This current cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between thyroid hormones and peripheral artery disease （PAD） among euthyroid Chinese population aged 40 years and above. Serum free triiodothyronine ...This current cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between thyroid hormones and peripheral artery disease （PAD） among euthyroid Chinese population aged 40 years and above. Serum free triiodothyronine （FT3）, free thyroxin （FT4）, thyroid-stimulating hormone （TSH）, and thyroid antibodies were measured.展开更多
Quantum key distribution(QKD)-based quantum private query(QPQ) is a practical application of QKD, which relaxes the security condition of perfectly concealing a private query to a cheating-sensitive strategy. We propo...Quantum key distribution(QKD)-based quantum private query(QPQ) is a practical application of QKD, which relaxes the security condition of perfectly concealing a private query to a cheating-sensitive strategy. We propose a QPQ protocol based on the delegated QKD scheme(DQKD-based QPQ), in which two almost ‘classical' clients(data user and database owner) can establish a 1-out-of-N oblivious key with the help of a cloud server with full quantum ability. Concretely, the two classical participants in the DQKD-based QPQ only need to access the quantum channel and reorder qubits, and the costly quantum operations, quantum state preparation and measurement are outsourced to a full quantum server in the cloud without leaking participants' privacy. The proposed protocol not only provides a cloud-based framework of QKD-based QPQ, but also obtains better security by a real-time security check, which can protect the security of the database and user against all potential attacks even if the quantum server is assumed to be a powerfully untrusted adversary.展开更多
In order to satisfy the rapid changing requirements of customers, enterprises must cooperate with each other to form supply chain. The first and the most important stage in the forming of supply chain is the selection...In order to satisfy the rapid changing requirements of customers, enterprises must cooperate with each other to form supply chain. The first and the most important stage in the forming of supply chain is the selection of participants. The article proposes a two staged decision model to select partners. The first stage is the inter company comparison in each business process to select high efficiency candidate based on inside variables. The next stage is to analyse the combination of different candidates in order to select the most perfect partners according to a goal programming model.展开更多
The transport of dangerous goods always represents a potential risk to life,human health,property,and environmental protection.For this reason and in order to preserve the lives and health of the participants in the t...The transport of dangerous goods always represents a potential risk to life,human health,property,and environmental protection.For this reason and in order to preserve the lives and health of the participants in the transport process,adequate protection measures must be taken before,during,and after the transport of dangerous goods.Since the railway itself is a recipient of dangerous goods that are essential for its own operation,and is also a carrier of large quantities of various dangerous goods,these measures are of paramount importance.This paper examines,from a point of view of the protection of lives and health of the participants in the transport process and the safe transport of dangerous goods,the conditions of shipment and transport of dangerous goods,the obligations of the participants,and the essential ways for their proper handling.Proper application of safety at work prevents impromptu and indolent attitude in transporting dangerous goods,thus contributing to protection of people lives and health.Finally,this paper includes preventive measures and basic principles for implementation of safety at work in the transport of dangerous goods.展开更多
Research focuses on studying the economic impacts of 2014 Asian Basketball League in Ho Chi Minh City （hereinaiter referred as ABL 2014） with respect to direct expenditure of all types of participants, including org...Research focuses on studying the economic impacts of 2014 Asian Basketball League in Ho Chi Minh City （hereinaiter referred as ABL 2014） with respect to direct expenditure of all types of participants, including organizers, coaches/athletes, journalists/communicators, audiences, etc. Research was implemented with 920 subjects, including 48 members of the organizing committee, 56 coaches/athletes, 800 audiences and 16 members of journal and media teams.展开更多
