This paper presents the effect of open dumping of municipal solid waste(MSW) on soil characteristics in the mountainous region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The solid waste of dumpsite contains various complex character...This paper presents the effect of open dumping of municipal solid waste(MSW) on soil characteristics in the mountainous region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The solid waste of dumpsite contains various complex characteristics with organic fractions of the highest proportions. As leachate percolates into the soil, it migrates contaminants into the soil and affects soil stability and strength. The study includes the geotechnical investigation of dump soil characteristics and its comparison with the natural soil samples taken from outside the proximity of dumpsites. The geochemical analysis of dumpsite soil samples was also carried out by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Visual inspection revealed that the MSW consists of high fraction of organics, followed by paper. The soil samples were collected from five trial pits in the dumpsites at depths of 0.5 m, 1 m and 1.5 m. Then the collected soil samples were subjected to specific gravity test, grain size analysis, Atterberg’s limit test,compaction test, direct shear test, California bearing ratio(CBR) test and permeability analysis. The study indicated that the dumpsite soils from four study regions show decreasing trends in the values of maximum dry density(MDD), specific gravity, cohesion and CBR, and increasing permeability as compared to the natural soil. The results show that the geotechnical properties of the soils at all four study locations have been severely hampered due to contamination induced by open dumping of waste.展开更多
Sequential fractionation of Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in soil samples collected 5 m - 104 m away from Esisi open dump was determined to evaluate the potential health danger posed by the metals. Spatial test soil samples were ...Sequential fractionation of Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in soil samples collected 5 m - 104 m away from Esisi open dump was determined to evaluate the potential health danger posed by the metals. Spatial test soil samples were collected at various increasing distances (5 m - 104 m) from the epicentre of the dump using a stainless steel auger. Tessier’s sequential extraction protocols were employed. The concentrations of the metals in the various fractions were determined, the fractions are exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, Fe-Mn oxide fraction, organic fraction and residual fraction. The metals were found mostly concentrated in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction. This study has provided information on the mobility factors and chemical forms of Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in the soil of the environment of Esisi open dump and the environmental risk of the metals in the environment of Esisi open dump.展开更多
In Mexico, hazardous and non-hazardous urban solid wastes are commonly disposed of in dumps. Inappropriate waste disposal makes solid waste disposal sites potential sources of pollution and health risks. The objective...In Mexico, hazardous and non-hazardous urban solid wastes are commonly disposed of in dumps. Inappropriate waste disposal makes solid waste disposal sites potential sources of pollution and health risks. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of leachate from a dump on surface water systems. Physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics and the volume of leachate were measured. The site of study is located in Zinaprcuaro, Michoac^m, Mexico, and was chosen due to the water supplies were in line with the dump, thus conforming a system to test for movement of toxins. Leachate and water from three ponds located at different distances to the dump were sampled during three months of a year to measure physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, according to the standard methods of the American Public Health Association; the concentration of heavy metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Most characteristics exceed the maximum permissible limits established for the Mexican legislation regarding wastewater discharges and drinking water. Likewise, analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between concentrations of pollutants in relation to the distance from the dump of sampled sites and with season of sampling, thus confirming the contamination of water by dump leachate.展开更多
Safe waste disposal is necessary to limit the impact of waste on human health and the environment. This paper evaluates the status of solid waste (SW) disposal in the Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study adopted a descri...Safe waste disposal is necessary to limit the impact of waste on human health and the environment. This paper evaluates the status of solid waste (SW) disposal in the Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study adopted a descriptive research design and applied quantitative and qualitative research methods. 200 questionnaires were administered to two residential areas, each representing high-income, middle-income, and low-income residential dwellings. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (33.5%) disposed of their SW in open spaces because any collection service did not cover them and those respondents who were covered by a collection service were not satisfied with the collection service due to irregular collection and inconvenient locations of communal collection containers. In addition, all collected SW in the Wa Municipality are openly dumped in illegal dumping sites across the municipality without any form of processing and treatment. The adoption of an integrated solid waste management system could improve SW disposal in the municipality.展开更多
Background It is a common practice in developing countries that medical/infectious waste openly dumped with municipal solid waste.This paper presented a generation and characterization study of hospital waste.Determin...Background It is a common practice in developing countries that medical/infectious waste openly dumped with municipal solid waste.This paper presented a generation and characterization study of hospital waste.Determination of the waste composition is a basic step for selecting the most efficient treatment method of hospital waste.Methods Stratified random sampling was used to collect the samples of general as well as medical wastes for seven days.Medical waste was sorted into 10 categories whereas general waste was classified into 11 categories.Incineration was observed thoroughly for observing flaws in the incineration process.Data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 16.0.Results The studied hospital produced an average 297 kilograms of medical waste daily and it comprises plastics （71.0％）,glass （13.9％）,papers etc.（3.8％）,cotton/dressings （5.7％）,masks/gloves/sheets （0.3％） diapers （0.4％）,wasted machines used in operation theaters （2.0％） and blades （0.1％）.Laboratories,cancer ward,nursery ward,OPD and emergency ward are the largest infectious waste producing departments in the hospital.The hospital produced an average 3 511 kilograms of general waste daily in which organics constitute （44.3％）,diapers etc.（42.8％）,demolition materials （3.7％）,plastic waste mixing medical plastic waste （2.5％）,miscellaneous （2.14％）,cloth/clothes （1.6％）,cardboard （1.3％）,papers （0.8％）,cotton dressings （0.28％）,glass （0.27％） and iron materials （0.18％）.Other alarming facts are：medical waste is recycled in study area,after incineration of hospital waste,ash simply dumped in the premises of the hospital without any liner system.Conclusions The studied hospital produces 10％ of infectious waste and 90％ of general waste.The largest components of the infectious waste are plastic and glass.Organics and diapers are major components of the general waste coming from different sites of the hospital.Lack of training,inadequate knowledge regarding to the composition of the infectious waste and risks associated with the waste are the major issues which must be addressed and resolved.展开更多
文摘This paper presents the effect of open dumping of municipal solid waste(MSW) on soil characteristics in the mountainous region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The solid waste of dumpsite contains various complex characteristics with organic fractions of the highest proportions. As leachate percolates into the soil, it migrates contaminants into the soil and affects soil stability and strength. The study includes the geotechnical investigation of dump soil characteristics and its comparison with the natural soil samples taken from outside the proximity of dumpsites. The geochemical analysis of dumpsite soil samples was also carried out by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Visual inspection revealed that the MSW consists of high fraction of organics, followed by paper. The soil samples were collected from five trial pits in the dumpsites at depths of 0.5 m, 1 m and 1.5 m. Then the collected soil samples were subjected to specific gravity test, grain size analysis, Atterberg’s limit test,compaction test, direct shear test, California bearing ratio(CBR) test and permeability analysis. The study indicated that the dumpsite soils from four study regions show decreasing trends in the values of maximum dry density(MDD), specific gravity, cohesion and CBR, and increasing permeability as compared to the natural soil. The results show that the geotechnical properties of the soils at all four study locations have been severely hampered due to contamination induced by open dumping of waste.
