Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Leeke) R. Br, is the main cereal crop in Niger. This crop is seriously attacked by the millet Head miner (MHM), Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) causin...Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Leeke) R. Br, is the main cereal crop in Niger. This crop is seriously attacked by the millet Head miner (MHM), Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) causing significant yield losses. This study to optimize biological control of this pest was carried out in Niger in the laboratory and in a farming environment. In the laboratory, the larval paralysis and emergence of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were compared between release jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In a farming environment, direct releases were carried out with plastic boxes and releases with jute bags in 12 villages of the Maradi region during the cropping seasons of 2021 and 2022. The results indicated that 25 larvae of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the boxes were all paralyzed by 2 females of H. hebetor within 7 hours 30 minutes. The emergence of adults began on the 7th day after the beginning of the experiment for a period of two weeks and three weeks respectively in the boxes and jute bags. The production varied from 107.08 to 110.17 parasitoids and was comparable between the Jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In Farmers’ fields, the parasitoid release with the two methods caused the parasitism rates that varied from 64.32 to 66.52% depending on the year but in 2022 the rate of parasitism was higher in the fields with direct releases using plastic boxes (72.66%) compared to those released with jute bags (56.35%). Plastic boxes and cardboard boxes can be used for the production of the H. hebetor parasitoids. These results can be recommended to the cottage industries in the Sahel in order to improve the production and release methods of H. hebetor and make them more adapted to farmers’ fields.展开更多
Parasitoids are key regulators in ecological communities and widely used as agents in biocontrol programmes.The fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda,recently invaded multiple continents and caused substantial economic ...Parasitoids are key regulators in ecological communities and widely used as agents in biocontrol programmes.The fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda,recently invaded multiple continents and caused substantial economic losses in agriculture.Pyemotes zhonghuajia,a newly identified mite parasitoid,has shown potential for controlling various agricultural insect pests.Therefore,this study tested the performance of P.zhonghuajia in parasitising S.frugiperda.We also investigated the sublethal effects of parasitism by P.zhonghuajia on host fitness traits,transgenerational impacts,and cellular and humoral immunity.Our result showed that the fifth-instar larvae of S.frugiperda parasitised by 40 P.zhonghuajia were all dead(i.e.,a lethal effect),while parasitism by 5 or 10 P.zhonghuajia was considered sublethal since many S.frugiperda survived to adulthood and produced offspring after mating.The sublethal influences from parasitism by P.zhonghuajia resulted in reduced pupal weight,adult emergence rate and fecundity,but increased developmental time and longevity.Parasitism at both lethal(40 mites)and sublethal(10 mites)levels impaired the cellular and humoral immunity of S.frugiperda.This study presents the first empirical evidence that mite parasitoids can negatively influence host immunity.Moreover,it provides insights into the biocontrol potential of mite parasitoids and their interactions with hosts.展开更多
The effect of Capsicum annuum and Strophantus hispidus formulations was evaluated on Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. The formulations were obtained from the crude total extracts of C. annuum;S. hispidus and the adjuvant...The effect of Capsicum annuum and Strophantus hispidus formulations was evaluated on Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. The formulations were obtained from the crude total extracts of C. annuum;S. hispidus and the adjuvant previously developed. The formulations were prepared according to three concentrations of extracts of each plant species (low, medium and high). These concentrations were calculated on the basis of 1.5 mg/mL of each formulation causing 18% and 15% mortality respectively in Ceratitis cosyra within 72 h. The effect of the formulations on D. longicaudata was tested using a Fisher block design with 8 treatments (C. annuum (3.75;7.5;12.5 g/L);S. hispidus (4.5;9;15 g/L);Success bait 2.4 g/L;control) and 5 replicates. For each formulation, 1.5 mL was poured into a vial containing 0.25 g of cotton. Then 20 adults of the parasitoid were added and the whole was covered with muslin and held in place with rubber bands. The parasitoids were examined after 24 and 72 hours, and those that did not react to the touch of a fine brush were considered dead. The results showed a difference between the treatments. After 24 hours of exposure, the parasitoid showed high mortality at the S. hispidus concentrations (15 g/L;4.5 g/L) followed by the Success bait. These concentrations resulted in mortality rates of 22.50% for S. hispidus and 20.50% for Success bait. After 72 h, low parasitoid mortality (35.81%) was obtained with 3.75 g/L C. annuum, but high mortality was observed with S. hispidus (59.95%;64.20%;57.15%) and Success bait (54.80%). The use of C. annuum formulations at 3.75 g/L could be recommended for conserving D. longicaudata in the nature.展开更多
