Optical phase-gradient metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for enabling flexible light manipulation,with applications across diverse domains.In this work,we will demonstrate that the metasurfaces with pha...Optical phase-gradient metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for enabling flexible light manipulation,with applications across diverse domains.In this work,we will demonstrate that the metasurfaces with phase gradient modulation can be used to achieve illusion optics,featuring the advantages of simple geometric structure and feasible implementation compared with the well-known transformation optics method.The underlying mechanism is the anomalous diffraction law caused by the phase gradient,which provides a theoretical basis for freely manipulating the propagation path of light.By considering a specific example,we will demonstrate that the phase gradient can transform spatial coordinates in real space into illusion space,thereby converting a plane in real space into a curved surface structure in illusion space to achieve the illusion effect.This approach provides a viable alternative to transformation optics for designing illusion devices.展开更多
针对分布式光伏电站缺少专业监测、难以准确定位异常站点的问题,借助临近分布式光伏场站出力的相似性及相关性,提出一种基于核主成分分析-密度聚类(kernel principal component analysis-ordering points to identify the clustering st...针对分布式光伏电站缺少专业监测、难以准确定位异常站点的问题,借助临近分布式光伏场站出力的相似性及相关性,提出一种基于核主成分分析-密度聚类(kernel principal component analysis-ordering points to identify the clustering structure,KPCA-OPTICS)集群划分的分布式光伏功率异常感知方法。首先,基于光伏电站的出力数据,采用OPTICS算法对多场站进行集群划分,进而利用KPCA对聚类数据进行降维操作,以降低高维数据对OPTICS算法聚类准确性的影响。然后,以所划分的集群为目标进行异常感知处理,对集群不同天气下的出力进行等权重的加权平均,获得可以表征集群整体出力状况的出力曲线,并利用分位数回归(quantile regression,QR)拟合集群的出力区间,作为分布式光伏(distributed photovoltaic,DPV)集群的异常感知依据。最后,采用中国南方某城市分布式光伏数据集作为实际验证数据进行了仿真实验。结果表明:该方法能够有效地感知分布式光伏系统的功率异常,具有较高的检出率、精确率和较低的误报率,在实际部署中具有良好的模型扩展性。展开更多
Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom a...Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.展开更多
Construction of electron donor-acceptor(D-A)conjugated system is an established strategy for achieving reverse saturable absorption(RSA)and broadband optical limiting(OL).Nevertheless,organic materials exhibit OL abil...Construction of electron donor-acceptor(D-A)conjugated system is an established strategy for achieving reverse saturable absorption(RSA)and broadband optical limiting(OL).Nevertheless,organic materials exhibit OL ability across the visible to near-infrared-II spectra range remain scarce.Herein,a series of D-A typeπ-conjugated copolymers with ultra-narrow bandgaps(0.62-0.76 e V)and strong ICT absorption were synthesized by coupling electron-withdrawing block[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline(TQ)with various electron-donating groups(thiophene,selenophene,bithiophene,di(thiophen-2-yl)ethene,and thienothiophene for P1-P5,respectively).Z-scan experiments reveal that all copolymers exhibit RSA behaviours at both 532 and 1064 nm,while P1,P3 and P4 maintain RSA performance extending to 1600 nm.Among all copolymers,P5 exhibits the strongest RSA performance upon both 532 and 1064 nm laser pulses,with the highest nonlinear absorption coefficient(β_(eff))of 51.5 and 49.4 cm·GW^(-1),respectively,and the lowest OL onset fluence(Fon)of 0.31 and 0.38 J·cm^(-2),respectively.In contrast,P4 shows optimal RSA property at 1600 nm laser pulse,withβeff of 13.1 cm·GW^(-1)and Fon of 1.43 J·cm^(-2),respectively.Combining the results of Z-scan and UV-Vis-NIR experiments,it can be speculated that moderate ground-state absorption,rather than excessively strong absorption,favors superior RSA properties.This work offers valuable insights for designing copolymers with excellent RSA behavior,as well as presents a class of candidate material systems for ultrabroadband optical limiting.展开更多
Retinal ganglion cells,a crucial component of the central nervous system,are often affected by irreversible visual impairment due to various conditions,including trauma,tumors,ischemia,and glaucoma.Studies have shown ...Retinal ganglion cells,a crucial component of the central nervous system,are often affected by irreversible visual impairment due to various conditions,including trauma,tumors,ischemia,and glaucoma.Studies have shown that the optic nerve crush model and glaucoma model are commonly used to study retinal ganglion cell injury.While these models differ in their mechanisms,both ultimately result in retinal ganglion cell injury.With advancements in high-throughput technologies,techniques such as microarray analysis,RNA sequencing,and single-cell RNA sequencing have been widely applied to characterize the transcriptomic profiles of retinal ganglion cell injury,revealing underlying molecular mechanisms.This review focuses on optic nerve crush and glaucoma models,elucidating the mechanisms of optic nerve injury and neuron degeneration induced by glaucoma through single-cell transcriptomics,transcriptome analysis,and chip analysis.Research using the optic nerve crush model has shown that different retinal ganglion cell subtypes exhibit varying survival and regenerative capacities following injury.Single-cell RNA sequencing has identified multiple genes associated with retinal ganglion cell protection and regeneration,such as Gal,Ucn,and Anxa2.In glaucoma models,high-throughput sequencing has revealed transcriptomic changes in retinal ganglion cells under elevated intraocular pressure,identifying genes related to immune response,oxidative stress,and apoptosis.These genes are significantly upregulated early after optic nerve injury and may play key roles in neuroprotection and axon regeneration.Additionally,CRISPR-Cas9 screening and ATAC-seq analysis have identified key transcription factors that regulate retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration,offering new potential targets for neurorepair strategies in glaucoma.In summary,single-cell transcriptomic technologies provide unprecedented insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying optic nerve injury,aiding in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.Future researchers should integrate advanced single-cell sequencing with multi-omics approaches to investigate cell-specific responses in retinal ganglion cell injury and regeneration.Furthermore,computational models and systems biology methods could help predict molecular pathways interactions,providing valuable guidance for clinical research on optic nerve regeneration and repair.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the agreement of axial length(AL),anterior chamber parameters,and total cornea power obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)-based and Scheimpflug-based optical biometers in myopi...AIM:To evaluate the agreement of axial length(AL),anterior chamber parameters,and total cornea power obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)-based and Scheimpflug-based optical biometers in myopic children.METHODS:AL,steep keratometry(K),flat K,posterior corneal keratometry(PK),total keratometry(TK),anterior chamber depth(ACD),horizontal corneal diameter(CD),and central corneal thickness(CCT)were obtained using IOL Master 700 and Pentacam AXL.The agreement between the devices was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC),Bland-Altman plots,and astigmatism vector analysis.RESULTS:Totally 175 myopic children(48.5%male)with a mean age of 10.29±2.14y were enrolled.The ICC and Bland-Altman plots indicated a satisfactory agreement for AL,ACD,and CCT.The mean difference in CD of-0.31±0.30 mm was considered clinically significant(>0.2 mm).Additionally,measurements of K and TK obtained from the IOL Master 700 showed good agreement.Nevertheless,there were clinically significant differences observed in PK,simulated keratometry(simK),total cornea power,and astigmatism(at least 10%of the cases with a difference of>10 degrees in meridian)between the two devices.CONCLUSION:The study findings demonstrate a significant difference in K,PK,astigmatism,and CD,indicating that the two optical biometers cannot be considered interchangeable.Therefore,it is recommended to utilize one kind device for follow-up examinations in myopic children.展开更多
Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effect...Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effective treatment planning and improved patient outcomes.Conventional imaging techniques,such as endoscopy and histopathology,provide valuable diagnostic information but cannot offer real-time assessment.We aim to explore the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT),combined with statistical and machine learning methods,for rapid tumor margin demarcation in gastrointestinal(GI)cancer tissues in exvivo.GI tumor specimens from 17 patients were imaged intraoperatively with OCT.Quantitative features were extracted from the images,and statistical and machine learning analyses were applied to distinguish tissue types.Subsequent histopathological evaluation was used as the reference standard for validation.The combination of OCT imaging and data-driven analysis enables clear differentiation between healthy,marginal and tumor tissues in near real-time.The KNN model achieved the highest classification accuracy(0.921±0.040),with SVM(0.906±0.038)and Extra Trees(0.901±0.034)also demonstrating robust performance in discriminating tissue margins.OCT findings demonstrate strong agreement with histopathology.Integrated with statistical and machine learning techniques,OCT enables rapid assessment of GI tumor margins.This approach provides quantitative objectivity and real-time feedback,closely approximating histopathological analysis and supporting improved surgical decision-making.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of ranibizumab on optic disc and macular microvascular perfusion in central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)with macular edema(ME).METHODS:Optical coherence tomography angiology(OCT...AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of ranibizumab on optic disc and macular microvascular perfusion in central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)with macular edema(ME).METHODS:Optical coherence tomography angiology(OCTA)parameters,including optic disc vessel density(VD;including whole-disc VD,intra-disc VD,and peripapillary VD),superficial/deep capillary plexus(SCP/DCP)VD,and central macular thickness(CMT)were analyzed.Additional assessments included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)via Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)chart and hemorheological profiling.CRVO patients received monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections for three consecutive months.Pre-and post-treatment parameters were statistically compared.RESULTS:The study comprised 60 CRVO-ME patients(28 males;32 females),aged 50-78y(mean 63.3±7.6y)and 60 age-/sex-matched healthy controls.As compared with participants exhibiting normal funduscopic findings,CRVO patients demonstrated significantly elevated levels of low-shear-rate whole blood viscosity(LSR-WBV),high-shearrate whole blood viscosity(HSR-WBV),and aggregation index(AI,all P<0.05).In CRVO-affected eyes,vertical cupto-disc(C/D)ratio and optic cup volume were significantly smaller,whereas retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness was significantly greater,compared to both unaffected contralateral eyes and normal control eyes(all P<0.05).Following treatment,VD of the entire optic disc(P<0.05),intra-disc VD(P<0.05),and peripapillary VD(P<0.05)all increased significantly relative to baseline.CMT decreased significantly(P<0.05),whereas macular SCP-VD and macular DCP-VD showed non-significant slight reductions(P>0.05).At baseline,BCVA of CRVO eyes correlated with whole-disc VD(r=-0.276,P=0.033),intra-disc VD(r=-0.342,P=0.009),and peripapillary VD(r=-0.335,P=0.007),with intra-disc VD demonstrating the strongest association.Besides,BCVA improvement,after the treatment,correlated positively with whole-disc VD(r=0.342,P=0.008)and intradisc VD(r=0.396,P=0.002).CONCLUSION:Optic disc blood perfusion is more closely associated with visual acuity than macular perfusion,suggesting intra-disc VD may serve as a potential biomarker for monitoring visual acuity changes in CRVO.Multiple ranibizumab injections significantly improve optic disc perfusion but may have exerted detrimental effects on the macula.CRVO patients shows higher hemorheological parameters than those with normal fundi.Reduced vertical C/D ratio and optic cup volume may be linked to CRVO incidence,potentially acting as susceptibility factors.展开更多
Detecting biomarkers in body fluids by optical lateral flow immune assay(LFIA) technology provides rapid access to disease information for early diagnosis.LFIA is based on an antigen-antibody reaction and is rapidly b...Detecting biomarkers in body fluids by optical lateral flow immune assay(LFIA) technology provides rapid access to disease information for early diagnosis.LFIA is based on an antigen-antibody reaction and is rapidly becoming the preferred choice of physicians and patients for point-of-care testing due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and rapid detection.Observing the optical signal change from the colloidal gold of the traditional LFIA strip has been widely applied for various biomarkers detection in body fluids.Despite the significant progress,rapid real-time detection of color changes in the colloidal gold by the naked eye still faces many limitations,such as large errors and the inability to quantify and accurately detect.New optical LFIA strip technology has emerged in recent years to extend its application scenarios for achieving quantitative detection such as fluorescence,afterglow,and chemiluminescence.Herein,we summarized the development of optical LFIA technology from single to hyphenated optical signals for biomarkers detection in body fluids from invasive and non-invasive sources.Moreover,the challenge and outlook of optical LFIA strip technology are highlighted to inspire the designing of next-generation diagnostic platforms.展开更多
Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior a...Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.展开更多
We report the SrII optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center(NTSC).In this system,a blackbody radiation shield with movable lattice mitigates blackbody radiation shifts through active temperature contr...We report the SrII optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center(NTSC).In this system,a blackbody radiation shield with movable lattice mitigates blackbody radiation shifts through active temperature control.A shallow optical lattice with minimal tunneling minimizes AC Stark shifts.Phase-locked counter-propagating lattice beams and conductive vacuum viewports further reduce systematic uncertainties and a novel initial-state preparation method simplifies the system.Clock transition spectra achieve a linewidth of 2.5 Hz with a 400 ms clock pulse,and self-comparison stability reaches 5.1×10^(-16)at 1 s.These advancements give this clock the potential to be a critical platform for realizing outstanding systematic uncertainties in the future.展开更多
Understanding the complex interplay between structured light and particles is crucial for unlocking advanced optical manipulation techniques.However,existing theories for optical force/torque are often limited to smal...Understanding the complex interplay between structured light and particles is crucial for unlocking advanced optical manipulation techniques.However,existing theories for optical force/torque are often limited to small particles within the dipole regime or specific light fields,thereby lacking universality and sometimes leading to ambiguity.To overcome these limitations,we establish a fully analytical and comprehensive framework for optical force/torque based on the Cartesian multipole expansion theory,which is applicable to arbitrary-sized bi-isotropic(chiral)spherical particles immersed in arbitrary monochromatic optical fields.Rigorous expressions are thus derived,which explicitly bridge the optical force/torque with particle-propertydependent coefficients and“force/torque source”quantities characterizing the incident light structures.Such quantities identify the ultimate physical origins of optical force/torque and are systematically classified into four categories based on their parity(P)and duality(D)symmetries.Each category interacts selectively with particles exhibiting specific P and D(a)symmetries,thus inducing distinct optical forces or torques with characteristic physical behaviors.This classification establishes the mutual symmetry-breaking criteria necessary for both particles and light beams to generate optical force/torque,offering a physics-based roadmap for engineering optical manipulations such as chirality sorting,light-driven micromotors,and beyond.展开更多
