In natural aquatic ecosystems,algal-derived organic carbon(AOC)often coexists with exogenous organic carbon(EOC).Microbial utilization of these distinct carbon sources affects carbon flux and transformation in water c...In natural aquatic ecosystems,algal-derived organic carbon(AOC)often coexists with exogenous organic carbon(EOC).Microbial utilization of these distinct carbon sources affects carbon flux and transformation in water column and algal growth.Microcystis blooms significantly increase AOC levels in water,but the microbial transformation process of Microcystis-derived AOC in the presence of EOC remain poorly understood.We conducted a simulated experiment by introducing^(13)C-sodium bicarbonate and^(13)C-glucose as substrates for indoor simulation of non-axenic Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)populations in a sealed system.The microbial transformation processes of AOC and EOC and their effects on M.aeruginosa growth were investigated.Results demonstrated that the addition of glucose accelerated M.aeruginosa growth and significantly increased their biomass.During the experiment,as the particulate organic carbon and nitrogen content increased,the concentrations of CO_(2)and N_(2)O were gradually decreased,while the concentration of CH4 were gradually increased.Significant differences were observed in the microbial processes involved in the uptake of AOC and EOC.Bacteria involved in AOC transformation throughout the growth period were dominated by Proteobacteria,Gemmatimonadota,Actinobacteriota,Bacteroidota,Acidobacteriota,and Firmicutes.The bacteria involved in EOC transformation were dominated by Proteobacteria,Actinobacteriota,Firmicutes,Cyanobacteria,Armatimonadota,and Bacteroidota.Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size(LEfSe)analysis revealed Massilia and Akkermansia as biomarkers involved in AOC transformation,while Ligilactobacillus was associated with EOC transformation.These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of EOC on algae-bacteria interaction,and on the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen cycling among M.aeruginosa and its associated bacteria.展开更多
Recently,the Standardization Administration of China issued Announcement No.1 of 2026,officially approving the establishment of the Subcommittee 1 on Nonwoven Material of National Technical Committee 606 on Technical ...Recently,the Standardization Administration of China issued Announcement No.1 of 2026,officially approving the establishment of the Subcommittee 1 on Nonwoven Material of National Technical Committee 606 on Technical Textiles of Standardization Administration of China(SAC/TC606/SC1)and the Subcommittee 2 on Filtration and Separation Textiles of National Technical Committee 606 on Technical Textiles of Standardization Administration of China(SAC/TC606/SC2).The formation of these two subcommittees marks a crucial step in the standardization development of China's industrial textiles sector in specialized fields.展开更多
This paper provides detailed examinations on the use of GIS in nonprofit organizations. We interviewed planners and GIS experts in key nonprofit organizations in the City of Chicago to comprehend their actual usages o...This paper provides detailed examinations on the use of GIS in nonprofit organizations. We interviewed planners and GIS experts in key nonprofit organizations in the City of Chicago to comprehend their actual usages of GIS, faced challenges, and accumulated experiences. Organizations reported on dozens of projects where GIS was used for practical urban planning applications. Findings indicate that nonprofit organizations offer extremely useful lessons on using GIS for projects at the local, regional, and national levels. They provide extensive experiences on GIS technical problems and solutions, methodologies, and data issues. Their projects often support philanthropic efforts and respond to the needs of low-income communities. However, the organizations’ resources are dwindling. This paper raises a concern about the importance of sustaining their GIS operations particularly with the current economic downturn. We call on government officials to support nonprofit organizations in order to ensure the continuity of their GIS activities.展开更多
Purpose:Interdisciplinary research has become a critical approach to addressing complex societal,economic,technological,and environmental challenges,driving innovation and integrating scientific knowledge.While interd...Purpose:Interdisciplinary research has become a critical approach to addressing complex societal,economic,technological,and environmental challenges,driving innovation and integrating scientific knowledge.While interdisciplinarity indicators are widely used to evaluate research performance,the impact of classification granularity on these assessments remains underexplored.Design/methodology/approach:This study investigates how different levels of classification granularity-macro,meso,and micro-affect the evaluation of interdisciplinarity in research institutes.Using a dataset of 262 institutes from four major German non-university organizations(FHG,HGF,MPG,WGL)from 2018 to 2022,we examine inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across levels,analyze ranking changes,and explore the influence of institutional fields and research focus(applied vs.basic).Findings:Our findings reveal significant inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across classification levels,with rankings varying substantially.Notably,the Fraunhofer Society(FHG),which performs well at the macro level,experiences significant ranking declines at meso and micro levels.Normalizing interdisciplinarity by research field confirmed that these declines persist.The research focus of institutes,whether applied,basic,or mixed,does not significantly explain the observed ranking dynamics.Research limitations:This study has only considered the publication-based dimension of institutional interdisciplinarity and has not explored other aspects.Practical implications:The findings provide insights for policymakers,research managers,and scholars to better interpret interdisciplinarity metrics and support interdisciplinary research effectively.Originality/value:This study underscores the critical role of classification granularity in interdisciplinarity assessment and emphasizes the need for standardized approaches to ensure robust and fair evaluations.展开更多
Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices...Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.展开更多
Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs)for building integration represent a pivotal direction in the development of photovoltaic industry.Solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)are considered promising candi...Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs)for building integration represent a pivotal direction in the development of photovoltaic industry.Solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)are considered promising candidates for transparent electrodes in semitransparent devices due to their high transparency-conductivity-efficiency merit,large-scale processability,and low cost.In this work,we develop two solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid electrodes,named AgNWs-PD and AgNWsPC,utilizing AgNWs as the conductive framework and aliphatic amine-functionalized perylene-diimide(PDINN)as the sandwiched material,while AgNWs-PC exhibits significantly improved electrical conductivity and enhanced contact area with the underlying electron transport layer.The optimized device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.45%with an open circuit voltage of 0.846 V,a high filling factor of 75.4%,and an average visible transmittance(AVT)of 44.0%,delivering an outstanding light utilization efficiency(LUE)of 4.16%,which is the highest reported value for all solution-processed ST-OPVs.In addition,by coupling a 30-nm tellurium dioxide atop AgNWs-PC,the bifaciality factor of derivative devices improves from 73.7%to 99.4%,while maintaining a high bifacial LUE over 3.7%.Our results emphasize the superiority and effectiveness of PDINN-sandwiched AgNWs electrodes for highperformance and all solution-processed ST-OPVs.展开更多
This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated usi...This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design(CRD),comprising combinations of coconut coir,rice husk,sugarcane bagasse,and biochar.Key findings reveal that treatments combining SMS,sugarcane bagasse,and either coconut coir or biochar(T6 and T7)achieved significantly higher survival rates and Dickson Quality Index(DQI)scores compared to conventional soil(T1).These treatments provided favorable chemical properties,including optimal pH,electrical conductivity,and nutrient content(N,P,K),which are critical for cocoa seedling development.The results suggest that using SMS with agricultural waste as an alternative germination medium can reduce cultivation costs,enhance seedling growth,and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by repurposing organic waste.This approach not only offers cost-effective benefits for farmers but also mitigates environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.展开更多
In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-dis...In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-disciplinebased models to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration models.This shift reflects the growing need to address complex,real-world problems that require expertise from multiple fields.From a management perspective,interdisciplinary research organizations face unique challenges.They must coordinate researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds,navigate potential conflicts between traditional departments and interdisciplinary units,and address differences in goals and organizational culture among members.These complexities make management more intricate and demanding.Simultaneously,the focus of university research organizations has become increasingly interest-driven,with research objectives,content,and participants reflecting specific areas of interest or societal demand.To adapt to these evolving trends,university research organizations must adopt flexible models tailored to their unique development needs.This approach will ensure the efficient execution of research activities and facilitate the effective transformation of research outcomes into practical applications.展开更多
The high-quality development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is crucial to improving the quality of higher education.From the perspective of dual-track drive,this paper deeply analyzes the synerge...The high-quality development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is crucial to improving the quality of higher education.From the perspective of dual-track drive,this paper deeply analyzes the synergetic evolution relationship between institutions and teachers in the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities.At present,the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is faced with such dilemmas as lagging institutional supply,insufficient motivation for teachers’development,and lack of synergy mechanisms.These interwoven problems have formed systemic obstacles restricting high-quality development,which urgently need in-depth analysis and resolution.Currently,only from the perspective of synergistic promotion of institutions and teachers and by constructing a systematic implementation framework can the existing problems be effectively solved.Through three dimensions-goal guidance,resource guarantee,and mechanism optimization-this paper refines nine specific measures,aiming to break the barriers between institutional development and teachers’development,form a joint force,provide theoretical support and practical paths for improving the efficiency of grassroots teaching organizations,promote the overall improvement of education and teaching quality,enhance the quality of talent training in universities,and advance the in-depth development of education and teaching reform.展开更多
This study focuses on using a green reagent scheme of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and citric acid (CA) to extract valuable metals from the cathodes, aiming to minimize environmental impact during the recycling process....This study focuses on using a green reagent scheme of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and citric acid (CA) to extract valuable metals from the cathodes, aiming to minimize environmental impact during the recycling process. Leaching studies on LiCoO_(2) identified optimal conditions as follows: 2.4 mol/L MSA, 1.6 mol/L CA, S/L ratio of 80 g/L, leaching temperature of 90oC and leaching time of 6 h. The maximum Co and Li extraction achieved was 92% and 85%, respectively. LiCoO_(2) dissolution in MSA-CA leaching solution is highly impacted by temperature;Avrami equation showed a good fitting for the leaching data. The experimental activation energy of Co and Li was 50.98 kJ/mol and 50.55 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that it is a chemical reaction-controlled process. Furthermore, cobalt was efficiently recovered from the leachate using oxalic acid, achieving a precipitation efficiency of 99.91% and a high-purity cobalt oxalate product (99.85 wt.%). In the MSA-CA leaching solution, MSA served as a lixiviant, while CA played a key role in reducing Co in LiCoO_(2). The overall organic acid leaching methodology presents an attractive option due to its reduced environmental impact.展开更多
CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development o...CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.展开更多
To deepen understanding of the evolution of coal char microstructural properties of coal char during the co-pyrolysis of coking coal with additives,this study incorporated two typical additives,coal tar pitch(CTP)and ...To deepen understanding of the evolution of coal char microstructural properties of coal char during the co-pyrolysis of coking coal with additives,this study incorporated two typical additives,coal tar pitch(CTP)and waste plastic(HDPE),into a blended coal sample and carried out pyrolysis experiments.The pyrolysis process and the microstructure of char were systematically characterized using various analytical techniques,including thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Raman spectroscopy.Data correlation analysis was performed to reveal the mechanism of carbon structural ordering evolution within the critical temperature range(350−600℃)from colloidal layer formation to semi-coke conversion in coking coal,and to elucidate the regulatory effects of different additives on coal pyrolysis pathways.The results indicate that HDPE releases free radicals during high-temperature pyrolysis,accelerating the pyrolysis reaction and increase the yield of volatile components.Conversely,CTP facilitates pyrolysis at low temperatures through its light components,thereby delaying high-temperature reactions due to the colloidal layer’s effect.XRD results indicate that during the process of pyrolysis,there is a progressive decrease in the interlayer spacing of aromatic layers(d002),while the aromatic ring stacking height(L_(c))and lateral size(L_(a))undergo significant of carbon skeleton ordering.Further comparative reveals that CTP partially suppresses structural ordering at low temperatures,whereas HDPE promotes the condensation and alignment of aromatic clusters via a free radical mechanism.Raman spectroscopy reveals a two-stage reorganization mechanism in the microstructure of the coal char:the decrease in the I_(D)/I_(G)ratio between 350 and 550℃is primarily attributed to the cleavage of aliphatic side chains and cross-linking bonds,leading to a reduction in defective structures;whereas the increase in ID/IG between 550 and 600℃is closely associated with enhanced condensation reactions of aromatic structures.Correlation analysis further demonstrates progressive graphitization during pyrolysis,with a significant positive correlation(R^(2)>0.85)observed between d002 and the full width at half maximum of the G-band(FWHM-G).展开更多
Coastal wetlands are crucial for the‘blue carbon sink’,significantly contributing to regulating climate change.This study util-ized 160 soil samples,35 remote sensing features,and 5 geo-climatic data to accurately e...Coastal wetlands are crucial for the‘blue carbon sink’,significantly contributing to regulating climate change.This study util-ized 160 soil samples,35 remote sensing features,and 5 geo-climatic data to accurately estimate the soil organic carbon stocks(SOCS)in the coastal wetlands of Tianjin and Hebei,China.To reduce data redundancy,simplify model complexity,and improve model inter-pretability,Pearson correlation analysis(PsCA),Boruta,and recursive feature elimination(RFE)were employed to optimize features.Combined with the optimized features,the soil organic carbon density(SOCD)prediction model was constructed by using multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),and random forest(RF)algorithms and applied to predict the spatial distribution of SOCD and estimate the SOCS of different wetland types in 2020.The results show that:1)different feature combinations have a significant influence on the model performance.Better prediction performance was attained by building a model using RFE-based feature combinations.RF has the best prediction accuracy(R^(2)=0.587,RMSE=0.798 kg/m^(2),MAE=0.660 kg/m^(2)).2)Optical features are more important than radar and geo-climatic features in the MARS,XGBoost,and RF algorithms.3)The size of SOCS is related to SOCD and the area of each wetland type,aquaculture pond has the highest SOCS,followed by marsh,salt pan,mud-flat,and sand shore.展开更多
Glucose,ascorbic acid(AA),uric acid(UA),and dopamine(DA)are vital biomarkers whose dynamic concentrations correlate with critical diseases;however,multiplexed detection remains challenging for conventional electrochem...Glucose,ascorbic acid(AA),uric acid(UA),and dopamine(DA)are vital biomarkers whose dynamic concentrations correlate with critical diseases;however,multiplexed detection remains challenging for conventional electrochemical sensors because of their limited sensitivity and selectivity.Here,we present a millimeter-scale all-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)organic electrochemical transistor(OECT)platform that integrates dual-mode sensing with enzyme/metal-free operation for ultrasensitive biomarker monitoring.By engineering polycrystalline PEDOT:PSS channels via H_2 SO_4 post-treatment,the device achieves record-high conductivity(about(2312.0±29.9)S·cm^(–1)),maximum transconductance(about(2.82±0.12)mS),and on/off ratio(about 210.0±7.8),enabling signal amplification at low gate voltages.The dual-mode strategy combines the selectivity of electrochemistry with the sensitivity of OECTs,realizing simultaneous detection of glucose,AA,UA,and DA with clinical-level sensitivity:detection limits down to 8 nmol·L^(–1)(glucose),0.5 nmol·L^(–1)(AA),5 nmol·L^(–1)(DA),and 0.5 nmol·L^(–1)(UA).Validation using human urine samples yielded recovery rates of 94%–114%.This flexible sensing platform provides a new pathway for the development of wearable biosensors for precision diagnostics.展开更多