Objective To discuss the problems existing in the compensation of Chinese clinical trial participants and propose some suggestions for improving their rights.Methods The literature related to the participants’right t...Objective To discuss the problems existing in the compensation of Chinese clinical trial participants and propose some suggestions for improving their rights.Methods The literature related to the participants’right to compensation at home and abroad was searched to study the inadequacy of the compensation right for clinical trial participants in China from four aspects:insurance system,principle of attribution,legal relationship and compensation regulations.Then,some suggestions to improve the participants’right to compensation were proposed.Results and Conclusion China lacks clear legal norms for participants’right to compensation.There are problems such as unclear insurance rules and compensation rules,unclear contractual relationships between parties to clinical trials,and no laws and regulations to rely on for attribution and compensation.China should issue regulatory guidelines related to the right to compensation of participants in clinical trials,so that all parties in clinical trials can have rules to follow if there is the occurrence of injury,which can better protect the rights and interests of the participants.展开更多
Maintaining participants in a trial ultimately without dropout helps keep a study on track,saving time,money,and resources.Since 2015,extensive bioequivalence(BE)studies have been carried out in China,while no researc...Maintaining participants in a trial ultimately without dropout helps keep a study on track,saving time,money,and resources.Since 2015,extensive bioequivalence(BE)studies have been carried out in China,while no research about dropout in healthy volunteers has been reported yet.In this retrospective study,1078 healthy volunteers participating in 18 BE studies from March 2016 to February 2019 in one Chinese hospital were included.Information about the healthy participants and BE studies was recorded for analysis.In terms of the dropout reason,poor compliance,adverse event(AE),and loss of follow-up were found to be the three leading causes of dropout,accounting for 78.7%of all dropouts.In terms of associated factors with active dropout,smoking habit(OR=5.790,P<0.001)was significantly associated with increased risk of active dropout,while older age(OR=0.940,P=0.042)and AE except for SAE(OR=0.321,P=0.004)were significantly associated with a decreased risk of active dropout.Strengthening the education on younger participants and participants with a smoking habit,as well as emphasizing the possible adverse reactions and potential risks,might be strategies to reduce active dropout in healthy participants.展开更多
Objective: Leisure-time is an important part of young people’s lives. One way to reduce social differences in health is to improve adolescents’ living conditions, for example by enhancing the quality of after-school...Objective: Leisure-time is an important part of young people’s lives. One way to reduce social differences in health is to improve adolescents’ living conditions, for example by enhancing the quality of after-school activities. Multicultural, socially deprived suburbs have less youth participation in organized leisure-time activities. This study explores who the participants are at two NGO-run youth-centers in multicultural, socially deprived suburbs in Sweden and whether socio-demographic, health-related, and leisure-time factors affect the targeted participation. Methods: The study can be seen as an explanatory mixed-methods study where qualitative data help explain initial quantitative results. The included data are a survey with youth (n = 207), seven individual interviews with staff, and six focus-groups interviews with young people at two youth-centers in two different cities. Results and Conclusions: The participants in the youth-centers are Swedish born youths having foreign-born parents who live with both parents, often in crowded apartments with many siblings. Moreover they feel healthy, enjoy school and have good contact with their parents. It seems that strategies for recruiting youths to youth-centers have a large impact on who participates. One way to succeed in having a more equal gender and ethnicity distribution is to offer youth activities that are a natural step forward from children’s activities. The youth-centers’ proximity is also of importance for participation, in these types of neighborhoods.展开更多
The majority of extant research studies have established that high school students’athletic participation is positively associated with several educational outcomes,including academic performance.However,the effect o...The majority of extant research studies have established that high school students’athletic participation is positively associated with several educational outcomes,including academic performance.However,the effect of long-term athletic participation on academic performance remains unclear.Using a longitudinal data of 220 students from a high school in eastern Massachusetts of the United States,this study has revealed that athletic participants in this school started with a statistically significant higher GPA than non-participants in the first year of study,and have continued to be higher in the following two years,lag behind significantly,however,in academic achievement growth from their nonparticipation counterparts.The results of the study call for thoughtful decision-making regarding sports programs and athletic policies,proper guidance and adequate support for athletes and an optimal sport-academic culture in American high schools.展开更多