Overt and harmful diabetes mellitus(DM)has detrimental effects on individuals and,by extension,the community.Among the microvascular DM complications is diabetic retinopathy(DR).DR may cause irreversible vision deteri...Overt and harmful diabetes mellitus(DM)has detrimental effects on individuals and,by extension,the community.Among the microvascular DM complications is diabetic retinopathy(DR).DR may cause irreversible vision deterioration in cases of poor blood glucose regulation.Changes in vascular permeability are key trigger points for diabetic macular edema(DME),a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula.The development of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)pathway inhibitors has provided a pathogenesis-based treatment approach for DME.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)provides highresolution imaging of the anatomy,including the aging of DME and its structural damage,in distinct morphologic subtypes of macular edema,thereby supporting the assessment of macular edema treatment.The availability of repeated OCT monitoring provides clinical reassurance through the treatment.OCT angiography(OCTA)provides retinal blood flow maps with high spatial resolution.The ability promotes an understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitates the implementation of new therapeutic methods.This review compares the potential of OCT and OCTA in the diagnosis and treatment of DME,as well as their respective therapeutic applications.展开更多
We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semicon...We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semiconductor lasers,as well as Raman and semiconductor optical amplifiers.Although inverse design approaches for optical detectors remain relatively underexplored,we examine optical layers,particularly metamaterial absorbers,as promising candidates for high-performance optical detection.In addition,we underscore advancements in inverse designing passive optical components,including beam splitters,gratings,and optical fibers.These optical blocks are fundamental in developing next-generation standalone optical communication systems and optical sensing networks,including integrated sensing and communication technologies.While categorizing various reported deep learning architectures across five paradigms,we offer a paradigm-based perspective that reveals how different ML techniques function within modern inverse design methods and enable fast,data-driven solutions that significantly reduce design time and computational demands compared with traditional optimization methods.展开更多
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis involves various cellular responses to inflammation and degeneration.In most patients,the primary mechanism underlying neuromyelitis optica spectrum disord...Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis involves various cellular responses to inflammation and degeneration.In most patients,the primary mechanism underlying neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis is the interaction of aquaporin-4 antibodies with the aquaporin-4 protein present on astrocytes within posterior optic nerve.This binding subsequently initiates a cascade of events leading to secondary demyelination of the optic nerve,ultimately culminating in optic nerve degeneration.Earlier studies on this disorder primarily used systemic-induced animal models,which often require prior activation of a systemic immune response.This can result in primary demyelination of the optic nerve,complicating the interpretation of experimental results.Such methodologies hinder the ability to isolate immune responses triggered by specific antibodies.Additionally,the lack of a detailed profile of disease progression over time limits our capacity to identify potential intervention windows.Therefore,constructing a targeted optic neuritis animal model induced by specific antibodies and elucidate the disease progression arecrucial for exploring the mechanisms underlying neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis.In this study,specific antibodies against aquaporin-4 were precisely injected into the retrobulbar optic nerve of mice to induce a targeted inflammatory response in the posterior optic nerve,resulting in a more representative mouse model of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis than current models.The progression of the disease was then dynamically observed from both histological and functional perspectives over the course of 1 month following the induction of inflammation.By the first week,astrocytes were damaged,as evidenced by the loss of aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein,the activation of microglia,and the upregulation of microglia-related cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor,interleukin-6,interleukin-1β,C-X-C motif ligand 10,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.Starting from the second week,there were signs of optic nerve demyelination and significant damage to axonal fibers and retinal ganglion cell bodies.Visual-evoked potentials and dark adaptation threshold responses in electroretinogram both indicated dysfunction in the visual pathway and retina,while optical coherence tomography revealed thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer in live mice.In summary,in this study we conducted a dynamic exploration of the occurrence and progression of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis triggered by specific antibodies.Our results show pathological changes at various stages and correlate histological and molecular alterations with in vivo structural and functional deterioration.The findings from this study lay an important foundation for further research on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis.展开更多
Distributed optical fiber sensing(DOFS)technology has been widely applied in pipeline monitoring,seismic detection,and security protection due to its broad coverage,high sensitivity,and strong anti-interference capabi...Distributed optical fiber sensing(DOFS)technology has been widely applied in pipeline monitoring,seismic detection,and security protection due to its broad coverage,high sensitivity,and strong anti-interference capability.However,the acquired signals are typically noisy,exhibit complex temporal-spatial patterns,and contain high-dimensional categorical features,posing significant challenges for robust classification.To address these issues,this paper introduces an Inception-ResNet-based model for intrusion event recognition in DOFS systems.The Inception architecture extracts multi-scale features from complex vibration patterns,while the residual optimization of ResNet enables efficient deep feature propagation and stable training.Furthermore,to enhance model interpretability,a Grad-CAM-based mechanism is integrated to visualize class-discriminative regions in the vibration signals,revealing the patterns that most strongly influence the network's decisions.Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,achieving an average classification accuracy of 92.6%,outperforming traditional deep learning networks even with significantly reduced training data.These results indicate that the interpretable Inception-ResNet framework not only accurately classifies complex one-dimensional sensing signals but also provides transparent and reliable support for practical DOFS applications.展开更多
