Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices...Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.展开更多
The high-quality development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is crucial to improving the quality of higher education.From the perspective of dual-track drive,this paper deeply analyzes the synerge...The high-quality development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is crucial to improving the quality of higher education.From the perspective of dual-track drive,this paper deeply analyzes the synergetic evolution relationship between institutions and teachers in the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities.At present,the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is faced with such dilemmas as lagging institutional supply,insufficient motivation for teachers’development,and lack of synergy mechanisms.These interwoven problems have formed systemic obstacles restricting high-quality development,which urgently need in-depth analysis and resolution.Currently,only from the perspective of synergistic promotion of institutions and teachers and by constructing a systematic implementation framework can the existing problems be effectively solved.Through three dimensions-goal guidance,resource guarantee,and mechanism optimization-this paper refines nine specific measures,aiming to break the barriers between institutional development and teachers’development,form a joint force,provide theoretical support and practical paths for improving the efficiency of grassroots teaching organizations,promote the overall improvement of education and teaching quality,enhance the quality of talent training in universities,and advance the in-depth development of education and teaching reform.展开更多
Purpose:Interdisciplinary research has become a critical approach to addressing complex societal,economic,technological,and environmental challenges,driving innovation and integrating scientific knowledge.While interd...Purpose:Interdisciplinary research has become a critical approach to addressing complex societal,economic,technological,and environmental challenges,driving innovation and integrating scientific knowledge.While interdisciplinarity indicators are widely used to evaluate research performance,the impact of classification granularity on these assessments remains underexplored.Design/methodology/approach:This study investigates how different levels of classification granularity-macro,meso,and micro-affect the evaluation of interdisciplinarity in research institutes.Using a dataset of 262 institutes from four major German non-university organizations(FHG,HGF,MPG,WGL)from 2018 to 2022,we examine inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across levels,analyze ranking changes,and explore the influence of institutional fields and research focus(applied vs.basic).Findings:Our findings reveal significant inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across classification levels,with rankings varying substantially.Notably,the Fraunhofer Society(FHG),which performs well at the macro level,experiences significant ranking declines at meso and micro levels.Normalizing interdisciplinarity by research field confirmed that these declines persist.The research focus of institutes,whether applied,basic,or mixed,does not significantly explain the observed ranking dynamics.Research limitations:This study has only considered the publication-based dimension of institutional interdisciplinarity and has not explored other aspects.Practical implications:The findings provide insights for policymakers,research managers,and scholars to better interpret interdisciplinarity metrics and support interdisciplinary research effectively.Originality/value:This study underscores the critical role of classification granularity in interdisciplinarity assessment and emphasizes the need for standardized approaches to ensure robust and fair evaluations.展开更多
In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-dis...In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-disciplinebased models to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration models.This shift reflects the growing need to address complex,real-world problems that require expertise from multiple fields.From a management perspective,interdisciplinary research organizations face unique challenges.They must coordinate researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds,navigate potential conflicts between traditional departments and interdisciplinary units,and address differences in goals and organizational culture among members.These complexities make management more intricate and demanding.Simultaneously,the focus of university research organizations has become increasingly interest-driven,with research objectives,content,and participants reflecting specific areas of interest or societal demand.To adapt to these evolving trends,university research organizations must adopt flexible models tailored to their unique development needs.This approach will ensure the efficient execution of research activities and facilitate the effective transformation of research outcomes into practical applications.展开更多
The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs),as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of“proposal and voting”.To prevent the ne...The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs),as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of“proposal and voting”.To prevent the negative effects of pro-posers’attention-capturing strategies that contribute to the“tragedy of the commons”and ensure an efficient distribution of attention among multiple proposals,it is necessary to establish a market-driven allocation scheme for DAOs’attention.First,the Harberger tax-based attention markets are designed to facilitate its allocation via continuous and automated trading,where the individualized Harberger tax rate(HTR)determined by the pro-posers’reputation is adopted.Then,the Stackelberg game model is formulated in these markets,casting attention to owners in the role of leaders and other competitive proposers as followers.Its equilibrium trading strategies are also discussed to unravel the intricate dynamics of attention pricing.Moreover,utilizing the single-round Stackelberg game as an illustrative example,the existence of Nash equilibrium trading strategies is demonstrated.Finally,the impact of individualized HTR on trading strategies is investigated,and results suggest that it has a negative correlation with leaders’self-accessed prices and ownership duration,but its effect on their revenues varies under different conditions.This study is expected to provide valuable insights into leveraging attention resources to improve DAOs’governance and decision-making process.展开更多
