Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,pr...Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,prioritizing PM2.5 mass reduction,have provided considerable health benefits but further refinements based on differences in the toxicity of various emission sources may provide greater benefits5-7.Here we integrated field measurements with air-quality modelling to assess the unequal toxicities of PM2.5 from various anthropogenic sources.展开更多
A hydrodynamic model is used to study Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instability of the interface between two particle-laden inviscid fluids moving with two different uniform mean velocities.Explicit eigen-equation is derived to...A hydrodynamic model is used to study Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instability of the interface between two particle-laden inviscid fluids moving with two different uniform mean velocities.Explicit eigen-equation is derived to study the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate of KH instability.For dusty gases with negligible volume fraction of heavy particles and small particle-to-fluid mass ratio,the real and imaginary parts of leading-order asymptotic expression derived by the present model for the growth rate are shown to be identical to the earlier results derived by the classical Saffman model established for dusty gases.Beyond the known results,explicit leading-order asymptotic expressions for the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate are derived for several typical cases of basic interest.It is shown that the suspended particles can decrease or increase the growth rate of KH instability depending on the Stokes numbers of the particles and whether the particles are heavier or lighter than the clean fluid.Compared to the mass density of the clean fluid,our results based on leading-order asymptotic solutions show that heavier particles and lighter particles have opposite effects on the growth rate of KH instability,while the effect of neutrally buoyant particles on the growth rate of KH instability is negligible.展开更多
The risk of exposure to particulate matter(PM)has been consistently highlighted globally owing to its detrimental effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the development of lung cancer.Additionall...The risk of exposure to particulate matter(PM)has been consistently highlighted globally owing to its detrimental effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the development of lung cancer.Additionally,PM promotes cancer cell metastasis;however,research elucidating the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the strategies to inhibit it remains limited.The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying PM-induced cancer metastasis and investigate the preventive role of ginsenoside Rg3.We treated macrophages with PM and confirmed an increase in the expression and secretion of chemokines,such as CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5.This effect was mediated by the MAPK and NF-kB pathways,and Rg3 inhibited this process by suppressing chemokine expression.These chemokines regulate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)markers in cancer cells,including Snail,Slug,ZEB1,and E-cadherin.The regulated EMT markers increased the motility of cancer cells in vitro.Furthermore,an increase in CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was confirmed in a PM inhalation mouse model,and Rg3 reduced PM-induced cancer metastasis.The study findings suggest the potential use of Rg3 as a therapeutic agent to prevent PM-induced cancer metastasis.展开更多
Objective Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to ultrafine particulate matter(UPM,aerodynamic diameter<0.1μm)is associated with adverse cardiovascular events.Previous studies have found that Shenlian(SL)extra...Objective Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to ultrafine particulate matter(UPM,aerodynamic diameter<0.1μm)is associated with adverse cardiovascular events.Previous studies have found that Shenlian(SL)extract possesses anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties and has a promising protective effect at all stages of the atherosclerotic disease process.In this study,we aimed to investigated whether SL improves UPM-aggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.Methods We established a mouse model of MI+UPM.Echocardiographic measurement,measurement of myocardialinfarct size,biochemical analysis,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),histopathological analysis,Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling(TUNEL),Western blotting(WB),Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)and so on were used to explore the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of SL in vivo and in vitro.Results SL treatment can attenuate UPM-induced cardiac dysfunction by improving left ventricular ejection fraction,fractional shortening,and decreasing cardiac infarction area.SL significantly reduced the levels of myocardial enzymes and attenuated UPM-induced morphological alterations.Moreover,SL significantly reduced expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α,and MCP-1.UPM further increased the infiltration of macrophages in myocardial tissue,whereas SL intervention reversed this phenomenon.UPM also triggered myocardial apoptosis,which was markedly attenuated by SL treatment.The results of in vitro experiments revealed that SL prevented cell damage caused by exposure to UPM combined with hypoxia by reducing the expression of the inflammatory factor NF-κB and inhibiting apoptosis in H9c2 cells.Conclusion Overall,both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that SL attenuated UPMaggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.The mechanisms were related to the downregulation of macrophages infiltrating heart tissues.展开更多
Particulate organic matter(POM)plays a crucial role in the organic composition of lakes;however,its characteristics remain poorly understood.This study aimed to characterize the structure and composition of POM in Lak...Particulate organic matter(POM)plays a crucial role in the organic composition of lakes;however,its characteristics remain poorly understood.This study aimed to characterize the structure and composition of POM in Lake Baiyangdian usingmany kinds of techniques and investigate the effects of different extracted forms of POM on water quality.The suspended particulatematter in the lake had complex compositions,with its components primarily derived from aquatic plants and their detritus.The organic matter content of the suspended particulatematterwas relatively high(organic carbon content 27.29–145.94 g/kg)for the sum of three extractable states(water-extracted organic matter[WEOM],humic acid,and fulvic acid)and one stable bound state(humin).Spatial distribution analysis revealed that the POM content in the water increased from west to east,which was consistent with the water flow pattern influenced by the Baiyangdian water diversion project.Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of the WEOM showed three prominent peaks with excitation/emission wavelengths similar to those of dissolved organic matter peaks.These peaks were potentially initial products of POM conversion into dissolved organic matter.Furthermore,the intensity of the WEOM fluorescence peak(total fluorescence peak intensity)was negatively correlated with the inorganic nitrogen concentration in water(p<0.01),while the intensity of the HA fluorescence peak showed a positive correlation with the inorganic nitrogen concentration(p<0.01).This suggested that exogenous organic matter inputs led to the diffusion of alkaline dissolved nitrogen from sediment intowater,while degradation processes of aquatic plant debris contributed to the decrease in inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the water column.These findings enhance our understanding of POM characteristics in shallow lakes and the role of POM in shallow lake ecosystems.展开更多
Serious fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution and rapidly increasing of ground-level ozone(O_(3))concentrations are concern issues in China.To achieve the comprehensive control of PM_(2.5)-O_(3) composite air pol...Serious fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution and rapidly increasing of ground-level ozone(O_(3))concentrations are concern issues in China.To achieve the comprehensive control of PM_(2.5)-O_(3) composite air pollution,exploring the common sources of PM_(2.5) and VOCs is essential.However,previous researches most carried out either PM_(2.5) or VOCs source appointment.In this study,we applied the ensemble source apportionment method to explore the impacts of common sources on PM_(2.5)-VOCs.Subsequently,we obtained the ensemble source impacts on O_(3) combining the extracted VOCs source profile and ozone formation potential.We found that the focus of environmentalmanagement and source control should be varied accordingly for different pollutants.Vehicle emission was the largest contributor(41%)to PM_(2.5)-VOCs,while industrial emission was the main common source(51%)to O_(3).The result showed that the O_(3) production rate is not only related to the VOCs emission,but also to the reactivity of VOCs.In addition,sensitivity tests revealed that temperature was the main factor affecting O_(3) formation.The study provides a framework to explore the common sources impact on PM_(2.5) and VOCs,which is benefit to address both PM_(2.5) and O_(3) mitigations.展开更多
Forest ecosystems function as the largest carbon(C)sink in terrestrial ecosystems,and nearly half of the C in forest ecosystems is stored in forest soils.However,the patterns of two main fractions of soil organic C,pa...Forest ecosystems function as the largest carbon(C)sink in terrestrial ecosystems,and nearly half of the C in forest ecosystems is stored in forest soils.However,the patterns of two main fractions of soil organic C,particulate organic C(POC)and mineral-associated organic C(MAOC),across various types of forest ecosystems remain unclear.In this study,soil samples were collected from depths of 0–100 cm at eight sites located between 18°and 48°north latitude in eastern China.The soil samples were then separated into particulate organic matter(POM)and mineral-associated organic matter(MAOM)based on particle size to analyze the distribution of C within each fraction.The results showed that the C stored as POC increased with latitude and decreased with soil depth.Specifically,28.1%,38.5%and 55.6%of C was stored as POC in the topsoil(0–30 cm)of tropical,subtropical and temperate forests,respectively,while 24.0%,24.3%and 38.9%of C was stored as POC in the subsoil(30–100 cm)of the corresponding forests,respectively.MAOC experienced a higher degree of microbial processing(indicated by differences in δ^(13)C,δ^(15)N and C:N between POM and MAOM)than POC,with a more pronounced difference in microbial processing between MAOC and POC at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of forest SOC and offer potential strategies for enhancing forest C sequestration.展开更多
Particulate photocatalytic systems using nanoscale photocatalysts have been developed as an attractive promising route for solar energy utilization to achieve resource sustainability and environmental harmony.Dynamic ...Particulate photocatalytic systems using nanoscale photocatalysts have been developed as an attractive promising route for solar energy utilization to achieve resource sustainability and environmental harmony.Dynamic obstacles are considered as the dominant inhibition for attaining satisfactory energy-conversion efficiency.The complexity in light absorption and carrier transfer behaviors has remained to be further clearly illuminated.It is challenging to trace the fast evolution of charge carriers involved in transfer migration and interfacial reactions within a micro–nano-single-particle photocatalyst,which requires spatiotemporal high resolution.In this review,comprehensive dynamic descriptions including irradiation field,carrier separation and transfer,and interfacial reaction processes have been elucidated and discussed.The corresponding mechanisms for revealing dynamic behaviors have been explained.In addition,numerical simulation and modeling methods have been illustrated for the description of the irradiation field.Experimental measurements and spatiotemporal characterizations have been clarified for the reflection of carrier behavior and probing detection of interfacial reactions.The representative applications have been introduced according to the reported advanced research works,and the relationships between mechanistic conclusions from variable spatiotemporal measurements and photocatalytic performance results in the specific photocatalytic reactions have been concluded.This review provides a collective perspective for the full understanding and thorough evaluation of the primary dynamic processes,which would be inspired for the improvement in designing solar-driven energy-conversion systems based on nanoscale particulate photocatalysts.展开更多
Mesoscale eddies are widespread in the global ocean,significantly influencing the physical,chemical,and biological structures of water column.Based on the CTD data and suspended particulate matter(SPM)data collected a...Mesoscale eddies are widespread in the global ocean,significantly influencing the physical,chemical,and biological structures of water column.Based on the CTD data and suspended particulate matter(SPM)data collected at 36 hydrographic stations during a field cruise in southern Mozambique Channel,combined with satellite altimeter observations,we identified a series of mesoscale eddies traversing the Mozambique Channel.Our hydrographic measurements,coupled with in situ chlorophyll fluorescence data,reveal that these eddies significantly influence thermohaline structure and chlorophyll distribution,which in turn affects primary productivity and SPM concentrations in the upper ocean.The cyclonic eddies facilitate the upwelling of cold subsurface water,leading to a shallowing of the pycnocline and the creation of a low-temperature anomaly with variable salinity anomalies at different depths.Conversely,anticyclonic eddies submerge warm surface water,deepening the pycnocline,and resulting in a high-temperature anomaly accompanied by distinct salinity patterns.Significantly,a coastal anticyclonic eddy was observed to intercept terrestrial material from the Delagoa Bight,redirecting it west of 36°E.This study presents unique and quasi-synchronous CTD datasets capturing mesoscale eddy impacts,and provided valuable insights into SPM variability within the often-neglected southern Mozambique Channel.展开更多
Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate ...Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.展开更多
Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM...Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).展开更多
Objective Several epidemiological observational studies have related particulate matter(PM)exposure to Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),but many confounding factors make it difficult to draw causal links from observati...Objective Several epidemiological observational studies have related particulate matter(PM)exposure to Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),but many confounding factors make it difficult to draw causal links from observational studies.The objective of this study was to explore the causal association between PM_(2.5)exposure,its absorbance,and IBD.Methods We assessed the association of PM_(2.5)and PM_(2.5)absorbance with the two primary forms of IBD(Crohn’s disease[CD]and ulcerative colitis[UC])using Mendelian randomization(MR)to explore the causal relationship.We conducted two-sample MR analyses with aggregated data from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study.Single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked with PM_(2.5)concentrations or their absorbance were used as instrumental variables(IVs).We used inverse variance weighting(IVW)as the primary analytical approach and four other standard methods as supplementary analyses for quality control.Results The results of MR demonstrated that PM_(2.5)had an adverse influence on UC risk(odds ratio[OR]=1.010;95%confidence interval[CI]=1.001–1.019,P=0.020).Meanwhile,the results of IVW showed that PM_(2.5)absorbance was also causally associated with UC(OR=1.012;95%CI=1.004–1.019,P=0.002).We observed no causal relationship between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and CD.The results of sensitivity analysis indicated the absence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy,ensuring the reliability of MR results.Conclusion Based on two-sample MR analyses,there are potential positive causal relationships between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and UC.展开更多
Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the...Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the association between particulate matter(PM)exposure and fertility intentions.Methods In this nationwide cross-sectional study,we analyzed data from 10,747 participants(5496 females and 5251 males).PM waves were defined as periods lasting 3‒6 consecutive days during which the daily average concentrations exceeded China’s Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade II thresholds(PM2.5>75μg/m3 and PM10>150μg/m3).We employed multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between exposure to PM waves and fertility intentions.Results Significant inverse associations were detected between exposure to PM2.5 wave events(characterized by concentrations exceeding 75μg/m3 for durations of 4‒6 days,P<0.05)and PM10 wave events(defined as concentrations exceeding 150μg/m3 for 6 consecutive days,P<0.05)and fertility intentions among females.In contrast,neither the PM2.5 wave nor the PM10 wave events demonstrated statistically significant correlations with fertility intentions in males(P>0.05 for all comparisons).The potentially susceptible subgroup was identified as females aged 20–30 years.Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that PM2.5 and PM10 waves are associated with a reduction in female fertility intentions,offering critical insights for the development of public health policies and strategies aimed at individual protection.展开更多
Phthalate(PAEs)and Bisphenols(BPs)are plasticizers or additives in consumer products.They are typical endocrine disruptors,and potential health hazards may occur when people are exposed to them through inhalation,inge...Phthalate(PAEs)and Bisphenols(BPs)are plasticizers or additives in consumer products.They are typical endocrine disruptors,and potential health hazards may occur when people are exposed to them through inhalation,ingestion,and dermal contact.The current research on inhalation exposure pays limited attention to the particle distribution of PAEs and BPs in air,although particulate-bound pollutants are usually size-dependent.In this study,we discussed the size resolution of PAEs and BPs in air particles from city waste recycling plants.With paired urine samples of the workers,we also compared the internal and external exposure of PAEs and BPs and related potential health risks.The particulatebound PAEs and BPs concentrated mainly on coarse particles(Dp>2.1μm),with a bimodal distribution,and the peak particle size ranged from 9–10 to 4.7–5.85μm,respectively.Model calculation revealed that the deposition fluxes of PAEs in different respiratory regions followed the sequence of head airways(167±92.8 ng/h)>alveolar region(18.9±9.96 ng/h)>tracheobronchial region(9.20±5.22 ng/h),and the similar trends went for BPs.The daily intakes of PAEs and BPs via dust ingestion were higher than those fromrespiratory inhalation and dermal contact,with mean value of 96 and 0.88 ng/(kg-bw day),respectively.For internal exposure,the estimated daily intakes of PAEs for waste recycling workers were higher than those in e-waste dismantling workers,while the exposure levels of bisphenols were comparable.Overall,the potential health risks from inhalation exposure to particulate-bound PAEs and BPs were low.展开更多
Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investig...Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investigated.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)process is a characteristic of PF.We discussed whether suspended particulate matter(SPM)is involved in EMT induction via transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).In this study,a detailed elemental analysis(55 elements),particle size,and morphology were determined.To investigate the toxicity of SPM,an MTT test was performed to detect cell viability.Next,A549cells were exposed to selected concentrations of SPM(20 and 40μg/mL)for single and repeated exposures.The DCFH-DA assay showed that exposure to SPM could produce reactive oxygen species(ROS).The ELISA assay demonstrated increased levels of interleukin-8(IL-8)and TGF-β1 in the supernatant.Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins associated with EMT and the SMAD3-dependent pathway.Results of western blot demonstrated that E-cadherin was reduced,whereas p-SMAD3,vimentin,andα-smooth muscle actin were elevated.Our findings indicated that SPM triggered EMT by induction of oxidative stress,inflammation,and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCa...Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.展开更多