Optical phase transfer via fiber optics is the most effective method for optical frequency standard comparison on the scale below thousands of kilometers.However,the monotonic phase discrimination range of conventiona...Optical phase transfer via fiber optics is the most effective method for optical frequency standard comparison on the scale below thousands of kilometers.However,the monotonic phase discrimination range of conventional optical phase-locked loops is limited,and link delays restrict the control bandwidth,which makes it a challenge to achieve a continuously reliable optical link.This paper presents an event-timing-based phase detection method that overcomes the monotonic phase discrimination range limitation of conventional phase-locked loops through dual-edge timestamp recording,achieving an optical phase measurement resolution on the order of 10 attoseconds.With such a technique,we established a 7-segment-cascaded optical link over 1402km of commercial fiber while sharing dense wavelength division multiplexing(DWDM)channels with live telecom traffic.The system maintained continuous operation for 11.7 days without phase cycle slips despite encountering 15 km aerial fiber noise up to 21000 rad^(2)·Hz^(−1)·km^(−1)at 1 Hz.Relative instabilities of the link are 3.7×10^(−15)at 1 s and 3.9×10^(−20)at 100000 s.展开更多
The ability to noninvasively manipulate and isolate specific cell populations in vivo is critical for advancing real-time diagnostics,precision medicine,and immunological research.Here,we present a novel and broadly a...The ability to noninvasively manipulate and isolate specific cell populations in vivo is critical for advancing real-time diagnostics,precision medicine,and immunological research.Here,we present a novel and broadly applicable optical trapping system based on a custom-designed 2×3 optical tweezer array,which enables the real-time interception and manipulation of circulating leukocytes in live animals.By utilizing intrinsic velocity differences between leukocytes and red blood cells,the system achieves stable trapping of individual leukocytes in vessels 15-20μm in diameter and decelerates multiple cells in vessels greater than 20μm.Notably,it also enables the optical blockage of lymphatic vessels exceeding 50μm,a previously unreported capability.This label-free,noninvasive approach operates without repeated blood draws and is compatible with diverse vessel geometries and flow dynamics.The system offers a generalizable solution for in vivo cell extraction and analysis,paving the way for high-precision single-cell technologies in biomedical research and clinical translation.展开更多
Laser wakefield accelerators(LWFAs)offer acceleration gradients up to 1000 times higher than those of conventional radio-frequency accelerators,offering a pathway to significantly more compact and cost-effective accel...Laser wakefield accelerators(LWFAs)offer acceleration gradients up to 1000 times higher than those of conventional radio-frequency accelerators,offering a pathway to significantly more compact and cost-effective accelerator systems.This breakthrough opens up new possibilities for laboratory-scale light sources.All-optical inverse Compton scattering(AOCS)sources driven by LWFAs produce high-brightness,quasimonochromatic X rays with micrometer-scale source sizes,delivering the spatial coherence and resolution required for X-ray phase-contrast imaging(XPCI).These features position AOCS X-ray sources as promising tools for applications in biology,medicine,physics,and materials science.However,previous AOCS-based imaging studies have primarily focused on X-ray absorption imaging.In this work,we report successful experimental demonstrations of edge-enhanced in-line XPCI using energy-tunable,quasi-monochromatic AOCS X rays.With a spatial resolution of~20μm,our results clearly show the potential of high-resolution,AOCS-based XPCI applications.展开更多
Traumatic optic neuropathy is a form of optic neuropathy resulting from trauma.Its pathophysiological mechanisms involve primary and secondary injury phases,leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal...Traumatic optic neuropathy is a form of optic neuropathy resulting from trauma.Its pathophysiological mechanisms involve primary and secondary injury phases,leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal degeneration.Contributing factors such as physical trauma,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and glial scar formation exacerbate disease progression and retinal ganglion cell death.Multiple forms of cell death—including apoptosis,pyroptosis,necroptosis,and ferroptosis—are involved at different disease stages.Although current treatments,such as corticosteroid therapy and surgical interventions,have limited efficacy,cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach that simultaneously promotes neuroprotection and retinal ganglion cell regeneration.This review summarizes recent advances in cell-based therapies for traumatic optic neuropathy.In the context of cell replacement therapy,retinal ganglion cell-like cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells—via chemical induction or direct reprogramming—have demonstrated the ability to integrate into the host retina and survive for weeks to months,potentially improving visual function.Mesenchymal stem cells derived from various sources,including bone marrow,umbilical cord,placenta,and adipose tissue,have been shown to enhance retinal ganglion cell survival,stimulate axonal regeneration,and support partial functional recovery.Additionally,neural stem/progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells offer neuroprotective effects and function as“neuronal relays,”facilitating reconnection between damaged regions of the optic nerve and the visual pathway.Beyond direct cell transplantation,cell-derived products,such as extracellular vesicles and cell-extracted solutions,have demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects in traumatic optic neuropathy.Despite significant progress,several challenges remain,including limited integration of transplanted cells,suboptimal functional vision recovery,the need for precise timing and delivery methods,and an incomplete understanding of the role of the retinal microenvironment and glial cell activation in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.Furthermore,studies with longer observation periods and deeper mechanistic insights into the therapeutic effects of cell-based therapies remain scarce.Two Phase I clinical trials have confirmed the safety and potential benefits of cell-based therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy,with reported improvements in visual acuity.However,further studies are needed to validate these findings and establish significant therapeutic outcomes.In conclusion,cell-based therapies hold great promise for treating traumatic optic neuropathy,but critical obstacles must be overcome to achieve functional optic nerve regeneration.Emerging bioengineering strategies,such as scaffold-based transplantation,may improve cell survival and axonal guidance.Successful clinical translation will require rigorous preclinical validation,standardized protocols,and the integration of advanced imaging techniques to optimize therapeutic efficacy.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12274313 and 62375234)the Gusu Leading Talent Plan for Scientific and Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Grant No.ZXL2024400)。
文摘Optical phase-gradient metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for enabling flexible light manipulation,with applications across diverse domains.In this work,we will demonstrate that the metasurfaces with phase gradient modulation can be used to achieve illusion optics,featuring the advantages of simple geometric structure and feasible implementation compared with the well-known transformation optics method.The underlying mechanism is the anomalous diffraction law caused by the phase gradient,which provides a theoretical basis for freely manipulating the propagation path of light.By considering a specific example,we will demonstrate that the phase gradient can transform spatial coordinates in real space into illusion space,thereby converting a plane in real space into a curved surface structure in illusion space to achieve the illusion effect.This approach provides a viable alternative to transformation optics for designing illusion devices.