Biological control(biocontrol) is a safe, sustainable approach that takes advantage of natural enemies such as predators, parasitic insects or pathogens to manage pests in agroecosystems. Parasitoid wasps, a very larg...Biological control(biocontrol) is a safe, sustainable approach that takes advantage of natural enemies such as predators, parasitic insects or pathogens to manage pests in agroecosystems. Parasitoid wasps, a very large evolutionary group of hymenopteran insects, are well-known biological control agents for arthropod pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Here, we summarize the recent progress on the application of parasitoid wasps in biocontrol in China for the last five years. These include species diversity of parasitoid wasps, identification of dominant parasitoid wasps associated with insect pests and biocontrol practices(three types of biological control, i.e., classical, augmentative and conservation biological control) in several Chinese agroecosystems. We then treat different mass-rearing and release technologies and the commercialization of several parasitoid wasp species. We also summarize other work that may have a potential use in biocontrol, including the effect of plant volatiles on parasitoids and recent advance in the molecular mechanisms underlying the host regulation by parasitoid wasps. Future research area and applied perspectives are also discussed, noting that advances in biocontrol technologies in Chinese agriculture informs research at the global level.展开更多
The method developed by Wyatt and White (1977) was applied to calculate the intrinsic rates of increase for parasitoids based on 23 fecundity data sets from the literature. The studies showed that there existed the li...The method developed by Wyatt and White (1977) was applied to calculate the intrinsic rates of increase for parasitoids based on 23 fecundity data sets from the literature. The studies showed that there existed the linear relationship between the accurate values of rm and In f (Md) / d or In (A/d/2) / d, that is, 1) rm= 0.845 In (Md) / d or 2) rm= 0.880 In (Md/ 2) / d. Where d is the prereproductive time, Md is the number of female offspring produced per original female from the first to the dthday of reproduction, and Md/2 is the number of female offspring produced per original female from the first to the (d/ 2) th day of reproduction. These equations can provide the accurate estimates of rm for parasitoids in this study. The approach is advantageous because it does not require the construction of detailed fecundity tables for estimating parasitoid rates of increase. Of course, whether these equations are appropriate for the other taxa will need to be further studied.展开更多
Prophenoloxidase (PPO) plays an important role in melanization, necessary for defense against intruding parasitoids. Parasitoids have evolved to inject maternal virulence factors into the host hemocoel to suppress hem...Prophenoloxidase (PPO) plays an important role in melanization, necessary for defense against intruding parasitoids. Parasitoids have evolved to inject maternal virulence factors into the host hemocoel to suppress hemolymph melanization for the successful development of their progeny. In this study, the full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of a Pieris rapae PPO was cloned. Its cDNA contained a 2 076-base pair (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding 691 amino acids (aa). Two putative copper-binding sites, a proteolytic activation site, three conserved hemocyanin domains, and a thiol ester motif were found in the deduced amino acid sequence. According to both multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis, P. rapae PPO gene cloned here is a member of the lepidopteran PPO-2 family. Injection of Cotesia glomerata venom or calyx fluid resulted in reduction of P. rapae hemolymph phenoloxidase activity, demonstrating the ability to inhibit the host's melanization. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that transcripts of P. rapae PPO-2 in the haemocytes from larvae had not significantly changed following venom injection, suggesting that the regulation of PPO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by venom was not employed by C. glomerata to cause failure of melanization in parasitized host. While decreased P. rapae PPO-2 gene expression was observed in the haemocytes after calyx fluid injection, no detectable transcriptional change was induced by parasitization, indicating that transcriptional down-regulation of PPO by calyx fluid might play a minor role involved in inhibiting the host's melanization.展开更多
Temperature, as a critical abiotic factor, might influence the effectiveness of biological control by parasitoids in hostparasitoid systems. In this study, Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood), a larval endoparasitoid, i...Temperature, as a critical abiotic factor, might influence the effectiveness of biological control by parasitoids in hostparasitoid systems. In this study, Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood), a larval endoparasitoid, is used to investigate the efficacy of biological control on a vegetable agriculture pest, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, reared on kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.), at four constant temperatures(26, 29, 32, and 35℃) under laboratory conditions. Our results show that high temperatures(29, 32, and 35℃) do not significantly affect lifetime host-killing events of female adults by increased daily host-killing events compared to temperature of 26℃, although their lifespans decrease with an increase in temperatures. Each life-history trait of female adults(lifespan, parasitism, stinging, or non-reproductive host-killing events) present a linear relation with temperatures and host-feeding events, respectively. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of biocontrol efficacy of parasitoid N. formosa against agromyzid leafminers at high-temperature seasons or environments.展开更多
