The wait time of bus patrons at bus stops is one of several measures for assessing reliability of transit services, especially in urban areas. The uncertainty associated with waiting affects bus patrons’ perception o...The wait time of bus patrons at bus stops is one of several measures for assessing reliability of transit services, especially in urban areas. The uncertainty associated with waiting affects bus patrons’ perception of quali of the service provided. Studies in this subject area have therefore been of interest to transit service agencies and officials. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted to determine patrons’ maximum acceptable wait times (beyond the scheduled arrival time) at bus stops in an urban area. In all, 3387 bus patrons at 71 selected bus stops were surveyed over a period of 9 months. The results of the survey showed that the least acceptable wait time beyond the scheduled arrival time was 1 minute, while the maximum acceptable wait time was reported to be 20 minutes. Also, only one-third (33%) of the total number of patrons surveyed were willing to wait up to 5 minutes beyond the scheduled arrival time of buses. In addition, patrons are willing to wait longer in warm weather. On average, white patrons were found to have the least maximum acceptable wait times, followed by Hispanics, Asians, and then Blacks.展开更多
This article offers a broad survey of the parish as the basic unit within the structure of the medieval English church, concentrating on the period between 1291 and 1535. It sets out the challenges presented by the fa...This article offers a broad survey of the parish as the basic unit within the structure of the medieval English church, concentrating on the period between 1291 and 1535. It sets out the challenges presented by the fact that each parish was different and resisted standardisation, yet individually and collectively played a central role in many areas of the social and economic life of pre-Reformation England. A parish can be examined and analysed as a community; but it was also the focus of many different aspirations and ambitions. This article draws attention particularly to the significance of the parish to its patron (as the person who had the right to appoint the chief local priest), to the clergy (for whom it provided income, and also imposed the duties and responsibilities of the ‘cure of souls’), and to the parishioners as the local community. It also points to the usefulness of jurisdictional records as sources for recovering parish life during the period. While these discussions cannot offer a full picture of the late medieval English parish, they do help to explain how it functioned, and the importance of its role within the religious, social, and economic life of the period.展开更多
文摘The wait time of bus patrons at bus stops is one of several measures for assessing reliability of transit services, especially in urban areas. The uncertainty associated with waiting affects bus patrons’ perception of quali of the service provided. Studies in this subject area have therefore been of interest to transit service agencies and officials. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted to determine patrons’ maximum acceptable wait times (beyond the scheduled arrival time) at bus stops in an urban area. In all, 3387 bus patrons at 71 selected bus stops were surveyed over a period of 9 months. The results of the survey showed that the least acceptable wait time beyond the scheduled arrival time was 1 minute, while the maximum acceptable wait time was reported to be 20 minutes. Also, only one-third (33%) of the total number of patrons surveyed were willing to wait up to 5 minutes beyond the scheduled arrival time of buses. In addition, patrons are willing to wait longer in warm weather. On average, white patrons were found to have the least maximum acceptable wait times, followed by Hispanics, Asians, and then Blacks.
文摘This article offers a broad survey of the parish as the basic unit within the structure of the medieval English church, concentrating on the period between 1291 and 1535. It sets out the challenges presented by the fact that each parish was different and resisted standardisation, yet individually and collectively played a central role in many areas of the social and economic life of pre-Reformation England. A parish can be examined and analysed as a community; but it was also the focus of many different aspirations and ambitions. This article draws attention particularly to the significance of the parish to its patron (as the person who had the right to appoint the chief local priest), to the clergy (for whom it provided income, and also imposed the duties and responsibilities of the ‘cure of souls’), and to the parishioners as the local community. It also points to the usefulness of jurisdictional records as sources for recovering parish life during the period. While these discussions cannot offer a full picture of the late medieval English parish, they do help to explain how it functioned, and the importance of its role within the religious, social, and economic life of the period.