文摘针对分布式光伏电站缺少专业监测、难以准确定位异常站点的问题,借助临近分布式光伏场站出力的相似性及相关性,提出一种基于核主成分分析-密度聚类(kernel principal component analysis-ordering points to identify the clustering structure,KPCA-OPTICS)集群划分的分布式光伏功率异常感知方法。首先,基于光伏电站的出力数据,采用OPTICS算法对多场站进行集群划分,进而利用KPCA对聚类数据进行降维操作,以降低高维数据对OPTICS算法聚类准确性的影响。然后,以所划分的集群为目标进行异常感知处理,对集群不同天气下的出力进行等权重的加权平均,获得可以表征集群整体出力状况的出力曲线,并利用分位数回归(quantile regression,QR)拟合集群的出力区间,作为分布式光伏(distributed photovoltaic,DPV)集群的异常感知依据。最后,采用中国南方某城市分布式光伏数据集作为实际验证数据进行了仿真实验。结果表明:该方法能够有效地感知分布式光伏系统的功率异常,具有较高的检出率、精确率和较低的误报率,在实际部署中具有良好的模型扩展性。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.92576208)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program+1 种基金Beijing Science and Technology Planning ProjectTsinghua University Dushi Program。
文摘Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52102013)。
文摘Construction of electron donor-acceptor(D-A)conjugated system is an established strategy for achieving reverse saturable absorption(RSA)and broadband optical limiting(OL).Nevertheless,organic materials exhibit OL ability across the visible to near-infrared-II spectra range remain scarce.Herein,a series of D-A typeπ-conjugated copolymers with ultra-narrow bandgaps(0.62-0.76 e V)and strong ICT absorption were synthesized by coupling electron-withdrawing block[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline(TQ)with various electron-donating groups(thiophene,selenophene,bithiophene,di(thiophen-2-yl)ethene,and thienothiophene for P1-P5,respectively).Z-scan experiments reveal that all copolymers exhibit RSA behaviours at both 532 and 1064 nm,while P1,P3 and P4 maintain RSA performance extending to 1600 nm.Among all copolymers,P5 exhibits the strongest RSA performance upon both 532 and 1064 nm laser pulses,with the highest nonlinear absorption coefficient(β_(eff))of 51.5 and 49.4 cm·GW^(-1),respectively,and the lowest OL onset fluence(Fon)of 0.31 and 0.38 J·cm^(-2),respectively.In contrast,P4 shows optimal RSA property at 1600 nm laser pulse,withβeff of 13.1 cm·GW^(-1)and Fon of 1.43 J·cm^(-2),respectively.Combining the results of Z-scan and UV-Vis-NIR experiments,it can be speculated that moderate ground-state absorption,rather than excessively strong absorption,favors superior RSA properties.This work offers valuable insights for designing copolymers with excellent RSA behavior,as well as presents a class of candidate material systems for ultrabroadband optical limiting.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82471123,82171053the Jilin Province Special Project for Talent in Medical and Health Sciences,No.2024WSXK-E01the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province,YDZJ202501ZYTS318(all to GL).
文摘Retinal ganglion cells,a crucial component of the central nervous system,are often affected by irreversible visual impairment due to various conditions,including trauma,tumors,ischemia,and glaucoma.Studies have shown that the optic nerve crush model and glaucoma model are commonly used to study retinal ganglion cell injury.While these models differ in their mechanisms,both ultimately result in retinal ganglion cell injury.With advancements in high-throughput technologies,techniques such as microarray analysis,RNA sequencing,and single-cell RNA sequencing have been widely applied to characterize the transcriptomic profiles of retinal ganglion cell injury,revealing underlying molecular mechanisms.This review focuses on optic nerve crush and glaucoma models,elucidating the mechanisms of optic nerve injury and neuron degeneration induced by glaucoma through single-cell transcriptomics,transcriptome analysis,and chip analysis.Research using the optic nerve crush model has shown that different retinal ganglion cell subtypes exhibit varying survival and regenerative capacities following injury.Single-cell RNA sequencing has identified multiple genes associated with retinal ganglion cell protection and regeneration,such as Gal,Ucn,and Anxa2.In glaucoma models,high-throughput sequencing has revealed transcriptomic changes in retinal ganglion cells under elevated intraocular pressure,identifying genes related to immune response,oxidative stress,and apoptosis.These genes are significantly upregulated early after optic nerve injury and may play key roles in neuroprotection and axon regeneration.Additionally,CRISPR-Cas9 screening and ATAC-seq analysis have identified key transcription factors that regulate retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration,offering new potential targets for neurorepair strategies in glaucoma.In summary,single-cell transcriptomic technologies provide unprecedented insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying optic nerve injury,aiding in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.Future researchers should integrate advanced single-cell sequencing with multi-omics approaches to investigate cell-specific responses in retinal ganglion cell injury and regeneration.Furthermore,computational models and systems biology methods could help predict molecular pathways interactions,providing valuable guidance for clinical research on optic nerve regeneration and repair.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong,China(No.2020A1515010829,No.2023A1515011652,No.2025A1515012389)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(No.2025A03J4033).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the agreement of axial length(AL),anterior chamber parameters,and total cornea power obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)-based and Scheimpflug-based optical biometers in myopic children.METHODS:AL,steep keratometry(K),flat K,posterior corneal keratometry(PK),total keratometry(TK),anterior chamber depth(ACD),horizontal corneal diameter(CD),and central corneal thickness(CCT)were obtained using IOL Master 700 and Pentacam AXL.The agreement between the devices was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC),Bland-Altman plots,and astigmatism vector analysis.RESULTS:Totally 175 myopic children(48.5%male)with a mean age of 10.29±2.14y were enrolled.The ICC and Bland-Altman plots indicated a satisfactory agreement for AL,ACD,and CCT.The mean difference in CD of-0.31±0.30 mm was considered clinically significant(>0.2 mm).Additionally,measurements of K and TK obtained from the IOL Master 700 showed good agreement.Nevertheless,there were clinically significant differences observed in PK,simulated keratometry(simK),total cornea power,and astigmatism(at least 10%of the cases with a difference of>10 degrees in meridian)between the two devices.CONCLUSION:The study findings demonstrate a significant difference in K,PK,astigmatism,and CD,indicating that the two optical biometers cannot be considered interchangeable.Therefore,it is recommended to utilize one kind device for follow-up examinations in myopic children.
