Reinhold Niebuhr’s intellectual journey in the 1930’s away from the idealism of liberal Protestantism and the optimism of the Social Gospel toward the more sober understanding of Christian realism involved,among oth...Reinhold Niebuhr’s intellectual journey in the 1930’s away from the idealism of liberal Protestantism and the optimism of the Social Gospel toward the more sober understanding of Christian realism involved,among other things,a rejection of pacifism.While conceding that the use of force in international relations is morally perilous,Niebuhr saw the utopianism of the pacifist position“to be nothing more than a capitulation to tyranny”.Martin Luther King Jr.encountered Niebuhr’s Moral Man and Immoral Society and other works in seminary a generation later.While he found much to praise in Niebuhr’s analysis,ultimately he rejected Niebuhr’s critique.Nevertheless,in spite of King’s very public embrace of Gandhi’s pacifism,one finds in King’s practice of non-violent resistance substantial engagement with Niebuhr’s ideas.展开更多
This study investigates trends in extreme precipitation events(EPEs)across Antarctica from 1979 to 2023,analyzing changes in EPE frequency,intensity,and the proportion of extreme to total precipitation.Using Self-Orga...This study investigates trends in extreme precipitation events(EPEs)across Antarctica from 1979 to 2023,analyzing changes in EPE frequency,intensity,and the proportion of extreme to total precipitation.Using Self-Organizing Map(SOM)techniques,the study distinguishes the contributions from thermodynamic,dynamic,and interaction components in explaining these trends.Positive EPE occurrence trends are observed across the Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas,Dronning Maud Land,and parts of the Southern Ocean,with declines limited to Queen Mary Land.Thermodynamic factors,responsible for 96.0%of the overall trend,are driven by increased water vapor content in polar air masses.Dynamic contributions,representing 10.8%,are linked to a strengthened Amundsen Sea Low(ASL)associated with the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and Pacific South American(PSA)trends.Interaction effects make a slightly negative contribution(-6.8%)to the overall trend.Variations in water vapor transport and vertical velocity tied to annual 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies further explain EPE trends.These findings provide insight into the atmospheric processes that influence Antarctic EPEs,with implications for understanding the climatic impact on the polar environment.展开更多
During the boreal summer,intraseasonal oscillations exhibit significant interannual variations in intensity over two key regions:the central-western equatorial Pacific(5°S-5°N,150°E-150°W)and the s...During the boreal summer,intraseasonal oscillations exhibit significant interannual variations in intensity over two key regions:the central-western equatorial Pacific(5°S-5°N,150°E-150°W)and the subtropical Northwestern Pacific(10°-20°N,130°E-175°W).The former is well-documented and considered to be influenced by the ENSO,while the latter has received comparatively less attention and is likely influenced by the Pacific Meridional Mode(PMM),as suggested by partial correlation analysis results.To elucidate the physical processes responsible for the enhanced(weakened)intraseasonal convection over the subtropical northwestern Pacific during warm(cold)PMM years,the authors employed a moisture budget analysis.The findings reveal that during warm PMM years,there is an increase in summer-mean moisture over the subtropical northwestern Pacific.This increase interacts with intensified vertical motion perturbations in the region,leading to greater vertical moisture advection in the lower troposphere and consequently resulting in convective instability.Such a process is pivotal in amplifying intraseasonal convection anomalies.The observational findings were further verified by model experiments forced by PMM-like sea surface temperature patterns.展开更多
Solar cycles are fundamental to astrophysics,space exploration,technological infrastructure,and Earth's climate.A better understanding of these cycles and their history can aid in risk mitigation on Earth,while al...Solar cycles are fundamental to astrophysics,space exploration,technological infrastructure,and Earth's climate.A better understanding of these cycles and their history can aid in risk mitigation on Earth,while also deepening our knowledge of stellar physics and solar system dynamics.Determining the solar cycles between 1600 and 1700-especially the post-1645 Maunder Minimum,characterized by significantly reduced solar activity-poses challenges to existing solar activity proxies.This study utilizes a new red equatorial auroral catalog from ancient Korean texts to establish solar cycle patterns from 1623 to 1700.Remarkably,a further reevaluation of the solar cycles between 1610 and 1755 identified a total of 13 cycles,diverging from the widely accepted record of 12 cycles during that time.This research enhances our understanding of historical solar activity,and underscores the importance of integrating diverse historical sources into modern analyses.展开更多
BACKGROUND The burden of mental disorders(MD)in the Western Pacific Region(WPR)re-mains a critical public health concern,with substantial variations across demogra-phics and countries.AIM To analyze the burden of MD i...BACKGROUND The burden of mental disorders(MD)in the Western Pacific Region(WPR)re-mains a critical public health concern,with substantial variations across demogra-phics and countries.AIM To analyze the burden of MD in the WPR from 1990 to 2021,along with associated risk factors,to reveal changing trends and emerging challenges.METHODS We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021,analyzing prevalence,incidence,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of MD from 1990 to 2021.Statistical methods included age-standardisation and uncertainty analysis to address variations in population structure and data completeness.RESULTS Between 1990 and 2021,the prevalence of MD rose from 174.40 million cases[95%uncertainty interval(UI):160.17-189.84]to 234.90 million cases(95%UI:219.04-252.50),with corresponding DALYs increasing from 22.8 million(95%UI:17.22-28.79)to 32.07 million(95%UI:24.50-40.68).During this period,the burden of MD shifted towards older age groups.Depressive and anxiety disorders were predominant,with females showing higher DALYs for depressive and anxiety disorders,and males more affected by conduct disorders,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,and autism spectrum disorders.Australia,New Zealand,and Malaysia reported the highest burdens,whereas Vietnam,China,and Brunei Darussalam reported the lowest.Additionally,childhood sexual abuse and bullying,and intimate partner violence emerged as significant risk factors.CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant burden of MD in the WPR,with variations by age,gender,and nation.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has exacerbated the situation,emphasizing the need for a coordinated response.展开更多
Tropical cyclones(TCs)have profound impacts on socioeconomic conditions and pose substantial risks to lives and property.However,it is still unclear whether the multitimescale changes in TC activity over the past 2000...Tropical cyclones(TCs)have profound impacts on socioeconomic conditions and pose substantial risks to lives and property.However,it is still unclear whether the multitimescale changes in TC activity over the past 2000 years in the Northwestern Pacific(NWP)were regulated by Asian dust forcing.Here,we assessed the impact of Asian dust on TC activity using observational data and reconstructed records from the northern and southern NWP.Our correlation analysis of instrumental data from 1954 to 2017 reveals no significant relationship between observed TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Furthermore,we found a meridional dipole pattern of TC variation across the NWP in observations and reconstructions.These finding challenges current explanations that are based on the synchronous changes in TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Alternatively,we propose that the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH)plays a crucial role in driving these meridional dipole patterns in TC variations,as supported by observations and reconstructions.The southwestward extension of an enhanced WPSH intensifies easterly flow,steering TCs westward along its southern edge.This leads to more TC activity in the southern NWP but less in the north,and vice versa when the WPSH is weakened.With the expected strengthening of the WPSH due to global warming,it is vital to consider its impact on NWP TC activity for effective risk-mitigation strategies.展开更多