Microplastic contamination has emerged as a threat in transplantation,with evidence of its presence in human tissues and potential to compromise grafts.Transplant recipients,vulnerable due to immunosuppression and sur...Microplastic contamination has emerged as a threat in transplantation,with evidence of its presence in human tissues and potential to compromise grafts.Transplant recipients,vulnerable due to immunosuppression and surgical exposure,face risk from microplastics via airborne particles,surgical materials,and organ preservation systems.These particles trigger inflammation,oxidative stress,and immune dysregulation—pathways critical in rejection.Microplastics support biofilm formation,potentially facilitating antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings.Despite this risk,transplant-specific research is lacking.We urge action through environmental controls,material substitutions,and procedural modifications,alongside research targeting exposure pathways,biological impact,and mitigation strategies.Transplantation has historically led medical innovation and must do so in confronting this environmental challenge.Leadership from global transplant societies is essential to protect recipients and ensure safe procedures.展开更多
The existing 2D settlement monitoring systems for utility tunnels are heavily reliant on manual interpretation of deformation data and empirical predictionmodels.Consequently,early anomalies(e.g.,minor cracks)are ofte...The existing 2D settlement monitoring systems for utility tunnels are heavily reliant on manual interpretation of deformation data and empirical predictionmodels.Consequently,early anomalies(e.g.,minor cracks)are often misjudged,and warnings lag by about 24 h without automated spatial localization.This study establishes a technical framework for requirements analysis,architectural design,and data-integration protocols.Revit parametric modelling is used to build a 3D tunnel model with structural elements,pipelines and 18 monitoring points(for displacement and joint width).Custom Revit API code integrated real-time sensor data into the BIM platform via an automated pipeline.The system achieved a spatial accuracy of±1 mm in locating deformation hotspots.Notifications are triggered within 10 s of anomaly detection,and the system renders 3D risk propagation paths in real-time.Realtime 3D visualization of risk propagation paths is also facilitated.The efficacy of the solution was validated in a Ningbo utility tunnel project,where it was demonstrated that it eliminates human-dependent judgment errors and reduces warning latency by 99.9%compared to conventional methods.The BIM-IoT integrated approach,which enables millimetre-level precision in risk identification and near-instantaneous response,establishes a new paradigm for intelligent infrastructure safety management.展开更多
BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Resear...BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.展开更多
Cooperative coupling of photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production with organic pollutants degradation has an expansive perspective in energy storage and environmental conservation.Herein,an S-scheme het-erojunction ...Cooperative coupling of photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production with organic pollutants degradation has an expansive perspective in energy storage and environmental conservation.Herein,an S-scheme het-erojunction is constructed by hybridizing a 3D flower like Schiff-based covalent organic framework(COF)with a porous structure g-C_(3)N_(4),and a comprehensive strategy is proposed to achieve efficient H_(2)O_(2)pro-duction yield coupling highly Rhodamine B(RhB)degradation rate.The charge carrier transfer mechanism is validated by an in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,the density functional theory calculation,and a femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.Interestingly,the COF/g-C_(3)N_(4)S-scheme heterojunction exhibits better charge separation efficiency compared to bare COF and pure g-C_(3)N_(4),resulting in ameliora-tive photocatalytic activity.In addition,RhB is employed to consume photogenerated holes.Remarkably,2307μmol g^(-1)h^(-1)H_(2)O_(2)achieved over 10%-COF/g-C_(3)N_(4)composite in RhB solution and O_(2)atmosphere,and 100%-RhB degradation rate obtained at 45 min.This work improves a facile strategy to ameliorate SchiffCOF-based S-scheme heterojunction for efficient H_(2)O_(2)production with full hole-electron utilization ability.展开更多
Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)have achieved remarkable progress,with laboratory-scale single-junction devices now demonstrating power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)exceeding 20%.However,these efficiencies are highly depen...Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)have achieved remarkable progress,with laboratory-scale single-junction devices now demonstrating power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)exceeding 20%.However,these efficiencies are highly dependent on the thickness of the photoactive layer,which is typically around 100 nm.This sensitivity poses a challenge for industrial-scale fabrication.Achieving high PCEs in thick-film OPVs is therefore essential.This review systematically examines recent advancements in thick-film OPVs,focusing on the fundamental mechanisms that lead to efficiency loss and strategies to enhance performance.We provide a comprehensive analysis spanning the complete photovoltaic process chain:from initial exciton generation and diffusion dynamics,through dissociation mechanisms,to subsequent charge-carrier transport,balance optimization,and final collection efficiency.Particular emphasis is placed on cutting-edge solutions in molecular engineering and device architecture optimization.By synthesizing these interdisciplinary approaches and investigating the potential contributions in stability,cost,and machine learning aspects,this work establishes comprehensive guidelines for designing high-performance OPVs devices with minimal thickness dependence,ultimately aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory achievements and industrial manufacturing requirements.展开更多