基金supported by the financial support received from the Indian Council of Medical Research-Department of Health Research(ICMRDHR-CoE-5/3/8/5/2019/I-MDMS)Medical Device and Diagnostics Mission Secretariat(MDMS)and Foundation for Centre for Healthcare Entrepreneurship(CfHE).
文摘Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effective treatment planning and improved patient outcomes.Conventional imaging techniques,such as endoscopy and histopathology,provide valuable diagnostic information but cannot offer real-time assessment.We aim to explore the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT),combined with statistical and machine learning methods,for rapid tumor margin demarcation in gastrointestinal(GI)cancer tissues in exvivo.GI tumor specimens from 17 patients were imaged intraoperatively with OCT.Quantitative features were extracted from the images,and statistical and machine learning analyses were applied to distinguish tissue types.Subsequent histopathological evaluation was used as the reference standard for validation.The combination of OCT imaging and data-driven analysis enables clear differentiation between healthy,marginal and tumor tissues in near real-time.The KNN model achieved the highest classification accuracy(0.921±0.040),with SVM(0.906±0.038)and Extra Trees(0.901±0.034)also demonstrating robust performance in discriminating tissue margins.OCT findings demonstrate strong agreement with histopathology.Integrated with statistical and machine learning techniques,OCT enables rapid assessment of GI tumor margins.This approach provides quantitative objectivity and real-time feedback,closely approximating histopathological analysis and supporting improved surgical decision-making.
基金Central High-Level Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Project of Eye Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Science(No.GSP5-83,No.GSP4-02No.GSP5-06)+1 种基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(General ProgramNo.82474582).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of ranibizumab on optic disc and macular microvascular perfusion in central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)with macular edema(ME).METHODS:Optical coherence tomography angiology(OCTA)parameters,including optic disc vessel density(VD;including whole-disc VD,intra-disc VD,and peripapillary VD),superficial/deep capillary plexus(SCP/DCP)VD,and central macular thickness(CMT)were analyzed.Additional assessments included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)via Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)chart and hemorheological profiling.CRVO patients received monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections for three consecutive months.Pre-and post-treatment parameters were statistically compared.RESULTS:The study comprised 60 CRVO-ME patients(28 males;32 females),aged 50-78y(mean 63.3±7.6y)and 60 age-/sex-matched healthy controls.As compared with participants exhibiting normal funduscopic findings,CRVO patients demonstrated significantly elevated levels of low-shear-rate whole blood viscosity(LSR-WBV),high-shearrate whole blood viscosity(HSR-WBV),and aggregation index(AI,all P<0.05).In CRVO-affected eyes,vertical cupto-disc(C/D)ratio and optic cup volume were significantly smaller,whereas retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness was significantly greater,compared to both unaffected contralateral eyes and normal control eyes(all P<0.05).Following treatment,VD of the entire optic disc(P<0.05),intra-disc VD(P<0.05),and peripapillary VD(P<0.05)all increased significantly relative to baseline.CMT decreased significantly(P<0.05),whereas macular SCP-VD and macular DCP-VD showed non-significant slight reductions(P>0.05).At baseline,BCVA of CRVO eyes correlated with whole-disc VD(r=-0.276,P=0.033),intra-disc VD(r=-0.342,P=0.009),and peripapillary VD(r=-0.335,P=0.007),with intra-disc VD demonstrating the strongest association.Besides,BCVA improvement,after the treatment,correlated positively with whole-disc VD(r=0.342,P=0.008)and intradisc VD(r=0.396,P=0.002).CONCLUSION:Optic disc blood perfusion is more closely associated with visual acuity than macular perfusion,suggesting intra-disc VD may serve as a potential biomarker for monitoring visual acuity changes in CRVO.Multiple ranibizumab injections significantly improve optic disc perfusion but may have exerted detrimental effects on the macula.CRVO patients shows higher hemorheological parameters than those with normal fundi.Reduced vertical C/D ratio and optic cup volume may be linked to CRVO incidence,potentially acting as susceptibility factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22234005,22494632,22404081)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Nos.BK20222015,BK20240534)。
文摘Detecting biomarkers in body fluids by optical lateral flow immune assay(LFIA) technology provides rapid access to disease information for early diagnosis.LFIA is based on an antigen-antibody reaction and is rapidly becoming the preferred choice of physicians and patients for point-of-care testing due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and rapid detection.Observing the optical signal change from the colloidal gold of the traditional LFIA strip has been widely applied for various biomarkers detection in body fluids.Despite the significant progress,rapid real-time detection of color changes in the colloidal gold by the naked eye still faces many limitations,such as large errors and the inability to quantify and accurately detect.New optical LFIA strip technology has emerged in recent years to extend its application scenarios for achieving quantitative detection such as fluorescence,afterglow,and chemiluminescence.Herein,we summarized the development of optical LFIA technology from single to hyphenated optical signals for biomarkers detection in body fluids from invasive and non-invasive sources.Moreover,the challenge and outlook of optical LFIA strip technology are highlighted to inspire the designing of next-generation diagnostic platforms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22205105,61874053,22075136)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2020YFA0709900)Jiangsu Provincial Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Program(No.KYCX24_1649).
文摘Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.
基金supported by the Innovation Pro-gram for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant Nos.2021ZD0300900 and 2021ZD0300902)the Strate-gic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB35010202)the Operation and Maintenance of Major Scientific and Technological In-frastructure of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2024000014).