Tea is a perennial and evergreen plant. Cultivated tea trees provide a habitat for insect pests and their natural enemies. In Japan, granuloviruses (GVs) have successfully controlled two of the most important pests of...Tea is a perennial and evergreen plant. Cultivated tea trees provide a habitat for insect pests and their natural enemies. In Japan, granuloviruses (GVs) have successfully controlled two of the most important pests of tea, Adoxophyes honmai and Homona magnanima (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera). The GVs are produced in vivo and a single application sustains pesticidal efficacy throughout a year, which encompasses 4 to 5 discrete generations of both species. A. honmai and H. magnanima also have various natural enemies, especially hymenopteran parasitoids. Such resident natural enemies also play a role in reducing the pest density in virus-controlled fields, but the effect of virus infection on parasitoids sharing the same host larva has not been well studied. Survival of one of the major parasitoids of A. honmai, Ascogaster reticulata (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), is reduced by virus infection of the host. Viruses, including GV and entomopoxvirus (EPV), and certain koinobiont endoparasitoids, including A. reticulata, are both known to regulate host endocrinology. However, the GV and EPV have distinct host regulation mechanisms, and consequently have different impacts on the survival of A. retuculata, when A. reticulata parasitizes a host that is infected with either GV or EPV. These additional effects on host regulation displayed by both viruses and parasitoids affect the outcome of virus-parasitoid interactions.展开更多
A systematic observation and intensive study on the parasitoids of Pissodes nitidus were made in Langxiang and Xin’qing Forestry Bureau in Xiaoing’an Mountain area in 1996-1999, including the diagnosis, life history...A systematic observation and intensive study on the parasitoids of Pissodes nitidus were made in Langxiang and Xin’qing Forestry Bureau in Xiaoing’an Mountain area in 1996-1999, including the diagnosis, life history, biological characteristics of Eurytoma sp. and parasitoid complex of Pissodes nitidus. There were about 70 species of parasitoids on Pissodes nitidus, including Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae etc. Among them, Eulytoma sp. is a dominant species and a braconid, lpobracon sp. is a subdominant species, and they play an important role in controlling the pest.展开更多
Insect parasitoids and baculoviruses play important roles in the natural and strategic biological control of insects. The two parasites are frequent competitors within common hosts and much research has focused on the...Insect parasitoids and baculoviruses play important roles in the natural and strategic biological control of insects. The two parasites are frequent competitors within common hosts and much research has focused on the negative impact that baculoviral host infections have on parasitoids. This review summarizes the impacts that parasitoids may have on the virulence and spread of lepidopteran baculoviruses. By changing host behavior and development, parasitoids have been shown to decrease baculovirus virulence and productivity within parasitized baculovirus-susceptible hosts; however, studies of the tools used by hymenopteran parasitoids to overcome their hosts'immune systems, suggest that parasitoids may, in some cases, facilitate baculoviral infections in less susceptible hosts. Laboratory and field research have demonstrated that parasitoids can mechanically transmit baculoviruses between insects, and in this way, increase the efficacy of the viruses. Instances of new, more virulent isolates of baculoviruses have been recorded from specifically parasitoid-targeted hosts suggesting other possible benefits from the transmission or activation of baculoviruses by parasitoids.展开更多
This study is aimed to investigate the occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton （citrus leafminer; CLM）, which has recently caused increasing damage to citrus farms in southern South Korea, and its natural enem...This study is aimed to investigate the occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton （citrus leafminer; CLM）, which has recently caused increasing damage to citrus farms in southern South Korea, and its natural enemies, which can act as biological control agents. In the present study, CLM monitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the major citrus farms in the Jeju region in South Korea. Also a survey of parasites was carried out to detect the effective control agent for CLM. During the investigation from 2011 to 2015, a relatively large number of adult CLM （2,386,990） were observed in the sex pheromone traps. The mean annual occurrence of CLM was 477,398, which showed an increasing trend with the increase in temperature. A survey of parasites was conducted in November 2015. Six parasites were found, of which, Quadrastichus sp. and Sympiesis sp. showed the highest rates of parasitism. The mean rate of parasitism during the survey period was 3.97 %. We discovered four new species of parasites of CLM in South Korea.展开更多
[ Objective] To specify the parasitoid species of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and provide theoretic ref- erences for the reasonable utilization and using natural enemy. [ Met...[ Objective] To specify the parasitoid species of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and provide theoretic ref- erences for the reasonable utilization and using natural enemy. [ Method] Field investigation and indoor rearing observation were adopted to figure out species and quantity of parasitoids of C. medinalis in Nanning in 2011 -2013. [ Result] There are 19 parasitoid species of C. medinalis in Nanning, belonging to Ich- neamonoidea, Chalcidoidea. Of Ichneamonoidea, there are 11 species from Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. Of Chalcidoidea, there are 8 species from Chalcididae, Eulophidae, Elasmidae, Trichogrammatidae and Encyrtidae. Among these species, Stenomesius maculatus Liao and Apanteles cypris Nixon are dominant parasitoids in larval stage. In natural control conditions, S. maculatus Liao is most-widely distributed species with the most population, especially in the first half year, accounting for 89.7 % of the total parasitoid quantity ; in pesticide application field, the quantity of S. maculatus Liao accounts for 69.1% of the total parasitoid quantity, and in nonpesticide field, it accounts for 78.5%. [ Conclusion] Application of chemical pesticide has serious impact on the natural populations of parasitoids, therefore, chemical pesticides should be applied reasonably to ensure the survival of parasitoids.展开更多