Among the “three data rights,” the data utilization right has been persistently overlooked, and is similar to a neglected “middle child” in the context of the data rights family. However, it is precisely during th...Among the “three data rights,” the data utilization right has been persistently overlooked, and is similar to a neglected “middle child” in the context of the data rights family. However, it is precisely during the stages of processing and utilization that data undergoes its transformations and where its economic value is ultimately created. A series of recent policy documents on treating data as a factor of production have emphasized that the building of a scientific data property rights system requires a fair and efficient mechanism for benefit distribution, which provides reasonable preference for creators of data value and use value in terms of the income generated by data elements. Constrained by the inertial thinking of property right logic, the data utilization right is often regarded as a “transitional fulcrum” wherein the holders of data resources have to authorize the operators of data products to realize data value thereby. In the future structural design and implementation of the coordination mechanism for the property right system against the backdrop of the data factor-oriented reform, the establishment of data processing and utilization as an independent right will require the implementation of two core initiatives: first, attaching importance to the independent protection of the benefit distribution;second, implementing risk regulation for data security through optimization of governance. These two initiatives will serve as the key for optimizing the data factor governance system and accelerating the release of data value.展开更多
基金Supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project(No.BK20231516)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42293264,32371606,31971449)。
文摘In natural aquatic ecosystems,algal-derived organic carbon(AOC)often coexists with exogenous organic carbon(EOC).Microbial utilization of these distinct carbon sources affects carbon flux and transformation in water column and algal growth.Microcystis blooms significantly increase AOC levels in water,but the microbial transformation process of Microcystis-derived AOC in the presence of EOC remain poorly understood.We conducted a simulated experiment by introducing^(13)C-sodium bicarbonate and^(13)C-glucose as substrates for indoor simulation of non-axenic Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)populations in a sealed system.The microbial transformation processes of AOC and EOC and their effects on M.aeruginosa growth were investigated.Results demonstrated that the addition of glucose accelerated M.aeruginosa growth and significantly increased their biomass.During the experiment,as the particulate organic carbon and nitrogen content increased,the concentrations of CO_(2)and N_(2)O were gradually decreased,while the concentration of CH4 were gradually increased.Significant differences were observed in the microbial processes involved in the uptake of AOC and EOC.Bacteria involved in AOC transformation throughout the growth period were dominated by Proteobacteria,Gemmatimonadota,Actinobacteriota,Bacteroidota,Acidobacteriota,and Firmicutes.The bacteria involved in EOC transformation were dominated by Proteobacteria,Actinobacteriota,Firmicutes,Cyanobacteria,Armatimonadota,and Bacteroidota.Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size(LEfSe)analysis revealed Massilia and Akkermansia as biomarkers involved in AOC transformation,while Ligilactobacillus was associated with EOC transformation.These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of EOC on algae-bacteria interaction,and on the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen cycling among M.aeruginosa and its associated bacteria.
文摘Recently,the Standardization Administration of China issued Announcement No.1 of 2026,officially approving the establishment of the Subcommittee 1 on Nonwoven Material of National Technical Committee 606 on Technical Textiles of Standardization Administration of China(SAC/TC606/SC1)and the Subcommittee 2 on Filtration and Separation Textiles of National Technical Committee 606 on Technical Textiles of Standardization Administration of China(SAC/TC606/SC2).The formation of these two subcommittees marks a crucial step in the standardization development of China's industrial textiles sector in specialized fields.
文摘This paper provides detailed examinations on the use of GIS in nonprofit organizations. We interviewed planners and GIS experts in key nonprofit organizations in the City of Chicago to comprehend their actual usages of GIS, faced challenges, and accumulated experiences. Organizations reported on dozens of projects where GIS was used for practical urban planning applications. Findings indicate that nonprofit organizations offer extremely useful lessons on using GIS for projects at the local, regional, and national levels. They provide extensive experiences on GIS technical problems and solutions, methodologies, and data issues. Their projects often support philanthropic efforts and respond to the needs of low-income communities. However, the organizations’ resources are dwindling. This paper raises a concern about the importance of sustaining their GIS operations particularly with the current economic downturn. We call on government officials to support nonprofit organizations in order to ensure the continuity of their GIS activities.
文摘Purpose:Interdisciplinary research has become a critical approach to addressing complex societal,economic,technological,and environmental challenges,driving innovation and integrating scientific knowledge.While interdisciplinarity indicators are widely used to evaluate research performance,the impact of classification granularity on these assessments remains underexplored.Design/methodology/approach:This study investigates how different levels of classification granularity-macro,meso,and micro-affect the evaluation of interdisciplinarity in research institutes.Using a dataset of 262 institutes from four major German non-university organizations(FHG,HGF,MPG,WGL)from 2018 to 2022,we examine inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across levels,analyze ranking changes,and explore the influence of institutional fields and research focus(applied vs.basic).Findings:Our findings reveal significant inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across classification levels,with rankings varying substantially.Notably,the Fraunhofer Society(FHG),which performs well at the macro level,experiences significant ranking declines at meso and micro levels.Normalizing interdisciplinarity by research field confirmed that these declines persist.The research focus of institutes,whether applied,basic,or mixed,does not significantly explain the observed ranking dynamics.Research limitations:This study has only considered the publication-based dimension of institutional interdisciplinarity and has not explored other aspects.Practical implications:The findings provide insights for policymakers,research managers,and scholars to better interpret interdisciplinarity metrics and support interdisciplinary research effectively.Originality/value:This study underscores the critical role of classification granularity in interdisciplinarity assessment and emphasizes the need for standardized approaches to ensure robust and fair evaluations.
