It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality ...It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.展开更多
1 Introduction and Main Results Two-species Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system(in brief,VMB)describes the evolution of a gas of two species of oppositely charged particles(the positively charged ions,i.e.,cations of char...1 Introduction and Main Results Two-species Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system(in brief,VMB)describes the evolution of a gas of two species of oppositely charged particles(the positively charged ions,i.e.,cations of charge q^+>0 and mass m^+>0,and the negatively charged ions,i.e.anions of charge-q^-<0 and mass m^->0),subject to auto-induced electromagnetic forces.Such a gas of charged particles,under a global neutrality condition,is called a plasma.The particle number densities F^+(t,x,v)≥0 and F^-(t,x,v)≥0 represent the distributions of cations.展开更多
The interfacial electric field(IEF) determines the charge carriers transport and the reactivity of heterostructure photocatalyts.Nonetheless, the restricted IEF lead to inefficient interfacial charge transport and ori...The interfacial electric field(IEF) determines the charge carriers transport and the reactivity of heterostructure photocatalyts.Nonetheless, the restricted IEF lead to inefficient interfacial charge transport and oriented accumulation, resulting in low photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, a interfacial chemical-bonded Ti-Bi OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)Ohm junction is fabricated via electrostatic self-assembly strategy, in which Ti doping precisely regulates the local electrical structure and work function of Bi OBr,thus boosting the IEF to efficiently drive charge transfer and oriented accumulation to active sites. The femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy verified that the Ti_(0.1)Bi_(0.9)OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)-6% increased the shallow electron trapping(τ_(1)= 0.57 ps)while the depressed recombination of photoinduced electrons with trapped holes(τ_(2)= 71.88 ps) compared to the Bi OBr/1TMo S_(1.85)-6%(τ_(1)= 0.78 ps, τ_(2)= 54.61 ps). More Importantly, the interfacial charge carriers transfer from Ti_(0.1)Bi_(0.9)OBr to 1TMoS_(1.85)(τ_(3)= 86.53 ps) was significantly accelerated by the reinforced IEF compared to Bi OBr/1T-MoS_(1.85)-6%(τ_(3)= 221.51 ps).The N_(2)-to-NH3conversion rate of Ti_(0.1)Bi_(0.9)OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)-6% Ohm junction(36.8 μmol g_(cat)^(-1)h^(-1)) was 1.9 and 6.9-fold higher than that of Bi OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)-6% and 1T-Mo S_(1.85), respectively. This work provides a new insight into the design of Ohm junction with reinforced IEF for efficient interfacial charge carrier transfer and oriented accumulation towards efficient N_(2)fixation.展开更多
The in-situ instrumentation technique for measuring mercury and itsspeciation downstream a utility 100 MW pulverized coal (PC) fired boiler system was developed andconducted by the use of the Ontario hydro method (OHM...The in-situ instrumentation technique for measuring mercury and itsspeciation downstream a utility 100 MW pulverized coal (PC) fired boiler system was developed andconducted by the use of the Ontario hydro method (OHM) consistent with American standard test methodtogether with the semi-continuous emissions monitoring (SCEM) system as well as a mobile laboratoryfor mercury monitoring. The mercury and its speciation concentrations including participate mercuryat three locations of before air preheater, before electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and after ESPwere measured using the OHM and SCEM methods under normal operation conditions of the boiler systemas a result of firing a bituminous coal. The vapor-phase total mercury Hg(VT) concentration declinedwith the decrease of flue gas temperature because of mercury species transformation from oxidizedmercury to particulate mercury as the flue gas moved downstream from the air preheater to the ESPand after the ESP. A good agreement for Hg°, Hg^(2+) and Hg( VT) was obtained between the twomethods in the ash-free area. But in the dense particle-laden flue gas area, there appeared to be abig bias for mercury speciation owing to dust cake formed in the filter of OHM sampling probe. Theparticulateaffinity to the flue gas mercury and the impacts of sampling condition to accuracy ofmeasure were discussed.展开更多
文摘It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.
文摘1 Introduction and Main Results Two-species Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system(in brief,VMB)describes the evolution of a gas of two species of oppositely charged particles(the positively charged ions,i.e.,cations of charge q^+>0 and mass m^+>0,and the negatively charged ions,i.e.anions of charge-q^-<0 and mass m^->0),subject to auto-induced electromagnetic forces.Such a gas of charged particles,under a global neutrality condition,is called a plasma.The particle number densities F^+(t,x,v)≥0 and F^-(t,x,v)≥0 represent the distributions of cations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22168040 and 22162025)the Graduate Education Innovation Program of Yan’an University。
文摘The interfacial electric field(IEF) determines the charge carriers transport and the reactivity of heterostructure photocatalyts.Nonetheless, the restricted IEF lead to inefficient interfacial charge transport and oriented accumulation, resulting in low photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, a interfacial chemical-bonded Ti-Bi OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)Ohm junction is fabricated via electrostatic self-assembly strategy, in which Ti doping precisely regulates the local electrical structure and work function of Bi OBr,thus boosting the IEF to efficiently drive charge transfer and oriented accumulation to active sites. The femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy verified that the Ti_(0.1)Bi_(0.9)OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)-6% increased the shallow electron trapping(τ_(1)= 0.57 ps)while the depressed recombination of photoinduced electrons with trapped holes(τ_(2)= 71.88 ps) compared to the Bi OBr/1TMo S_(1.85)-6%(τ_(1)= 0.78 ps, τ_(2)= 54.61 ps). More Importantly, the interfacial charge carriers transfer from Ti_(0.1)Bi_(0.9)OBr to 1TMoS_(1.85)(τ_(3)= 86.53 ps) was significantly accelerated by the reinforced IEF compared to Bi OBr/1T-MoS_(1.85)-6%(τ_(3)= 221.51 ps).The N_(2)-to-NH3conversion rate of Ti_(0.1)Bi_(0.9)OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)-6% Ohm junction(36.8 μmol g_(cat)^(-1)h^(-1)) was 1.9 and 6.9-fold higher than that of Bi OBr/1T-Mo S_(1.85)-6% and 1T-Mo S_(1.85), respectively. This work provides a new insight into the design of Ohm junction with reinforced IEF for efficient interfacial charge carrier transfer and oriented accumulation towards efficient N_(2)fixation.
文摘The in-situ instrumentation technique for measuring mercury and itsspeciation downstream a utility 100 MW pulverized coal (PC) fired boiler system was developed andconducted by the use of the Ontario hydro method (OHM) consistent with American standard test methodtogether with the semi-continuous emissions monitoring (SCEM) system as well as a mobile laboratoryfor mercury monitoring. The mercury and its speciation concentrations including participate mercuryat three locations of before air preheater, before electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and after ESPwere measured using the OHM and SCEM methods under normal operation conditions of the boiler systemas a result of firing a bituminous coal. The vapor-phase total mercury Hg(VT) concentration declinedwith the decrease of flue gas temperature because of mercury species transformation from oxidizedmercury to particulate mercury as the flue gas moved downstream from the air preheater to the ESPand after the ESP. A good agreement for Hg°, Hg^(2+) and Hg( VT) was obtained between the twomethods in the ash-free area. But in the dense particle-laden flue gas area, there appeared to be abig bias for mercury speciation owing to dust cake formed in the filter of OHM sampling probe. Theparticulateaffinity to the flue gas mercury and the impacts of sampling condition to accuracy ofmeasure were discussed.