Since the rapid spread of the Asian chestnut gall wasp(ACGW) throughout south-east Europe in the last few years,the possibilities of its control have been increasingly investigated.Due to constraints in available supp...Since the rapid spread of the Asian chestnut gall wasp(ACGW) throughout south-east Europe in the last few years,the possibilities of its control have been increasingly investigated.Due to constraints in available suppression measures in forest stands,biological control is recognized as the most suitable action to lower the abundance of the new invasive pest.Torymus sinensis,as a specialized parasitoid chalcid wasp of ACGW,was introduced to suppress the pest in Italy in 2005,and later in Croatia,Hungary(2014) and Slovenia(2015).We investigated the native parasitoid complex associated with ACGW in Slovenia,Croatia and Hungary over 8 years of sampling.We found 41 species of native parasitoids,eight of which are the first records on ACGW in Europe,adding up to a total of 51 species known to parasitize ACGW.These findings represent a large complex of cynipid-parasitoid fauna.Moreover,the abundance of native parasitoid populations on ACGW have demonstrated a temporal surge between the invasion of a new alien host(ACGW) and the onset of its specialized parasitoid,T.sinensis.Our results indicate that the introduced parasitoid acts as a very successful biocontrol of ACGW,outcompeting native parasitoids.This outcome should be considered as beneficial through the maintenance of ecological balance in affected forest ecosystems.展开更多
Two new species of Eurytoma,E.truncatumi Yang,Liu&Cao,sp.nov.and E.acutibialis Yang,Liu&Cao,sp.nov.,are described and illustrated,as the solitary larval and pupal ectoparasitoid of Bradybatus sp.(Coleoptera:Cu...Two new species of Eurytoma,E.truncatumi Yang,Liu&Cao,sp.nov.and E.acutibialis Yang,Liu&Cao,sp.nov.,are described and illustrated,as the solitary larval and pupal ectoparasitoid of Bradybatus sp.(Coleoptera:Curculionidae),a serious pest of purpleblow maple,Acer truncatum Bunge(Aceraceae).Photographs of the characters of the new species were provided.Typical materials were deposited in Insect Museum,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing.The biological characters observed and their biocontrol potential were also discussed.展开更多
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), is a polyphagous pest reported in sub-Saharan Africa since 2016 and has expanded rapidly in almost Africa. In Niger, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) is considered ...The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), is a polyphagous pest reported in sub-Saharan Africa since 2016 and has expanded rapidly in almost Africa. In Niger, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) is considered like a major pest of maize, to which it causes significant damage, in a context where proven control methods against this moth remain almost non-existent. The objective of the present study was to determine the economic importance of FAW through the damage caused to the different host plants and to identify the parasitoids of this caterpillar. The study was conducted in the southern agricultural zone of Niger, specifically in the regions of Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua and Zinder. FAW eggs and caterpillars were collected from six villages in each region and then incubated and reared in the entomology laboratory of INRAN in Maradi. The rate of infestation of the different crops by FAW was determined as well as the observation of the beneficiaries. The results obtained indicate the presence of FAW on millet with an attack rate varying from 45.7% to 68%, sorghum with 47.2% to 62.25% and sesame with 9.7%. This work also revealed an oophagous parasitoid, Telenomus remus with 138 ± 23 and larval parasitoids, Cotesia sp with 16 ± 1 maximum number of individuals emerged from the collected material. Also, it was identified the parasitoid Cotesia icipe with a rate of parasitism from 4.6% to 5.75%;the Charops ater whose rate of parasitism varies from 4.5% and 12.25% but for Chelonus insularis with 17.25% and Tachnidae with 53%. These very interesting results will constitute a basis for the development of biological control and a component of an agroecological management strategy of caterpillar.展开更多
The ovipositor of parasitic insect is a highly specialized organ and crucial for parasitising. Morphology and structure of the ovipositor in female Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid, are observed in SE...The ovipositor of parasitic insect is a highly specialized organ and crucial for parasitising. Morphology and structure of the ovipositor in female Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid, are observed in SEM studies. The ovipositor of M. cingulum consists of the valvulae 1, 2 and 3. The valvulae 1 and 2 of ovipositor house in the valvulae 3 at rest and the valvulae 1 and 2 part from the valvulae 3 at probing and ovipositing. The cross-section of valvulae 3 shows that the valvulae 3 is hollow which may reduce the weight of ovipositor and make the ovipositor more flexible. The distal end of stylus （valvulae l, 2） becomes extremely sharp and the piercing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 form the arrangement of tongue-and-groove. This arrangement may support valvulae 2 slide longitudinally along the valvulae 1. Numbers of pores are distributed on the cuticle of the valvulae l and 2. The piecing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 have more pores than proximal and intermediate region. The out side of valvulae 3 is completely covered with chactica sensilla and the distal end of valvulae 3 has more sensilla than proximal and intermediate region. The function and structure of ovipositor of M. cingulum was discussed and compared with other species.展开更多
