目的探讨外周神经元蛋白酶激活受体2-蛋白激酶A/蛋白激酶Cε(PAR2-PKA/PKCε)通路在痛转化中的作用,寻找同时干预急性痛和慢性痛的可能方案。方法 SD大鼠随机分为空白组、假诱发组、诱发组、抑制剂1组和抑制剂2组。除空白组和假诱发组,...目的探讨外周神经元蛋白酶激活受体2-蛋白激酶A/蛋白激酶Cε(PAR2-PKA/PKCε)通路在痛转化中的作用,寻找同时干预急性痛和慢性痛的可能方案。方法 SD大鼠随机分为空白组、假诱发组、诱发组、抑制剂1组和抑制剂2组。除空白组和假诱发组,所有大鼠均通过先后足部注射角叉菜胶和前列腺素E2(PGE2)建立痛觉敏化诱发模型。PGE2于角叉菜胶注射后7 d进行足部注射。抑制剂1组和抑制剂2组大鼠于PGE2注射前/后,分别给予PAR2抑制剂。观察角叉菜胶/生理盐水,注射前、注射后5 h、3 d、6 d、7 d 0.5 h、7 d 4 h和7 d 24 h大鼠机械痛阈(PWTs)的变化,检测角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h造模侧背根神经节(DRG)中PAR2、蛋白激酶A(PKA)和蛋白激酶(PKCε)表达。结果痛觉敏化诱发模型建立成功。角叉菜胶注射后7 d给予PGE2,显著延长了PGE2诱发疼痛的存在时间,角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h假诱发组大鼠PWTs与同期空白组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),而诱发组大鼠PWTs明显低于同期空白组和假诱发组大鼠(P<0.01)。诱发组大鼠造模侧DRG中PAR2和PKCε表达在角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h明显提升,高于同期假诱发组和空白组(P<0.05)。给予PAR2抑制,不论时间均能显著翻转角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h,诱发组大鼠由PGE2诱发的疼痛(P<0.05),并抑制DRG中PKCε表达。但,给予PAR2抑制剂不能影响PGE2诱发的急性疼痛和调制DRG中PKA含量。结论抑制PAR2表达能阻断急性痛向慢性痛转化,这可能与其抑制DRG中PAR2-PKCε通路激活有关。但抑制PAR2并不能干预急性痛,这可能是因为DRG中PAR2相关通路未参与急性痛的产生。展开更多
Here,we used reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) and western blot to detect protease-activated receptor(PAR) 1,PAR 2 and PAR 4 expression in cancer tissues and cell lines of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,and invest...Here,we used reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) and western blot to detect protease-activated receptor(PAR) 1,PAR 2 and PAR 4 expression in cancer tissues and cell lines of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,and investigated the co-relationship between PAR expression and clinic-pathological data for esophageal cancer.The methylation of PAR4 gene promoter involved in esophageal carcinoma was also analyzed.By comparing the mRNA expressions of normal esophageal tissue and human esophageal epithelial cells(HEEpiC),we found that among the 28 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,PAR1(60%) and PAR2(71%) were elevated in 17 and 20 cases,respectively,and PAR4(68%) expression was lowered in 19 cases.Whereas,in human esophageal squamous cells(TE-1 and TE-10),PAR1 and PAR2 expression was increased but PAR4 was decreased.Combined with clinical data,the expression of PAR1 in poorly differentiated(P=0.016) and middle and lower parts of the esophagus(P=0.016) was higher; expression of PAR4 in poorly differentiated carcinoma was lower(P=0.049).Regarding TE-1 and TE-10 protein expression,we found that in randomized esophageal carcinoma,PAR1(P=0.027) and PAR2(P=0.039) expressions were increased,but lowered for PAR4(P=0.0001).In HEEpiC,TE-1,TE-10,esophageal and normal esophagus tissue samples(case No.7),the frequency of methylation at the 19 CpG loci of PAR4 was 35.4%,95.2%,83.8%,62.6% and 48.2%,respectively.Our results indicate that the expression of PAR1 and PAR2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is increased but PAR4 is decreased.Hypermethylation of the promoter of the PAR4 gene may contribute to reduced expression of PAR4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.展开更多