In this study,the effect of new and used catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF)with different catalyst loadings on the particulate emissions including the particle mass(PM),particle number(PN),particle size distrib...In this study,the effect of new and used catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF)with different catalyst loadings on the particulate emissions including the particle mass(PM),particle number(PN),particle size distribution(PSD)and geometric mean diameter(GMD)from a diesel vehicle were investigated based on a heavy chassis dynamometer.Results showed that more than 97.9%of the PN and 95.4%of the PM were reduced by the CDPF,and the reduction efficiency was enhanced by the catalyst loading.After using the CDPF,the PSD transformed from bimodal to trimodal with the peak shifting towards smaller particle size,more nucleation mode particles were reduced compared with accumulation mode ones,but the reduction effect on the accumulation mode particles was more significantly influenced by the catalyst loading.Notably,the CDPF increased the accumulation mode particles proportion,producing a larger GMD.For the used CDPF,its reduction effect on the particulate emissions enhanced,especially for the PM in accumulation mode.The PSD returned to bimodal,but the peak at accumulation mode began to be higher than that at nucleation mode,illustrating that more nucleation mode particles was removed.The aging of the CDPF resulted in greater effect on the PN-based PSD than that of PM-based PSD,but the effect of catalyst loading on the PN and PM emission factors was weakened.The used CDPF further increased the GMD,and the effect of catalyst loading on the GMD was strengthened,a higher catalyst loading led to a reduction in the GMD.展开更多
The ecosystems in Southern Ocean(SO)are undergoing significant changes in the context of climate change.To identify environment-phytoplankton feedbacks in SO,seawater samples were collected in the Cosmonaut Sea(CS)dur...The ecosystems in Southern Ocean(SO)are undergoing significant changes in the context of climate change.To identify environment-phytoplankton feedbacks in SO,seawater samples were collected in the Cosmonaut Sea(CS)during the 37 th China Antarctic Research Expedition(Jan.2021)(CHINARE-37)and subjected to analysis of particulate organic carbon(POC)and phytoplankton pigments.The remote sensing data,CHEMTAX community compositional modeling analysis,and physicochemical measurements were combined to explore the spatial variation of phytoplankton crops,taxonomic composition,and their environmental drivers.Historical phytoplankton community data from the area were also compared against those of this study to investigate inter-annual community differences and their potential causes.The column-integrated POC and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentrations were 12.0±4.9 g/m^(2) and 73.8±50.5 mg/m^(2),respectively.The two most dominant taxa were haptophyte that are adapted to high Fe availability(Hapt-HiFe,mainly Phaeocystis antarctica)and Diatoms-A(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)that contributed to 33%±25%and 24%±14%to the total phytoplankton crops,respectively.Through cluster analysis,the study area was divided into two regions dominated by Hapt-HiFe and Diatoms-A,respectively.Spatially,Hapt-HiFe was mainly concentrated in the southwest coastal area that featured low temperatures,low salinity,and shallow euphotic zones.The coastal region southwest of the southern boundary of the Antarctic circumpolar current was experiencing a bloom of Hapt-HiFe during the study period that significantly contributed to the POC pool and Chl-a concentrations(R=0.46,P<0.01;R=0.42,P<0.01).Besides,the dominance of Hapt-HiFe in the CS suggests a high biological availability of dissolved Fe that is primarily associated with inputs from sea ice melt and upwellings.展开更多
Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(...Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.展开更多
Oxy-combustion is a promising carbon-capture technology,but atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion has a relatively low net efficiency,limiting its application in power plants.In pressurized oxycombustion(POC),the boiler...Oxy-combustion is a promising carbon-capture technology,but atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion has a relatively low net efficiency,limiting its application in power plants.In pressurized oxycombustion(POC),the boiler,air separation unit,flue gas recirculation unit,and CO_(2)purification and compression unit are all operated at elevated pressure;this makes the process more efficient,with many advantages over atmospheric pressure,such as low NO_(x)emissions,a smaller boiler size,and more.POC is also more promising for industrial application and has attracted widespread research interest in recent years.It can produce high-pressure CO_(2)with a purity of approximately 95%,which can be used directly for enhanced oil recovery or geo-sequestration.However,the pollutant emissions must meet the standards for carbon capture,storage,and utilization.Because of the high oxygen and moisture concentrations in POC,the formation of acids via the oxidation and solution of SO_(x)and NO_(x)can be increased,causing the corrosion of pipelines and equipment.Furthermore,particulate matter(PM)and mercury emissions can harm the environment and human health.The main distinction between pressurized and atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion is the former’s elevated pressure;thus,the effect of this pressure on the pollutants emitted from POC—including SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury—must be understood,and effective control methodologies must be incorporated to control the formation of these pollutants.This paper reviews recent advances in research on SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury formation and control in POC systems that can aid in pollutant control in such systems.展开更多
文摘Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,prioritizing PM2.5 mass reduction,have provided considerable health benefits but further refinements based on differences in the toxicity of various emission sources may provide greater benefits5-7.Here we integrated field measurements with air-quality modelling to assess the unequal toxicities of PM2.5 from various anthropogenic sources.