Agile Transformations are challenging processes for organizations that look to extend the benefits of Agile philosophy and methods beyond software engineering.Despite the impact of these transformations on orga-nizati...Agile Transformations are challenging processes for organizations that look to extend the benefits of Agile philosophy and methods beyond software engineering.Despite the impact of these transformations on orga-nizations,they have not been extensively studied in academia.We conducted a study grounded in workshops and interviews with 99 participants from 30 organizations,including organizations undergoing transformations(“final organizations”)and companies supporting these processes(“consultants”).The study aims to understand the motivations,objectives,and factors driving and challenging these transformations.Over 700 responses were collected to the question and categorized into 32 objectives.The findings show that organizations primarily aim to achieve customer centricity and adaptability,both with 8%of the mentions.Other primary important objectives,with above 4%of mentions,include alignment of goals,lean delivery,sustainable processes,and a flatter,more team-based organizational structure.We also detect discrepancies in perspectives between the objectives identified by the two kinds of organizations and the existing agile literature and models.This misalignment highlights the need for practitioners to understand with the practical realities the organizations face.展开更多
Fish feces affect the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems,and they are affected by the functional fish organizations.In this research,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,and Cyprinus carpio w...Fish feces affect the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems,and they are affected by the functional fish organizations.In this research,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,and Cyprinus carpio were selected to study the effects of different functional fish organizations on the fractal characteristics of fecal micro-structure by scanning electron microscopes(SEM),particles(pores)and cracks analysis system(PCAS).The results showed that fish feces pores mainly consisted of medium pores(cumulative pore number,97%)classified by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC).The grain area fractal dimension D_(1) and the pore-number and pore-size fractal dimension D_(2) were 1.94-1.96 and 2.07-2.19,respectively.The distribution of fish feces pores was very close to the Sierpinski carpet structure,which is the basic fractal construction methods widely used to describe the fractal of pore surface distribution.D_(1)(1.96)and D_(2)(2.19)of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were the maximum values of the three functional organizations.Combining with the habit of fish,it is inferred that the feces of H.molitrix,the finer the feed and the faster the swimming of fish,the higher the content of feces clay,the larger the fractal dimension of feces,the easier it is to decompose feces,and the high the content of nutrients and organic matter to release into the water.It is demined that fish functional organizations affected the fractal characteristics and the stability of fish feces in water.This study is helpful for further research on water quality prediction and the impact of functional fish organizations on the structure and function of the ecosystem.展开更多
Agricultural cooperative economic organization for water-saving irrigation in arid areas is a new form of economic organization in production,operation and management during the application process of water-saving irr...Agricultural cooperative economic organization for water-saving irrigation in arid areas is a new form of economic organization in production,operation and management during the application process of water-saving irrigation technologies.Currently,there are few researches on this cooperative economic organization.In this study,connotations of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation are specifically defined,and the characteristics and functions of this cooperative economic organization are analyzed.Based on that,several suggestions are proposed on the continuous development of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation.展开更多
Pharmaceutical education in China has evolved from the stages of scale expansion to quality improvement.In order to improve the quality and provide guidance for pharmaceutical education,the Ministry of Education has s...Pharmaceutical education in China has evolved from the stages of scale expansion to quality improvement.In order to improve the quality and provide guidance for pharmaceutical education,the Ministry of Education has successively established several pharmaceutical education steering committees.The establishment and development of these committees are closely related to the current development of pharmaceutical education and industry in China.They have prompted the development of pharmaceutical education by providing guidance on related theories,policies,experience and information.This article is to present the establishment,development,current status and memberships of pharmaceutical education steering committees in China.展开更多
