The recent growth in renewable energy development in the United States has been accompanied by a simultaneous surge in renewable energy siting ordinances.These zoning laws play a critical role in dictating the placeme...The recent growth in renewable energy development in the United States has been accompanied by a simultaneous surge in renewable energy siting ordinances.These zoning laws play a critical role in dictating the placement of wind and solar resources that are critical for achieving low-carbon energy futures.In this context,efficient access to and management of siting ordinance data becomes imperative.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)recently introduced a public wind and solar siting database to fill this need.This paper presents a method for harnessing Large Language Models(LLMs)to automate the extraction of these siting ordinances from legal documents,enabling this database to maintain accurate up-to-date information in the rapidly changing energy policy landscape.A novel contribution of this research is the integration of a decision tree framework with LLMs.Our results show that this approach is 85 to 90%accurate with outputs that can be used directly in downstream quantitative modeling.We discuss opportunities to use this work to support similar largescale policy research in the energy sector.By unlocking new efficiencies in the extraction and analysis of legal documents using LLMs,this study enables a path forward for automated large-scale energy policy research.展开更多
The central government's regulations on the sale and purchase of horses in the Land within the Passes(Guanzhong關中)and their entry and exit from the Pass in the“Ordinances on Fords and Passes”(Jinguan ling津關...The central government's regulations on the sale and purchase of horses in the Land within the Passes(Guanzhong關中)and their entry and exit from the Pass in the“Ordinances on Fords and Passes”(Jinguan ling津關令)are important sources for understanding the horse policy of the early Western Han Dynasty and recognizing the relationship between the dynasty and the counties and vassal states outside the Pass.By examining the ordinances on the purchase and sale of horses,it is clear that the Han state strictly controlled horses,restricted private ownership of horses,and prohibited horses from exiting the Pass.However,some"privileged classes"still had the right to purchase horses from the Han government and take them out of the Pass after following some legal procedures,but this privilege was entirely dependent on the imperial power.Behind these regulations,it reflects the legislative thought of the supremacy of imperial power,"power over law"(“權大于法”),and the fundamental purpose of consolidating centralized power,weakening the strength of vassal states,and"strengthening the central forces while weakening the local ones"(“强幹弱枝”).展开更多
Sixteen different vegetation types of grassland and shrubland were selected to study the component and diversity of plant species of riparian plant communities along main channel in the Three-Gorges areas. Species ric...Sixteen different vegetation types of grassland and shrubland were selected to study the component and diversity of plant species of riparian plant communities along main channel in the Three-Gorges areas. Species richness (s), Simpson index (D), and Shannon-Weiner index (H) were used to study the biodiversity and the hierarchical classification was carried out by the methods of TWINSPAN and DCA ordination. The results showed that the components of flora were complex and dominated by the temperate type in the riparian plant communities. Species diversity was not different between the communities, but Shannon-Weiner indexes of different layers in some grassland were significantly different. TWINSPAN and DCA indicated that riparian plant communities distributed along the gradient of moisture.展开更多
文摘The recent growth in renewable energy development in the United States has been accompanied by a simultaneous surge in renewable energy siting ordinances.These zoning laws play a critical role in dictating the placement of wind and solar resources that are critical for achieving low-carbon energy futures.In this context,efficient access to and management of siting ordinance data becomes imperative.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)recently introduced a public wind and solar siting database to fill this need.This paper presents a method for harnessing Large Language Models(LLMs)to automate the extraction of these siting ordinances from legal documents,enabling this database to maintain accurate up-to-date information in the rapidly changing energy policy landscape.A novel contribution of this research is the integration of a decision tree framework with LLMs.Our results show that this approach is 85 to 90%accurate with outputs that can be used directly in downstream quantitative modeling.We discuss opportunities to use this work to support similar largescale policy research in the energy sector.By unlocking new efficiencies in the extraction and analysis of legal documents using LLMs,this study enables a path forward for automated large-scale energy policy research.
文摘The central government's regulations on the sale and purchase of horses in the Land within the Passes(Guanzhong關中)and their entry and exit from the Pass in the“Ordinances on Fords and Passes”(Jinguan ling津關令)are important sources for understanding the horse policy of the early Western Han Dynasty and recognizing the relationship between the dynasty and the counties and vassal states outside the Pass.By examining the ordinances on the purchase and sale of horses,it is clear that the Han state strictly controlled horses,restricted private ownership of horses,and prohibited horses from exiting the Pass.However,some"privileged classes"still had the right to purchase horses from the Han government and take them out of the Pass after following some legal procedures,but this privilege was entirely dependent on the imperial power.Behind these regulations,it reflects the legislative thought of the supremacy of imperial power,"power over law"(“權大于法”),and the fundamental purpose of consolidating centralized power,weakening the strength of vassal states,and"strengthening the central forces while weakening the local ones"(“强幹弱枝”).
基金This study was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (A grant KZCX2-406) the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC39970123) and Changbai Mountain Open Research Station.
文摘Sixteen different vegetation types of grassland and shrubland were selected to study the component and diversity of plant species of riparian plant communities along main channel in the Three-Gorges areas. Species richness (s), Simpson index (D), and Shannon-Weiner index (H) were used to study the biodiversity and the hierarchical classification was carried out by the methods of TWINSPAN and DCA ordination. The results showed that the components of flora were complex and dominated by the temperate type in the riparian plant communities. Species diversity was not different between the communities, but Shannon-Weiner indexes of different layers in some grassland were significantly different. TWINSPAN and DCA indicated that riparian plant communities distributed along the gradient of moisture.