文摘We report the SrII optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center(NTSC).In this system,a blackbody radiation shield with movable lattice mitigates blackbody radiation shifts through active temperature control.A shallow optical lattice with minimal tunneling minimizes AC Stark shifts.Phase-locked counter-propagating lattice beams and conductive vacuum viewports further reduce systematic uncertainties and a novel initial-state preparation method simplifies the system.Clock transition spectra achieve a linewidth of 2.5 Hz with a 400 ms clock pulse,and self-comparison stability reaches 5.1×10^(-16)at 1 s.These advancements give this clock the potential to be a critical platform for realizing outstanding systematic uncertainties in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12204117,12564043,12174076,12074084,and 12074169)the Guangxi Science and Technology Project(Grant Nos.2023GXNSFFA026002,2024GXNSFBA010261,2021GXNSFDA196001,and AD23026117)+3 种基金the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics in Fudan University(Grant No.KF2022_15)the Guangdong Province Talent Recruitment Program(Grant No.2021QN02C103)supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(Grant Nos.16310422 and AoE/P-502/20)the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(Grant No.11241018)。
文摘Understanding the complex interplay between structured light and particles is crucial for unlocking advanced optical manipulation techniques.However,existing theories for optical force/torque are often limited to small particles within the dipole regime or specific light fields,thereby lacking universality and sometimes leading to ambiguity.To overcome these limitations,we establish a fully analytical and comprehensive framework for optical force/torque based on the Cartesian multipole expansion theory,which is applicable to arbitrary-sized bi-isotropic(chiral)spherical particles immersed in arbitrary monochromatic optical fields.Rigorous expressions are thus derived,which explicitly bridge the optical force/torque with particle-propertydependent coefficients and“force/torque source”quantities characterizing the incident light structures.Such quantities identify the ultimate physical origins of optical force/torque and are systematically classified into four categories based on their parity(P)and duality(D)symmetries.Each category interacts selectively with particles exhibiting specific P and D(a)symmetries,thus inducing distinct optical forces or torques with characteristic physical behaviors.This classification establishes the mutual symmetry-breaking criteria necessary for both particles and light beams to generate optical force/torque,offering a physics-based roadmap for engineering optical manipulations such as chirality sorting,light-driven micromotors,and beyond.
文摘Overt and harmful diabetes mellitus(DM)has detrimental effects on individuals and,by extension,the community.Among the microvascular DM complications is diabetic retinopathy(DR).DR may cause irreversible vision deterioration in cases of poor blood glucose regulation.Changes in vascular permeability are key trigger points for diabetic macular edema(DME),a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula.The development of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)pathway inhibitors has provided a pathogenesis-based treatment approach for DME.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)provides highresolution imaging of the anatomy,including the aging of DME and its structural damage,in distinct morphologic subtypes of macular edema,thereby supporting the assessment of macular edema treatment.The availability of repeated OCT monitoring provides clinical reassurance through the treatment.OCT angiography(OCTA)provides retinal blood flow maps with high spatial resolution.The ability promotes an understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitates the implementation of new therapeutic methods.This review compares the potential of OCT and OCTA in the diagnosis and treatment of DME,as well as their respective therapeutic applications.
基金the School of Engineering and Built Environment at Anglia Ruskin University,UK,for the supportthe support of IRC-CSS and the Electrical Engineering Department,KFUPM,Saudi Arabia。
文摘We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semiconductor lasers,as well as Raman and semiconductor optical amplifiers.Although inverse design approaches for optical detectors remain relatively underexplored,we examine optical layers,particularly metamaterial absorbers,as promising candidates for high-performance optical detection.In addition,we underscore advancements in inverse designing passive optical components,including beam splitters,gratings,and optical fibers.These optical blocks are fundamental in developing next-generation standalone optical communication systems and optical sensing networks,including integrated sensing and communication technologies.While categorizing various reported deep learning architectures across five paradigms,we offer a paradigm-based perspective that reveals how different ML techniques function within modern inverse design methods and enable fast,data-driven solutions that significantly reduce design time and computational demands compared with traditional optimization methods.
基金The study was partially supported by the General Research Fund(GRF)from the Research Grants Council(RGC)of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China,No.15103522(to ST)the Internal Research Grant from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2021-23,No.P0035512(to ST)and P0035375(to HHLC)+1 种基金the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(ITC InnoHK CEVR Project)The Hong Kong Polytechnics University Research Center for Sharp Vision,No.P0039595.
文摘Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis involves various cellular responses to inflammation and degeneration.In most patients,the primary mechanism underlying neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis is the interaction of aquaporin-4 antibodies with the aquaporin-4 protein present on astrocytes within posterior optic nerve.This binding subsequently initiates a cascade of events leading to secondary demyelination of the optic nerve,ultimately culminating in optic nerve degeneration.Earlier studies on this disorder primarily used systemic-induced animal models,which often require prior activation of a systemic immune response.This can result in primary demyelination of the optic nerve,complicating the interpretation of experimental results.Such methodologies hinder the ability to isolate immune responses triggered by specific antibodies.Additionally,the lack of a detailed profile of disease progression over time limits our capacity to identify potential intervention windows.Therefore,constructing a targeted optic neuritis animal model induced by specific antibodies and elucidate the disease progression arecrucial for exploring the mechanisms underlying neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis.In this study,specific antibodies against aquaporin-4 were precisely injected into the retrobulbar optic nerve of mice to induce a targeted inflammatory response in the posterior optic nerve,resulting in a more representative mouse model of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis than current models.The progression of the disease was then dynamically observed from both histological and functional perspectives over the course of 1 month following the induction of inflammation.By the first week,astrocytes were damaged,as evidenced by the loss of aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein,the activation of microglia,and the upregulation of microglia-related cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor,interleukin-6,interleukin-1β,C-X-C motif ligand 10,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.Starting from the second week,there were signs of optic nerve demyelination and significant damage to axonal fibers and retinal ganglion cell bodies.Visual-evoked potentials and dark adaptation threshold responses in electroretinogram both indicated dysfunction in the visual pathway and retina,while optical coherence tomography revealed thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer in live mice.In summary,in this study we conducted a dynamic exploration of the occurrence and progression of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis triggered by specific antibodies.Our results show pathological changes at various stages and correlate histological and molecular alterations with in vivo structural and functional deterioration.The findings from this study lay an important foundation for further research on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis.