The black coral genus Bathypathes Brook,1889 represents a relatively diverse and ecologically important assemblage comprising the deep-sea hard substrate communities.Recent phylogenetic investigations have revealed th...The black coral genus Bathypathes Brook,1889 represents a relatively diverse and ecologically important assemblage comprising the deep-sea hard substrate communities.Recent phylogenetic investigations have revealed the polyphyletic nature of Bathypathes,urging further morphological analysis to understand its systematics.By combing morphological and molecular data,we describe Bathypathes multifurcata sp.nov.and report B.pseudoalternata Molodtsova,Opresko&Wagner,2022based on the specimens collected from the tropical western Pacific.The phylogenetic topology reconstructed using nuclear ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and three mitochondrial fragments suggests the separation of Bathypathes into four groups.Our analysis of morphological characters,particularly the colony branch and pinnule patterns also roughly classify Bathypathes into four morphological groups A–D.Group A is characterized by the unbranched colony and the subopposite arrangement of pinnules.In contrast to Group A,Groups B–D have the alternately arranged pinnules.Among these,Group C exhibits a distinctly long unpinnulated stem compared to Groups B and D.Group B has unbranched colony,relatively short unpinnulated stem,and spines on pinnules have blunt apex.Within Group D,large colonies(higher than 40 cm)have one or a few branches,small colonies(less than 40 cm)are unbranched,and spines on pinnules have acute apex.Further data particularly those species without sequences are necessary to verify the classification of these groups.展开更多
During the expedition to an unnamed seamount of Caroline Ridge in the northwest Pacific Ocean,one Thalassometra specimen was sampled,and careful morphological assessment suggested that this specimen represents a new s...During the expedition to an unnamed seamount of Caroline Ridge in the northwest Pacific Ocean,one Thalassometra specimen was sampled,and careful morphological assessment suggested that this specimen represents a new species within the genus Thalassometra:Thalassometra brachia sp.nov.This new species was collected at a depth of 688 m and is characterized by the dome-like centrodorsal,large number of arms(43 in total),irregularly arranged sockets with three per radial area,P 2 and P 3,similar in size and character and smaller than P 1,spinous median carination on the first and second ossicles of the division series and on the first two brachials,and dense spicules in brachial bases.展开更多
To explore the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the elements in ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific,this study analyses the mineral composition,elemental content,occurrence phase and genetic me...To explore the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the elements in ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific,this study analyses the mineral composition,elemental content,occurrence phase and genetic mechanisms of samples by X-ray diffraction(XRD),inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES),inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)and phase analysis methods.The results show that ferromanganese nodules are mainly hydrogenetic,and Mn/Fe content ratio ranges from 0.95 to 2.05.The major minerals are vernadite(δ-MnO_(2))and amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide(FeOOH),and the secondary minerals include todorokite,birnessite,quartz and plagioclase.Ferromanganese nodules contain high contents of Co(0.24%-0.42%),Cu(0.23%-0.73%),Ni(0.33%-0.86%)and rare earth elements(REEs,1192-1990μg/g),which have positive Ce and negative Y anomalies but no Eu anomaly.A cluster analysis suggests that the elements in ferromanganese nodules can be divided into three groups:hydrogenetic components,including Fe,Ti,Zr,P,Pb,Co,Ba,Sr,V and REEs;diagenetic components,including Mn,Ni,Mg,Zn and Cu;and detrital components,including Al,Na,K and Ca.According to chemical leaching,ferromanganese nodules can be divided into four phases:Na,Ca,Mg and Sr are mainly enriched in the carbonate phase;Mn,Co,Ni and Ba are mainly enriched in the Mn-oxide phase;Fe,P,Ti,Cu,Pb,V,Zn,Zr and REEs are mainly enriched in the Fe-oxide phase;and Al and K are mainly enriched in the residual phase.A combination of the two different methods reveal selective enrichment of metal elements from seawater by ferromanganese nodules,featuring multisource mineralization.Moreover,through ion exchange and adsorption,approximately 71.2%of REEs are enriched in the Fe-oxide phase,15.4%in the Mn-oxide phase and 12.4%in the residual phase,while REE contents in the carbonate phase are relatively low.In addition,under the oxic conditions of seawater,the oxidation of soluble Ce^(3+)to insoluble CeO_(2)together with Fe-Mn minerals results in Ce enrichment in ferromanganese nodules.This study provides a reference for the metallogenesis of ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific.展开更多
Inbreeding usually reduces the mean phenotypic value of various traits.In Crassostrea gigas,inbreeding depression at the early life stage might be particularly remarkable because of a high mutational load that is diff...Inbreeding usually reduces the mean phenotypic value of various traits.In Crassostrea gigas,inbreeding depression at the early life stage might be particularly remarkable because of a high mutational load that is difficult to purge.In this study,the ef-fects of inbreeding on the survival rate and gene expression at the early life stage were investigated.Two inbred groups containing five F1 families and five F2 families with a theoretically higher degree of inbreeding were constructed based on an inbred strain.Meanwhile,5 families were established as the control group(CF)based on the wild population.The results showed that the survival rate of the CF group was significantly higher than those of the two inbred groups.Differential gene analysis showed 1616 common differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in the two inbred groups,which were significantly enriched in pathways associated with im-mune response,nutrient restriction,and virus infection.By weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),19 common DEGs were enriched in M21,the functional module most closely related to inbreeding,and 6 of them were related to immunity.No-tably,the survival rate of F2 was higher than that of F1.A total of 643 DEGs between F1 and CF were screened out,which did not show differential expression between F2 and CF,and these genes were significantly enriched in pathways associated with protein syn-thesis.These results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanism behind the effect of inbreeding on the early survival rate of oyster larvae.展开更多
Microplastic contamination is considered a major threat to the marine environment.Although microplastic pollution in the Pacific Ocean has been studied,its abundance,distribution,composition,and origin in the western ...Microplastic contamination is considered a major threat to the marine environment.Although microplastic pollution in the Pacific Ocean has been studied,its abundance,distribution,composition,and origin in the western Pacific Ocean remain unclear.Here,we investigated the abundance and distribution characteristics of microplastics in surface waters of the western Pacific Ocean and analyzed their potential sources.Results show that microplastics were widespread in the western Pacific Ocean,with abundance ranging from 0.03 to 2.36 particles/m^(3)(average 0.37±0.47 particles/m^(3)).Fibers/filaments and fragments were the main shapes of microplastics(71.6%)and the most abundant microplastic size class was<1.0 mm(42.4%).Significant differences in microplastic abundance were observed in different regions,with the lowest abundance in the South China Sea(0.03 particles/m^(3))and highest abundance in the seamount area in the western Pacific Ocean(0.58 particles/m^(3)).This study provides baseline data and insights into the fate and transportation of microplastics in the western Pacific region.展开更多