The advancement of medicine is inseparable from clinical research,and the successful conduct of such research relies heavily on the support and dedication of research participants.These individuals not only make inval...The advancement of medicine is inseparable from clinical research,and the successful conduct of such research relies heavily on the support and dedication of research participants.These individuals not only make invaluable contributions to scientific and societal progress but also face potential risks and inconveniences.Therefore,safeguarding the rights of research participants—particularly their right to compensation—is an ethical obligation and a shared responsibility of all stakeholders involved in clinical research.展开更多
Medical progress is based on research.Life sciences and medical research contribute to the improvement of people’s health,alleviation of suffering,and increases in well-being.Life sciences and medical research involv...Medical progress is based on research.Life sciences and medical research contribute to the improvement of people’s health,alleviation of suffering,and increases in well-being.Life sciences and medical research involving human participants cannot be undertaken without the support and dedication of participants.The safety,health,and welfare of participants are primary considerations in clinical research,taking precedence over the benefits to science and society.The rights and interests of participants include the right to health,the right to informed consent,the right to compensation,the right to privacy protection,the right to voluntary participation,the right to withdraw at any time,the study/trial free right,and the right to timely treatment.Protecting the rights of participants is the responsibility of sponsors,contract research organizations,medical institutions,researchers,ethics review committees,and other research parties.In life sciences and medical research involving humans,participants typically expend time and energy,and participating in clinical research involves a degree of inconvenience in participants’work and life.When participating in studies in which safety and effectiveness have not been fully and effectively verified,participants are often exposed to uncertain types and levels of risk.Participants in such studies bear known and unknown risks,and may suffer research-related damages.Guaranteeing,protecting,and implementing participants’right to compensation are essential responsibilities in life sciences and medical research involving human participants.The current paper examines the right of compensation for research participants.We undertook in-depth analysis of the concepts,categories(conventional compensation,research-related damages),principles(necessity,timeliness,appropriateness,fairness),and elements(method,amount,plan,consent,notification,reference)of compensation,as well as compensation under special circumstances(people who have not given informed consent,participants with impaired informed consent capacity,participants who withdraw from a study).Additionally,we examined processes for research-related damages(claims,opinions,negotiation,implementation).This paper proposes measures for the compensation rights of participants,which cover five domains(sponsor/contract research organizations,research institutions,research management departments,the principal researchers and their teams,and ethics review committees),to ensure the implementation of compensation and strengthen the protection of the compensation rights of participants.展开更多
Objective:To investigate whether the excess premature mortality risk related to hypertension could be reduced or eliminated through joint risk factor control.Methods:A total of 70898 hypertensive participants and 2240...Objective:To investigate whether the excess premature mortality risk related to hypertension could be reduced or eliminated through joint risk factor control.Methods:A total of 70898 hypertensive participants and 224069 matched non-hypertensive participants without cancer or cardiovascular disease(CVD)at baseline were included and followed from 2006 to 2022.The degree of joint risk factor control was evaluated based on the major cardiovascular risk factors,including blood pressure,body mass index,waist circumference,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,glycated haemoglobin,albuminuria,smoking,and physical activity.Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the relationship between degree of risk factor control and premature mortality.Results:Each additional risk factor control was associated with a 15%,12%,24%,and 11%lower risk of premature all-cause mortality,premature cancer mortality,premature CVD mortality,and premature other mortality,respectively.Optimal risk factor control(≥6 risk factors)was associated with a 55%[hazard ratio(HR):0.45,95%confidence interval(CI):0.40–0.51],50%(HR:0.50,95%CI:0.41–0.60),67%(HR:0.33,95%CI:0.26–0.42),and 50%(HR:0.50,95%CI:0.40–0.62)lower risk of premature all-cause mortality,premature cancer mortality,premature CVD mortality,and premature other mortality,respectively.Hypertensive participants with 3,2,4,and 2 or more controlled risk factors showed no excess risk of premature all-cause mortality,premature cancer mortality,premature CVD mortality,and premature other mortality,respectively,compared to matched non-hypertensive participants.Conclusions:In this cohort study of UK Biobank participants,degree of joint risk factor control shows gradient inverse association with risk of premature mortality in hypertensive participants;optimal risk factor control may eliminate hypertension-related excess risk of premature mortality.展开更多