文摘Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21905137)the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(15307922,C5037-18G,C4005-22Y)+1 种基金RGC Senior Research Fellowship Scheme(SRFS2223-5S01)the Hong Kong Polytechnic University:Sir Sze-yuen Chung Endowed Professorship Fund(8-8480)。
文摘Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs)for building integration represent a pivotal direction in the development of photovoltaic industry.Solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)are considered promising candidates for transparent electrodes in semitransparent devices due to their high transparency-conductivity-efficiency merit,large-scale processability,and low cost.In this work,we develop two solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid electrodes,named AgNWs-PD and AgNWsPC,utilizing AgNWs as the conductive framework and aliphatic amine-functionalized perylene-diimide(PDINN)as the sandwiched material,while AgNWs-PC exhibits significantly improved electrical conductivity and enhanced contact area with the underlying electron transport layer.The optimized device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.45%with an open circuit voltage of 0.846 V,a high filling factor of 75.4%,and an average visible transmittance(AVT)of 44.0%,delivering an outstanding light utilization efficiency(LUE)of 4.16%,which is the highest reported value for all solution-processed ST-OPVs.In addition,by coupling a 30-nm tellurium dioxide atop AgNWs-PC,the bifaciality factor of derivative devices improves from 73.7%to 99.4%,while maintaining a high bifacial LUE over 3.7%.Our results emphasize the superiority and effectiveness of PDINN-sandwiched AgNWs electrodes for highperformance and all solution-processed ST-OPVs.
文摘This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design(CRD),comprising combinations of coconut coir,rice husk,sugarcane bagasse,and biochar.Key findings reveal that treatments combining SMS,sugarcane bagasse,and either coconut coir or biochar(T6 and T7)achieved significantly higher survival rates and Dickson Quality Index(DQI)scores compared to conventional soil(T1).These treatments provided favorable chemical properties,including optimal pH,electrical conductivity,and nutrient content(N,P,K),which are critical for cocoa seedling development.The results suggest that using SMS with agricultural waste as an alternative germination medium can reduce cultivation costs,enhance seedling growth,and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by repurposing organic waste.This approach not only offers cost-effective benefits for farmers but also mitigates environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.
文摘In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-disciplinebased models to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration models.This shift reflects the growing need to address complex,real-world problems that require expertise from multiple fields.From a management perspective,interdisciplinary research organizations face unique challenges.They must coordinate researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds,navigate potential conflicts between traditional departments and interdisciplinary units,and address differences in goals and organizational culture among members.These complexities make management more intricate and demanding.Simultaneously,the focus of university research organizations has become increasingly interest-driven,with research objectives,content,and participants reflecting specific areas of interest or societal demand.To adapt to these evolving trends,university research organizations must adopt flexible models tailored to their unique development needs.This approach will ensure the efficient execution of research activities and facilitate the effective transformation of research outcomes into practical applications.
基金Interim results of the 2024 high-quality development project at Jingjiang College,Jiangsu University,titled“Research on the Teacher Evaluation Mechanism of Independent Colleges Based on the Three-Dimensional System of Innovation-Efficiency-Impact”(2024JFYA001)Interim results of the special project“Research on the Digitalization of Textbooks in the New Era”in Jiangsu Province’s universities in 2024(2024JCSZ37)。
文摘The high-quality development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is crucial to improving the quality of higher education.From the perspective of dual-track drive,this paper deeply analyzes the synergetic evolution relationship between institutions and teachers in the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities.At present,the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is faced with such dilemmas as lagging institutional supply,insufficient motivation for teachers’development,and lack of synergy mechanisms.These interwoven problems have formed systemic obstacles restricting high-quality development,which urgently need in-depth analysis and resolution.Currently,only from the perspective of synergistic promotion of institutions and teachers and by constructing a systematic implementation framework can the existing problems be effectively solved.Through three dimensions-goal guidance,resource guarantee,and mechanism optimization-this paper refines nine specific measures,aiming to break the barriers between institutional development and teachers’development,form a joint force,provide theoretical support and practical paths for improving the efficiency of grassroots teaching organizations,promote the overall improvement of education and teaching quality,enhance the quality of talent training in universities,and advance the in-depth development of education and teaching reform.
