In recent years, there has been a growing concern about potential impacts on public health and wellbeing due to exposure to environmental odour. Separation distances between odour-emitting sources and residential area...In recent years, there has been a growing concern about potential impacts on public health and wellbeing due to exposure to environmental odour. Separation distances between odour-emitting sources and residential areas can be calculated using dispersion models, as a means of protecting the neighbourhood from odour annoyance. This study investigates the suitability of using one single year of meteorological input data to calculate reliable direction-dependent separation distances. Accordingly, we assessed and quantified the inter-annual variability of separation distances at two sites with different meteorological conditions, one in Brazil and the other in Austria. A 5-year dataset of hourly meteorological observations was used for each site. Two odour impact criteria set in current regulations were selected to explore their effect on the separation distances. The coefficient of variation was used as a statistical measure to characterise the amount of annual variation. Overall,for all scenarios, the separation distances had a low degree of inter-annual variability(mean coefficient of variation values from 8% to 21%). Reasonable agreements from year to year were therefore observed at the two sites under investigation, showing that one year of meteorological data is a good compromise to achieve reliable accuracy. This finding can provide a more cost-effective solution to calculate separation distances in the vicinity of odour sources.展开更多
Odour of Chrysanthemums is one of the short stories by D. H. Lawrence. The fiction shows how humanity was ruined by bourgeois industrial civilization through the death of a miner. In embedding themes, the narrative te...Odour of Chrysanthemums is one of the short stories by D. H. Lawrence. The fiction shows how humanity was ruined by bourgeois industrial civilization through the death of a miner. In embedding themes, the narrative technique of Odour of Chrysanthemums is worth our attention. This paper is intended to make an analysis of point of view, focalization and symbol in the light of narrative theory.展开更多
Toxic odour causes pollution to environment. Removal of odour from wet processing sections of leather tanneries is important to preserve safety and occupational health. Such odour causing gases are identified in natur...Toxic odour causes pollution to environment. Removal of odour from wet processing sections of leather tanneries is important to preserve safety and occupational health. Such odour causing gases are identified in nature and are identified mostly as ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide and Volatile organic compounds. These gases, evolving from tanning drums, were experimentally quantified and analysed. Techniques for the abatement of odorous gases are designed using chemical methods. Scrubbing towers based on absorption of gases by liquid are designed and fabricated to evaluate the performance of the system in laboratory scale. Those gases were reduced in the concentration by absorbing through the packed bed vapour phase absorption using the activated carbon as the adsorbent. Results are helpful to conclude that the absorption technique presented here to reduce these toxic emission loads, seems to be simpler and economically cheaper.展开更多
Through ecocritical study of Odour of Chrysanthemums,this paper reflects that the industrial civilization leads to damaged nature,distorted humanity and conjugal relation.
2-methylisoboneol(2-MIB)and geosmin are two typical earthy-musty odour compounds in freshwater.In order to investigate the olfactory thresholds of 2-MIB and geosmin in black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus)and bighead car...2-methylisoboneol(2-MIB)and geosmin are two typical earthy-musty odour compounds in freshwater.In order to investigate the olfactory thresholds of 2-MIB and geosmin in black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus)and bighead carp(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis),an improved and optimized pre-treatment method of adsorbing the earthy-musty odours combined with the technology of gas chromatography following microwave distillation-headspace solid-phase microextraction was developed.The fish back muscle samples were placed in vials with the 2-MIB/geosmin solution and reached the adsorption equilibrium.Some samples were evaluated by a panel of ten members using Flavour Profile Analysis(FPA)method,the remaining sample was used for instrumental analysis.In fish muscle blocks,it took 90 and 105 min to establish the absorption equilibrium of 2-MIB and geosmin,respectively.The olfactory thresholds of 2-MIB in the bodies of black carps and bighead carps were 0.35μg/kg and 0.30μg/kg,respectively,while the geosmin thresholds were 0.59μg/kg and 0.51μg/kg,respectively.The concentrations of 2-MIB and geosmin in the bodies of black carps were slightly higher than in bighead carps,which were probably caused by the differences in the body fat content and the volatility of 2-MIB and geosmin.展开更多