文摘A hydrodynamic model is used to study Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instability of the interface between two particle-laden inviscid fluids moving with two different uniform mean velocities.Explicit eigen-equation is derived to study the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate of KH instability.For dusty gases with negligible volume fraction of heavy particles and small particle-to-fluid mass ratio,the real and imaginary parts of leading-order asymptotic expression derived by the present model for the growth rate are shown to be identical to the earlier results derived by the classical Saffman model established for dusty gases.Beyond the known results,explicit leading-order asymptotic expressions for the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate are derived for several typical cases of basic interest.It is shown that the suspended particles can decrease or increase the growth rate of KH instability depending on the Stokes numbers of the particles and whether the particles are heavier or lighter than the clean fluid.Compared to the mass density of the clean fluid,our results based on leading-order asymptotic solutions show that heavier particles and lighter particles have opposite effects on the growth rate of KH instability,while the effect of neutrally buoyant particles on the growth rate of KH instability is negligible.
基金supported by the KIST Institutional Program(No.2E31700-22-P005)the KRIBB Research Initiative Program(No.KGM5322422)+1 种基金the Technology Innovation Program(No.20008826)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE,Republic of Korea)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(No.2022R1A2C1091865)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT,Republic of Korea)。
文摘The risk of exposure to particulate matter(PM)has been consistently highlighted globally owing to its detrimental effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the development of lung cancer.Additionally,PM promotes cancer cell metastasis;however,research elucidating the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the strategies to inhibit it remains limited.The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying PM-induced cancer metastasis and investigate the preventive role of ginsenoside Rg3.We treated macrophages with PM and confirmed an increase in the expression and secretion of chemokines,such as CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5.This effect was mediated by the MAPK and NF-kB pathways,and Rg3 inhibited this process by suppressing chemokine expression.These chemokines regulate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)markers in cancer cells,including Snail,Slug,ZEB1,and E-cadherin.The regulated EMT markers increased the motility of cancer cells in vitro.Furthermore,an increase in CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was confirmed in a PM inhalation mouse model,and Rg3 reduced PM-induced cancer metastasis.The study findings suggest the potential use of Rg3 as a therapeutic agent to prevent PM-induced cancer metastasis.
基金supported by CACMS Innovation Fund(No CI2021A04611,CI2021A05106)Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021B015)+1 种基金Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023E001TS01)Fundamental research funds for the central public welfare research institutes(L2022035).
文摘Objective Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to ultrafine particulate matter(UPM,aerodynamic diameter<0.1μm)is associated with adverse cardiovascular events.Previous studies have found that Shenlian(SL)extract possesses anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties and has a promising protective effect at all stages of the atherosclerotic disease process.In this study,we aimed to investigated whether SL improves UPM-aggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.Methods We established a mouse model of MI+UPM.Echocardiographic measurement,measurement of myocardialinfarct size,biochemical analysis,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),histopathological analysis,Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling(TUNEL),Western blotting(WB),Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)and so on were used to explore the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of SL in vivo and in vitro.Results SL treatment can attenuate UPM-induced cardiac dysfunction by improving left ventricular ejection fraction,fractional shortening,and decreasing cardiac infarction area.SL significantly reduced the levels of myocardial enzymes and attenuated UPM-induced morphological alterations.Moreover,SL significantly reduced expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α,and MCP-1.UPM further increased the infiltration of macrophages in myocardial tissue,whereas SL intervention reversed this phenomenon.UPM also triggered myocardial apoptosis,which was markedly attenuated by SL treatment.The results of in vitro experiments revealed that SL prevented cell damage caused by exposure to UPM combined with hypoxia by reducing the expression of the inflammatory factor NF-κB and inhibiting apoptosis in H9c2 cells.Conclusion Overall,both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that SL attenuated UPMaggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.The mechanisms were related to the downregulation of macrophages infiltrating heart tissues.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3204003)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Wenqiang Zhang,No.2018058).
文摘Particulate organic matter(POM)plays a crucial role in the organic composition of lakes;however,its characteristics remain poorly understood.This study aimed to characterize the structure and composition of POM in Lake Baiyangdian usingmany kinds of techniques and investigate the effects of different extracted forms of POM on water quality.The suspended particulatematter in the lake had complex compositions,with its components primarily derived from aquatic plants and their detritus.The organic matter content of the suspended particulatematterwas relatively high(organic carbon content 27.29–145.94 g/kg)for the sum of three extractable states(water-extracted organic matter[WEOM],humic acid,and fulvic acid)and one stable bound state(humin).Spatial distribution analysis revealed that the POM content in the water increased from west to east,which was consistent with the water flow pattern influenced by the Baiyangdian water diversion project.Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of the WEOM showed three prominent peaks with excitation/emission wavelengths similar to those of dissolved organic matter peaks.These peaks were potentially initial products of POM conversion into dissolved organic matter.Furthermore,the intensity of the WEOM fluorescence peak(total fluorescence peak intensity)was negatively correlated with the inorganic nitrogen concentration in water(p<0.01),while the intensity of the HA fluorescence peak showed a positive correlation with the inorganic nitrogen concentration(p<0.01).This suggested that exogenous organic matter inputs led to the diffusion of alkaline dissolved nitrogen from sediment intowater,while degradation processes of aquatic plant debris contributed to the decrease in inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the water column.These findings enhance our understanding of POM characteristics in shallow lakes and the role of POM in shallow lake ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFC3709500,2023YFC3709502 and 2022YFC3703400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077191)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.63233054)Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(No.18PTZWHZ00120).