In this study, the authors use a political perspective to explore the relative global status of cities in China. Two questions are addressed. Firstly, by using international organizations as the subjects and quantitat...In this study, the authors use a political perspective to explore the relative global status of cities in China. Two questions are addressed. Firstly, by using international organizations as the subjects and quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of their offices, the overall position of Chinese cities in the global distribution of international organizations is estimated. The results show that 22 Chi- nese cities are involved in international political affairs. Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou dominate these activities and have high po- litical global-city status. Secondly, through qualitative analysis of Guangzhou City, the authors explore how its status as a center for intemational organizations has been shaped in recent years. The locational decision-making process is analyzed and the factors are demonstrated at both national and city scales. The definition of international organizations as used in this study refers not only to those supranational bodies that have the ability to manage relations across states （such as the European Union）, but also those in- ter-governmental organizations （IGOs）, international non-governmental organizations （INGOs） and diplomatic representatives and delegations that today also manage and regulate relations between and among states.展开更多
Development of computational agent organizations or “societies” has become the domiant computing paradigm in the arena of Distributed Artificial Intelligence, and many foreseeable future applications need agent orga...Development of computational agent organizations or “societies” has become the domiant computing paradigm in the arena of Distributed Artificial Intelligence, and many foreseeable future applications need agent organizations, in which diversified agents cooperate in a distributed manner, forming teams. In such scenarios, the agents would need to know each other in order to facilitate the interactions. Moreover, agents in such an environment are not statically defined in advance but they can adaptively enter and leave an organization. This begs the question of how agents locate each other in order to cooperate in achieving organizational goals. Locating agents is a quite challenging task, especially in organizations that involve a large number of agents and where the resource avaiability is intermittent. The authors explore here an approach based on self organization map (SOM) which will serve as a clustering method in the light of the knowledge gathered about various agents. The approach begins by categorizing agents using a selected set of agent properties. These categories are used to derive various ranks and a distance matrix. The SOM algorithm uses this matrix as input to obtain clusters of agents. These clusters reduce the search space, resulting in a relatively short agent search time.展开更多
This paper provides detailed examinations on the use of GIS in nonprofit organizations. We interviewed planners and GIS experts in key nonprofit organizations in the City of Chicago to comprehend their actual usages o...This paper provides detailed examinations on the use of GIS in nonprofit organizations. We interviewed planners and GIS experts in key nonprofit organizations in the City of Chicago to comprehend their actual usages of GIS, faced challenges, and accumulated experiences. Organizations reported on dozens of projects where GIS was used for practical urban planning applications. Findings indicate that nonprofit organizations offer extremely useful lessons on using GIS for projects at the local, regional, and national levels. They provide extensive experiences on GIS technical problems and solutions, methodologies, and data issues. Their projects often support philanthropic efforts and respond to the needs of low-income communities. However, the organizations’ resources are dwindling. This paper raises a concern about the importance of sustaining their GIS operations particularly with the current economic downturn. We call on government officials to support nonprofit organizations in order to ensure the continuity of their GIS activities.展开更多
Non-profit organizations （NPOs） in Malaysia are not subjected to statutory requirement to follow the accounting standards when preparing their annual reports. This study analyzed the annual reports of 100 NPOs regis...Non-profit organizations （NPOs） in Malaysia are not subjected to statutory requirement to follow the accounting standards when preparing their annual reports. This study analyzed the annual reports of 100 NPOs registered with the Registry of Society （ROS） under the charity and religious categories. The objectives of this study are： （1） to determine the current state of reporting practices by NPOs; and （2） to describe the contents of a set of annual reports and the financial statement presentation of NPOs. This study found that there were variations in reporting practices among the charity and religious categories of NPOs. On average, the results show that NPOs do not focus on the disclosing information required by the ROS, the governing body of NPOs. This indicates that the regulators need to strongly practice enforcement to strengthen the compliance of the annual reports submission. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information to regulators as a basis for preparing and presenting NPOs＇ annual report framework in the future.展开更多
In the paper,the status quo of the development of farmers' cooperative organizations in Yunnan Province is introduced.And then a series of problems exist in the financial support of farmers' cooperatives in Yu...In the paper,the status quo of the development of farmers' cooperative organizations in Yunnan Province is introduced.And then a series of problems exist in the financial support of farmers' cooperatives in Yunnan is analyzed,covering the unitary mainstay of credit and loan supply;inadequate credit and loan supply caused by famers' lack of security and mortgage;farmers' difficulties in loaning from banks or other financial institutions;single financial service,which can not satisfy the demands of farmers;the private loans are active while lacks right direction and guide;the outflow of capital in rural areas has limited the development of rural economy.In view of the above mentioned problems,countermeasures and relevant suggestions are put forward,namely increasing the subjects of the loan and credit supply and expanding the financing channels.Therefore,the spheres of business of the Agricultural Development Bank of China should be expanded.Besides,the support from Agricultural Bank of China for rural construction should be strengthened and the major role played by rural credit cooperatives in rural finance should be enforced.In addition,the innovation of financial products should be highlighted;the appearance of private financing should be allowed;financial support from the government should be increased and the preferential policies for taxes and fees should be implemented.展开更多