The thaw-freezing transition period is crucial to determine the initial sea ice status prior to the freezing season.The heat and mass balance at ice-ocean interface is the major driving process.In this study,we analyz...The thaw-freezing transition period is crucial to determine the initial sea ice status prior to the freezing season.The heat and mass balance at ice-ocean interface is the major driving process.In this study,we analyze heat fluxes profile through the ice from ice surface down to basal ice-ocean interface using the data measured by 11 thermistor stringbased ice mass balance buoys(IMBs)between September and December 2018 in the Pacific sector of Arctic Ocean.The conductive heat fluxes gradually decreased from surface downward through the lower ice layers due to the thermal inertia and energy storage in the brine pockets.At the ice bottom,the oceanic heat flux decreased from(5.9±1.3)W/m^(2)in mid-September to(1.8±0.8)W/m^(2)by the end of December in response to the decreasing of available absorbed solar radiation regulated by the latitude and sea ice concentration.The initial ice thicknesses can explain the onset of ice basal growth by 44.8%(R^(2)).From 15 September to the average onset of ice basal growth by 13 November,the accumulated heat fluxes released from the ice surface to the atmosphere,caused by the cooling of the ice layer,and from the ocean to the ice bottom were estimated as 25.73 MJ/m^(2),6.49 MJ/m^(2),and 20.30 MJ/m^(2),respectively.The latter two components mainly play the roles in buffering the onset of ice basal growth.展开更多
Tropical cyclone activity has undergone significant changes under the impact of global warming since the 20th century.However,the characteristic and trend changes of landfalling tropical cyclones over China still need...Tropical cyclone activity has undergone significant changes under the impact of global warming since the 20th century.However,the characteristic and trend changes of landfalling tropical cyclones over China still need to be further clarified.The study conducted an analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics and trends of landfalling tropical cyclones over China from 1949 to 2022 using the dataset of the best tracks of tropical cyclones from the China Meteorological Administration.Additionally,we explored the influences of ENSO and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO)on landfalling tropical cyclone activities.The results indicate that:(1)The annual average number of landfalling tropical cyclones over China is approximately 8.85,showing a significant decreasing trend,and the decreasing range becomes larger with lower latitude overall.However,both the proportion of landfalling tropical cyclones to the total number and the percentage of higher intensity tropical cyclones increase.(2)The landfall locations of tropical cyclones in China are mainly concentrated between 18°N and 26°N,accounting for approximately 88.2%of the total,and the landfall frequency shows a sharp decline in the regions north of 30°N.The central landfall location of tropical cyclones has shifted significantly northwestward,moving closer to China.Compared to 1949–1969,the central genesis location from 2010 to 2022 shifted 4.5°westward and 2.0°northward.(3)There is a correlation between ENSO and the genesis frequency variation of tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific and landfalling over China.El Ni?o promotes the genesis of strong tropical cyclones and leads to a more southeastern bias in the genesis location of landfalling tropical cyclones,while La Ni?a has an opposite effect.The PDO also affects the tropical cyclones to a certain extent.During the PDO warm phase,the genesis position of tropical cyclones is westward and the number is smaller than that in the cold phase.This study further clarifies the changing trends and characteristics of landfalling tropical cyclones over China since 1949.It also highlights the impacts of ENSO and the PDO on tropical cyclone activities.The findings can serve as a scientific basis for conducting simulations and assessments of tropical cyclones and for disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.展开更多
Pelagic fish are the most abundant species in upwelling regions,contributing 25%of total global fisheries production.Climate-driven changes in the marine environment play a crucial role in their population dynamics.Us...Pelagic fish are the most abundant species in upwelling regions,contributing 25%of total global fisheries production.Climate-driven changes in the marine environment play a crucial role in their population dynamics.Using Chilean jack mackerel(Trachurus murphyi)as an example,this study conducted simulations to quantify the impacts of environmental variations on the stock assessment.A habitat-based surplus production model was developed by integrating suitable habitat area into the model parameters carrying capacity(K)and intrinsic growth rate(r),with a suitable habitat area serving as the proxy for the environmental conditions for Chilean jack mackerel in the Southeast Pacific Ocean.The dynamics of Chilean jack mackerel stock and fisheries data were simulated,and four assessment models with different configurations were built to fit simulated data,with or without considering environmental effects.The results indicated that Joint K-r model,which integrated both parameters with the suitable habitat area index,outperformed the others by coming closest to the‘true'population dynamics.Ignoring habitat variations in the estimation model tended to overestimate biomass and underestimate harvest rate and reference points.Without observation and process error,the results were estimated with bias,while FMSY is relatively sensitive.This research illustrates the importance to consider random errors and environmental influences on populations,and provides foundation guidelines for future stock assessment.展开更多
The duration of the extratropical transition(ET)of tropical cyclones(TCs)is often closely associated with disaster intensity.Therefore,it is essential to understand the key factors that influence ET duration.Using the...The duration of the extratropical transition(ET)of tropical cyclones(TCs)is often closely associated with disaster intensity.Therefore,it is essential to understand the key factors that influence ET duration.Using the TC best-track data and reanalysis data,this study investigates the structural characteristics and key influencing factors of ET duration in the western North Pacific(WNP)during 1981–2022.Results show that,compared to TCs that undergo ET rapidly(≤12 h),TCs that experience ET slowly(≥24 h)undergo a more prolonged and complex ET process,maintaining a warm core and an upright structure for extended periods.By contrast,TCs undergoing rapid transition experience structural disintegration within 6–12 h after ET onset.Further analysis reveals that TCs with longer ET durations are characterized by stronger warm cores,more abundant moisture,weaker environmental vertical wind shear,slower translation speeds,and a longer residence time over warmer sea surface temperatures(SSTs),all of which support the maintenance of axisymmetric structures with strong warm cores.Environmental and structural factors,including cold-air intensity,vertical wind shear,TC translation speed,SST,relative humidity,TC intensity,the radius of 17 m s^(-1)wind,mean sea level pressure,and the radius of maximum wind,are found to exist significant correlation with ET duration.Cold-air intensity exhibited the highest correlation(r=–0.35),followed by TC translation speed and SST.A relative importance analysis shows that the environmental factors play a more substantial role than the internal TC structure,accounting for about 19.23%of the variance,with TC translation speed and cold-air effects explaining 11.68%.Based on the nine factors,a statistical forecasting model was developed,which shows considerable skill in predicting ET duration.展开更多
Marine heatwaves(MHWs)have become increasingly frequent and persistent in the context of global warming and the related underlying mechanisms are strongly region-dependent.We employed the NOAA(National Oceanic and Atm...Marine heatwaves(MHWs)have become increasingly frequent and persistent in the context of global warming and the related underlying mechanisms are strongly region-dependent.We employed the NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)CRW(Coral Reef Watch)daily mean sea surface temperature dataset spanning from 1985 to 2022 to comprehensively analyze the fundamental attributes and evolving patterns of marine heatwaves in the offshore waters of China.Eight pronounced marine heatwaves from frequently affected sensitive regions were investigated to explore their formation mechanisms.The relationship between the occurrences of marine heatwave and large-scale climate mode in the region was explored.Results show that the western Pacific subtropical high plays an essential role in triggering marine heatwaves in Chinese offshore waters,with an anomalous downward shortwave radiation flux acting to warm the sea surface,which is remotely associated to the large-scale sea surface temperature state.Distinct mechanisms for the MHWs were identified in the northern and southern offshore waters of China.MHWs in high latitudes(such as the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea)mainly occur during the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO),while those in low latitudes(such as the South China Sea)are more common in about 5-month lags behind the El Niño,for which we purposed a mechanism to describe the main differences in the formation of MHWs in China and discussed the related implications.展开更多