文摘This study focuses on using a green reagent scheme of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and citric acid (CA) to extract valuable metals from the cathodes, aiming to minimize environmental impact during the recycling process. Leaching studies on LiCoO_(2) identified optimal conditions as follows: 2.4 mol/L MSA, 1.6 mol/L CA, S/L ratio of 80 g/L, leaching temperature of 90oC and leaching time of 6 h. The maximum Co and Li extraction achieved was 92% and 85%, respectively. LiCoO_(2) dissolution in MSA-CA leaching solution is highly impacted by temperature;Avrami equation showed a good fitting for the leaching data. The experimental activation energy of Co and Li was 50.98 kJ/mol and 50.55 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that it is a chemical reaction-controlled process. Furthermore, cobalt was efficiently recovered from the leachate using oxalic acid, achieving a precipitation efficiency of 99.91% and a high-purity cobalt oxalate product (99.85 wt.%). In the MSA-CA leaching solution, MSA served as a lixiviant, while CA played a key role in reducing Co in LiCoO_(2). The overall organic acid leaching methodology presents an attractive option due to its reduced environmental impact.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0109700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106150)。
文摘CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378180,22078141)Education Department Foundation of Liaoning Province(JYTMS20230960)。
文摘To deepen understanding of the evolution of coal char microstructural properties of coal char during the co-pyrolysis of coking coal with additives,this study incorporated two typical additives,coal tar pitch(CTP)and waste plastic(HDPE),into a blended coal sample and carried out pyrolysis experiments.The pyrolysis process and the microstructure of char were systematically characterized using various analytical techniques,including thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Raman spectroscopy.Data correlation analysis was performed to reveal the mechanism of carbon structural ordering evolution within the critical temperature range(350−600℃)from colloidal layer formation to semi-coke conversion in coking coal,and to elucidate the regulatory effects of different additives on coal pyrolysis pathways.The results indicate that HDPE releases free radicals during high-temperature pyrolysis,accelerating the pyrolysis reaction and increase the yield of volatile components.Conversely,CTP facilitates pyrolysis at low temperatures through its light components,thereby delaying high-temperature reactions due to the colloidal layer’s effect.XRD results indicate that during the process of pyrolysis,there is a progressive decrease in the interlayer spacing of aromatic layers(d002),while the aromatic ring stacking height(L_(c))and lateral size(L_(a))undergo significant of carbon skeleton ordering.Further comparative reveals that CTP partially suppresses structural ordering at low temperatures,whereas HDPE promotes the condensation and alignment of aromatic clusters via a free radical mechanism.Raman spectroscopy reveals a two-stage reorganization mechanism in the microstructure of the coal char:the decrease in the I_(D)/I_(G)ratio between 350 and 550℃is primarily attributed to the cleavage of aliphatic side chains and cross-linking bonds,leading to a reduction in defective structures;whereas the increase in ID/IG between 550 and 600℃is closely associated with enhanced condensation reactions of aromatic structures.Correlation analysis further demonstrates progressive graphitization during pyrolysis,with a significant positive correlation(R^(2)>0.85)observed between d002 and the full width at half maximum of the G-band(FWHM-G).
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42101393,41901375,52274166)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(No.D2022209005,D2023209008)Central Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Hebei Province(No.236Z3305G,246Z4201G)Key Research and Development Program of Science and Technology Plan of Tangshan,China(No.22150221J)。
文摘Coastal wetlands are crucial for the‘blue carbon sink’,significantly contributing to regulating climate change.This study util-ized 160 soil samples,35 remote sensing features,and 5 geo-climatic data to accurately estimate the soil organic carbon stocks(SOCS)in the coastal wetlands of Tianjin and Hebei,China.To reduce data redundancy,simplify model complexity,and improve model inter-pretability,Pearson correlation analysis(PsCA),Boruta,and recursive feature elimination(RFE)were employed to optimize features.Combined with the optimized features,the soil organic carbon density(SOCD)prediction model was constructed by using multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),and random forest(RF)algorithms and applied to predict the spatial distribution of SOCD and estimate the SOCS of different wetland types in 2020.The results show that:1)different feature combinations have a significant influence on the model performance.Better prediction performance was attained by building a model using RFE-based feature combinations.RF has the best prediction accuracy(R^(2)=0.587,RMSE=0.798 kg/m^(2),MAE=0.660 kg/m^(2)).2)Optical features are more important than radar and geo-climatic features in the MARS,XGBoost,and RF algorithms.3)The size of SOCS is related to SOCD and the area of each wetland type,aquaculture pond has the highest SOCS,followed by marsh,salt pan,mud-flat,and sand shore.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272214,52372082,52466013,52373184,and U24A20660)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.20242BAB26059,20232BAB204032,20252BAC200290,20252BEJ730349,and 20252BAC240326)Doctoral Start-Up Fund of Jiangxi Science&Technology Normal University(No.2024BSQD16)。
文摘Glucose,ascorbic acid(AA),uric acid(UA),and dopamine(DA)are vital biomarkers whose dynamic concentrations correlate with critical diseases;however,multiplexed detection remains challenging for conventional electrochemical sensors because of their limited sensitivity and selectivity.Here,we present a millimeter-scale all-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)organic electrochemical transistor(OECT)platform that integrates dual-mode sensing with enzyme/metal-free operation for ultrasensitive biomarker monitoring.By engineering polycrystalline PEDOT:PSS channels via H_2 SO_4 post-treatment,the device achieves record-high conductivity(about(2312.0±29.9)S·cm^(–1)),maximum transconductance(about(2.82±0.12)mS),and on/off ratio(about 210.0±7.8),enabling signal amplification at low gate voltages.The dual-mode strategy combines the selectivity of electrochemistry with the sensitivity of OECTs,realizing simultaneous detection of glucose,AA,UA,and DA with clinical-level sensitivity:detection limits down to 8 nmol·L^(–1)(glucose),0.5 nmol·L^(–1)(AA),5 nmol·L^(–1)(DA),and 0.5 nmol·L^(–1)(UA).Validation using human urine samples yielded recovery rates of 94%–114%.This flexible sensing platform provides a new pathway for the development of wearable biosensors for precision diagnostics.