Objective:Injury can lead to long-term changes that increase the sensitivity of afferent nerve endings to subsequent stimulation and pain can transition from acute to chronic.This phenomenon is known as hyperalgesic p...Objective:Injury can lead to long-term changes that increase the sensitivity of afferent nerve endings to subsequent stimulation and pain can transition from acute to chronic.This phenomenon is known as hyperalgesic priming(HP).This study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the effect of electroacupuncture(EA)on HP and optimize acupoint selection for EA to prevent pain transition.Methods:A rat HP model was established using sequential intraplantar injections of carrageenan(Cg)and prostaglandin E2(PGE2).The pain thresholds were measured using von Frey filaments.EA on bilateral Zusanli(ST36)and Kunlun(BL60)was used to prevent pain transition.The number of mast cells in the ipsilateral hindpaw skin was determined using toluidine blue or fluorescencelabeled avidin staining.The protein expression levels of protein kinase C epsilon(PKCε)in the lumbar dorsal root ganglions(DRGs)were detected by western blotting 24 h after PGE2 injection.Serial pharmacological experiments were conducted to evaluate the relationship between mast cells and pain transition.Finally,EA on the bilateral ST36 and Chongyang(ST42)or a novel combination(ST36 and ST42 on the ipsilateral side,and ST36 and BL60 on the contralateral side)was used to prevent pain transition.Results:Although EA applied to ST36 and BL60 alleviated acute pain induced by Cg injection,it failed to prevent the pain transition caused by PGE2 injection.Mast cell accumulation in the ipsilateral hind paw was observed 7 days after Cg injection.Furthermore,mast cell degranulation may be responsible for PKCεactivation in the DRG,a marker of pain transition.EA significantly decreased the number of mast cells in the skin of the ipsilateral hind paw when applied at ST36 and ST42,but not when applied at ST36 and BL60.Furthermore,EA employed to ST36 and ST42 significantly reversed long-term hyperalgesia induced by PGE2 injection,even when administered before injection.However,EA did not alleviate acute pain caused by Cg injection.By using a novel acupoint combination,EA simultaneously alleviated acute pain and prevented pain transition.Conclusions:Our study suggests that mast cells play a critical role in both HP and the transition from acute to chronic pain,whereas EA can prevent pain transition by decreasing the number of mast cells in the local tissue.展开更多
Excessive and uncontrollable inflammatory responses in alveoli can dramatically exacerbate pulmonary disease progressions through vigorous cytokine releases,immune cell infiltration and protease-driven tissue damages....Excessive and uncontrollable inflammatory responses in alveoli can dramatically exacerbate pulmonary disease progressions through vigorous cytokine releases,immune cell infiltration and protease-driven tissue damages.It is an urgent need to explore potential drug strategies for mitigating lung inflammation.Protease-activated receptor 2(PAR2)as a vital molecular target principally participates in various inflammatory diseases via intracellular signal transduction.However,it has been rarely reported about the role of PAR2 in lung inflammation.This study applied CRISPR-Cas9 system encoding Cas9 and sg RNA(p Cas9-PAR2)for PAR2 knockout and fabricated an anionic human serum albuminbased nanoparticles to deliver p Cas9-PAR2 with superior inflammation-targeting efficiency and stability(TAP/p Cas9-PAR2).TAP/p Cas9-PAR2 robustly facilitated p Cas9-PAR2 to enter and transfect inflammatory cells,eliciting precise gene editing of PAR2 in vitro and in vivo.Importantly,PAR2 deficiency by TAP/p Cas9-PAR2 effectively and safely promoted macrophage polarization,suppressed proinflammatory cytokine releases and alleviated acute lung inflammation,uncovering a novel value of PAR2.It also revealed that PAR2-mediated pulmonary inflammation prevented by TAP/p Cas9-PAR2was mainly dependent on ERK-mediated NLRP3/IL-1βand NO/i NOS signalling.Therefore,this work indicated PAR2 as a novel target for lung inflammation and provided a potential nanodrug strategy for PAR2 deficiency in treating inflammatory diseases.展开更多