An access control model is proposed based on the famous Bell-LaPadula （BLP） model.In the proposed model,hierarchical relationships among departments are built,a new concept named post is proposed,and assigning secur...An access control model is proposed based on the famous Bell-LaPadula （BLP） model.In the proposed model,hierarchical relationships among departments are built,a new concept named post is proposed,and assigning security tags to subjects and objects is greatly simplified.The interoperation among different departments is implemented through assigning multiple security tags to one post, and the more departments are closed on the organization tree,the more secret objects can be exchanged by the staff of the departments.The access control matrices of the department,post and staff are defined.By using the three access control matrices,a multi granularity and flexible discretionary access control policy is implemented.The outstanding merit of the BLP model is inherited,and the new model can guarantee that all the information flow is under control.Finally,our study shows that compared to the BLP model,the proposed model is more flexible.展开更多
The ultimate goal of social marketing is to change the behavior,attitude,concept,and so on of target audiences.For the public welfare organization,the basis of its service project design is the organization's miss...The ultimate goal of social marketing is to change the behavior,attitude,concept,and so on of target audiences.For the public welfare organization,the basis of its service project design is the organization's mission and location.The key to achieve the organizational mission is to be able to lock the service objects and respond to the needs of service objects effectively.This research is based on the theoretical framework of social marketing and based on the questionnaire survey and analysis of the advocacy effectiveness and problems of service objects of the 327 public service organizations in China.Using the Delphi method and the entropy method,the 6P model of social marketing for service objects advocacy in the field of domestic public welfare practice is concise,and a new operational mechanism for service objects advocacy of public welfare organizations is proposed to implement the mission and value of public welfare organizations and contribute to the change of service objects.展开更多
In modern society,the competition has become increasingly fierce.Organizations pay close attention to their manage ment in order to gain the priority.Under this context,entrepreneurship has been attached great importa...In modern society,the competition has become increasingly fierce.Organizations pay close attention to their manage ment in order to gain the priority.Under this context,entrepreneurship has been attached great importance to.Entrepreneurship has played an indispensable role in organizations.Compare to those short-lived companies,powerful organizations,such as Google,IBM and P&G has gain great progress in the last decades.Therefore,it is essential to study how the powerful organiza tion could always be innovative.This paper aims to study the role that entrepreneurship plays in the organizations and take Google as an example.It provides some previous lessons that Chinese organizations could draw from.展开更多
Development literature has recently promoted the use of producer organizations in linking farmers to better-paying commodity markets. However, empirical studies find mixed performance of such organizations. This study...Development literature has recently promoted the use of producer organizations in linking farmers to better-paying commodity markets. However, empirical studies find mixed performance of such organizations. This study examines the producer organizations＇ internal factors that may explain the differences in the performance of producer organizations. The study specifically analyzes the role of social capital, within a producer organization, on the performance of such organization using quantitative techniques. The level of commercialization is used as proxy of organization＇s performance. The study finds that social capital positively affects the performance of producer organizations. These findings imply that development strategies that target the promotion commercialization of smallholder agriculture through producer organizations should pay attention to the internal factors within such organizations.展开更多
A number of companies and organizations consider that it is necessary todevelop into learning organizations in order to meet the challenges of rapidly changing world. Aftera review on the literature on the learning or...A number of companies and organizations consider that it is necessary todevelop into learning organizations in order to meet the challenges of rapidly changing world. Aftera review on the literature on the learning organization, there is no question that the concept isboth attractive and complex. There appears to be more consensus about that becoming a learningorganization is more of a journey than a destination. Senge identifies five key disciplines thatKelp organization to become a learning organization, and the disciplines mean commitment, focus,and practice. In recent years the concept of the learning organization is translated into theeducation sector. Today, more than ever, more and more people see education as the highest form ofleverage to improve society. As the highest form of the education sector, universities must try todevelop into learning organizations. But the process will be neither easy nor swift, and we shouldview the process not as a task to be completed, but as the ongoing work. Effective change andimprovement can only happen by conducting long-term practice involving teachers, administrators,parents, and students who have a common vision and work and live with a learning culture.展开更多
文摘Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.
