The Oud is a pear-shaped stringed instrument with 11 ＇or 13 strings grouped in 5 or 6 courses, commonly used in Persian, Arabic, Greek, Turkish, Jewish, Byzantine, Azerbaijani, Armenian, North African and Middle East...The Oud is a pear-shaped stringed instrument with 11 ＇or 13 strings grouped in 5 or 6 courses, commonly used in Persian, Arabic, Greek, Turkish, Jewish, Byzantine, Azerbaijani, Armenian, North African and Middle Eastern music. Oud had been widely popular before 17th century among society, and it provided moral and spiritual nourishment. This musical instrument was created by singer Borbad who lived in the period of Khisrav Parviz who was Sosoniy King and it was in the novel of ＂Khisrav and Shirin＂ （Nizami Ganjavi）. Oud was also described in Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir （The Book of Music） by Farabi. Moreover, Alishir Navoi showed the connection of the science of music with spiritual world in verses of his priceless heritage. The poet assessed the sound features of the musical instruments in his book Mahbub ul-Qulub. Additionally he has written, ＂While the sound of Chang （struck zither） is torturing, sound of Oud is more touching.＂ Sometimes Navoi used the Oud in musician＇s hands as an artistic image in order to illustrate his torture to reader. He described his condition very vividly and skillfully. This is probably because Oud has unique wail, which cannot be heard in any other instruments.展开更多
In this paper, we study the problem of multicopy quantum two-state discrimination. By exploring the quantum hypothesis testing, i.e., the probabilisfic quantum cloning, we derive the upper bounds of the minimal error ...In this paper, we study the problem of multicopy quantum two-state discrimination. By exploring the quantum hypothesis testing, i.e., the probabilisfic quantum cloning, we derive the upper bounds of the minimal error discrimination （MED） and the optimal unambiguous discrimination （OUD）, which coincides with the Helstrom theorem and the JS limit. Furthermore, when prior probabilities are unknown, we derive the minimax MED and the minimax OUD. Based on the optimal NM probabilistic quantum cloning, we present the optimal strategies of collective measurements of the MED and the OUD. When the number of the copies is infinite, regardless of whether prior probabilities are known or not, the success probabilities of the MED and the OUD go to 100%, in accordance with the quantum measurement hypothesis that unknown quantum state can be determined if and only if infinite identical quantum state copies are given.展开更多
文摘The Oud is a pear-shaped stringed instrument with 11 ＇or 13 strings grouped in 5 or 6 courses, commonly used in Persian, Arabic, Greek, Turkish, Jewish, Byzantine, Azerbaijani, Armenian, North African and Middle Eastern music. Oud had been widely popular before 17th century among society, and it provided moral and spiritual nourishment. This musical instrument was created by singer Borbad who lived in the period of Khisrav Parviz who was Sosoniy King and it was in the novel of ＂Khisrav and Shirin＂ （Nizami Ganjavi）. Oud was also described in Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir （The Book of Music） by Farabi. Moreover, Alishir Navoi showed the connection of the science of music with spiritual world in verses of his priceless heritage. The poet assessed the sound features of the musical instruments in his book Mahbub ul-Qulub. Additionally he has written, ＂While the sound of Chang （struck zither） is torturing, sound of Oud is more touching.＂ Sometimes Navoi used the Oud in musician＇s hands as an artistic image in order to illustrate his torture to reader. He described his condition very vividly and skillfully. This is probably because Oud has unique wail, which cannot be heard in any other instruments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10704001)the Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of Anhui Province of China (Grant Nos. KJ2010ZD08 and KJ2010B204)the Doctor Research Start-Up Program of Huainan Normal University
文摘In this paper, we study the problem of multicopy quantum two-state discrimination. By exploring the quantum hypothesis testing, i.e., the probabilisfic quantum cloning, we derive the upper bounds of the minimal error discrimination （MED） and the optimal unambiguous discrimination （OUD）, which coincides with the Helstrom theorem and the JS limit. Furthermore, when prior probabilities are unknown, we derive the minimax MED and the minimax OUD. Based on the optimal NM probabilistic quantum cloning, we present the optimal strategies of collective measurements of the MED and the OUD. When the number of the copies is infinite, regardless of whether prior probabilities are known or not, the success probabilities of the MED and the OUD go to 100%, in accordance with the quantum measurement hypothesis that unknown quantum state can be determined if and only if infinite identical quantum state copies are given.