This study presents an analytic overview of forty years of study of Western Marxism by Chinese scholars.Organised into four main sections,it begins with an emphasis on the wider institutional context of this Chinese r...This study presents an analytic overview of forty years of study of Western Marxism by Chinese scholars.Organised into four main sections,it begins with an emphasis on the wider institutional context of this Chinese research.Here,I deal with the beginnings of research on Western Marxism in China and outline the two main periods of this research,which turn on the important educational reforms of 2005.The next section focuses on the initial period of research on Western Marxism,from the early 1980s to the education reforms,which may be characterised in terms of the work of“wary onlookers”writing introductions and surveys of Western Marxist scholars.The following section covers the last two decades after the 2005 education reforms.This period is of most interest,so more attention is devoted to developments during this time.It has been a time of increasingly confident participants on the world stage,who focus on core issues,realistic demands,and problem-based research.The final section concerns assessments of the limitations of Western Marxism,which have been identified through the in-depth research of the second period.In conclusion,while Western Marxism may be seen as a legitimate development of Marxism in a capitalist context,it is a tributary from the mainstream.展开更多
Introduction In China, it is not uncommon for students to be treated as passive recipients in class. They are trained in this way from primary school. So by the time they enter college, not only are they accustomed to...Introduction In China, it is not uncommon for students to be treated as passive recipients in class. They are trained in this way from primary school. So by the time they enter college, not only are they accustomed to the role of submissive student following the lead of a dominant teacher, but they also quite welcome it, for they don’t have to take any initiative in class, they just wait to be filled with knowledge. Students’ hesitancy to participate actively in class comes not just from students themselves but also from some teachers, who stick to the force-feeding method because it is an easy way for them to conduct a class. So I started to try and change this situation. I designed a teaching plan in which I used different techniques to provide the students with lots of opportunities to be active participants in class. Some of the techniques used are described below.展开更多
Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method...Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.展开更多
With the in-depth advancement of China’s dual carbon goals,the national carbon emissions trading market has become a core policy tool for achieving emission reduction targets.However,the current carbon market remains...With the in-depth advancement of China’s dual carbon goals,the national carbon emissions trading market has become a core policy tool for achieving emission reduction targets.However,the current carbon market remains predominantly spot-based,facing challenges such as limited financial products,restricted market participants,immature carbon pricing mechanisms,and insufficient liquidity,which constrain its resource allocation and risk management functions.Based on the spirit of the“Opinions on Promoting Green Low-Carbon Transformation and Strengthening National Carbon Market Construction”issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council,this paper focuses on the challenges faced during the implementation of the dual control system for carbon emissions in the“Fifteenth Five-Year Plan”period,with emphasis on analyzing the development bottlenecks of the carbon market.It proposes accelerating the launch of carbon futures,carbon options and other derivatives,expanding the scope of financial institution participation,improving carbon market infrastructure,and establishing a cross-departmental coordinated policy framework.By drawing on international experience and combining domestic pilot practices,this aims to provide an operational and implementable pathway for the development of China’s carbon market,further enhancing the supporting role of the carbon market in green low-carbon transformation.展开更多