In order to study the remediation technology and effect of the black-odour water bodies,the treatment project of typical black-odour river was taken as an example,and the technical measures,such as sediment dredging,a...In order to study the remediation technology and effect of the black-odour water bodies,the treatment project of typical black-odour river was taken as an example,and the technical measures,such as sediment dredging,aeration,adding microbial preparation and constructing ecological floating bed,were adopted to treat and restore the water body.The results showed that the black and odorous phenomenon of the river had been basically eliminated and the water quality had been significantly improved after the 9-week operation.The highest removal rates of COD,NH3-N and TP were 82.5%,77.6%and 81.4%,respectively,and the water quality was improved from inferior class V to class IV.The engineering practice indicated that the technical scheme was feasible and could effectively remove the pollutants such as organic matters,ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in the water,which could provide basis and reference for the treatment project of similar black-odour water body.展开更多
Foodstuffs, fruits and vegetables stored in a refrigerator often produce a peculiar smell which affects preservation. But an electronic ozone eliminator in a refrigerator can help eliminate the smell. Ozone, a strong ...Foodstuffs, fruits and vegetables stored in a refrigerator often produce a peculiar smell which affects preservation. But an electronic ozone eliminator in a refrigerator can help eliminate the smell. Ozone, a strong oxidents, has incomparable advantages including no dead space, is nonpoisonous and a powerful anti-bacteria agent. It has been highly praised by health experts worldwide for its great effect in sterilization of air and food and vegetables. In recent years, it has been used in hospitals and surgical rooms, and for kitchen utilities. Some manufacturers have developed refrigerators with an展开更多
In this study, downwind odour concentrations from a communal toilet facility were measured by trained human receptors using the plume method over a 10 day period from mid-May to mid-June 2015 over an approximate downw...In this study, downwind odour concentrations from a communal toilet facility were measured by trained human receptors using the plume method over a 10 day period from mid-May to mid-June 2015 over an approximate downwind area of 1000 m<sup>2</sup> (about 800 m long and 30 m). Source emission measurements and extensive meteorological data were collected along with the field odor concentration measurements. Modelling of the measurement events at specific receptor locations using the US EPA SCREEN3 model was compared to field odor measurements at the same locations. The study also showed how subjectivity in the use of the human nose in measuring odour strength could be reduced by selecting odour inspectors using the “Standard Procedure for Testing Individual Odour Sensitivity”. Also an odour dispersion model using the US EPA SCREEN3 model was built and simulated and the output of the simulated model compared with the measured data. A paired t-test, t(5) = -1.29, p = 0.902 (p > 0.05), showed that there was no statistically significant difference between simulated model output and measured data, hence the possible of using odour dispersion models improved operation of a communal toilet in relation to odour impact.展开更多
Lawrence is a great writer and expert in describing character's inner psychological activity. By analyzing the short story Odour of Chrysanthemums, this paper aims to offer the readers a fresh entry to understand ...Lawrence is a great writer and expert in describing character's inner psychological activity. By analyzing the short story Odour of Chrysanthemums, this paper aims to offer the readers a fresh entry to understand the important role of different kinds of narrative skills on psychological description in Lawrence's novels.展开更多
Abatement of odour emissions has become an important consideration to agricultural industries,including poultry production. The link between diet and odour emissions was studied in two experiments using Ross 308 male ...Abatement of odour emissions has become an important consideration to agricultural industries,including poultry production. The link between diet and odour emissions was studied in two experiments using Ross 308 male meat chickens reared in specially designed chambers in a climate controlled room. In the first experiment, two treatments were compared using three replicates of two birds per chamber. Two wheat-soy based treatment diets were formulated with or without canola seed, an ingredient rich in sulfur amino acids, Treatment 1(T1) had 13,39 MJ/kg ME(as fed) and used 60 g/kg canola seed without corn while Treatment 2(T2) contained 12.90 MJ/kg ME(as fed) and used 150 