文摘Sequential fractionation of Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in soil samples collected 5 m - 104 m away from Esisi open dump was determined to evaluate the potential health danger posed by the metals. Spatial test soil samples were collected at various increasing distances (5 m - 104 m) from the epicentre of the dump using a stainless steel auger. Tessier’s sequential extraction protocols were employed. The concentrations of the metals in the various fractions were determined, the fractions are exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, Fe-Mn oxide fraction, organic fraction and residual fraction. The metals were found mostly concentrated in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction. This study has provided information on the mobility factors and chemical forms of Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in the soil of the environment of Esisi open dump and the environmental risk of the metals in the environment of Esisi open dump.
文摘In Mexico, hazardous and non-hazardous urban solid wastes are commonly disposed of in dumps. Inappropriate waste disposal makes solid waste disposal sites potential sources of pollution and health risks. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of leachate from a dump on surface water systems. Physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics and the volume of leachate were measured. The site of study is located in Zinaprcuaro, Michoac^m, Mexico, and was chosen due to the water supplies were in line with the dump, thus conforming a system to test for movement of toxins. Leachate and water from three ponds located at different distances to the dump were sampled during three months of a year to measure physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, according to the standard methods of the American Public Health Association; the concentration of heavy metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Most characteristics exceed the maximum permissible limits established for the Mexican legislation regarding wastewater discharges and drinking water. Likewise, analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between concentrations of pollutants in relation to the distance from the dump of sampled sites and with season of sampling, thus confirming the contamination of water by dump leachate.
文摘Safe waste disposal is necessary to limit the impact of waste on human health and the environment. This paper evaluates the status of solid waste (SW) disposal in the Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study adopted a descriptive research design and applied quantitative and qualitative research methods. 200 questionnaires were administered to two residential areas, each representing high-income, middle-income, and low-income residential dwellings. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (33.5%) disposed of their SW in open spaces because any collection service did not cover them and those respondents who were covered by a collection service were not satisfied with the collection service due to irregular collection and inconvenient locations of communal collection containers. In addition, all collected SW in the Wa Municipality are openly dumped in illegal dumping sites across the municipality without any form of processing and treatment. The adoption of an integrated solid waste management system could improve SW disposal in the municipality.
文摘Background It is a common practice in developing countries that medical/infectious waste openly dumped with municipal solid waste.This paper presented a generation and characterization study of hospital waste.Determination of the waste composition is a basic step for selecting the most efficient treatment method of hospital waste.Methods Stratified random sampling was used to collect the samples of general as well as medical wastes for seven days.Medical waste was sorted into 10 categories whereas general waste was classified into 11 categories.Incineration was observed thoroughly for observing flaws in the incineration process.Data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 16.0.Results The studied hospital produced an average 297 kilograms of medical waste daily and it comprises plastics （71.0％）,glass （13.9％）,papers etc.（3.8％）,cotton/dressings （5.7％）,masks/gloves/sheets （0.3％） diapers （0.4％）,wasted machines used in operation theaters （2.0％） and blades （0.1％）.Laboratories,cancer ward,nursery ward,OPD and emergency ward are the largest infectious waste producing departments in the hospital.The hospital produced an average 3 511 kilograms of general waste daily in which organics constitute （44.3％）,diapers etc.（42.8％）,demolition materials （3.7％）,plastic waste mixing medical plastic waste （2.5％）,miscellaneous （2.14％）,cloth/clothes （1.6％）,cardboard （1.3％）,papers （0.8％）,cotton dressings （0.28％）,glass （0.27％） and iron materials （0.18％）.Other alarming facts are：medical waste is recycled in study area,after incineration of hospital waste,ash simply dumped in the premises of the hospital without any liner system.Conclusions The studied hospital produces 10％ of infectious waste and 90％ of general waste.The largest components of the infectious waste are plastic and glass.Organics and diapers are major components of the general waste coming from different sites of the hospital.Lack of training,inadequate knowledge regarding to the composition of the infectious waste and risks associated with the waste are the major issues which must be addressed and resolved.