Egg parasitoids,Anagrus spp.and Oligositaspp.have been found to be important biologi-cal agents in suppressing rice planthoppers inAsian countries.However,most of these stud-ies have been confined to conditions within...Egg parasitoids,Anagrus spp.and Oligositaspp.have been found to be important biologi-cal agents in suppressing rice planthoppers inAsian countries.However,most of these stud-ies have been confined to conditions within ricefields.In this study,field surveys were madeto study the floral and faunal diversity in vari-ous habitats surrounding rice fields.The riceand grass(Echinochloa spp.)plants were in-展开更多
文摘Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Leeke) R. Br, is the main cereal crop in Niger. This crop is seriously attacked by the millet Head miner (MHM), Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) causing significant yield losses. This study to optimize biological control of this pest was carried out in Niger in the laboratory and in a farming environment. In the laboratory, the larval paralysis and emergence of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were compared between release jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In a farming environment, direct releases were carried out with plastic boxes and releases with jute bags in 12 villages of the Maradi region during the cropping seasons of 2021 and 2022. The results indicated that 25 larvae of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the boxes were all paralyzed by 2 females of H. hebetor within 7 hours 30 minutes. The emergence of adults began on the 7th day after the beginning of the experiment for a period of two weeks and three weeks respectively in the boxes and jute bags. The production varied from 107.08 to 110.17 parasitoids and was comparable between the Jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In Farmers’ fields, the parasitoid release with the two methods caused the parasitism rates that varied from 64.32 to 66.52% depending on the year but in 2022 the rate of parasitism was higher in the fields with direct releases using plastic boxes (72.66%) compared to those released with jute bags (56.35%). Plastic boxes and cardboard boxes can be used for the production of the H. hebetor parasitoids. These results can be recommended to the cottage industries in the Sahel in order to improve the production and release methods of H. hebetor and make them more adapted to farmers’ fields.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060637 and 32260708)the Highlevel Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Funding Project in Guizhou Province,China((2021)01)+3 种基金the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Project,China(Qian Ke He Pingtai RencaiCXTD(2021)004)the Systematic and Applied Acarology Society International Joint Project,England(2022(01))the Growth Project of Youth Talent in Ordinary Universities in Guizhou Province,China((2021)079)the Natural Science Special Project in Guizhou University,China((2020)02)。
文摘Parasitoids are key regulators in ecological communities and widely used as agents in biocontrol programmes.The fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda,recently invaded multiple continents and caused substantial economic losses in agriculture.Pyemotes zhonghuajia,a newly identified mite parasitoid,has shown potential for controlling various agricultural insect pests.Therefore,this study tested the performance of P.zhonghuajia in parasitising S.frugiperda.We also investigated the sublethal effects of parasitism by P.zhonghuajia on host fitness traits,transgenerational impacts,and cellular and humoral immunity.Our result showed that the fifth-instar larvae of S.frugiperda parasitised by 40 P.zhonghuajia were all dead(i.e.,a lethal effect),while parasitism by 5 or 10 P.zhonghuajia was considered sublethal since many S.frugiperda survived to adulthood and produced offspring after mating.The sublethal influences from parasitism by P.zhonghuajia resulted in reduced pupal weight,adult emergence rate and fecundity,but increased developmental time and longevity.Parasitism at both lethal(40 mites)and sublethal(10 mites)levels impaired the cellular and humoral immunity of S.frugiperda.This study presents the first empirical evidence that mite parasitoids can negatively influence host immunity.Moreover,it provides insights into the biocontrol potential of mite parasitoids and their interactions with hosts.
文摘The effect of Capsicum annuum and Strophantus hispidus formulations was evaluated on Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. The formulations were obtained from the crude total extracts of C. annuum;S. hispidus and the adjuvant previously developed. The formulations were prepared according to three concentrations of extracts of each plant species (low, medium and high). These concentrations were calculated on the basis of 1.5 mg/mL of each formulation causing 18% and 15% mortality respectively in Ceratitis cosyra within 72 h. The effect of the formulations on D. longicaudata was tested using a Fisher block design with 8 treatments (C. annuum (3.75;7.5;12.5 g/L);S. hispidus (4.5;9;15 g/L);Success bait 2.4 g/L;control) and 5 replicates. For each formulation, 1.5 mL was poured into a vial containing 0.25 g of cotton. Then 20 adults of the parasitoid were added and the whole was covered with muslin and held in place with rubber bands. The parasitoids were examined after 24 and 72 hours, and those that did not react to the touch of a fine brush were considered dead. The results showed a difference between the treatments. After 24 hours of exposure, the parasitoid showed high mortality at the S. hispidus concentrations (15 g/L;4.5 g/L) followed by the Success bait. These concentrations resulted in mortality rates of 22.50% for S. hispidus and 20.50% for Success bait. After 72 h, low parasitoid mortality (35.81%) was obtained with 3.75 g/L C. annuum, but high mortality was observed with S. hispidus (59.95%;64.20%;57.15%) and Success bait (54.80%). The use of C. annuum formulations at 3.75 g/L could be recommended for conserving D. longicaudata in the nature.