文摘Microplastic contamination has emerged as a threat in transplantation,with evidence of its presence in human tissues and potential to compromise grafts.Transplant recipients,vulnerable due to immunosuppression and surgical exposure,face risk from microplastics via airborne particles,surgical materials,and organ preservation systems.These particles trigger inflammation,oxidative stress,and immune dysregulation—pathways critical in rejection.Microplastics support biofilm formation,potentially facilitating antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings.Despite this risk,transplant-specific research is lacking.We urge action through environmental controls,material substitutions,and procedural modifications,alongside research targeting exposure pathways,biological impact,and mitigation strategies.Transplantation has historically led medical innovation and must do so in confronting this environmental challenge.Leadership from global transplant societies is essential to protect recipients and ensure safe procedures.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Projects of the Education Department of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.Y202454744)the Ningbo Public Welfare Science and Technology Project(Grant No.2024S077)+1 种基金International Sci-tech Cooperation Projects under the“Innovation Yongjiang 2035”Key R&D Programme(No.2024H019)the Ningbo Key R&D Program(Grant No.2024Z287).
文摘The existing 2D settlement monitoring systems for utility tunnels are heavily reliant on manual interpretation of deformation data and empirical predictionmodels.Consequently,early anomalies(e.g.,minor cracks)are often misjudged,and warnings lag by about 24 h without automated spatial localization.This study establishes a technical framework for requirements analysis,architectural design,and data-integration protocols.Revit parametric modelling is used to build a 3D tunnel model with structural elements,pipelines and 18 monitoring points(for displacement and joint width).Custom Revit API code integrated real-time sensor data into the BIM platform via an automated pipeline.The system achieved a spatial accuracy of±1 mm in locating deformation hotspots.Notifications are triggered within 10 s of anomaly detection,and the system renders 3D risk propagation paths in real-time.Realtime 3D visualization of risk propagation paths is also facilitated.The efficacy of the solution was validated in a Ningbo utility tunnel project,where it was demonstrated that it eliminates human-dependent judgment errors and reduces warning latency by 99.9%compared to conventional methods.The BIM-IoT integrated approach,which enables millimetre-level precision in risk identification and near-instantaneous response,establishes a new paradigm for intelligent infrastructure safety management.
文摘BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22409128,22378103,and 52202376)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022TQ0316).
文摘Cooperative coupling of photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production with organic pollutants degradation has an expansive perspective in energy storage and environmental conservation.Herein,an S-scheme het-erojunction is constructed by hybridizing a 3D flower like Schiff-based covalent organic framework(COF)with a porous structure g-C_(3)N_(4),and a comprehensive strategy is proposed to achieve efficient H_(2)O_(2)pro-duction yield coupling highly Rhodamine B(RhB)degradation rate.The charge carrier transfer mechanism is validated by an in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,the density functional theory calculation,and a femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.Interestingly,the COF/g-C_(3)N_(4)S-scheme heterojunction exhibits better charge separation efficiency compared to bare COF and pure g-C_(3)N_(4),resulting in ameliora-tive photocatalytic activity.In addition,RhB is employed to consume photogenerated holes.Remarkably,2307μmol g^(-1)h^(-1)H_(2)O_(2)achieved over 10%-COF/g-C_(3)N_(4)composite in RhB solution and O_(2)atmosphere,and 100%-RhB degradation rate obtained at 45 min.This work improves a facile strategy to ameliorate SchiffCOF-based S-scheme heterojunction for efficient H_(2)O_(2)production with full hole-electron utilization ability.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Nos.LQ23E030002,LZ23B040001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52303226,21971049)L.Zhan acknowledges the research start-up fund from Hangzhou Normal University(4095C50222204002).
文摘Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)have achieved remarkable progress,with laboratory-scale single-junction devices now demonstrating power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)exceeding 20%.However,these efficiencies are highly dependent on the thickness of the photoactive layer,which is typically around 100 nm.This sensitivity poses a challenge for industrial-scale fabrication.Achieving high PCEs in thick-film OPVs is therefore essential.This review systematically examines recent advancements in thick-film OPVs,focusing on the fundamental mechanisms that lead to efficiency loss and strategies to enhance performance.We provide a comprehensive analysis spanning the complete photovoltaic process chain:from initial exciton generation and diffusion dynamics,through dissociation mechanisms,to subsequent charge-carrier transport,balance optimization,and final collection efficiency.Particular emphasis is placed on cutting-edge solutions in molecular engineering and device architecture optimization.By synthesizing these interdisciplinary approaches and investigating the potential contributions in stability,cost,and machine learning aspects,this work establishes comprehensive guidelines for designing high-performance OPVs devices with minimal thickness dependence,ultimately aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory achievements and industrial manufacturing requirements.
文摘Among the “three data rights,” the data utilization right has been persistently overlooked, and is similar to a neglected “middle child” in the context of the data rights family. However, it is precisely during the stages of processing and utilization that data undergoes its transformations and where its economic value is ultimately created. A series of recent policy documents on treating data as a factor of production have emphasized that the building of a scientific data property rights system requires a fair and efficient mechanism for benefit distribution, which provides reasonable preference for creators of data value and use value in terms of the income generated by data elements. Constrained by the inertial thinking of property right logic, the data utilization right is often regarded as a “transitional fulcrum” wherein the holders of data resources have to authorize the operators of data products to realize data value thereby. In the future structural design and implementation of the coordination mechanism for the property right system against the backdrop of the data factor-oriented reform, the establishment of data processing and utilization as an independent right will require the implementation of two core initiatives: first, attaching importance to the independent protection of the benefit distribution;second, implementing risk regulation for data security through optimization of governance. These two initiatives will serve as the key for optimizing the data factor governance system and accelerating the release of data value.