文摘Serious fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution and rapidly increasing of ground-level ozone(O_(3))concentrations are concern issues in China.To achieve the comprehensive control of PM_(2.5)-O_(3) composite air pollution,exploring the common sources of PM_(2.5) and VOCs is essential.However,previous researches most carried out either PM_(2.5) or VOCs source appointment.In this study,we applied the ensemble source apportionment method to explore the impacts of common sources on PM_(2.5)-VOCs.Subsequently,we obtained the ensemble source impacts on O_(3) combining the extracted VOCs source profile and ozone formation potential.We found that the focus of environmentalmanagement and source control should be varied accordingly for different pollutants.Vehicle emission was the largest contributor(41%)to PM_(2.5)-VOCs,while industrial emission was the main common source(51%)to O_(3).The result showed that the O_(3) production rate is not only related to the VOCs emission,but also to the reactivity of VOCs.In addition,sensitivity tests revealed that temperature was the main factor affecting O_(3) formation.The study provides a framework to explore the common sources impact on PM_(2.5) and VOCs,which is benefit to address both PM_(2.5) and O_(3) mitigations.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42141006,32425038 and 31988102).
文摘Forest ecosystems function as the largest carbon(C)sink in terrestrial ecosystems,and nearly half of the C in forest ecosystems is stored in forest soils.However,the patterns of two main fractions of soil organic C,particulate organic C(POC)and mineral-associated organic C(MAOC),across various types of forest ecosystems remain unclear.In this study,soil samples were collected from depths of 0–100 cm at eight sites located between 18°and 48°north latitude in eastern China.The soil samples were then separated into particulate organic matter(POM)and mineral-associated organic matter(MAOM)based on particle size to analyze the distribution of C within each fraction.The results showed that the C stored as POC increased with latitude and decreased with soil depth.Specifically,28.1%,38.5%and 55.6%of C was stored as POC in the topsoil(0–30 cm)of tropical,subtropical and temperate forests,respectively,while 24.0%,24.3%and 38.9%of C was stored as POC in the subsoil(30–100 cm)of the corresponding forests,respectively.MAOC experienced a higher degree of microbial processing(indicated by differences in δ^(13)C,δ^(15)N and C:N between POM and MAOM)than POC,with a more pronounced difference in microbial processing between MAOC and POC at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of forest SOC and offer potential strategies for enhancing forest C sequestration.
基金supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(22102095,21773153)the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(2018YFB1502001)financial support from the program of China Scholarships Council(No.202306230242).
文摘Particulate photocatalytic systems using nanoscale photocatalysts have been developed as an attractive promising route for solar energy utilization to achieve resource sustainability and environmental harmony.Dynamic obstacles are considered as the dominant inhibition for attaining satisfactory energy-conversion efficiency.The complexity in light absorption and carrier transfer behaviors has remained to be further clearly illuminated.It is challenging to trace the fast evolution of charge carriers involved in transfer migration and interfacial reactions within a micro–nano-single-particle photocatalyst,which requires spatiotemporal high resolution.In this review,comprehensive dynamic descriptions including irradiation field,carrier separation and transfer,and interfacial reaction processes have been elucidated and discussed.The corresponding mechanisms for revealing dynamic behaviors have been explained.In addition,numerical simulation and modeling methods have been illustrated for the description of the irradiation field.Experimental measurements and spatiotemporal characterizations have been clarified for the reflection of carrier behavior and probing detection of interfacial reactions.The representative applications have been introduced according to the reported advanced research works,and the relationships between mechanistic conclusions from variable spatiotemporal measurements and photocatalytic performance results in the specific photocatalytic reactions have been concluded.This review provides a collective perspective for the full understanding and thorough evaluation of the primary dynamic processes,which would be inspired for the improvement in designing solar-driven energy-conversion systems based on nanoscale particulate photocatalysts.
基金Supported by the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province (Nos.TS20190913,tsqn202211054)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.202241007)the Youth Innovation Team Program in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province (No.2022KJ045)
文摘Mesoscale eddies are widespread in the global ocean,significantly influencing the physical,chemical,and biological structures of water column.Based on the CTD data and suspended particulate matter(SPM)data collected at 36 hydrographic stations during a field cruise in southern Mozambique Channel,combined with satellite altimeter observations,we identified a series of mesoscale eddies traversing the Mozambique Channel.Our hydrographic measurements,coupled with in situ chlorophyll fluorescence data,reveal that these eddies significantly influence thermohaline structure and chlorophyll distribution,which in turn affects primary productivity and SPM concentrations in the upper ocean.The cyclonic eddies facilitate the upwelling of cold subsurface water,leading to a shallowing of the pycnocline and the creation of a low-temperature anomaly with variable salinity anomalies at different depths.Conversely,anticyclonic eddies submerge warm surface water,deepening the pycnocline,and resulting in a high-temperature anomaly accompanied by distinct salinity patterns.Significantly,a coastal anticyclonic eddy was observed to intercept terrestrial material from the Delagoa Bight,redirecting it west of 36°E.This study presents unique and quasi-synchronous CTD datasets capturing mesoscale eddy impacts,and provided valuable insights into SPM variability within the often-neglected southern Mozambique Channel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274344)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(Nos.2022JJ30723 and 2023JJ20068)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3042).
