Purpose:This study investigates whether publication-centric incentive systems,introduced through the National Scientific Accreditation(ASN:Abilitazione Scientifica Nazionale)for professorships in Italy in 2012,contrib...Purpose:This study investigates whether publication-centric incentive systems,introduced through the National Scientific Accreditation(ASN:Abilitazione Scientifica Nazionale)for professorships in Italy in 2012,contribute to adopting“salami publishing”strategies among Italian academics.Design/methodology/approach:A longitudinal bibliometric analysis was conducted on the publication records of over 25,000 Italian science professors to examine changes in publication output and the originality of their work following the implementation of the ASN.Findings:The analysis revealed a significant increase in publication output after the ASN’s introduction,along with a concurrent decline in the originality of publications.However,no evidence was found linking these trends to increased salami slicing practices among the observed researchers.Research limitations:Given the size of our observation field,we propose an innovative indirect approach based on the degree of originality of publications’bibliographies.We know that bibliographic coupling cannot capture salami publications per se,but only topically-related records.On the other hand,controlling for the author’s specialization level in the period,we believe that a higher level of bibliographic coupling in his scientific output can signal a change in his strategy of disseminating the results of his research.The relatively low R-squared values in our models(0.3-0.4)reflect the complexity of the phenomenon under investigation,revealing the presence of unmeasured factors influencing the outcomes,and future research should explore additional variables or alternative models that might account for a greater proportion of the variability.Despite this limitation,the significant predictors identified in our analysis provide valuable insights into the key factors driving the observed outcomes.Practical implications:The results of the study support those who argue that quantitative research assessment frameworks have had very positive effects and should not be dismissed,contrary to the claims of those evoking the occurrence of side effects that do not appear in the empirical analyses.Originality/value:This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of the ASN on publication behaviors in a huge micro-level dataset,contributing to the broader discourse on the effects of quantitative research assessments on academic publishing practices.展开更多
High mountain ecosystems are a challenge for the survival of animal and plant species, which have to evolve specific adaptations to cope with the prevailing extreme conditions. The strategies to survive may reach from...High mountain ecosystems are a challenge for the survival of animal and plant species, which have to evolve specific adaptations to cope with the prevailing extreme conditions. The strategies to survive may reach from opportunistic to highly adapted traits. One species successfully surviving under these conditions is the here studied butterfly Erebia nivalis. In a mark-release-recapture study performed in the Hohe Tauern National Park （Austria） from 22 July to 26 August 2013, we marked 1386 individuals and recaptured 342 of these. For each capture event, we recorded the exact point of capture and various other traits （wing conditions, behavior, nectar sources）. The population showed a partial protandrous demography with the minority of males emerging prior to the females, but the majority being synchronized with them. Males and females differed significantly in their behavior with males being more flight active and females nectaring and resting more. Both sexes showed preferences for the same plant species as nectar sources, but this specialization apparently is the result of a rapid individual adaptation to the locally available flowers. Estimates of the realized dispersal distances predicted a comparatively high amount of long-distance flights, especially for females. Therefore, the adaptation of Erebia nivalis to the unpredictable high mountain conditions might be a mixture of opportunism and specialized traits.展开更多
Uncertainty is a main source of opportunistic behaviors in research and development cooperations,which challenges strategic decisions ranging from investments to operations.To avoid opportunism arising in cooperations...Uncertainty is a main source of opportunistic behaviors in research and development cooperations,which challenges strategic decisions ranging from investments to operations.To avoid opportunism arising in cooperations,commitments(either formal contracts or informal communications)are generally made in advance by members of an alliance.However,how does a commitment encourage R&D investments and ultimately enhance the total performance,without loss of flexibility in ex post operations?This study attempts to answer this by investigating a bounded commitment in the context of vertical collaborations in a supply chain.In this exploratory study,a 3-stage game model is used(by backward induction)to examine a two-echelon supply chain under a bounded commitment in NPD.Our analysis shows that upstream R&D investment is stimulated more and that both members are better off under the bounded commitment.At the same time,when the relative bargaining power between the supplier and the manufacturer falls into an appropriate area,it is possible to reach a bounded commitment,and the manufacturer is more sensitive to this relationship.Finally,the bounded commitment restrains opportunistic behaviors,but there is no strong sign that an increase in the ratio of the order outside the chain to the inside one can make firms better.展开更多