As an economically crucial species in the southeast Pacific Ocean,understanding the spatiotemporal distribution changes of the habitat of Trachurus murphyi under the influence of climate change is essential for effect...As an economically crucial species in the southeast Pacific Ocean,understanding the spatiotemporal distribution changes of the habitat of Trachurus murphyi under the influence of climate change is essential for effective resource assessment and management.The spatiotemporal changes in suitable habitats of T.murphyi under three climate change scenarios(SSP 126,SSP 370,and SSP 585)of Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP 6)were explored based on key environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of the species in a habitat suitability index(HSI)model.Results show that seawater temperature would increase under different scenarios,while the mixed layer depths would decrease under SSP 370 and SSP 585 scenarios but vary slightly under the SSP 126 scenario,which is similar to the variation in different climate periods.The positive difference in seawater temperature will be distributed in the central,southern,and offshore regions of Chile,and the negative difference in mixed layer depths be accounted for a large region.Under different climate scenarios,the HSI value for fishing ground and the overall proportion of suitable habitat area of T.murphyi will be decreased over the forecasted period.The suitable habitat of T.murphyi is concentrated in the 42°S-47°S area and will move to the southwest in different climate periods.Based on short-term climate change,the proportion of suitable habitat areas in the high seas of Chile is larger than in the exclusive economic zone under medium-and long-term climate change under different scenarios.The results of the gravity center of suitable T.murphyi habitat indicates that the spatial distribution of T.murphyi might be related to variations in oceanic currents.These findings provide insights for the effective fisheries resource management of T.murphyi in the Southeast Pacific Ocean.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to describe the updated disease burden and temporal trends of stomach cancer(SC)and colorectal cancer(CRC),and to explore potential influence factors of the two cancers in the Western Pacifi...Objective:This study aimed to describe the updated disease burden and temporal trends of stomach cancer(SC)and colorectal cancer(CRC),and to explore potential influence factors of the two cancers in the Western Pacific region(WPR).Methods:Estimates of incidence,deaths,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for SC and CRC were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Trends in age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR),agestandardized mortality rates(ASMR),and age-standardized DALY rates(ASDR)were assessed.A decomposition analysis was conducted to quantify the role of three factors(i.e.,population aging,population growth,and epidemiological change)driving DALY changes between 2000 and 2021.Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the association between cancer burden and Socio-demographic Index(SDI)at the national level in 2021.Results:In 2021,the WPR accounted for 61.77%of global incident SC cases and 43.07%of global incident CRC cases.From 2000 to 2021,the ASIR,ASMR,and ASDR of SC and the ASMR and ASDR of CRC decreased,whereas the ASIR of CRC increased by an average of 1.32%per year.Among the 31 WPR countries and territories,China had the highest number of incident cases,deaths,and DALYs for both cancers in 2021.Epidemiology change was the primary driver to the reduction of DALYs for SC,while population aging and population growth contributed to the increase of DALYs for CRC.Additionally,ASMR(r=-0.37,P=0.041)and ASDR(r=-0.43,P=0.016)of SC were negatively correlated with SDI in 2021,whereas positive correlations were observed between SDI and ASIR(r=0.74,P<0.001),ASMR(r=0.47,P=0.008),and ASDR(r=0.36,P=0.044)for CRC.Conclusions:SC and CRC continue to pose considerable public health threats in the WPR.Targeted prevention and control strategies should be prioritized,particularly in high-burden and resource-limited countries.展开更多
Extratropical transition(ET)is one of the last phases of tropical cyclones(TCs)and corresponds to the structural change from a tropical system to an extratropical system characterized by pronounced asymmetric distribu...Extratropical transition(ET)is one of the last phases of tropical cyclones(TCs)and corresponds to the structural change from a tropical system to an extratropical system characterized by pronounced asymmetric distributions of heavy rainfall and strong wind.This study analyzes the statistical characteristics of ET events involving TCs over the western North Pacific(WNP)during 1981–2022.The analysis employs the Cyclone Phase Space(CPS)method to evaluate the accuracy of the fifth-generation reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5)in identifying ET based on different TC center definitions.Results show that defining the TC center by the minimum sea level pressure yields the most accurate ET identification.Subsequently,the study investigates several characteristics of ET events in the WNP.It is found that TCs undergoing ET(ETTCs)primarily form in the region of 125°–155°E,10°–25°N,with ET typically initiating between 30°–40°N and completing between 35°–50°N.These ETTCs predominantly occur from April to December,with peak activity observed from August to October.Additionally,the average duration of the ET process is 18.5 h,with longer durations observed from August to October,displaying a roughly 6-year cycle.Spatially,ET events with longer durations tend to occur at lower latitudes.Correspondingly,TCs initiating their ET phase at lower latitudes are typically stronger and larger,and they also experience longer ET durations.展开更多
Understanding the seasonal variations of the zooplankton community’s structure in the Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP)-the most stable open marine environment in the Pacific Ocean-is crucial to predict the impacts of ...Understanding the seasonal variations of the zooplankton community’s structure in the Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP)-the most stable open marine environment in the Pacific Ocean-is crucial to predict the impacts of climate change on the ecosystem.However,knowledge on these variations in this region down to the mesopelagic zone is insufficient.In this study,the environmental DNA(eDNA)metabarcoding method was used to investigate the zooplankton community during summer,autumn,and winter,from the surface to a depth of 1000 m spanning the epipelagic to mesopelagic zones.The zooplankton community structure exhibited seasonal fluctuations at multiple depths except for 200 and 1000 m.In addition,a stronger zooplankton seasonality was particularly recorded in the epipelagic zone than in the mesopelagic zone,which is consistent with the environmental changes.The studied zooplanktons are dominated by medusae and copepods that showed distinct seasonality.At all depths,medusae exhibited greater seasonal variations than the overall zooplankton community,whereas the copepods did not exhibit significant seasonality.The environmental features and the seasons exerted greater influences on the structure of the zooplankton communities than did the spatial factors.The results of this study indicate that eDNA metabarcoding can provide novel insights into zooplankton assemblages due to its ability to capture a rich variety of medusae,which are often underestimated by net collection.展开更多
文摘Reinhold Niebuhr’s intellectual journey in the 1930’s away from the idealism of liberal Protestantism and the optimism of the Social Gospel toward the more sober understanding of Christian realism involved,among other things,a rejection of pacifism.While conceding that the use of force in international relations is morally perilous,Niebuhr saw the utopianism of the pacifist position“to be nothing more than a capitulation to tyranny”.Martin Luther King Jr.encountered Niebuhr’s Moral Man and Immoral Society and other works in seminary a generation later.While he found much to praise in Niebuhr’s analysis,ultimately he rejected Niebuhr’s critique.Nevertheless,in spite of King’s very public embrace of Gandhi’s pacifism,one finds in King’s practice of non-violent resistance substantial engagement with Niebuhr’s ideas.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0106300)Norges Forskningsråd(328886).