基金Interim results of the 2024 high-quality development project at Jingjiang College,Jiangsu University,titled“Research on the Teacher Evaluation Mechanism of Independent Colleges Based on the Three-Dimensional System of Innovation-Efficiency-Impact”(2024JFYA001)Interim results of the special project“Research on the Digitalization of Textbooks in the New Era”in Jiangsu Province’s universities in 2024(2024JCSZ37)。
文摘The high-quality development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is crucial to improving the quality of higher education.From the perspective of dual-track drive,this paper deeply analyzes the synergetic evolution relationship between institutions and teachers in the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities.At present,the development of grassroots teaching organizations in universities is faced with such dilemmas as lagging institutional supply,insufficient motivation for teachers’development,and lack of synergy mechanisms.These interwoven problems have formed systemic obstacles restricting high-quality development,which urgently need in-depth analysis and resolution.Currently,only from the perspective of synergistic promotion of institutions and teachers and by constructing a systematic implementation framework can the existing problems be effectively solved.Through three dimensions-goal guidance,resource guarantee,and mechanism optimization-this paper refines nine specific measures,aiming to break the barriers between institutional development and teachers’development,form a joint force,provide theoretical support and practical paths for improving the efficiency of grassroots teaching organizations,promote the overall improvement of education and teaching quality,enhance the quality of talent training in universities,and advance the in-depth development of education and teaching reform.
文摘Purpose:Interdisciplinary research has become a critical approach to addressing complex societal,economic,technological,and environmental challenges,driving innovation and integrating scientific knowledge.While interdisciplinarity indicators are widely used to evaluate research performance,the impact of classification granularity on these assessments remains underexplored.Design/methodology/approach:This study investigates how different levels of classification granularity-macro,meso,and micro-affect the evaluation of interdisciplinarity in research institutes.Using a dataset of 262 institutes from four major German non-university organizations(FHG,HGF,MPG,WGL)from 2018 to 2022,we examine inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across levels,analyze ranking changes,and explore the influence of institutional fields and research focus(applied vs.basic).Findings:Our findings reveal significant inconsistencies in interdisciplinarity across classification levels,with rankings varying substantially.Notably,the Fraunhofer Society(FHG),which performs well at the macro level,experiences significant ranking declines at meso and micro levels.Normalizing interdisciplinarity by research field confirmed that these declines persist.The research focus of institutes,whether applied,basic,or mixed,does not significantly explain the observed ranking dynamics.Research limitations:This study has only considered the publication-based dimension of institutional interdisciplinarity and has not explored other aspects.Practical implications:The findings provide insights for policymakers,research managers,and scholars to better interpret interdisciplinarity metrics and support interdisciplinary research effectively.Originality/value:This study underscores the critical role of classification granularity in interdisciplinarity assessment and emphasizes the need for standardized approaches to ensure robust and fair evaluations.