Background The relationship between glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and cognitive impairment in older adults with coronary heart disease(CHD) remains unclear.Methods The present study used a prospective cohort study design...Background The relationship between glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and cognitive impairment in older adults with coronary heart disease(CHD) remains unclear.Methods The present study used a prospective cohort study design and included 3244 participants aged ≥ 65 years in Beijing,China. The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA) were used to assess cognitive function. Serum HbA1c was detected at admission. All patients were divided into high HbA1c group(≥ 6.5 mmol/L) and low HbA1c group(< 6.5 mmol/L) based on their HbA1c levels. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between HbA1c and cognitive impairment.Results In this study of 3244 participants, 1201(37.0%) patients were in high HbA1c group and 2045(63.0%) patients were in a state of cognitive impairment. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that HbA1c was an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment regardless of whether the HbA1c was a continuous or categorical variable(OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.15–1.40, P < 0.001;OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.41–2.26, P ≤ 0.001, respectively). The restricted cubic spline curve exhibited that the relationship between the HbA1c and cognitive impairment was linear(p for non-linear = 0.323, P < 0.001).Conclusion Elevated levels of HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment in older patients with CHD. These insights could be used to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of cognitive screening in these patient populations.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81370960 and 81670795)the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2015BAI12B14,2015BAI12B02,2016YFC0901200,and 2016YFC1305202)
文摘This current cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between thyroid hormones and peripheral artery disease （PAD） among euthyroid Chinese population aged 40 years and above. Serum free triiodothyronine （FT3）, free thyroxin （FT4）, thyroid-stimulating hormone （TSH）, and thyroid antibodies were measured.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No 2017YFB0802300the Foundation Science and Forefront Technology of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission of China under Grant No cstc2016jcyj A0571
文摘Quantum key distribution(QKD)-based quantum private query(QPQ) is a practical application of QKD, which relaxes the security condition of perfectly concealing a private query to a cheating-sensitive strategy. We propose a QPQ protocol based on the delegated QKD scheme(DQKD-based QPQ), in which two almost ‘classical' clients(data user and database owner) can establish a 1-out-of-N oblivious key with the help of a cloud server with full quantum ability. Concretely, the two classical participants in the DQKD-based QPQ only need to access the quantum channel and reorder qubits, and the costly quantum operations, quantum state preparation and measurement are outsourced to a full quantum server in the cloud without leaking participants' privacy. The proposed protocol not only provides a cloud-based framework of QKD-based QPQ, but also obtains better security by a real-time security check, which can protect the security of the database and user against all potential attacks even if the quantum server is assumed to be a powerfully untrusted adversary.
文摘In order to satisfy the rapid changing requirements of customers, enterprises must cooperate with each other to form supply chain. The first and the most important stage in the forming of supply chain is the selection of participants. The article proposes a two staged decision model to select partners. The first stage is the inter company comparison in each business process to select high efficiency candidate based on inside variables. The next stage is to analyse the combination of different candidates in order to select the most perfect partners according to a goal programming model.
文摘The transport of dangerous goods always represents a potential risk to life,human health,property,and environmental protection.For this reason and in order to preserve the lives and health of the participants in the transport process,adequate protection measures must be taken before,during,and after the transport of dangerous goods.Since the railway itself is a recipient of dangerous goods that are essential for its own operation,and is also a carrier of large quantities of various dangerous goods,these measures are of paramount importance.This paper examines,from a point of view of the protection of lives and health of the participants in the transport process and the safe transport of dangerous goods,the conditions of shipment and transport of dangerous goods,the obligations of the participants,and the essential ways for their proper handling.Proper application of safety at work prevents impromptu and indolent attitude in transporting dangerous goods,thus contributing to protection of people lives and health.Finally,this paper includes preventive measures and basic principles for implementation of safety at work in the transport of dangerous goods.
文摘Research focuses on studying the economic impacts of 2014 Asian Basketball League in Ho Chi Minh City （hereinaiter referred as ABL 2014） with respect to direct expenditure of all types of participants, including organizers, coaches/athletes, journalists/communicators, audiences, etc. Research was implemented with 920 subjects, including 48 members of the organizing committee, 56 coaches/athletes, 800 audiences and 16 members of journal and media teams.