g/kg corn without canola seed. In the second experiment, birds were assigned to three dietary treatments of five replicates with five birds per replicate(chamber). The basal starter, grower and finisher diets in the control group(SBM group) contained soybean meal in the range of 227-291 g/kg(as fed) as the main protein source. The other treatments(CM and MBM groups) contained either high levels of canola meal(174-190 g/kg) or meat meal(74-110 g/kg) at the expense of soybean meal. In both experiments, diets were isocaloric, isonitrogenous and contained similar digestible amino acid contents as per 2007 Aviagen Ross 308 guidelines. Emissions of odour were measured using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. In both experiments, major odorous compounds detected included 2,3-butanedione(diacetyl),2-butanone, dimethyl disulfide, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, 2-butanol, 3-methyl-butanal,phenol and m-cresol. In the first experiment, Tl(with canola seed) produced higher concentration of methyl mercaptan(P < 0.05) and lower diacetyl(P < 0.01) than T2. In the second experiment, methyl mercaptan emission was higher in SBM group(P = 0.01) and total elemental sulfur were higher in SBM and CM groups up to day 24(P < 0.01). Results of these experiments indicated a direct link between diet and odour emissions from meat chickens.展开更多
The effect of graded levels of phytase on performance, bone characteristics, excreta/litter quality and odorant emissions was examined using 720 Ross 308 male d-old broilers. A 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatment...The effect of graded levels of phytase on performance, bone characteristics, excreta/litter quality and odorant emissions was examined using 720 Ross 308 male d-old broilers. A 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with 6 replicates of 15 birds per pen. Factors were: diets-positive and negative control(PC, NC); phytase-0, 500,1,000.1,500 FTU/kg. The PC was formulated to meet the 2014 Ross 308 nutrient specifications, whereas the NC was formulated with lower Ca(-1.4 g/kg), available P(-1.5 g/kg), Na(-0.3 g/kg), dLys(-0.2 g/kg) and MEn(-0.28 MJ/kg) equivalent to nutrient matrix values for 500 FTU/kg phytase in the starter,grower and finisher periods(i.e.,downspec diet). On d 24, phytase decreased FCR by 1.6, 4.3 and 4.6 points at inclusion levels of 500.1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively(P < 0.01) across all diets. Phytase by diet interactions on BW gain were observed on d 24 and 35(P < 0.01). The effect of phytase was much more pronounced in the NC diet as compared with the PC diet.On d 24, phytase increased BW gain by 37, 55 and 68 g in the PC and 127.233 and 173 g in the NC at 500,1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively. Diet by phytase interactions were also observed for tibia ash, litter quality and water to feed intake ratio(P < 0.01) with higher phytase effect in NC as compared with PC.Neither diet nor phytase impacted excreta moisture content on d 18 or 21(P> 0.05). Solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS) analysis of gaseous emissions on d 39 indicated no difference in the emission of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, volatile fatty acids and phenols between treatments(P> 0.05). The results indicate that phytase has greater benefits when formulated using nutrient matrix values as compared with adding it over the top in an already nutrient sufficient diet. The later method would be expected to increase feed costs without concomitant performance benefits.展开更多
该研究系统探究了脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)处理对冷萃绿茶中挥发性化合物及其在低温贮藏下稳定性的影响。对比PEF处理、高温短时间(high temperature short time,HTST)处理对冷萃绿茶贮藏期间香气的影响,通过顶空固相微萃取...该研究系统探究了脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)处理对冷萃绿茶中挥发性化合物及其在低温贮藏下稳定性的影响。对比PEF处理、高温短时间(high temperature short time,HTST)处理对冷萃绿茶贮藏期间香气的影响,通过顶空固相微萃取-气相-飞行时间质谱鉴定挥发性化合物,PEF处理组、HTST处理组和对照组分别检出90、78、75种化合物。分析各类化合物浓度发现,PEF处理与对照组相比,使酮类、酯类及含氮杂环物质的浓度分别增加39.67%、267.92%、101.29%,赋予茶汤丰富的香气特征。同时,PEF处理相较于HTST处理更好地保留了冷萃绿茶中的醇类、醛类、萜烯类化合物。正交偏最小二乘判别分析(R 2X=0.636,R 2Y=0.995,Q 2=0.926)筛选出变量投影值>1的化合物共42个,其中PEF处理组中包括特征性酯类化合物[异戊酸叶醇酯、(E)-2-己烯基己酸酯、γ-己内酯]、HTST处理组中包括特征性酚类化合物(丁香酚、苯酚)和吡嗪。相对气味活度值(relative odour activity value,ROAV)分析表明,PEF处理组中ROAV>1的化合物有15种,而HTST处理组和对照组仅为12和11种,表明PEF处理后的冷萃绿茶具有更加丰富的香气感知。感官评价发现PEF处理后的冷萃绿茶相较于HTST处理组具有更高的花香、青草香、果香感知,且香气总体强度更高。通过拟合Weibull分布函数比较PEF处理和HTST处理对主要香气贮藏稳定性的影响,PEF处理具有更好的香气贮藏稳定性,尤其是对芳樟醇的香气保留(ROAV>1)超76 d。研究结果表明,PEF作为非热杀菌技术,可有效保持冷萃绿茶的特征香气轮廓,提高香气贮藏稳定性,为高品质热敏性饮料的贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据与技术支撑。展开更多