文摘目的探讨外周神经元蛋白酶激活受体2-蛋白激酶A/蛋白激酶Cε(PAR2-PKA/PKCε)通路在痛转化中的作用,寻找同时干预急性痛和慢性痛的可能方案。方法 SD大鼠随机分为空白组、假诱发组、诱发组、抑制剂1组和抑制剂2组。除空白组和假诱发组,所有大鼠均通过先后足部注射角叉菜胶和前列腺素E2(PGE2)建立痛觉敏化诱发模型。PGE2于角叉菜胶注射后7 d进行足部注射。抑制剂1组和抑制剂2组大鼠于PGE2注射前/后,分别给予PAR2抑制剂。观察角叉菜胶/生理盐水,注射前、注射后5 h、3 d、6 d、7 d 0.5 h、7 d 4 h和7 d 24 h大鼠机械痛阈(PWTs)的变化,检测角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h造模侧背根神经节(DRG)中PAR2、蛋白激酶A(PKA)和蛋白激酶(PKCε)表达。结果痛觉敏化诱发模型建立成功。角叉菜胶注射后7 d给予PGE2,显著延长了PGE2诱发疼痛的存在时间,角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h假诱发组大鼠PWTs与同期空白组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),而诱发组大鼠PWTs明显低于同期空白组和假诱发组大鼠(P<0.01)。诱发组大鼠造模侧DRG中PAR2和PKCε表达在角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h明显提升,高于同期假诱发组和空白组(P<0.05)。给予PAR2抑制,不论时间均能显著翻转角叉菜胶注射后7 d 24 h,诱发组大鼠由PGE2诱发的疼痛(P<0.05),并抑制DRG中PKCε表达。但,给予PAR2抑制剂不能影响PGE2诱发的急性疼痛和调制DRG中PKA含量。结论抑制PAR2表达能阻断急性痛向慢性痛转化,这可能与其抑制DRG中PAR2-PKCε通路激活有关。但抑制PAR2并不能干预急性痛,这可能是因为DRG中PAR2相关通路未参与急性痛的产生。
基金supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(81160302)the Major Research Project of Yunnan Province(2011FZ109)Research project of Yunnan Education Bureau(2014Y153)
文摘Here,we used reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) and western blot to detect protease-activated receptor(PAR) 1,PAR 2 and PAR 4 expression in cancer tissues and cell lines of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,and investigated the co-relationship between PAR expression and clinic-pathological data for esophageal cancer.The methylation of PAR4 gene promoter involved in esophageal carcinoma was also analyzed.By comparing the mRNA expressions of normal esophageal tissue and human esophageal epithelial cells(HEEpiC),we found that among the 28 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,PAR1(60%) and PAR2(71%) were elevated in 17 and 20 cases,respectively,and PAR4(68%) expression was lowered in 19 cases.Whereas,in human esophageal squamous cells(TE-1 and TE-10),PAR1 and PAR2 expression was increased but PAR4 was decreased.Combined with clinical data,the expression of PAR1 in poorly differentiated(P=0.016) and middle and lower parts of the esophagus(P=0.016) was higher; expression of PAR4 in poorly differentiated carcinoma was lower(P=0.049).Regarding TE-1 and TE-10 protein expression,we found that in randomized esophageal carcinoma,PAR1(P=0.027) and PAR2(P=0.039) expressions were increased,but lowered for PAR4(P=0.0001).In HEEpiC,TE-1,TE-10,esophageal and normal esophagus tissue samples(case No.7),the frequency of methylation at the 19 CpG loci of PAR4 was 35.4%,95.2%,83.8%,62.6% and 48.2%,respectively.Our results indicate that the expression of PAR1 and PAR2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is increased but PAR4 is decreased.Hypermethylation of the promoter of the PAR4 gene may contribute to reduced expression of PAR4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Fund of China(LY24H270003)the National Natural Science Fund of China(82174490,82374561)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Program(2021RC098)the Research Project of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University(2022JKZKTS44).