基金Supported by the the Academician Workstation Program of Yunnan Province(202405AF140013)High-Quality Development Special Project of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(TC240A9ED-56)Shanghai Agricultural Technology Innovation Project(2024-02-08-00-12-F00032)。
文摘Distributed optical fiber sensing(DOFS)technology has been widely applied in pipeline monitoring,seismic detection,and security protection due to its broad coverage,high sensitivity,and strong anti-interference capability.However,the acquired signals are typically noisy,exhibit complex temporal-spatial patterns,and contain high-dimensional categorical features,posing significant challenges for robust classification.To address these issues,this paper introduces an Inception-ResNet-based model for intrusion event recognition in DOFS systems.The Inception architecture extracts multi-scale features from complex vibration patterns,while the residual optimization of ResNet enables efficient deep feature propagation and stable training.Furthermore,to enhance model interpretability,a Grad-CAM-based mechanism is integrated to visualize class-discriminative regions in the vibration signals,revealing the patterns that most strongly influence the network's decisions.Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,achieving an average classification accuracy of 92.6%,outperforming traditional deep learning networks even with significantly reduced training data.These results indicate that the interpretable Inception-ResNet framework not only accurately classifies complex one-dimensional sensing signals but also provides transparent and reliable support for practical DOFS applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC2200103)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.ZR2022LLZ006 and ZR2022LLZ011)+1 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant Nos.2021ZD0300904 and 2021ZD0300903)the Key R&D Plan of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023CXPT105)。
文摘Optical phase transfer via fiber optics is the most effective method for optical frequency standard comparison on the scale below thousands of kilometers.However,the monotonic phase discrimination range of conventional optical phase-locked loops is limited,and link delays restrict the control bandwidth,which makes it a challenge to achieve a continuously reliable optical link.This paper presents an event-timing-based phase detection method that overcomes the monotonic phase discrimination range limitation of conventional phase-locked loops through dual-edge timestamp recording,achieving an optical phase measurement resolution on the order of 10 attoseconds.With such a technique,we established a 7-segment-cascaded optical link over 1402km of commercial fiber while sharing dense wavelength division multiplexing(DWDM)channels with live telecom traffic.The system maintained continuous operation for 11.7 days without phase cycle slips despite encountering 15 km aerial fiber noise up to 21000 rad^(2)·Hz^(−1)·km^(−1)at 1 Hz.Relative instabilities of the link are 3.7×10^(−15)at 1 s and 3.9×10^(−20)at 100000 s.
基金funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF0502900)special fund for Research on the National Major Research Instruments of China(62027824)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20314)the Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province in China(2022a05020028)the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province.
文摘The ability to noninvasively manipulate and isolate specific cell populations in vivo is critical for advancing real-time diagnostics,precision medicine,and immunological research.Here,we present a novel and broadly applicable optical trapping system based on a custom-designed 2×3 optical tweezer array,which enables the real-time interception and manipulation of circulating leukocytes in live animals.By utilizing intrinsic velocity differences between leukocytes and red blood cells,the system achieves stable trapping of individual leukocytes in vessels 15-20μm in diameter and decelerates multiple cells in vessels greater than 20μm.Notably,it also enables the optical blockage of lymphatic vessels exceeding 50μm,a previously unreported capability.This label-free,noninvasive approach operates without repeated blood draws and is compatible with diverse vessel geometries and flow dynamics.The system offers a generalizable solution for in vivo cell extraction and analysis,paving the way for high-precision single-cell technologies in biomedical research and clinical translation.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0530000)the Discipline Construction Foundation of“Double World-class Project”.
文摘Laser wakefield accelerators(LWFAs)offer acceleration gradients up to 1000 times higher than those of conventional radio-frequency accelerators,offering a pathway to significantly more compact and cost-effective accelerator systems.This breakthrough opens up new possibilities for laboratory-scale light sources.All-optical inverse Compton scattering(AOCS)sources driven by LWFAs produce high-brightness,quasimonochromatic X rays with micrometer-scale source sizes,delivering the spatial coherence and resolution required for X-ray phase-contrast imaging(XPCI).These features position AOCS X-ray sources as promising tools for applications in biology,medicine,physics,and materials science.However,previous AOCS-based imaging studies have primarily focused on X-ray absorption imaging.In this work,we report successful experimental demonstrations of edge-enhanced in-line XPCI using energy-tunable,quasi-monochromatic AOCS X rays.With a spatial resolution of~20μm,our results clearly show the potential of high-resolution,AOCS-based XPCI applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFA1105502(to PG)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271123(to PG),32200618(to ZT)。
文摘Traumatic optic neuropathy is a form of optic neuropathy resulting from trauma.Its pathophysiological mechanisms involve primary and secondary injury phases,leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal degeneration.Contributing factors such as physical trauma,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and glial scar formation exacerbate disease progression and retinal ganglion cell death.Multiple forms of cell death—including apoptosis,pyroptosis,necroptosis,and ferroptosis—are involved at different disease stages.Although current treatments,such as corticosteroid therapy and surgical interventions,have limited efficacy,cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach that simultaneously promotes neuroprotection and retinal ganglion cell regeneration.This review summarizes recent advances in cell-based therapies for traumatic optic neuropathy.In the context of cell replacement therapy,retinal ganglion cell-like cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells—via chemical induction or direct reprogramming—have demonstrated the ability to integrate into the host retina and survive for weeks to months,potentially improving visual function.Mesenchymal stem cells derived from various sources,including bone marrow,umbilical cord,placenta,and adipose tissue,have been shown to enhance retinal ganglion cell survival,stimulate axonal regeneration,and support partial functional recovery.Additionally,neural stem/progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells offer neuroprotective effects and function as“neuronal relays,”facilitating reconnection between damaged regions of the optic nerve and the visual pathway.Beyond direct cell transplantation,cell-derived products,such as extracellular vesicles and cell-extracted solutions,have demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects in traumatic optic neuropathy.Despite significant progress,several challenges remain,including limited integration of transplanted cells,suboptimal functional vision recovery,the need for precise timing and delivery methods,and an incomplete understanding of the role of the retinal microenvironment and glial cell activation in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.Furthermore,studies with longer observation periods and deeper mechanistic insights into the therapeutic effects of cell-based therapies remain scarce.Two Phase I clinical trials have confirmed the safety and potential benefits of cell-based therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy,with reported improvements in visual acuity.However,further studies are needed to validate these findings and establish significant therapeutic outcomes.In conclusion,cell-based therapies hold great promise for treating traumatic optic neuropathy,but critical obstacles must be overcome to achieve functional optic nerve regeneration.Emerging bioengineering strategies,such as scaffold-based transplantation,may improve cell survival and axonal guidance.Successful clinical translation will require rigorous preclinical validation,standardized protocols,and the integration of advanced imaging techniques to optimize therapeutic efficacy.