Poultry production systems are associated with emissions of odorous volatile organic compounds （VOCs）, ammonia （NH3）, hydrogen sulfide （HES）, greenhouse gases, and particulate matter. Development of mitigation t...Poultry production systems are associated with emissions of odorous volatile organic compounds （VOCs）, ammonia （NH3）, hydrogen sulfide （HES）, greenhouse gases, and particulate matter. Development of mitigation technologies for these emissions is important. Previous laboratory-scale research on microbial-mineral treatment has shown to be effective for mitigation of NH3, H2S and amines emissions from poultry manure. The aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of surface application of a microbial-mineral treatment for other important odorants, i.e., phenolics and sulfur-containing VOCs. Microbial-mineral litter additive consisting of 20% （w/w） of bacteria powder （six strains ofheterotrophic bacteria） and 80% of mineral carrier （perlite-bentonite） was used at a dose of 500 g·m^-2 （per -31 kg of manure）. Samples of air were collected m two series, 4 and 7 days after application of additives. An odor profile of the poultry manure was determined using simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis. Reduction levels of VOCs determined on Day 4 was between 31% and 83% for mineral adsorbent treatment and in the range of 9% and 96% for microbial-mineral additive, depending on the analyzed compound. Reduction levels on Day 7 were considerably lower than on Day 4, suggesting that the odorous VOCs treatment efficacy is relatively short. There was no significant difference between treatments consisting of microbial-mineral additive and mineral carrier alone.展开更多
该研究以不同年份(0~10年)浓酱兼香型白酒为研究对象,通过单因素试验对液液萃取(LLE)前处理条件进行优化后,通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其挥发性风味成分进行检测,并结合香气活力值(OAV),利用主成分分析(PCA)分析不同年份浓酱...该研究以不同年份(0~10年)浓酱兼香型白酒为研究对象,通过单因素试验对液液萃取(LLE)前处理条件进行优化后,通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其挥发性风味成分进行检测,并结合香气活力值(OAV),利用主成分分析(PCA)分析不同年份浓酱兼香型白酒挥发性风味物质的变化规律。结果表明,最佳LLE条件为添加75 g NaCl,采用二氯甲烷萃取3次,每次萃取5 min。从不同年份浓酱兼香型白酒中共鉴定出65种挥发性风味物质,包括醇类12种、醛类6种、酸类9种、酮类3种、酯类31种、其他类4种。PCA可有效区分不同年份酒样挥发性风味的差异,己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、3-苯丙酸乙酯等14种挥发性风味成分为0~1年酒样主要风味影响组分,十六酸乙酯、丁酸、己酸为2~4年酒样的主要风味影响组分,丁酸为5年和7年酒样的主要风味影响组分,己酸为6年和9~10年酒样的主要风味影响组分,异丁酸乙酯为8年酒样的主要风味影响组分。展开更多
Preventing microbial colonization or infections that cause offensive smells may lead to odor reduction.As both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria cause the release of malodor from wounds,the most direct way of avoiding or...Preventing microbial colonization or infections that cause offensive smells may lead to odor reduction.As both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria cause the release of malodor from wounds,the most direct way of avoiding or eliminating wound odor is to prevent or eradicate the responsible infection through the debridement of necrotic tissues.However,some burn patients with malodorous wounds are unable to undergo debridement due to systemic conditions,especially in the acute stage.Moreover,the optimal drug doses and dressings to ensure the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of odorous burn wound management is unclear.The purpose of this commentary is to outline the odor management options available for burn patients,focusing on topical strategies.Numerous potential therapies for treating odorous wounds after burn injuries are suggested.展开更多
基金supported by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES,Ministry of Education,Brazil)within the Programa Geral de Cooperacao Internacional(PGCI)(No.88881.117633/2016-01)
文摘In recent years, there has been a growing concern about potential impacts on public health and wellbeing due to exposure to environmental odour. Separation distances between odour-emitting sources and residential areas can be calculated using dispersion models, as a means of protecting the neighbourhood from odour annoyance. This study investigates the suitability of using one single year of meteorological input data to calculate reliable direction-dependent separation distances. Accordingly, we assessed and quantified the inter-annual variability of separation distances at two sites with different meteorological conditions, one in Brazil and the other in Austria. A 5-year dataset of hourly meteorological observations was used for each site. Two odour impact criteria set in current regulations were selected to explore their effect on the separation distances. The coefficient of variation was used as a statistical measure to characterise the amount of annual variation. Overall,for all scenarios, the separation distances had a low degree of inter-annual variability(mean coefficient of variation values from 8% to 21%). Reasonable agreements from year to year were therefore observed at the two sites under investigation, showing that one year of meteorological data is a good compromise to achieve reliable accuracy. This finding can provide a more cost-effective solution to calculate separation distances in the vicinity of odour sources.
文摘Odour of Chrysanthemums is one of the short stories by D. H. Lawrence. The fiction shows how humanity was ruined by bourgeois industrial civilization through the death of a miner. In embedding themes, the narrative technique of Odour of Chrysanthemums is worth our attention. This paper is intended to make an analysis of point of view, focalization and symbol in the light of narrative theory.