基金supported by the Key Program(31630060)Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(31230068)General Program(31672079 and 31501700) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Biological control(biocontrol) is a safe, sustainable approach that takes advantage of natural enemies such as predators, parasitic insects or pathogens to manage pests in agroecosystems. Parasitoid wasps, a very large evolutionary group of hymenopteran insects, are well-known biological control agents for arthropod pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Here, we summarize the recent progress on the application of parasitoid wasps in biocontrol in China for the last five years. These include species diversity of parasitoid wasps, identification of dominant parasitoid wasps associated with insect pests and biocontrol practices(three types of biological control, i.e., classical, augmentative and conservation biological control) in several Chinese agroecosystems. We then treat different mass-rearing and release technologies and the commercialization of several parasitoid wasp species. We also summarize other work that may have a potential use in biocontrol, including the effect of plant volatiles on parasitoids and recent advance in the molecular mechanisms underlying the host regulation by parasitoid wasps. Future research area and applied perspectives are also discussed, noting that advances in biocontrol technologies in Chinese agriculture informs research at the global level.
文摘The method developed by Wyatt and White (1977) was applied to calculate the intrinsic rates of increase for parasitoids based on 23 fecundity data sets from the literature. The studies showed that there existed the linear relationship between the accurate values of rm and In f (Md) / d or In (A/d/2) / d, that is, 1) rm= 0.845 In (Md) / d or 2) rm= 0.880 In (Md/ 2) / d. Where d is the prereproductive time, Md is the number of female offspring produced per original female from the first to the dthday of reproduction, and Md/2 is the number of female offspring produced per original female from the first to the (d/ 2) th day of reproduction. These equations can provide the accurate estimates of rm for parasitoids in this study. The approach is advantageous because it does not require the construction of detailed fecundity tables for estimating parasitoid rates of increase. Of course, whether these equations are appropriate for the other taxa will need to be further studied.
基金supported by the Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province (No. 2010CD063)the Science Foundation of Southwest Forestry University (No. 110903)+2 种基金the Science Foundation of the Department of Education of Yunnan Province (No. 2010Y294)the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province (No. ZK09A101)the Key Subject of Forest Protection of Yunnan Province (No. XKZ200905),China
文摘Prophenoloxidase (PPO) plays an important role in melanization, necessary for defense against intruding parasitoids. Parasitoids have evolved to inject maternal virulence factors into the host hemocoel to suppress hemolymph melanization for the successful development of their progeny. In this study, the full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of a Pieris rapae PPO was cloned. Its cDNA contained a 2 076-base pair (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding 691 amino acids (aa). Two putative copper-binding sites, a proteolytic activation site, three conserved hemocyanin domains, and a thiol ester motif were found in the deduced amino acid sequence. According to both multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis, P. rapae PPO gene cloned here is a member of the lepidopteran PPO-2 family. Injection of Cotesia glomerata venom or calyx fluid resulted in reduction of P. rapae hemolymph phenoloxidase activity, demonstrating the ability to inhibit the host's melanization. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that transcripts of P. rapae PPO-2 in the haemocytes from larvae had not significantly changed following venom injection, suggesting that the regulation of PPO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by venom was not employed by C. glomerata to cause failure of melanization in parasitized host. While decreased P. rapae PPO-2 gene expression was observed in the haemocytes after calyx fluid injection, no detectable transcriptional change was induced by parasitization, indicating that transcriptional down-regulation of PPO by calyx fluid might play a minor role involved in inhibiting the host's melanization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772236)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (caascx-2017–2022-IAS)the Program of China Scholarship Council (201807990002)
文摘Temperature, as a critical abiotic factor, might influence the effectiveness of biological control by parasitoids in hostparasitoid systems. In this study, Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood), a larval endoparasitoid, is used to investigate the efficacy of biological control on a vegetable agriculture pest, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, reared on kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.), at four constant temperatures(26, 29, 32, and 35℃) under laboratory conditions. Our results show that high temperatures(29, 32, and 35℃) do not significantly affect lifetime host-killing events of female adults by increased daily host-killing events compared to temperature of 26℃, although their lifespans decrease with an increase in temperatures. Each life-history trait of female adults(lifespan, parasitism, stinging, or non-reproductive host-killing events) present a linear relation with temperatures and host-feeding events, respectively. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of biocontrol efficacy of parasitoid N. formosa against agromyzid leafminers at high-temperature seasons or environments.