文摘This study investigates trends in extreme precipitation events(EPEs)across Antarctica from 1979 to 2023,analyzing changes in EPE frequency,intensity,and the proportion of extreme to total precipitation.Using Self-Organizing Map(SOM)techniques,the study distinguishes the contributions from thermodynamic,dynamic,and interaction components in explaining these trends.Positive EPE occurrence trends are observed across the Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas,Dronning Maud Land,and parts of the Southern Ocean,with declines limited to Queen Mary Land.Thermodynamic factors,responsible for 96.0%of the overall trend,are driven by increased water vapor content in polar air masses.Dynamic contributions,representing 10.8%,are linked to a strengthened Amundsen Sea Low(ASL)associated with the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and Pacific South American(PSA)trends.Interaction effects make a slightly negative contribution(-6.8%)to the overall trend.Variations in water vapor transport and vertical velocity tied to annual 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies further explain EPE trends.These findings provide insight into the atmospheric processes that influence Antarctic EPEs,with implications for understanding the climatic impact on the polar environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 42088101]。
文摘During the boreal summer,intraseasonal oscillations exhibit significant interannual variations in intensity over two key regions:the central-western equatorial Pacific(5°S-5°N,150°E-150°W)and the subtropical Northwestern Pacific(10°-20°N,130°E-175°W).The former is well-documented and considered to be influenced by the ENSO,while the latter has received comparatively less attention and is likely influenced by the Pacific Meridional Mode(PMM),as suggested by partial correlation analysis results.To elucidate the physical processes responsible for the enhanced(weakened)intraseasonal convection over the subtropical northwestern Pacific during warm(cold)PMM years,the authors employed a moisture budget analysis.The findings reveal that during warm PMM years,there is an increase in summer-mean moisture over the subtropical northwestern Pacific.This increase interacts with intensified vertical motion perturbations in the region,leading to greater vertical moisture advection in the lower troposphere and consequently resulting in convective instability.Such a process is pivotal in amplifying intraseasonal convection anomalies.The observational findings were further verified by model experiments forced by PMM-like sea surface temperature patterns.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42388101)the CAS Youth Interdisciplinary Team (JCTD-2021-05)funded by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Solar cycles are fundamental to astrophysics,space exploration,technological infrastructure,and Earth's climate.A better understanding of these cycles and their history can aid in risk mitigation on Earth,while also deepening our knowledge of stellar physics and solar system dynamics.Determining the solar cycles between 1600 and 1700-especially the post-1645 Maunder Minimum,characterized by significantly reduced solar activity-poses challenges to existing solar activity proxies.This study utilizes a new red equatorial auroral catalog from ancient Korean texts to establish solar cycle patterns from 1623 to 1700.Remarkably,a further reevaluation of the solar cycles between 1610 and 1755 identified a total of 13 cycles,diverging from the widely accepted record of 12 cycles during that time.This research enhances our understanding of historical solar activity,and underscores the importance of integrating diverse historical sources into modern analyses.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFC3600903Key Discipline Project under Shanghai's Three-Year Action Plan for Strengthening the Public Health System(2023-2025),No.GWVI-11.1-44.
文摘BACKGROUND The burden of mental disorders(MD)in the Western Pacific Region(WPR)re-mains a critical public health concern,with substantial variations across demogra-phics and countries.AIM To analyze the burden of MD in the WPR from 1990 to 2021,along with associated risk factors,to reveal changing trends and emerging challenges.METHODS We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021,analyzing prevalence,incidence,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of MD from 1990 to 2021.Statistical methods included age-standardisation and uncertainty analysis to address variations in population structure and data completeness.RESULTS Between 1990 and 2021,the prevalence of MD rose from 174.40 million cases[95%uncertainty interval(UI):160.17-189.84]to 234.90 million cases(95%UI:219.04-252.50),with corresponding DALYs increasing from 22.8 million(95%UI:17.22-28.79)to 32.07 million(95%UI:24.50-40.68).During this period,the burden of MD shifted towards older age groups.Depressive and anxiety disorders were predominant,with females showing higher DALYs for depressive and anxiety disorders,and males more affected by conduct disorders,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,and autism spectrum disorders.Australia,New Zealand,and Malaysia reported the highest burdens,whereas Vietnam,China,and Brunei Darussalam reported the lowest.Additionally,childhood sexual abuse and bullying,and intimate partner violence emerged as significant risk factors.CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant burden of MD in the WPR,with variations by age,gender,and nation.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has exacerbated the situation,emphasizing the need for a coordinated response.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42225105,No.42201176National Natural Science Foundation of China Basic Science Center for Tibetan Plateau Earth System Project(NSFC BSCTPES Project),No.41988101。
文摘Tropical cyclones(TCs)have profound impacts on socioeconomic conditions and pose substantial risks to lives and property.However,it is still unclear whether the multitimescale changes in TC activity over the past 2000 years in the Northwestern Pacific(NWP)were regulated by Asian dust forcing.Here,we assessed the impact of Asian dust on TC activity using observational data and reconstructed records from the northern and southern NWP.Our correlation analysis of instrumental data from 1954 to 2017 reveals no significant relationship between observed TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Furthermore,we found a meridional dipole pattern of TC variation across the NWP in observations and reconstructions.These finding challenges current explanations that are based on the synchronous changes in TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Alternatively,we propose that the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH)plays a crucial role in driving these meridional dipole patterns in TC variations,as supported by observations and reconstructions.The southwestward extension of an enhanced WPSH intensifies easterly flow,steering TCs westward along its southern edge.This leads to more TC activity in the southern NWP but less in the north,and vice versa when the WPSH is weakened.With the expected strengthening of the WPSH due to global warming,it is vital to consider its impact on NWP TC activity for effective risk-mitigation strategies.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41930533,42176128)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42000000)+1 种基金the Senior User Project of R/V Kexue(No.KEXUE2020GZ02)the Science and Technology Program of Nanji Islands National Marine Nature Reserve Administration(No.JJZB-PYCG-2021112901)。
