Cytochrome P450s(CYPs)are ubiquitously found in all kingdoms of life,playing important role in various biosynthetic pathways as well as degradative pathways;accordingly find applications in a vast variety of areas fro...Cytochrome P450s(CYPs)are ubiquitously found in all kingdoms of life,playing important role in various biosynthetic pathways as well as degradative pathways;accordingly find applications in a vast variety of areas from organic synthesis and drug metabolite production to modification of biomaterials and bioremediation.Significantly,CYPs catalyze chemically challenging CAH and CAC activation reactions using a reactive high-valent iron-oxo intermediate generated upon dioxygen activation at their heme center,while the other oxygen atom is reduced to the level of water by electrons provided through a reductase partner protein.Self-sufficient CYPs,encoding their heme domain and reductase protein in a single polypeptide,facilitate increased catalytic efficiency and render a less complicated system to work with.The self-sufficient CYP enzyme from CYP102A family(CYP102A1,BM3)is among the earliest and most-investigated model enzymes for mechanistic and structural studies as well as for biotechnological applications.An increasing number of self-sufficient CYPs from the same CYP102 family and from other families have also been reported in last decade.In this review,we introduce chemistry and biology of CYPs,followed by an overview of the characteristics of self-sufficient CYPs and representative reactions.Enzyme engineering efforts leading to novel self-sufficient CYP variants that can catalyze synthetically useful natural and non-natural(nature-mimicking)reactions are highlighted.Lastly,the strategy and efforts that aim to circumvent the challenges for improved thermostability,regio-and enantioselectivity,and total turnover number;associated with practical use of self-sufficient CYPs are reviewed.展开更多
Objective：To investigate the metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ether 99（BDE-99）and its related cytochrome P450s in an in vitro system.Methods：Rat primary hepatocytes were isolated and treated with BDE-99 for ...Objective：To investigate the metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ether 99（BDE-99）and its related cytochrome P450s in an in vitro system.Methods：Rat primary hepatocytes were isolated and treated with BDE-99 for 24-72 h.Metabolites were then extracted from the hepatocytes and media,and detected by GC/MS.Several mRNAs of metabolic enzymes were also extracted from the same cells and the gene expression levels were determined using quantitative real-time PCR.In addition,selected recombinant cytochrome P450s（CYPs） were expressed in a bacurovirus/sf9 system,and these were further used to explore the metabolism of BDE-99 in vitro.The parent depletion approach was used for screening the ability of CYPs to eliminate BDE-99.Results： A reductively debrominated metabolite,BDE-47,and three oxidative metabolites,2,4,5-tribromophenol,5-OH-BDE-47,and 5＇-OH-BDE-99,were identified from the BDE-99-treated rat hepatocytes,whereas no MeO metabolite was detected in the system.RT-PCR analysis showed that CYP 3A23/3A1,1A2,and 2B1/2 were induced by BDE-99.Furthermore,using the heterological expressed CYP proteins in in vitro BDE-99 metabolism experiments we found that CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 showed the highest metabolic efficiency for BDE-99,with the metabolic clearance rates of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 being 30.3%and 27.7%,respectively.CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 displayed relatively low clearance rates,while CYP2E1 seemed not to be associated with the BDE-99 metabolism.Conclusions：In our in vitro rat primary hepatocyte metabolism system,four metabolites of BDE-99 were identified,and CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 were demonstrated to be involved in the BDE-99 metabolism.展开更多
Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a crucial role as catalysts in the biosynthesis of numerous plant natural products(PNPs).Enhancing the catalytic activity of P450s in host microorganisms is essential for the efficient pro...Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a crucial role as catalysts in the biosynthesis of numerous plant natural products(PNPs).Enhancing the catalytic activity of P450s in host microorganisms is essential for the efficient production of PNPs through synthetic biology.In this study,we engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to optimize the microenvironment for boosting the activities of P450s,including coexpression with the redox partner genes,enhancing NADPH supply,expanding the endoplasmic reticulum(ER),strengthening heme biosynthesis,and regulating iron uptake.This created a platform for the efficient production 11,20-dihydroxyferruginol,a key intermediate of the bioactive compound tanshinones.The yield was enhanced by 42.1-fold through 24 effective genetic edits.The optimized strain produced up to 67.69±1.33 mg/L 11,20-dihydroxyferruginol in shake flasks.Our work represents a promising advancement toward constructing yeast cell factories containing P450s and paves the way for microbial biosynthesis of tanshinones in the future.展开更多
【目的】筛选二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)敏感(SS)和抗甲氰菊酯品系(Fe-R)中合适的内参基因,并通过基因相对表达定量PCR研究二斑叶螨抗性品系解毒酶基因表达水平的变化。【方法】采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real time PCR,RT-...【目的】筛选二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)敏感(SS)和抗甲氰菊酯品系(Fe-R)中合适的内参基因,并通过基因相对表达定量PCR研究二斑叶螨抗性品系解毒酶基因表达水平的变化。【方法】采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real time PCR,RT-qPCR)技术,分析二斑叶螨5.8S rRNA、α-tubulin、β-actin、ELF、GAPDH、RPL13a、SDHA和TBP共8个候选内参基因mRNA表达水平的稳定性,并分析二斑叶螨酯酶(Carboxyl/cholinesterases,CCEs)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione s-transferase,GSTs)及细胞色素P450单加氧酶(Cytocheome P450 monooxygenases,P450s)等主要解毒酶基因相对表达量。用GeNorm和NormFinder软件进行内参基因稳定性评估,通过比较Ct值的方法进行基因相对表达量计算。【结果】8个内参基因中稳定性最高的为α-tubulin;以α-tubulin为内参基因,二斑叶螨Fe-R品系GSTs基因TuGSTo1、TuGSTd1及P450s基因CYP3D2相对表达量均显著高于SS品系,而CCEs基因TuCCE1的表达量有所降低。【结论】在二斑叶螨SS和Fe-R品系中α-tubulin为理想的内参基因,RT-qPCR研究表明TuGSTo1、TuGSTd1和CYP3D2相对表达量的升高可能是二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯产生高抗性的分子机理。展开更多
基金Financial supports from Novo Nordisk Foundation(NNF16OC0021740)Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond AUFFNOVA(AUFF-E-2015-FLS-9-12)Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond(DFF Technology and Production,0136-00206B)are greatly acknowledged.
文摘Cytochrome P450s(CYPs)are ubiquitously found in all kingdoms of life,playing important role in various biosynthetic pathways as well as degradative pathways;accordingly find applications in a vast variety of areas from organic synthesis and drug metabolite production to modification of biomaterials and bioremediation.Significantly,CYPs catalyze chemically challenging CAH and CAC activation reactions using a reactive high-valent iron-oxo intermediate generated upon dioxygen activation at their heme center,while the other oxygen atom is reduced to the level of water by electrons provided through a reductase partner protein.Self-sufficient CYPs,encoding their heme domain and reductase protein in a single polypeptide,facilitate increased catalytic efficiency and render a less complicated system to work with.The self-sufficient CYP enzyme from CYP102A family(CYP102A1,BM3)is among the earliest and most-investigated model enzymes for mechanistic and structural studies as well as for biotechnological applications.An increasing number of self-sufficient CYPs from the same CYP102 family and from other families have also been reported in last decade.In this review,we introduce chemistry and biology of CYPs,followed by an overview of the characteristics of self-sufficient CYPs and representative reactions.Enzyme engineering efforts leading to novel self-sufficient CYP variants that can catalyze synthetically useful natural and non-natural(nature-mimicking)reactions are highlighted.Lastly,the strategy and efforts that aim to circumvent the challenges for improved thermostability,regio-and enantioselectivity,and total turnover number;associated with practical use of self-sufficient CYPs are reviewed.