文摘Purpose:This study investigates whether publication-centric incentive systems,introduced through the National Scientific Accreditation(ASN:Abilitazione Scientifica Nazionale)for professorships in Italy in 2012,contribute to adopting“salami publishing”strategies among Italian academics.Design/methodology/approach:A longitudinal bibliometric analysis was conducted on the publication records of over 25,000 Italian science professors to examine changes in publication output and the originality of their work following the implementation of the ASN.Findings:The analysis revealed a significant increase in publication output after the ASN’s introduction,along with a concurrent decline in the originality of publications.However,no evidence was found linking these trends to increased salami slicing practices among the observed researchers.Research limitations:Given the size of our observation field,we propose an innovative indirect approach based on the degree of originality of publications’bibliographies.We know that bibliographic coupling cannot capture salami publications per se,but only topically-related records.On the other hand,controlling for the author’s specialization level in the period,we believe that a higher level of bibliographic coupling in his scientific output can signal a change in his strategy of disseminating the results of his research.The relatively low R-squared values in our models(0.3-0.4)reflect the complexity of the phenomenon under investigation,revealing the presence of unmeasured factors influencing the outcomes,and future research should explore additional variables or alternative models that might account for a greater proportion of the variability.Despite this limitation,the significant predictors identified in our analysis provide valuable insights into the key factors driving the observed outcomes.Practical implications:The results of the study support those who argue that quantitative research assessment frameworks have had very positive effects and should not be dismissed,contrary to the claims of those evoking the occurrence of side effects that do not appear in the empirical analyses.Originality/value:This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of the ASN on publication behaviors in a huge micro-level dataset,contributing to the broader discourse on the effects of quantitative research assessments on academic publishing practices.
文摘High mountain ecosystems are a challenge for the survival of animal and plant species, which have to evolve specific adaptations to cope with the prevailing extreme conditions. The strategies to survive may reach from opportunistic to highly adapted traits. One species successfully surviving under these conditions is the here studied butterfly Erebia nivalis. In a mark-release-recapture study performed in the Hohe Tauern National Park （Austria） from 22 July to 26 August 2013, we marked 1386 individuals and recaptured 342 of these. For each capture event, we recorded the exact point of capture and various other traits （wing conditions, behavior, nectar sources）. The population showed a partial protandrous demography with the minority of males emerging prior to the females, but the majority being synchronized with them. Males and females differed significantly in their behavior with males being more flight active and females nectaring and resting more. Both sexes showed preferences for the same plant species as nectar sources, but this specialization apparently is the result of a rapid individual adaptation to the locally available flowers. Estimates of the realized dispersal distances predicted a comparatively high amount of long-distance flights, especially for females. Therefore, the adaptation of Erebia nivalis to the unpredictable high mountain conditions might be a mixture of opportunism and specialized traits.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71871016,71671046,71729001)。
文摘Uncertainty is a main source of opportunistic behaviors in research and development cooperations,which challenges strategic decisions ranging from investments to operations.To avoid opportunism arising in cooperations,commitments(either formal contracts or informal communications)are generally made in advance by members of an alliance.However,how does a commitment encourage R&D investments and ultimately enhance the total performance,without loss of flexibility in ex post operations?This study attempts to answer this by investigating a bounded commitment in the context of vertical collaborations in a supply chain.In this exploratory study,a 3-stage game model is used(by backward induction)to examine a two-echelon supply chain under a bounded commitment in NPD.Our analysis shows that upstream R&D investment is stimulated more and that both members are better off under the bounded commitment.At the same time,when the relative bargaining power between the supplier and the manufacturer falls into an appropriate area,it is possible to reach a bounded commitment,and the manufacturer is more sensitive to this relationship.Finally,the bounded commitment restrains opportunistic behaviors,but there is no strong sign that an increase in the ratio of the order outside the chain to the inside one can make firms better.
