Iron(Fe)minerals are commonly used to remove phosphorus(P)from waste streams,producing P-loaded Fe(Ⅲ)oxides or Fe(Ⅱ)phosphate minerals(e.g.,vivianite).These minerals may be used as fertilizers to enhance P circulari...Iron(Fe)minerals are commonly used to remove phosphorus(P)from waste streams,producing P-loaded Fe(Ⅲ)oxides or Fe(Ⅱ)phosphate minerals(e.g.,vivianite).These minerals may be used as fertilizers to enhance P circularity if solubilized in soil.Here,we tested the P fertilizer value of recycled Fe phosphates(FePs)in a pot trial and in an incubation experiment,hypothesizing that P release from FePs is possible under Fe(Ⅲ)-reducing conditions.First,a pot trial was set up with rice(Oryza sativa)in all combinations of soil flooding or not,three P-deficient soils(acid,neutral,and calcareous),and six FePs(three Fe(Ⅲ)Ps and three Fe(Ⅱ)Ps)referenced to triple superphosphate(TSP)or zero amendments.Shoot P uptake responded to TSP application in all treatments but only marginally to FePs.The redox potential did not decrease to-200 mV by flooding for a brief period(13 d)during the pot trial.A longer incubation experiment(60 d)was performed,including a treatment of glutamate addition to stimulate reductive conditions,and P availability was assessed with CaCl_(2)extraction of soils.Glutamate addition and/or longer incubation lowered soil redox potential to<-100 mV.On the longer term,Fe(Ⅲ)minerals released P,and adequate P was reached in the calcareous soil and in the neutral soil amended with Fe(Ⅲ)P-sludge.It can be concluded that prolonged soil flooding and organic matter addition can enhance the P fertilizer efficiency of FePs.Additionally,application of FeP in powder form may enhance P availability.展开更多
基金financially supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research&Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie Grant Agreement(No.813438)。
文摘Iron(Fe)minerals are commonly used to remove phosphorus(P)from waste streams,producing P-loaded Fe(Ⅲ)oxides or Fe(Ⅱ)phosphate minerals(e.g.,vivianite).These minerals may be used as fertilizers to enhance P circularity if solubilized in soil.Here,we tested the P fertilizer value of recycled Fe phosphates(FePs)in a pot trial and in an incubation experiment,hypothesizing that P release from FePs is possible under Fe(Ⅲ)-reducing conditions.First,a pot trial was set up with rice(Oryza sativa)in all combinations of soil flooding or not,three P-deficient soils(acid,neutral,and calcareous),and six FePs(three Fe(Ⅲ)Ps and three Fe(Ⅱ)Ps)referenced to triple superphosphate(TSP)or zero amendments.Shoot P uptake responded to TSP application in all treatments but only marginally to FePs.The redox potential did not decrease to-200 mV by flooding for a brief period(13 d)during the pot trial.A longer incubation experiment(60 d)was performed,including a treatment of glutamate addition to stimulate reductive conditions,and P availability was assessed with CaCl_(2)extraction of soils.Glutamate addition and/or longer incubation lowered soil redox potential to<-100 mV.On the longer term,Fe(Ⅲ)minerals released P,and adequate P was reached in the calcareous soil and in the neutral soil amended with Fe(Ⅲ)P-sludge.It can be concluded that prolonged soil flooding and organic matter addition can enhance the P fertilizer efficiency of FePs.Additionally,application of FeP in powder form may enhance P availability.