文摘Objective:Injury can lead to long-term changes that increase the sensitivity of afferent nerve endings to subsequent stimulation and pain can transition from acute to chronic.This phenomenon is known as hyperalgesic priming(HP).This study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the effect of electroacupuncture(EA)on HP and optimize acupoint selection for EA to prevent pain transition.Methods:A rat HP model was established using sequential intraplantar injections of carrageenan(Cg)and prostaglandin E2(PGE2).The pain thresholds were measured using von Frey filaments.EA on bilateral Zusanli(ST36)and Kunlun(BL60)was used to prevent pain transition.The number of mast cells in the ipsilateral hindpaw skin was determined using toluidine blue or fluorescencelabeled avidin staining.The protein expression levels of protein kinase C epsilon(PKCε)in the lumbar dorsal root ganglions(DRGs)were detected by western blotting 24 h after PGE2 injection.Serial pharmacological experiments were conducted to evaluate the relationship between mast cells and pain transition.Finally,EA on the bilateral ST36 and Chongyang(ST42)or a novel combination(ST36 and ST42 on the ipsilateral side,and ST36 and BL60 on the contralateral side)was used to prevent pain transition.Results:Although EA applied to ST36 and BL60 alleviated acute pain induced by Cg injection,it failed to prevent the pain transition caused by PGE2 injection.Mast cell accumulation in the ipsilateral hind paw was observed 7 days after Cg injection.Furthermore,mast cell degranulation may be responsible for PKCεactivation in the DRG,a marker of pain transition.EA significantly decreased the number of mast cells in the skin of the ipsilateral hind paw when applied at ST36 and ST42,but not when applied at ST36 and BL60.Furthermore,EA employed to ST36 and ST42 significantly reversed long-term hyperalgesia induced by PGE2 injection,even when administered before injection.However,EA did not alleviate acute pain caused by Cg injection.By using a novel acupoint combination,EA simultaneously alleviated acute pain and prevented pain transition.Conclusions:Our study suggests that mast cells play a critical role in both HP and the transition from acute to chronic pain,whereas EA can prevent pain transition by decreasing the number of mast cells in the local tissue.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82003784 and 81872789)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2682022ZTPY037,China)Large Instruments Open Foundation of Southwest Jiaotong University(No.2022SRII-046,China)。
文摘Excessive and uncontrollable inflammatory responses in alveoli can dramatically exacerbate pulmonary disease progressions through vigorous cytokine releases,immune cell infiltration and protease-driven tissue damages.It is an urgent need to explore potential drug strategies for mitigating lung inflammation.Protease-activated receptor 2(PAR2)as a vital molecular target principally participates in various inflammatory diseases via intracellular signal transduction.However,it has been rarely reported about the role of PAR2 in lung inflammation.This study applied CRISPR-Cas9 system encoding Cas9 and sg RNA(p Cas9-PAR2)for PAR2 knockout and fabricated an anionic human serum albuminbased nanoparticles to deliver p Cas9-PAR2 with superior inflammation-targeting efficiency and stability(TAP/p Cas9-PAR2).TAP/p Cas9-PAR2 robustly facilitated p Cas9-PAR2 to enter and transfect inflammatory cells,eliciting precise gene editing of PAR2 in vitro and in vivo.Importantly,PAR2 deficiency by TAP/p Cas9-PAR2 effectively and safely promoted macrophage polarization,suppressed proinflammatory cytokine releases and alleviated acute lung inflammation,uncovering a novel value of PAR2.It also revealed that PAR2-mediated pulmonary inflammation prevented by TAP/p Cas9-PAR2was mainly dependent on ERK-mediated NLRP3/IL-1βand NO/i NOS signalling.Therefore,this work indicated PAR2 as a novel target for lung inflammation and provided a potential nanodrug strategy for PAR2 deficiency in treating inflammatory diseases.