基金This work was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (18380038)
文摘Tea is a perennial and evergreen plant. Cultivated tea trees provide a habitat for insect pests and their natural enemies. In Japan, granuloviruses (GVs) have successfully controlled two of the most important pests of tea, Adoxophyes honmai and Homona magnanima (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera). The GVs are produced in vivo and a single application sustains pesticidal efficacy throughout a year, which encompasses 4 to 5 discrete generations of both species. A. honmai and H. magnanima also have various natural enemies, especially hymenopteran parasitoids. Such resident natural enemies also play a role in reducing the pest density in virus-controlled fields, but the effect of virus infection on parasitoids sharing the same host larva has not been well studied. Survival of one of the major parasitoids of A. honmai, Ascogaster reticulata (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), is reduced by virus infection of the host. Viruses, including GV and entomopoxvirus (EPV), and certain koinobiont endoparasitoids, including A. reticulata, are both known to regulate host endocrinology. However, the GV and EPV have distinct host regulation mechanisms, and consequently have different impacts on the survival of A. retuculata, when A. reticulata parasitizes a host that is infected with either GV or EPV. These additional effects on host regulation displayed by both viruses and parasitoids affect the outcome of virus-parasitoid interactions.
文摘A systematic observation and intensive study on the parasitoids of Pissodes nitidus were made in Langxiang and Xin’qing Forestry Bureau in Xiaoing’an Mountain area in 1996-1999, including the diagnosis, life history, biological characteristics of Eurytoma sp. and parasitoid complex of Pissodes nitidus. There were about 70 species of parasitoids on Pissodes nitidus, including Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae etc. Among them, Eulytoma sp. is a dominant species and a braconid, lpobracon sp. is a subdominant species, and they play an important role in controlling the pest.
文摘Insect parasitoids and baculoviruses play important roles in the natural and strategic biological control of insects. The two parasites are frequent competitors within common hosts and much research has focused on the negative impact that baculoviral host infections have on parasitoids. This review summarizes the impacts that parasitoids may have on the virulence and spread of lepidopteran baculoviruses. By changing host behavior and development, parasitoids have been shown to decrease baculovirus virulence and productivity within parasitized baculovirus-susceptible hosts; however, studies of the tools used by hymenopteran parasitoids to overcome their hosts'immune systems, suggest that parasitoids may, in some cases, facilitate baculoviral infections in less susceptible hosts. Laboratory and field research have demonstrated that parasitoids can mechanically transmit baculoviruses between insects, and in this way, increase the efficacy of the viruses. Instances of new, more virulent isolates of baculoviruses have been recorded from specifically parasitoid-targeted hosts suggesting other possible benefits from the transmission or activation of baculoviruses by parasitoids.
基金funded by the project"Identification of Parasitoids of the Citrus Leafminer and Development of Their Indoor Breeding Technology"(Project No:PJ010253012015),of the Rural Development Administration in Korea
文摘This study is aimed to investigate the occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton （citrus leafminer; CLM）, which has recently caused increasing damage to citrus farms in southern South Korea, and its natural enemies, which can act as biological control agents. In the present study, CLM monitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the major citrus farms in the Jeju region in South Korea. Also a survey of parasites was carried out to detect the effective control agent for CLM. During the investigation from 2011 to 2015, a relatively large number of adult CLM （2,386,990） were observed in the sex pheromone traps. The mean annual occurrence of CLM was 477,398, which showed an increasing trend with the increase in temperature. A survey of parasites was conducted in November 2015. Six parasites were found, of which, Quadrastichus sp. and Sympiesis sp. showed the highest rates of parasitism. The mean rate of parasitism during the survey period was 3.97 %. We discovered four new species of parasites of CLM in South Korea.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31260436)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2012GXNSFAA053046)National Undergraduate Innovation Project(201155)
文摘[ Objective] To specify the parasitoid species of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and provide theoretic ref- erences for the reasonable utilization and using natural enemy. [ Method] Field investigation and indoor rearing observation were adopted to figure out species and quantity of parasitoids of C. medinalis in Nanning in 2011 -2013. [ Result] There are 19 parasitoid species of C. medinalis in Nanning, belonging to Ich- neamonoidea, Chalcidoidea. Of Ichneamonoidea, there are 11 species from Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. Of Chalcidoidea, there are 8 species from Chalcididae, Eulophidae, Elasmidae, Trichogrammatidae and Encyrtidae. Among these species, Stenomesius maculatus Liao and Apanteles cypris Nixon are dominant parasitoids in larval stage. In natural control conditions, S. maculatus Liao is most-widely distributed species with the most population, especially in the first half year, accounting for 89.7 % of the total parasitoid quantity ; in pesticide application field, the quantity of S. maculatus Liao accounts for 69.1% of the total parasitoid quantity, and in nonpesticide field, it accounts for 78.5%. [ Conclusion] Application of chemical pesticide has serious impact on the natural populations of parasitoids, therefore, chemical pesticides should be applied reasonably to ensure the survival of parasitoids.