文摘In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-disciplinebased models to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration models.This shift reflects the growing need to address complex,real-world problems that require expertise from multiple fields.From a management perspective,interdisciplinary research organizations face unique challenges.They must coordinate researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds,navigate potential conflicts between traditional departments and interdisciplinary units,and address differences in goals and organizational culture among members.These complexities make management more intricate and demanding.Simultaneously,the focus of university research organizations has become increasingly interest-driven,with research objectives,content,and participants reflecting specific areas of interest or societal demand.To adapt to these evolving trends,university research organizations must adopt flexible models tailored to their unique development needs.This approach will ensure the efficient execution of research activities and facilitate the effective transformation of research outcomes into practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62103411)the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao SAR(0093/2023/RIA2,0050/2020/A1)。
文摘The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs),as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of“proposal and voting”.To prevent the negative effects of pro-posers’attention-capturing strategies that contribute to the“tragedy of the commons”and ensure an efficient distribution of attention among multiple proposals,it is necessary to establish a market-driven allocation scheme for DAOs’attention.First,the Harberger tax-based attention markets are designed to facilitate its allocation via continuous and automated trading,where the individualized Harberger tax rate(HTR)determined by the pro-posers’reputation is adopted.Then,the Stackelberg game model is formulated in these markets,casting attention to owners in the role of leaders and other competitive proposers as followers.Its equilibrium trading strategies are also discussed to unravel the intricate dynamics of attention pricing.Moreover,utilizing the single-round Stackelberg game as an illustrative example,the existence of Nash equilibrium trading strategies is demonstrated.Finally,the impact of individualized HTR on trading strategies is investigated,and results suggest that it has a negative correlation with leaders’self-accessed prices and ownership duration,but its effect on their revenues varies under different conditions.This study is expected to provide valuable insights into leveraging attention resources to improve DAOs’governance and decision-making process.
基金funding from the European Commission for the Ruralities Project(grant agreement no.101060876).
文摘Agile Transformations are challenging processes for organizations that look to extend the benefits of Agile philosophy and methods beyond software engineering.Despite the impact of these transformations on orga-nizations,they have not been extensively studied in academia.We conducted a study grounded in workshops and interviews with 99 participants from 30 organizations,including organizations undergoing transformations(“final organizations”)and companies supporting these processes(“consultants”).The study aims to understand the motivations,objectives,and factors driving and challenging these transformations.Over 700 responses were collected to the question and categorized into 32 objectives.The findings show that organizations primarily aim to achieve customer centricity and adaptability,both with 8%of the mentions.Other primary important objectives,with above 4%of mentions,include alignment of goals,lean delivery,sustainable processes,and a flatter,more team-based organizational structure.We also detect discrepancies in perspectives between the objectives identified by the two kinds of organizations and the existing agile literature and models.This misalignment highlights the need for practitioners to understand with the practical realities the organizations face.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Youth Foundation of China(No.32002443)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021QD 149)。
文摘Fish feces affect the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems,and they are affected by the functional fish organizations.In this research,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,and Cyprinus carpio were selected to study the effects of different functional fish organizations on the fractal characteristics of fecal micro-structure by scanning electron microscopes(SEM),particles(pores)and cracks analysis system(PCAS).The results showed that fish feces pores mainly consisted of medium pores(cumulative pore number,97%)classified by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC).The grain area fractal dimension D_(1) and the pore-number and pore-size fractal dimension D_(2) were 1.94-1.96 and 2.07-2.19,respectively.The distribution of fish feces pores was very close to the Sierpinski carpet structure,which is the basic fractal construction methods widely used to describe the fractal of pore surface distribution.D_(1)(1.96)and D_(2)(2.19)of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were the maximum values of the three functional organizations.Combining with the habit of fish,it is inferred that the feces of H.molitrix,the finer the feed and the faster the swimming of fish,the higher the content of feces clay,the larger the fractal dimension of feces,the easier it is to decompose feces,and the high the content of nutrients and organic matter to release into the water.It is demined that fish functional organizations affected the fractal characteristics and the stability of fish feces in water.This study is helpful for further research on water quality prediction and the impact of functional fish organizations on the structure and function of the ecosystem.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2007BAD38B09)~~
文摘Agricultural cooperative economic organization for water-saving irrigation in arid areas is a new form of economic organization in production,operation and management during the application process of water-saving irrigation technologies.Currently,there are few researches on this cooperative economic organization.In this study,connotations of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation are specifically defined,and the characteristics and functions of this cooperative economic organization are analyzed.Based on that,several suggestions are proposed on the continuous development of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation.