文摘Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.
基金supported by the institutional fund MLP004 and Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)(No.CRG/2021/002625)financial assistance from DBT-JRF,Department of Biotechnology,Gov of India,New Delhi India(DBT/2018/1111)。
文摘Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82303169)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2021ZDLSF02-06).
文摘Objective Several epidemiological observational studies have related particulate matter(PM)exposure to Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),but many confounding factors make it difficult to draw causal links from observational studies.The objective of this study was to explore the causal association between PM_(2.5)exposure,its absorbance,and IBD.Methods We assessed the association of PM_(2.5)and PM_(2.5)absorbance with the two primary forms of IBD(Crohn’s disease[CD]and ulcerative colitis[UC])using Mendelian randomization(MR)to explore the causal relationship.We conducted two-sample MR analyses with aggregated data from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study.Single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked with PM_(2.5)concentrations or their absorbance were used as instrumental variables(IVs).We used inverse variance weighting(IVW)as the primary analytical approach and four other standard methods as supplementary analyses for quality control.Results The results of MR demonstrated that PM_(2.5)had an adverse influence on UC risk(odds ratio[OR]=1.010;95%confidence interval[CI]=1.001–1.019,P=0.020).Meanwhile,the results of IVW showed that PM_(2.5)absorbance was also causally associated with UC(OR=1.012;95%CI=1.004–1.019,P=0.002).We observed no causal relationship between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and CD.The results of sensitivity analysis indicated the absence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy,ensuring the reliability of MR results.Conclusion Based on two-sample MR analyses,there are potential positive causal relationships between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and UC.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2705700)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515012355)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530140609020)the Scientific Research Project of Wuhan Municipal Health Commission(No.WX21Q36).
文摘Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the association between particulate matter(PM)exposure and fertility intentions.Methods In this nationwide cross-sectional study,we analyzed data from 10,747 participants(5496 females and 5251 males).PM waves were defined as periods lasting 3‒6 consecutive days during which the daily average concentrations exceeded China’s Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade II thresholds(PM2.5>75μg/m3 and PM10>150μg/m3).We employed multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between exposure to PM waves and fertility intentions.Results Significant inverse associations were detected between exposure to PM2.5 wave events(characterized by concentrations exceeding 75μg/m3 for durations of 4‒6 days,P<0.05)and PM10 wave events(defined as concentrations exceeding 150μg/m3 for 6 consecutive days,P<0.05)and fertility intentions among females.In contrast,neither the PM2.5 wave nor the PM10 wave events demonstrated statistically significant correlations with fertility intentions in males(P>0.05 for all comparisons).The potentially susceptible subgroup was identified as females aged 20–30 years.Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that PM2.5 and PM10 waves are associated with a reduction in female fertility intentions,offering critical insights for the development of public health policies and strategies aimed at individual protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176071)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2023A1515011879).
文摘Phthalate(PAEs)and Bisphenols(BPs)are plasticizers or additives in consumer products.They are typical endocrine disruptors,and potential health hazards may occur when people are exposed to them through inhalation,ingestion,and dermal contact.The current research on inhalation exposure pays limited attention to the particle distribution of PAEs and BPs in air,although particulate-bound pollutants are usually size-dependent.In this study,we discussed the size resolution of PAEs and BPs in air particles from city waste recycling plants.With paired urine samples of the workers,we also compared the internal and external exposure of PAEs and BPs and related potential health risks.The particulatebound PAEs and BPs concentrated mainly on coarse particles(Dp>2.1μm),with a bimodal distribution,and the peak particle size ranged from 9–10 to 4.7–5.85μm,respectively.Model calculation revealed that the deposition fluxes of PAEs in different respiratory regions followed the sequence of head airways(167±92.8 ng/h)>alveolar region(18.9±9.96 ng/h)>tracheobronchial region(9.20±5.22 ng/h),and the similar trends went for BPs.The daily intakes of PAEs and BPs via dust ingestion were higher than those fromrespiratory inhalation and dermal contact,with mean value of 96 and 0.88 ng/(kg-bw day),respectively.For internal exposure,the estimated daily intakes of PAEs for waste recycling workers were higher than those in e-waste dismantling workers,while the exposure levels of bisphenols were comparable.Overall,the potential health risks from inhalation exposure to particulate-bound PAEs and BPs were low.
基金the financial support(Grant Number:CMRC9923)was provided by the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,Ahvaz,Iran。
文摘Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investigated.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)process is a characteristic of PF.We discussed whether suspended particulate matter(SPM)is involved in EMT induction via transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).In this study,a detailed elemental analysis(55 elements),particle size,and morphology were determined.To investigate the toxicity of SPM,an MTT test was performed to detect cell viability.Next,A549cells were exposed to selected concentrations of SPM(20 and 40μg/mL)for single and repeated exposures.The DCFH-DA assay showed that exposure to SPM could produce reactive oxygen species(ROS).The ELISA assay demonstrated increased levels of interleukin-8(IL-8)and TGF-β1 in the supernatant.Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins associated with EMT and the SMAD3-dependent pathway.Results of western blot demonstrated that E-cadherin was reduced,whereas p-SMAD3,vimentin,andα-smooth muscle actin were elevated.Our findings indicated that SPM triggered EMT by induction of oxidative stress,inflammation,and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation.