基金supported by The Phytosanitary Administration of the Republic Sloveniaby Diagnostic and Prognostic Service (IPP) of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Croatia。
文摘Since the rapid spread of the Asian chestnut gall wasp(ACGW) throughout south-east Europe in the last few years,the possibilities of its control have been increasingly investigated.Due to constraints in available suppression measures in forest stands,biological control is recognized as the most suitable action to lower the abundance of the new invasive pest.Torymus sinensis,as a specialized parasitoid chalcid wasp of ACGW,was introduced to suppress the pest in Italy in 2005,and later in Croatia,Hungary(2014) and Slovenia(2015).We investigated the native parasitoid complex associated with ACGW in Slovenia,Croatia and Hungary over 8 years of sampling.We found 41 species of native parasitoids,eight of which are the first records on ACGW in Europe,adding up to a total of 51 species known to parasitize ACGW.These findings represent a large complex of cynipid-parasitoid fauna.Moreover,the abundance of native parasitoid populations on ACGW have demonstrated a temporal surge between the invasion of a new alien host(ACGW) and the onset of its specialized parasitoid,T.sinensis.Our results indicate that the introduced parasitoid acts as a very successful biocontrol of ACGW,outcompeting native parasitoids.This outcome should be considered as beneficial through the maintenance of ecological balance in affected forest ecosystems.
基金financially supported by the Key Project of the Fundamental Fund of the Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAFYBB2020ZB005)。
文摘Two new species of Eurytoma,E.truncatumi Yang,Liu&Cao,sp.nov.and E.acutibialis Yang,Liu&Cao,sp.nov.,are described and illustrated,as the solitary larval and pupal ectoparasitoid of Bradybatus sp.(Coleoptera:Curculionidae),a serious pest of purpleblow maple,Acer truncatum Bunge(Aceraceae).Photographs of the characters of the new species were provided.Typical materials were deposited in Insect Museum,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing.The biological characters observed and their biocontrol potential were also discussed.
文摘The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), is a polyphagous pest reported in sub-Saharan Africa since 2016 and has expanded rapidly in almost Africa. In Niger, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) is considered like a major pest of maize, to which it causes significant damage, in a context where proven control methods against this moth remain almost non-existent. The objective of the present study was to determine the economic importance of FAW through the damage caused to the different host plants and to identify the parasitoids of this caterpillar. The study was conducted in the southern agricultural zone of Niger, specifically in the regions of Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua and Zinder. FAW eggs and caterpillars were collected from six villages in each region and then incubated and reared in the entomology laboratory of INRAN in Maradi. The rate of infestation of the different crops by FAW was determined as well as the observation of the beneficiaries. The results obtained indicate the presence of FAW on millet with an attack rate varying from 45.7% to 68%, sorghum with 47.2% to 62.25% and sesame with 9.7%. This work also revealed an oophagous parasitoid, Telenomus remus with 138 ± 23 and larval parasitoids, Cotesia sp with 16 ± 1 maximum number of individuals emerged from the collected material. Also, it was identified the parasitoid Cotesia icipe with a rate of parasitism from 4.6% to 5.75%;the Charops ater whose rate of parasitism varies from 4.5% and 12.25% but for Chelonus insularis with 17.25% and Tachnidae with 53%. These very interesting results will constitute a basis for the development of biological control and a component of an agroecological management strategy of caterpillar.
基金Acknowledgements： This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30370195）. We thank Mr QIU, H. G and QIU, Z. L for culture of insects.
文摘The ovipositor of parasitic insect is a highly specialized organ and crucial for parasitising. Morphology and structure of the ovipositor in female Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid, are observed in SEM studies. The ovipositor of M. cingulum consists of the valvulae 1, 2 and 3. The valvulae 1 and 2 of ovipositor house in the valvulae 3 at rest and the valvulae 1 and 2 part from the valvulae 3 at probing and ovipositing. The cross-section of valvulae 3 shows that the valvulae 3 is hollow which may reduce the weight of ovipositor and make the ovipositor more flexible. The distal end of stylus （valvulae l, 2） becomes extremely sharp and the piercing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 form the arrangement of tongue-and-groove. This arrangement may support valvulae 2 slide longitudinally along the valvulae 1. Numbers of pores are distributed on the cuticle of the valvulae l and 2. The piecing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 have more pores than proximal and intermediate region. The out side of valvulae 3 is completely covered with chactica sensilla and the distal end of valvulae 3 has more sensilla than proximal and intermediate region. The function and structure of ovipositor of M. cingulum was discussed and compared with other species.
文摘Egg parasitoids,Anagrus spp.and Oligositaspp.have been found to be important biologi-cal agents in suppressing rice planthoppers inAsian countries.However,most of these stud-ies have been confined to conditions within ricefields.In this study,field surveys were madeto study the floral and faunal diversity in vari-ous habitats surrounding rice fields.The riceand grass(Echinochloa spp.)plants were in-