文摘Pharmaceutical education in China has evolved from the stages of scale expansion to quality improvement.In order to improve the quality and provide guidance for pharmaceutical education,the Ministry of Education has successively established several pharmaceutical education steering committees.The establishment and development of these committees are closely related to the current development of pharmaceutical education and industry in China.They have prompted the development of pharmaceutical education by providing guidance on related theories,policies,experience and information.This article is to present the establishment,development,current status and memberships of pharmaceutical education steering committees in China.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41130747,41320104001)
文摘In this study, the authors use a political perspective to explore the relative global status of cities in China. Two questions are addressed. Firstly, by using international organizations as the subjects and quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of their offices, the overall position of Chinese cities in the global distribution of international organizations is estimated. The results show that 22 Chi- nese cities are involved in international political affairs. Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou dominate these activities and have high po- litical global-city status. Secondly, through qualitative analysis of Guangzhou City, the authors explore how its status as a center for intemational organizations has been shaped in recent years. The locational decision-making process is analyzed and the factors are demonstrated at both national and city scales. The definition of international organizations as used in this study refers not only to those supranational bodies that have the ability to manage relations across states （such as the European Union）, but also those in- ter-governmental organizations （IGOs）, international non-governmental organizations （INGOs） and diplomatic representatives and delegations that today also manage and regulate relations between and among states.
文摘Development of computational agent organizations or “societies” has become the domiant computing paradigm in the arena of Distributed Artificial Intelligence, and many foreseeable future applications need agent organizations, in which diversified agents cooperate in a distributed manner, forming teams. In such scenarios, the agents would need to know each other in order to facilitate the interactions. Moreover, agents in such an environment are not statically defined in advance but they can adaptively enter and leave an organization. This begs the question of how agents locate each other in order to cooperate in achieving organizational goals. Locating agents is a quite challenging task, especially in organizations that involve a large number of agents and where the resource avaiability is intermittent. The authors explore here an approach based on self organization map (SOM) which will serve as a clustering method in the light of the knowledge gathered about various agents. The approach begins by categorizing agents using a selected set of agent properties. These categories are used to derive various ranks and a distance matrix. The SOM algorithm uses this matrix as input to obtain clusters of agents. These clusters reduce the search space, resulting in a relatively short agent search time.
文摘This paper provides detailed examinations on the use of GIS in nonprofit organizations. We interviewed planners and GIS experts in key nonprofit organizations in the City of Chicago to comprehend their actual usages of GIS, faced challenges, and accumulated experiences. Organizations reported on dozens of projects where GIS was used for practical urban planning applications. Findings indicate that nonprofit organizations offer extremely useful lessons on using GIS for projects at the local, regional, and national levels. They provide extensive experiences on GIS technical problems and solutions, methodologies, and data issues. Their projects often support philanthropic efforts and respond to the needs of low-income communities. However, the organizations’ resources are dwindling. This paper raises a concern about the importance of sustaining their GIS operations particularly with the current economic downturn. We call on government officials to support nonprofit organizations in order to ensure the continuity of their GIS activities.
文摘Non-profit organizations （NPOs） in Malaysia are not subjected to statutory requirement to follow the accounting standards when preparing their annual reports. This study analyzed the annual reports of 100 NPOs registered with the Registry of Society （ROS） under the charity and religious categories. The objectives of this study are： （1） to determine the current state of reporting practices by NPOs; and （2） to describe the contents of a set of annual reports and the financial statement presentation of NPOs. This study found that there were variations in reporting practices among the charity and religious categories of NPOs. On average, the results show that NPOs do not focus on the disclosing information required by the ROS, the governing body of NPOs. This indicates that the regulators need to strongly practice enforcement to strengthen the compliance of the annual reports submission. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information to regulators as a basis for preparing and presenting NPOs＇ annual report framework in the future.