基金Liaoning Pharmaceutical Industry Innovation and Development Strategy Research and Funding Project(2020lslktyb-095)National Medical Products Administration-Special Fund of Drug Regulatory Research Institute of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(2021jgkx004)+1 种基金Shenzhen Maternity&Child Healthcare Hospital Science Foundation(2022(73))Shenzhen Health Economics Society Research Fund Project(202333).
文摘Objective To discuss the problems existing in the compensation of Chinese clinical trial participants and propose some suggestions for improving their rights.Methods The literature related to the participants’right to compensation at home and abroad was searched to study the inadequacy of the compensation right for clinical trial participants in China from four aspects:insurance system,principle of attribution,legal relationship and compensation regulations.Then,some suggestions to improve the participants’right to compensation were proposed.Results and Conclusion China lacks clear legal norms for participants’right to compensation.There are problems such as unclear insurance rules and compensation rules,unclear contractual relationships between parties to clinical trials,and no laws and regulations to rely on for attribution and compensation.China should issue regulatory guidelines related to the right to compensation of participants in clinical trials,so that all parties in clinical trials can have rules to follow if there is the occurrence of injury,which can better protect the rights and interests of the participants.
基金National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for Significant New Drugs Development(Grant No.2017ZX09304022)。
文摘Maintaining participants in a trial ultimately without dropout helps keep a study on track,saving time,money,and resources.Since 2015,extensive bioequivalence(BE)studies have been carried out in China,while no research about dropout in healthy volunteers has been reported yet.In this retrospective study,1078 healthy volunteers participating in 18 BE studies from March 2016 to February 2019 in one Chinese hospital were included.Information about the healthy participants and BE studies was recorded for analysis.In terms of the dropout reason,poor compliance,adverse event(AE),and loss of follow-up were found to be the three leading causes of dropout,accounting for 78.7%of all dropouts.In terms of associated factors with active dropout,smoking habit(OR=5.790,P<0.001)was significantly associated with increased risk of active dropout,while older age(OR=0.940,P=0.042)and AE except for SAE(OR=0.321,P=0.004)were significantly associated with a decreased risk of active dropout.Strengthening the education on younger participants and participants with a smoking habit,as well as emphasizing the possible adverse reactions and potential risks,might be strategies to reduce active dropout in healthy participants.
文摘Objective: Leisure-time is an important part of young people’s lives. One way to reduce social differences in health is to improve adolescents’ living conditions, for example by enhancing the quality of after-school activities. Multicultural, socially deprived suburbs have less youth participation in organized leisure-time activities. This study explores who the participants are at two NGO-run youth-centers in multicultural, socially deprived suburbs in Sweden and whether socio-demographic, health-related, and leisure-time factors affect the targeted participation. Methods: The study can be seen as an explanatory mixed-methods study where qualitative data help explain initial quantitative results. The included data are a survey with youth (n = 207), seven individual interviews with staff, and six focus-groups interviews with young people at two youth-centers in two different cities. Results and Conclusions: The participants in the youth-centers are Swedish born youths having foreign-born parents who live with both parents, often in crowded apartments with many siblings. Moreover they feel healthy, enjoy school and have good contact with their parents. It seems that strategies for recruiting youths to youth-centers have a large impact on who participates. One way to succeed in having a more equal gender and ethnicity distribution is to offer youth activities that are a natural step forward from children’s activities. The youth-centers’ proximity is also of importance for participation, in these types of neighborhoods.
文摘The majority of extant research studies have established that high school students’athletic participation is positively associated with several educational outcomes,including academic performance.However,the effect of long-term athletic participation on academic performance remains unclear.Using a longitudinal data of 220 students from a high school in eastern Massachusetts of the United States,this study has revealed that athletic participants in this school started with a statistically significant higher GPA than non-participants in the first year of study,and have continued to be higher in the following two years,lag behind significantly,however,in academic achievement growth from their nonparticipation counterparts.The results of the study call for thoughtful decision-making regarding sports programs and athletic policies,proper guidance and adequate support for athletes and an optimal sport-academic culture in American high schools.