文摘The black coral genus Bathypathes Brook,1889 represents a relatively diverse and ecologically important assemblage comprising the deep-sea hard substrate communities.Recent phylogenetic investigations have revealed the polyphyletic nature of Bathypathes,urging further morphological analysis to understand its systematics.By combing morphological and molecular data,we describe Bathypathes multifurcata sp.nov.and report B.pseudoalternata Molodtsova,Opresko&Wagner,2022based on the specimens collected from the tropical western Pacific.The phylogenetic topology reconstructed using nuclear ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and three mitochondrial fragments suggests the separation of Bathypathes into four groups.Our analysis of morphological characters,particularly the colony branch and pinnule patterns also roughly classify Bathypathes into four morphological groups A–D.Group A is characterized by the unbranched colony and the subopposite arrangement of pinnules.In contrast to Group A,Groups B–D have the alternately arranged pinnules.Among these,Group C exhibits a distinctly long unpinnulated stem compared to Groups B and D.Group B has unbranched colony,relatively short unpinnulated stem,and spines on pinnules have blunt apex.Within Group D,large colonies(higher than 40 cm)have one or a few branches,small colonies(less than 40 cm)are unbranched,and spines on pinnules have acute apex.Further data particularly those species without sequences are necessary to verify the classification of these groups.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ 202203100)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB 42000000)。
文摘During the expedition to an unnamed seamount of Caroline Ridge in the northwest Pacific Ocean,one Thalassometra specimen was sampled,and careful morphological assessment suggested that this specimen represents a new species within the genus Thalassometra:Thalassometra brachia sp.nov.This new species was collected at a depth of 688 m and is characterized by the dome-like centrodorsal,large number of arms(43 in total),irregularly arranged sockets with three per radial area,P 2 and P 3,similar in size and character and smaller than P 1,spinous median carination on the first and second ossicles of the division series and on the first two brachials,and dense spicules in brachial bases.
基金The Fund of Laoshan Laboratory under contract No.LSKJ202203602the National key R&D Program of China under contract No.2022YFC2803600the Taishan Scholarship from Shandong Province.
文摘To explore the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the elements in ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific,this study analyses the mineral composition,elemental content,occurrence phase and genetic mechanisms of samples by X-ray diffraction(XRD),inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES),inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)and phase analysis methods.The results show that ferromanganese nodules are mainly hydrogenetic,and Mn/Fe content ratio ranges from 0.95 to 2.05.The major minerals are vernadite(δ-MnO_(2))and amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide(FeOOH),and the secondary minerals include todorokite,birnessite,quartz and plagioclase.Ferromanganese nodules contain high contents of Co(0.24%-0.42%),Cu(0.23%-0.73%),Ni(0.33%-0.86%)and rare earth elements(REEs,1192-1990μg/g),which have positive Ce and negative Y anomalies but no Eu anomaly.A cluster analysis suggests that the elements in ferromanganese nodules can be divided into three groups:hydrogenetic components,including Fe,Ti,Zr,P,Pb,Co,Ba,Sr,V and REEs;diagenetic components,including Mn,Ni,Mg,Zn and Cu;and detrital components,including Al,Na,K and Ca.According to chemical leaching,ferromanganese nodules can be divided into four phases:Na,Ca,Mg and Sr are mainly enriched in the carbonate phase;Mn,Co,Ni and Ba are mainly enriched in the Mn-oxide phase;Fe,P,Ti,Cu,Pb,V,Zn,Zr and REEs are mainly enriched in the Fe-oxide phase;and Al and K are mainly enriched in the residual phase.A combination of the two different methods reveal selective enrichment of metal elements from seawater by ferromanganese nodules,featuring multisource mineralization.Moreover,through ion exchange and adsorption,approximately 71.2%of REEs are enriched in the Fe-oxide phase,15.4%in the Mn-oxide phase and 12.4%in the residual phase,while REE contents in the carbonate phase are relatively low.In addition,under the oxic conditions of seawater,the oxidation of soluble Ce^(3+)to insoluble CeO_(2)together with Fe-Mn minerals results in Ce enrichment in ferromanganese nodules.This study provides a reference for the metallogenesis of ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.W2411019 and 32373115)the China Agriculture Research System Project(No.CARS-49)the Laoshan Laboratory.
文摘Inbreeding usually reduces the mean phenotypic value of various traits.In Crassostrea gigas,inbreeding depression at the early life stage might be particularly remarkable because of a high mutational load that is difficult to purge.In this study,the ef-fects of inbreeding on the survival rate and gene expression at the early life stage were investigated.Two inbred groups containing five F1 families and five F2 families with a theoretically higher degree of inbreeding were constructed based on an inbred strain.Meanwhile,5 families were established as the control group(CF)based on the wild population.The results showed that the survival rate of the CF group was significantly higher than those of the two inbred groups.Differential gene analysis showed 1616 common differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in the two inbred groups,which were significantly enriched in pathways associated with im-mune response,nutrient restriction,and virus infection.By weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),19 common DEGs were enriched in M21,the functional module most closely related to inbreeding,and 6 of them were related to immunity.No-tably,the survival rate of F2 was higher than that of F1.A total of 643 DEGs between F1 and CF were screened out,which did not show differential expression between F2 and CF,and these genes were significantly enriched in pathways associated with protein syn-thesis.These results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanism behind the effect of inbreeding on the early survival rate of oyster larvae.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFC1402201)the China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association Project(No.DY135-E2-2-04)。
文摘Microplastic contamination is considered a major threat to the marine environment.Although microplastic pollution in the Pacific Ocean has been studied,its abundance,distribution,composition,and origin in the western Pacific Ocean remain unclear.Here,we investigated the abundance and distribution characteristics of microplastics in surface waters of the western Pacific Ocean and analyzed their potential sources.Results show that microplastics were widespread in the western Pacific Ocean,with abundance ranging from 0.03 to 2.36 particles/m^(3)(average 0.37±0.47 particles/m^(3)).Fibers/filaments and fragments were the main shapes of microplastics(71.6%)and the most abundant microplastic size class was<1.0 mm(42.4%).Significant differences in microplastic abundance were observed in different regions,with the lowest abundance in the South China Sea(0.03 particles/m^(3))and highest abundance in the seamount area in the western Pacific Ocean(0.58 particles/m^(3)).This study provides baseline data and insights into the fate and transportation of microplastics in the western Pacific region.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2021YFC2803300the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42325604+1 种基金the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China under contract No.CBG2N21-2-1Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader under contract No.22XD1403600.