基金supported by 973 program(No.2009CB941701)NSFC grant(No.30972508)MOE Foundation for PhD Program(No 20093234110002)
文摘Objective：To investigate the metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ether 99（BDE-99）and its related cytochrome P450s in an in vitro system.Methods：Rat primary hepatocytes were isolated and treated with BDE-99 for 24-72 h.Metabolites were then extracted from the hepatocytes and media,and detected by GC/MS.Several mRNAs of metabolic enzymes were also extracted from the same cells and the gene expression levels were determined using quantitative real-time PCR.In addition,selected recombinant cytochrome P450s（CYPs） were expressed in a bacurovirus/sf9 system,and these were further used to explore the metabolism of BDE-99 in vitro.The parent depletion approach was used for screening the ability of CYPs to eliminate BDE-99.Results： A reductively debrominated metabolite,BDE-47,and three oxidative metabolites,2,4,5-tribromophenol,5-OH-BDE-47,and 5＇-OH-BDE-99,were identified from the BDE-99-treated rat hepatocytes,whereas no MeO metabolite was detected in the system.RT-PCR analysis showed that CYP 3A23/3A1,1A2,and 2B1/2 were induced by BDE-99.Furthermore,using the heterological expressed CYP proteins in in vitro BDE-99 metabolism experiments we found that CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 showed the highest metabolic efficiency for BDE-99,with the metabolic clearance rates of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 being 30.3%and 27.7%,respectively.CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 displayed relatively low clearance rates,while CYP2E1 seemed not to be associated with the BDE-99 metabolism.Conclusions：In our in vitro rat primary hepatocyte metabolism system,four metabolites of BDE-99 were identified,and CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 were demonstrated to be involved in the BDE-99 metabolism.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0908000)Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023D002,CI2023E002,CI2021A04110,CI2021B014)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81822046)Key project at central government level:The ability to establish sustainable use of valuable Chinese medicine resources(2060302).
文摘Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a crucial role as catalysts in the biosynthesis of numerous plant natural products(PNPs).Enhancing the catalytic activity of P450s in host microorganisms is essential for the efficient production of PNPs through synthetic biology.In this study,we engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to optimize the microenvironment for boosting the activities of P450s,including coexpression with the redox partner genes,enhancing NADPH supply,expanding the endoplasmic reticulum(ER),strengthening heme biosynthesis,and regulating iron uptake.This created a platform for the efficient production 11,20-dihydroxyferruginol,a key intermediate of the bioactive compound tanshinones.The yield was enhanced by 42.1-fold through 24 effective genetic edits.The optimized strain produced up to 67.69±1.33 mg/L 11,20-dihydroxyferruginol in shake flasks.Our work represents a promising advancement toward constructing yeast cell factories containing P450s and paves the way for microbial biosynthesis of tanshinones in the future.
文摘【目的】筛选二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)敏感(SS)和抗甲氰菊酯品系(Fe-R)中合适的内参基因,并通过基因相对表达定量PCR研究二斑叶螨抗性品系解毒酶基因表达水平的变化。【方法】采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real time PCR,RT-qPCR)技术,分析二斑叶螨5.8S rRNA、α-tubulin、β-actin、ELF、GAPDH、RPL13a、SDHA和TBP共8个候选内参基因mRNA表达水平的稳定性,并分析二斑叶螨酯酶(Carboxyl/cholinesterases,CCEs)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione s-transferase,GSTs)及细胞色素P450单加氧酶(Cytocheome P450 monooxygenases,P450s)等主要解毒酶基因相对表达量。用GeNorm和NormFinder软件进行内参基因稳定性评估,通过比较Ct值的方法进行基因相对表达量计算。【结果】8个内参基因中稳定性最高的为α-tubulin;以α-tubulin为内参基因,二斑叶螨Fe-R品系GSTs基因TuGSTo1、TuGSTd1及P450s基因CYP3D2相对表达量均显著高于SS品系,而CCEs基因TuCCE1的表达量有所降低。【结论】在二斑叶螨SS和Fe-R品系中α-tubulin为理想的内参基因,RT-qPCR研究表明TuGSTo1、TuGSTd1和CYP3D2相对表达量的升高可能是二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯产生高抗性的分子机理。