文摘The advancement of medicine is inseparable from clinical research,and the successful conduct of such research relies heavily on the support and dedication of research participants.These individuals not only make invaluable contributions to scientific and societal progress but also face potential risks and inconveniences.Therefore,safeguarding the rights of research participants—particularly their right to compensation—is an ethical obligation and a shared responsibility of all stakeholders involved in clinical research.
文摘Medical progress is based on research.Life sciences and medical research contribute to the improvement of people’s health,alleviation of suffering,and increases in well-being.Life sciences and medical research involving human participants cannot be undertaken without the support and dedication of participants.The safety,health,and welfare of participants are primary considerations in clinical research,taking precedence over the benefits to science and society.The rights and interests of participants include the right to health,the right to informed consent,the right to compensation,the right to privacy protection,the right to voluntary participation,the right to withdraw at any time,the study/trial free right,and the right to timely treatment.Protecting the rights of participants is the responsibility of sponsors,contract research organizations,medical institutions,researchers,ethics review committees,and other research parties.In life sciences and medical research involving humans,participants typically expend time and energy,and participating in clinical research involves a degree of inconvenience in participants’work and life.When participating in studies in which safety and effectiveness have not been fully and effectively verified,participants are often exposed to uncertain types and levels of risk.Participants in such studies bear known and unknown risks,and may suffer research-related damages.Guaranteeing,protecting,and implementing participants’right to compensation are essential responsibilities in life sciences and medical research involving human participants.The current paper examines the right of compensation for research participants.We undertook in-depth analysis of the concepts,categories(conventional compensation,research-related damages),principles(necessity,timeliness,appropriateness,fairness),and elements(method,amount,plan,consent,notification,reference)of compensation,as well as compensation under special circumstances(people who have not given informed consent,participants with impaired informed consent capacity,participants who withdraw from a study).Additionally,we examined processes for research-related damages(claims,opinions,negotiation,implementation).This paper proposes measures for the compensation rights of participants,which cover five domains(sponsor/contract research organizations,research institutions,research management departments,the principal researchers and their teams,and ethics review committees),to ensure the implementation of compensation and strengthen the protection of the compensation rights of participants.
基金supported by grants from the National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute(Grant Nos.HL071981,HL034594,HL126024)the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(Grant Nos.DK115679,DK091718,DK100383,DK078616)the National Institute of General Medical Sciences(Grant Nos.2P20GM109036-06A1,Sub-Project ID 7233).
文摘Objective:To investigate whether the excess premature mortality risk related to hypertension could be reduced or eliminated through joint risk factor control.Methods:A total of 70898 hypertensive participants and 224069 matched non-hypertensive participants without cancer or cardiovascular disease(CVD)at baseline were included and followed from 2006 to 2022.The degree of joint risk factor control was evaluated based on the major cardiovascular risk factors,including blood pressure,body mass index,waist circumference,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,glycated haemoglobin,albuminuria,smoking,and physical activity.Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the relationship between degree of risk factor control and premature mortality.Results:Each additional risk factor control was associated with a 15%,12%,24%,and 11%lower risk of premature all-cause mortality,premature cancer mortality,premature CVD mortality,and premature other mortality,respectively.Optimal risk factor control(≥6 risk factors)was associated with a 55%[hazard ratio(HR):0.45,95%confidence interval(CI):0.40–0.51],50%(HR:0.50,95%CI:0.41–0.60),67%(HR:0.33,95%CI:0.26–0.42),and 50%(HR:0.50,95%CI:0.40–0.62)lower risk of premature all-cause mortality,premature cancer mortality,premature CVD mortality,and premature other mortality,respectively.Hypertensive participants with 3,2,4,and 2 or more controlled risk factors showed no excess risk of premature all-cause mortality,premature cancer mortality,premature CVD mortality,and premature other mortality,respectively,compared to matched non-hypertensive participants.Conclusions:In this cohort study of UK Biobank participants,degree of joint risk factor control shows gradient inverse association with risk of premature mortality in hypertensive participants;optimal risk factor control may eliminate hypertension-related excess risk of premature mortality.
