultivars.As the underlying mechanism remains unclear,effective prevention strategies and genetic improvements continue to present major challenges.In this study,‘Akizuki’pear was used as experimental material,and the lignin content in cork-affected tissue was found to be significantly higher than in healthy tissue.Exogenous abscisic acid(ABA)treatment induced cork formation and promoted lignin biosynthesis,a major structural component,in both pear fruits and calli.Through integrated RNA-seq and expression analyses,we identified the ABA-responsive gene PbrMYB8,which was differentially expressed between healthy and diseased tissues and associated with lignin biosynthesis during corking disorder.Stable transformation of PbrMYB8 into pear calli and Arabidopsis confirmed its role in promoting lignin biosynthesis.Notably,PbrMYB8 not only activated lignin biosynthesis genes independently but also interacted with PbrMYB169 to form a protein complex that co-regulated their expression.These findings improve our understanding of lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit corking disorder by identifying a key regulator and its interaction network and provide a theoretical foundation for future strategies aimed at improving pear fruit quality.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LR22C150001 to SB,LY22C150003 to JN)the Specialized Research Fund for Major Science and Technique of Zhejiang Province of China(2021C02066-5)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072545 to YT,32272639 to SB)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-28)and the Yunnan Science and Technology Talent and Platform Program(202205AF150041)。
文摘Genetic variation contributes to the phenotypic diversity of plants.Most red pear cultivars that accumulate anthocyanins originated from somatic variation and are termed as bud sports.‘Hongzaosu’is a bud sport derived from the green pear‘Zaosu’.A new genetic map was constructed from a population derived from the cross of‘Yuluxiang’and‘Hongzaosu’,from which PpBBX24 was identified as a crucial gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation.Genetic and phylogenetic evidences revealed that PpBBX24 is a repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear.A 14 bp deletion was detected in the third exon of PpBBX24 in‘Hongzaosu’,resulting in premature termination of protein translation.The truncated PpBBX24 protein was a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis by activating the transcription of PpCHS and PpUFGT.Three independent variations in the BBX24 coding region that led to premature termination of translation were detected in other pear bud sports and the progeny of a bud sport that all accumulate anthocyanins.The genome of‘Hongzaosu’was assembled using both long-read and short-read sequences.By combining genomic and transcriptomic data,allele-specific expression of PpMYB110a was observed in the fruit skin of‘Hongzaosu',which was likely caused by a large variation in the promoter.This work enhances understanding of coloration in red pears and provides a novel genomic resource for further studies on‘Hongzaosu’pear.
基金Key R&D Projects in Shandong Province(Grant No.2022TZXD007)PhD Start-up Fund of University of Jinan(Grant No.XBS2494).
文摘Moldy core is a serious internal defect in pears.Since there is no significant difference in appearance between the healthy pears and those with mild moldy core,it is still a great challenge for the early detection of moldy pear core.This study transformed the vibration acoustic signals(VA signal)of pears into recurrence plots and Markov transition field to enable image-based classification of moldy cores.In addition to traditional machine-learning baselines(Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbors)trained on LBP-extracted texture features from RP/MTF,the deep models were constructed and compared,which include ResNet-101,DenseNet-121,SqueezeNet,Vision Transformer(ViT),and an improved SqueezeNet(ISqueezeNet).Hyperparameters were tuned via Bayesian optimization over optimizer type,learning rate,batch size,and L2 weight decay,yielding model-specific optimal settings.Under these configurations,the ISqueezeNet achieved the highest test accuracy of 93.05%,with class-wise accuracies of 89.28%(healthy),96.15%(slight),and 94.44%(moderate and severe).Comparisons with lightweight networks(MobileNetV1 and ShuffleNetV2)further showed that ISqueezeNet attains superior accuracy with favorable parameter efficiency and inference speed.Grad-CAM visualizations confirmed that the model focuses on lesionrelevant regions,supporting interpretability and practical reliability.These results indicate that the proposed approach is promising for early,nondestructive detection of moldy pear cores.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province "Studyon the Metaxenia Phenomenon and its Mechanism of DangshansuPear" (090411008)Anhui Agricultural Committee " Modern Agricultural Fruit Industry Technology System" (Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences [2011] No. 6)Anhui Provincial Finance Department " Modern Agricultural Production and Development Project oDangshansu Pear Industry of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences" (Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences [2010] No. 53)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to clear the relationship between fruit growth and development and endogenous hormones content in the pulp of Dangshansu pear.[Method] Choosing Dangshansu pear as material,the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones in pulp during various development stages were determined by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）.[Result] The results indicated that the content of endogenous hormones like ZR,GA and IAA promoting fruit growth showed increase trend within 15 d after pollination,and higher content of ZR,GA and IAA could promote ovary development and normal fruit setting of Dangshansu pear.The content of ZR in pulp had the highest value at the beginning of the first fast growth period,and then showed decrease trend until fruit became mature.The dynamic changes of IAA and GA were similar,namely their contents were higher in the first fast growth period,and decreased with fruit development,and then increased rapidly and was up to the maximum value in the second fast growth period,corresponding with the growth dynamic of fruit.The peaks of ABA content could be found on the 15th,45th and 120th day after pollination,which corresponded with the physiological fruit dropping and maturing period of Dangshansu pear.[Conclusion] The duration of various development periods and content of endogenous hormones of Dangshansu pear were different,and fruit growth and development were closely related to the content of endogenous hormones.