文摘In the paper,the status quo of the development of farmers' cooperative organizations in Yunnan Province is introduced.And then a series of problems exist in the financial support of farmers' cooperatives in Yunnan is analyzed,covering the unitary mainstay of credit and loan supply;inadequate credit and loan supply caused by famers' lack of security and mortgage;farmers' difficulties in loaning from banks or other financial institutions;single financial service,which can not satisfy the demands of farmers;the private loans are active while lacks right direction and guide;the outflow of capital in rural areas has limited the development of rural economy.In view of the above mentioned problems,countermeasures and relevant suggestions are put forward,namely increasing the subjects of the loan and credit supply and expanding the financing channels.Therefore,the spheres of business of the Agricultural Development Bank of China should be expanded.Besides,the support from Agricultural Bank of China for rural construction should be strengthened and the major role played by rural credit cooperatives in rural finance should be enforced.In addition,the innovation of financial products should be highlighted;the appearance of private financing should be allowed;financial support from the government should be increased and the preferential policies for taxes and fees should be implemented.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60403027,60773191,70771043)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2007AA01Z403)
文摘An access control model is proposed based on the famous Bell-LaPadula （BLP） model.In the proposed model,hierarchical relationships among departments are built,a new concept named post is proposed,and assigning security tags to subjects and objects is greatly simplified.The interoperation among different departments is implemented through assigning multiple security tags to one post, and the more departments are closed on the organization tree,the more secret objects can be exchanged by the staff of the departments.The access control matrices of the department,post and staff are defined.By using the three access control matrices,a multi granularity and flexible discretionary access control policy is implemented.The outstanding merit of the BLP model is inherited,and the new model can guarantee that all the information flow is under control.Finally,our study shows that compared to the BLP model,the proposed model is more flexible.
文摘The ultimate goal of social marketing is to change the behavior,attitude,concept,and so on of target audiences.For the public welfare organization,the basis of its service project design is the organization's mission and location.The key to achieve the organizational mission is to be able to lock the service objects and respond to the needs of service objects effectively.This research is based on the theoretical framework of social marketing and based on the questionnaire survey and analysis of the advocacy effectiveness and problems of service objects of the 327 public service organizations in China.Using the Delphi method and the entropy method,the 6P model of social marketing for service objects advocacy in the field of domestic public welfare practice is concise,and a new operational mechanism for service objects advocacy of public welfare organizations is proposed to implement the mission and value of public welfare organizations and contribute to the change of service objects.
文摘In modern society,the competition has become increasingly fierce.Organizations pay close attention to their manage ment in order to gain the priority.Under this context,entrepreneurship has been attached great importance to.Entrepreneurship has played an indispensable role in organizations.Compare to those short-lived companies,powerful organizations,such as Google,IBM and P&G has gain great progress in the last decades.Therefore,it is essential to study how the powerful organiza tion could always be innovative.This paper aims to study the role that entrepreneurship plays in the organizations and take Google as an example.It provides some previous lessons that Chinese organizations could draw from.
文摘Development literature has recently promoted the use of producer organizations in linking farmers to better-paying commodity markets. However, empirical studies find mixed performance of such organizations. This study examines the producer organizations＇ internal factors that may explain the differences in the performance of producer organizations. The study specifically analyzes the role of social capital, within a producer organization, on the performance of such organization using quantitative techniques. The level of commercialization is used as proxy of organization＇s performance. The study finds that social capital positively affects the performance of producer organizations. These findings imply that development strategies that target the promotion commercialization of smallholder agriculture through producer organizations should pay attention to the internal factors within such organizations.
文摘A number of companies and organizations consider that it is necessary todevelop into learning organizations in order to meet the challenges of rapidly changing world. Aftera review on the literature on the learning organization, there is no question that the concept isboth attractive and complex. There appears to be more consensus about that becoming a learningorganization is more of a journey than a destination. Senge identifies five key disciplines thatKelp organization to become a learning organization, and the disciplines mean commitment, focus,and practice. In recent years the concept of the learning organization is translated into theeducation sector. Today, more than ever, more and more people see education as the highest form ofleverage to improve society. As the highest form of the education sector, universities must try todevelop into learning organizations. But the process will be neither easy nor swift, and we shouldview the process not as a task to be completed, but as the ongoing work. Effective change andimprovement can only happen by conducting long-term practice involving teachers, administrators,parents, and students who have a common vision and work and live with a learning culture.