基金This work was supported financially by Korea Environment Industry&Technology Institute through Project to make multi-ministerial national biological research resources more advanced program,funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(grant number RS-2023-00230403).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.
基金supported by the Shanghai Sailing Program (No.21YF1448900)the Jiangxi Technological Innovation Guidance Plan Project (No.20212BDH80015)。
文摘In this study,the effect of new and used catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF)with different catalyst loadings on the particulate emissions including the particle mass(PM),particle number(PN),particle size distribution(PSD)and geometric mean diameter(GMD)from a diesel vehicle were investigated based on a heavy chassis dynamometer.Results showed that more than 97.9%of the PN and 95.4%of the PM were reduced by the CDPF,and the reduction efficiency was enhanced by the catalyst loading.After using the CDPF,the PSD transformed from bimodal to trimodal with the peak shifting towards smaller particle size,more nucleation mode particles were reduced compared with accumulation mode ones,but the reduction effect on the accumulation mode particles was more significantly influenced by the catalyst loading.Notably,the CDPF increased the accumulation mode particles proportion,producing a larger GMD.For the used CDPF,its reduction effect on the particulate emissions enhanced,especially for the PM in accumulation mode.The PSD returned to bimodal,but the peak at accumulation mode began to be higher than that at nucleation mode,illustrating that more nucleation mode particles was removed.The aging of the CDPF resulted in greater effect on the PN-based PSD than that of PM-based PSD,but the effect of catalyst loading on the PN and PM emission factors was weakened.The used CDPF further increased the GMD,and the effect of catalyst loading on the GMD was strengthened,a higher catalyst loading led to a reduction in the GMD.
基金Supported by the China’s National Polar Special Program“Impact and Response of Antarctic Seas to Climate Change”(Nos.IRASCC 01-01-02,IRASCC 02-02)the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography(Nos.JG 2011,JG 2211,JG 2013,JG 1805)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42276255,41976228,41976227)the International Cooperation Key Project of Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2022 YFE 0136500)。
文摘The ecosystems in Southern Ocean(SO)are undergoing significant changes in the context of climate change.To identify environment-phytoplankton feedbacks in SO,seawater samples were collected in the Cosmonaut Sea(CS)during the 37 th China Antarctic Research Expedition(Jan.2021)(CHINARE-37)and subjected to analysis of particulate organic carbon(POC)and phytoplankton pigments.The remote sensing data,CHEMTAX community compositional modeling analysis,and physicochemical measurements were combined to explore the spatial variation of phytoplankton crops,taxonomic composition,and their environmental drivers.Historical phytoplankton community data from the area were also compared against those of this study to investigate inter-annual community differences and their potential causes.The column-integrated POC and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentrations were 12.0±4.9 g/m^(2) and 73.8±50.5 mg/m^(2),respectively.The two most dominant taxa were haptophyte that are adapted to high Fe availability(Hapt-HiFe,mainly Phaeocystis antarctica)and Diatoms-A(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)that contributed to 33%±25%and 24%±14%to the total phytoplankton crops,respectively.Through cluster analysis,the study area was divided into two regions dominated by Hapt-HiFe and Diatoms-A,respectively.Spatially,Hapt-HiFe was mainly concentrated in the southwest coastal area that featured low temperatures,low salinity,and shallow euphotic zones.The coastal region southwest of the southern boundary of the Antarctic circumpolar current was experiencing a bloom of Hapt-HiFe during the study period that significantly contributed to the POC pool and Chl-a concentrations(R=0.46,P<0.01;R=0.42,P<0.01).Besides,the dominance of Hapt-HiFe in the CS suggests a high biological availability of dissolved Fe that is primarily associated with inputs from sea ice melt and upwellings.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0115300,2022YFC3600800,2017YFC0211706)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-010)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073658,82070473)National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(2022-GSP-GG-1,2022-GSP-GG-2)Research Unit of Prospective Cohort of Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers,CAMS(2019RU038)National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases,Fuwai Hospital,CAMS(NCRC2020006)。
文摘Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.
基金support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0206600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376125)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Oxy-combustion is a promising carbon-capture technology,but atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion has a relatively low net efficiency,limiting its application in power plants.In pressurized oxycombustion(POC),the boiler,air separation unit,flue gas recirculation unit,and CO_(2)purification and compression unit are all operated at elevated pressure;this makes the process more efficient,with many advantages over atmospheric pressure,such as low NO_(x)emissions,a smaller boiler size,and more.POC is also more promising for industrial application and has attracted widespread research interest in recent years.It can produce high-pressure CO_(2)with a purity of approximately 95%,which can be used directly for enhanced oil recovery or geo-sequestration.However,the pollutant emissions must meet the standards for carbon capture,storage,and utilization.Because of the high oxygen and moisture concentrations in POC,the formation of acids via the oxidation and solution of SO_(x)and NO_(x)can be increased,causing the corrosion of pipelines and equipment.Furthermore,particulate matter(PM)and mercury emissions can harm the environment and human health.The main distinction between pressurized and atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion is the former’s elevated pressure;thus,the effect of this pressure on the pollutants emitted from POC—including SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury—must be understood,and effective control methodologies must be incorporated to control the formation of these pollutants.This paper reviews recent advances in research on SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury formation and control in POC systems that can aid in pollutant control in such systems.