文摘This study presents an analytic overview of forty years of study of Western Marxism by Chinese scholars.Organised into four main sections,it begins with an emphasis on the wider institutional context of this Chinese research.Here,I deal with the beginnings of research on Western Marxism in China and outline the two main periods of this research,which turn on the important educational reforms of 2005.The next section focuses on the initial period of research on Western Marxism,from the early 1980s to the education reforms,which may be characterised in terms of the work of“wary onlookers”writing introductions and surveys of Western Marxist scholars.The following section covers the last two decades after the 2005 education reforms.This period is of most interest,so more attention is devoted to developments during this time.It has been a time of increasingly confident participants on the world stage,who focus on core issues,realistic demands,and problem-based research.The final section concerns assessments of the limitations of Western Marxism,which have been identified through the in-depth research of the second period.In conclusion,while Western Marxism may be seen as a legitimate development of Marxism in a capitalist context,it is a tributary from the mainstream.
文摘Introduction In China, it is not uncommon for students to be treated as passive recipients in class. They are trained in this way from primary school. So by the time they enter college, not only are they accustomed to the role of submissive student following the lead of a dominant teacher, but they also quite welcome it, for they don’t have to take any initiative in class, they just wait to be filled with knowledge. Students’ hesitancy to participate actively in class comes not just from students themselves but also from some teachers, who stick to the force-feeding method because it is an easy way for them to conduct a class. So I started to try and change this situation. I designed a teaching plan in which I used different techniques to provide the students with lots of opportunities to be active participants in class. Some of the techniques used are described below.
文摘Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.
文摘With the in-depth advancement of China’s dual carbon goals,the national carbon emissions trading market has become a core policy tool for achieving emission reduction targets.However,the current carbon market remains predominantly spot-based,facing challenges such as limited financial products,restricted market participants,immature carbon pricing mechanisms,and insufficient liquidity,which constrain its resource allocation and risk management functions.Based on the spirit of the“Opinions on Promoting Green Low-Carbon Transformation and Strengthening National Carbon Market Construction”issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council,this paper focuses on the challenges faced during the implementation of the dual control system for carbon emissions in the“Fifteenth Five-Year Plan”period,with emphasis on analyzing the development bottlenecks of the carbon market.It proposes accelerating the launch of carbon futures,carbon options and other derivatives,expanding the scope of financial institution participation,improving carbon market infrastructure,and establishing a cross-departmental coordinated policy framework.By drawing on international experience and combining domestic pilot practices,this aims to provide an operational and implementable pathway for the development of China’s carbon market,further enhancing the supporting role of the carbon market in green low-carbon transformation.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 82270258,82100260)National Key Research&Development Prog ram of China (grant number 2020YFC2004800)。
文摘Background The relationship between glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and cognitive impairment in older adults with coronary heart disease(CHD) remains unclear.Methods The present study used a prospective cohort study design and included 3244 participants aged ≥ 65 years in Beijing,China. The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA) were used to assess cognitive function. Serum HbA1c was detected at admission. All patients were divided into high HbA1c group(≥ 6.5 mmol/L) and low HbA1c group(< 6.5 mmol/L) based on their HbA1c levels. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between HbA1c and cognitive impairment.Results In this study of 3244 participants, 1201(37.0%) patients were in high HbA1c group and 2045(63.0%) patients were in a state of cognitive impairment. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that HbA1c was an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment regardless of whether the HbA1c was a continuous or categorical variable(OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.15–1.40, P < 0.001;OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.41–2.26, P ≤ 0.001, respectively). The restricted cubic spline curve exhibited that the relationship between the HbA1c and cognitive impairment was linear(p for non-linear = 0.323, P < 0.001).Conclusion Elevated levels of HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment in older patients with CHD. These insights could be used to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of cognitive screening in these patient populations.