文摘The thaw-freezing transition period is crucial to determine the initial sea ice status prior to the freezing season.The heat and mass balance at ice-ocean interface is the major driving process.In this study,we analyze heat fluxes profile through the ice from ice surface down to basal ice-ocean interface using the data measured by 11 thermistor stringbased ice mass balance buoys(IMBs)between September and December 2018 in the Pacific sector of Arctic Ocean.The conductive heat fluxes gradually decreased from surface downward through the lower ice layers due to the thermal inertia and energy storage in the brine pockets.At the ice bottom,the oceanic heat flux decreased from(5.9±1.3)W/m^(2)in mid-September to(1.8±0.8)W/m^(2)by the end of December in response to the decreasing of available absorbed solar radiation regulated by the latitude and sea ice concentration.The initial ice thicknesses can explain the onset of ice basal growth by 44.8%(R^(2)).From 15 September to the average onset of ice basal growth by 13 November,the accumulated heat fluxes released from the ice surface to the atmosphere,caused by the cooling of the ice layer,and from the ocean to the ice bottom were estimated as 25.73 MJ/m^(2),6.49 MJ/m^(2),and 20.30 MJ/m^(2),respectively.The latter two components mainly play the roles in buffering the onset of ice basal growth.
基金Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province,No.tsqn202103065National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42371084。
文摘Tropical cyclone activity has undergone significant changes under the impact of global warming since the 20th century.However,the characteristic and trend changes of landfalling tropical cyclones over China still need to be further clarified.The study conducted an analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics and trends of landfalling tropical cyclones over China from 1949 to 2022 using the dataset of the best tracks of tropical cyclones from the China Meteorological Administration.Additionally,we explored the influences of ENSO and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO)on landfalling tropical cyclone activities.The results indicate that:(1)The annual average number of landfalling tropical cyclones over China is approximately 8.85,showing a significant decreasing trend,and the decreasing range becomes larger with lower latitude overall.However,both the proportion of landfalling tropical cyclones to the total number and the percentage of higher intensity tropical cyclones increase.(2)The landfall locations of tropical cyclones in China are mainly concentrated between 18°N and 26°N,accounting for approximately 88.2%of the total,and the landfall frequency shows a sharp decline in the regions north of 30°N.The central landfall location of tropical cyclones has shifted significantly northwestward,moving closer to China.Compared to 1949–1969,the central genesis location from 2010 to 2022 shifted 4.5°westward and 2.0°northward.(3)There is a correlation between ENSO and the genesis frequency variation of tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific and landfalling over China.El Ni?o promotes the genesis of strong tropical cyclones and leads to a more southeastern bias in the genesis location of landfalling tropical cyclones,while La Ni?a has an opposite effect.The PDO also affects the tropical cyclones to a certain extent.During the PDO warm phase,the genesis position of tropical cyclones is westward and the number is smaller than that in the cold phase.This study further clarifies the changing trends and characteristics of landfalling tropical cyclones over China since 1949.It also highlights the impacts of ENSO and the PDO on tropical cyclone activities.The findings can serve as a scientific basis for conducting simulations and assessments of tropical cyclones and for disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFD0901404)。
文摘Pelagic fish are the most abundant species in upwelling regions,contributing 25%of total global fisheries production.Climate-driven changes in the marine environment play a crucial role in their population dynamics.Using Chilean jack mackerel(Trachurus murphyi)as an example,this study conducted simulations to quantify the impacts of environmental variations on the stock assessment.A habitat-based surplus production model was developed by integrating suitable habitat area into the model parameters carrying capacity(K)and intrinsic growth rate(r),with a suitable habitat area serving as the proxy for the environmental conditions for Chilean jack mackerel in the Southeast Pacific Ocean.The dynamics of Chilean jack mackerel stock and fisheries data were simulated,and four assessment models with different configurations were built to fit simulated data,with or without considering environmental effects.The results indicated that Joint K-r model,which integrated both parameters with the suitable habitat area index,outperformed the others by coming closest to the‘true'population dynamics.Ignoring habitat variations in the estimation model tended to overestimate biomass and underestimate harvest rate and reference points.Without observation and process error,the results were estimated with bias,while FMSY is relatively sensitive.This research illustrates the importance to consider random errors and environmental influences on populations,and provides foundation guidelines for future stock assessment.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3004200)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(23DZ1204703)。
文摘The duration of the extratropical transition(ET)of tropical cyclones(TCs)is often closely associated with disaster intensity.Therefore,it is essential to understand the key factors that influence ET duration.Using the TC best-track data and reanalysis data,this study investigates the structural characteristics and key influencing factors of ET duration in the western North Pacific(WNP)during 1981–2022.Results show that,compared to TCs that undergo ET rapidly(≤12 h),TCs that experience ET slowly(≥24 h)undergo a more prolonged and complex ET process,maintaining a warm core and an upright structure for extended periods.By contrast,TCs undergoing rapid transition experience structural disintegration within 6–12 h after ET onset.Further analysis reveals that TCs with longer ET durations are characterized by stronger warm cores,more abundant moisture,weaker environmental vertical wind shear,slower translation speeds,and a longer residence time over warmer sea surface temperatures(SSTs),all of which support the maintenance of axisymmetric structures with strong warm cores.Environmental and structural factors,including cold-air intensity,vertical wind shear,TC translation speed,SST,relative humidity,TC intensity,the radius of 17 m s^(-1)wind,mean sea level pressure,and the radius of maximum wind,are found to exist significant correlation with ET duration.Cold-air intensity exhibited the highest correlation(r=–0.35),followed by TC translation speed and SST.A relative importance analysis shows that the environmental factors play a more substantial role than the internal TC structure,accounting for about 19.23%of the variance,with TC translation speed and cold-air effects explaining 11.68%.Based on the nine factors,a statistical forecasting model was developed,which shows considerable skill in predicting ET duration.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41905089)the Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ202202404)+1 种基金the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST,Jiangsu Innovation Research Group(No.JSSCTD202346)the Undergraduates Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province(No.202310300087Y)。
文摘Marine heatwaves(MHWs)have become increasingly frequent and persistent in the context of global warming and the related underlying mechanisms are strongly region-dependent.We employed the NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)CRW(Coral Reef Watch)daily mean sea surface temperature dataset spanning from 1985 to 2022 to comprehensively analyze the fundamental attributes and evolving patterns of marine heatwaves in the offshore waters of China.Eight pronounced marine heatwaves from frequently affected sensitive regions were investigated to explore their formation mechanisms.The relationship between the occurrences of marine heatwave and large-scale climate mode in the region was explored.Results show that the western Pacific subtropical high plays an essential role in triggering marine heatwaves in Chinese offshore waters,with an anomalous downward shortwave radiation flux acting to warm the sea surface,which is remotely associated to the large-scale sea surface temperature state.Distinct mechanisms for the MHWs were identified in the northern and southern offshore waters of China.MHWs in high latitudes(such as the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea)mainly occur during the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO),while those in low latitudes(such as the South China Sea)are more common in about 5-month lags behind the El Niño,for which we purposed a mechanism to describe the main differences in the formation of MHWs in China and discussed the related implications.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023 YFD 2401303)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.23 ZR 1427100)the Shanghai Talent Development Funding(No.2021078)。
文摘As an economically crucial species in the southeast Pacific Ocean,understanding the spatiotemporal distribution changes of the habitat of Trachurus murphyi under the influence of climate change is essential for effective resource assessment and management.The spatiotemporal changes in suitable habitats of T.murphyi under three climate change scenarios(SSP 126,SSP 370,and SSP 585)of Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP 6)were explored based on key environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of the species in a habitat suitability index(HSI)model.Results show that seawater temperature would increase under different scenarios,while the mixed layer depths would decrease under SSP 370 and SSP 585 scenarios but vary slightly under the SSP 126 scenario,which is similar to the variation in different climate periods.The positive difference in seawater temperature will be distributed in the central,southern,and offshore regions of Chile,and the negative difference in mixed layer depths be accounted for a large region.Under different climate scenarios,the HSI value for fishing ground and the overall proportion of suitable habitat area of T.murphyi will be decreased over the forecasted period.The suitable habitat of T.murphyi is concentrated in the 42°S-47°S area and will move to the southwest in different climate periods.Based on short-term climate change,the proportion of suitable habitat areas in the high seas of Chile is larger than in the exclusive economic zone under medium-and long-term climate change under different scenarios.The results of the gravity center of suitable T.murphyi habitat indicates that the spatial distribution of T.murphyi might be related to variations in oceanic currents.These findings provide insights for the effective fisheries resource management of T.murphyi in the Southeast Pacific Ocean.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72441022)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program of Precision Medicine(No.2022ZLA001)。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to describe the updated disease burden and temporal trends of stomach cancer(SC)and colorectal cancer(CRC),and to explore potential influence factors of the two cancers in the Western Pacific region(WPR).Methods:Estimates of incidence,deaths,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for SC and CRC were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Trends in age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR),agestandardized mortality rates(ASMR),and age-standardized DALY rates(ASDR)were assessed.A decomposition analysis was conducted to quantify the role of three factors(i.e.,population aging,population growth,and epidemiological change)driving DALY changes between 2000 and 2021.Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the association between cancer burden and Socio-demographic Index(SDI)at the national level in 2021.Results:In 2021,the WPR accounted for 61.77%of global incident SC cases and 43.07%of global incident CRC cases.From 2000 to 2021,the ASIR,ASMR,and ASDR of SC and the ASMR and ASDR of CRC decreased,whereas the ASIR of CRC increased by an average of 1.32%per year.Among the 31 WPR countries and territories,China had the highest number of incident cases,deaths,and DALYs for both cancers in 2021.Epidemiology change was the primary driver to the reduction of DALYs for SC,while population aging and population growth contributed to the increase of DALYs for CRC.Additionally,ASMR(r=-0.37,P=0.041)and ASDR(r=-0.43,P=0.016)of SC were negatively correlated with SDI in 2021,whereas positive correlations were observed between SDI and ASIR(r=0.74,P<0.001),ASMR(r=0.47,P=0.008),and ASDR(r=0.36,P=0.044)for CRC.Conclusions:SC and CRC continue to pose considerable public health threats in the WPR.Targeted prevention and control strategies should be prioritized,particularly in high-burden and resource-limited countries.
基金Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(23DZ1204703)。
文摘Extratropical transition(ET)is one of the last phases of tropical cyclones(TCs)and corresponds to the structural change from a tropical system to an extratropical system characterized by pronounced asymmetric distributions of heavy rainfall and strong wind.This study analyzes the statistical characteristics of ET events involving TCs over the western North Pacific(WNP)during 1981–2022.The analysis employs the Cyclone Phase Space(CPS)method to evaluate the accuracy of the fifth-generation reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5)in identifying ET based on different TC center definitions.Results show that defining the TC center by the minimum sea level pressure yields the most accurate ET identification.Subsequently,the study investigates several characteristics of ET events in the WNP.It is found that TCs undergoing ET(ETTCs)primarily form in the region of 125°–155°E,10°–25°N,with ET typically initiating between 30°–40°N and completing between 35°–50°N.These ETTCs predominantly occur from April to December,with peak activity observed from August to October.Additionally,the average duration of the ET process is 18.5 h,with longer durations observed from August to October,displaying a roughly 6-year cycle.Spatially,ET events with longer durations tend to occur at lower latitudes.Correspondingly,TCs initiating their ET phase at lower latitudes are typically stronger and larger,and they also experience longer ET durations.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2806805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42076122,42306130)the Digital Deep-sea Typical Habitats Program of China Deep Ocean Affairs Administration(No.DYXZ-02)。
文摘Understanding the seasonal variations of the zooplankton community’s structure in the Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP)-the most stable open marine environment in the Pacific Ocean-is crucial to predict the impacts of climate change on the ecosystem.However,knowledge on these variations in this region down to the mesopelagic zone is insufficient.In this study,the environmental DNA(eDNA)metabarcoding method was used to investigate the zooplankton community during summer,autumn,and winter,from the surface to a depth of 1000 m spanning the epipelagic to mesopelagic zones.The zooplankton community structure exhibited seasonal fluctuations at multiple depths except for 200 and 1000 m.In addition,a stronger zooplankton seasonality was particularly recorded in the epipelagic zone than in the mesopelagic zone,which is consistent with the environmental changes.The studied zooplanktons are dominated by medusae and copepods that showed distinct seasonality.At all depths,medusae exhibited greater seasonal variations than the overall zooplankton community,whereas the copepods did not exhibit significant seasonality.The environmental features and the seasons exerted greater influences on the structure of the zooplankton communities than did the spatial factors.The results of this study indicate that eDNA metabarcoding can provide novel insights into zooplankton assemblages due to its ability to capture a rich variety of medusae,which are often underestimated by net collection.