文摘Toxic odour causes pollution to environment. Removal of odour from wet processing sections of leather tanneries is important to preserve safety and occupational health. Such odour causing gases are identified in nature and are identified mostly as ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide and Volatile organic compounds. These gases, evolving from tanning drums, were experimentally quantified and analysed. Techniques for the abatement of odorous gases are designed using chemical methods. Scrubbing towers based on absorption of gases by liquid are designed and fabricated to evaluate the performance of the system in laboratory scale. Those gases were reduced in the concentration by absorbing through the packed bed vapour phase absorption using the activated carbon as the adsorbent. Results are helpful to conclude that the absorption technique presented here to reduce these toxic emission loads, seems to be simpler and economically cheaper.
文摘Through ecocritical study of Odour of Chrysanthemums,this paper reflects that the industrial civilization leads to damaged nature,distorted humanity and conjugal relation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472293)
文摘2-methylisoboneol(2-MIB)and geosmin are two typical earthy-musty odour compounds in freshwater.In order to investigate the olfactory thresholds of 2-MIB and geosmin in black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus)and bighead carp(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis),an improved and optimized pre-treatment method of adsorbing the earthy-musty odours combined with the technology of gas chromatography following microwave distillation-headspace solid-phase microextraction was developed.The fish back muscle samples were placed in vials with the 2-MIB/geosmin solution and reached the adsorption equilibrium.Some samples were evaluated by a panel of ten members using Flavour Profile Analysis(FPA)method,the remaining sample was used for instrumental analysis.In fish muscle blocks,it took 90 and 105 min to establish the absorption equilibrium of 2-MIB and geosmin,respectively.The olfactory thresholds of 2-MIB in the bodies of black carps and bighead carps were 0.35μg/kg and 0.30μg/kg,respectively,while the geosmin thresholds were 0.59μg/kg and 0.51μg/kg,respectively.The concentrations of 2-MIB and geosmin in the bodies of black carps were slightly higher than in bighead carps,which were probably caused by the differences in the body fat content and the volatility of 2-MIB and geosmin.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Fund from the Zhenjiang Science and Technology Administration Bureau(Grant No.SH2018022)the Qing Lan Project of the Jiangsu Provincial Education Department(Grant No.2016).
文摘In order to study the remediation technology and effect of the black-odour water bodies,the treatment project of typical black-odour river was taken as an example,and the technical measures,such as sediment dredging,aeration,adding microbial preparation and constructing ecological floating bed,were adopted to treat and restore the water body.The results showed that the black and odorous phenomenon of the river had been basically eliminated and the water quality had been significantly improved after the 9-week operation.The highest removal rates of COD,NH3-N and TP were 82.5%,77.6%and 81.4%,respectively,and the water quality was improved from inferior class V to class IV.The engineering practice indicated that the technical scheme was feasible and could effectively remove the pollutants such as organic matters,ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in the water,which could provide basis and reference for the treatment project of similar black-odour water body.
文摘Foodstuffs, fruits and vegetables stored in a refrigerator often produce a peculiar smell which affects preservation. But an electronic ozone eliminator in a refrigerator can help eliminate the smell. Ozone, a strong oxidents, has incomparable advantages including no dead space, is nonpoisonous and a powerful anti-bacteria agent. It has been highly praised by health experts worldwide for its great effect in sterilization of air and food and vegetables. In recent years, it has been used in hospitals and surgical rooms, and for kitchen utilities. Some manufacturers have developed refrigerators with an
文摘In this study, downwind odour concentrations from a communal toilet facility were measured by trained human receptors using the plume method over a 10 day period from mid-May to mid-June 2015 over an approximate downwind area of 1000 m<sup>2</sup> (about 800 m long and 30 m). Source emission measurements and extensive meteorological data were collected along with the field odor concentration measurements. Modelling of the measurement events at specific receptor locations using the US EPA SCREEN3 model was compared to field odor measurements at the same locations. The study also showed how subjectivity in the use of the human nose in measuring odour strength could be reduced by selecting odour inspectors using the “Standard Procedure for Testing Individual Odour Sensitivity”. Also an odour dispersion model using the US EPA SCREEN3 model was built and simulated and the output of the simulated model compared with the measured data. A paired t-test, t(5) = -1.29, p = 0.902 (p > 0.05), showed that there was no statistically significant difference between simulated model output and measured data, hence the possible of using odour dispersion models improved operation of a communal toilet in relation to odour impact.
文摘Lawrence is a great writer and expert in describing character's inner psychological activity. By analyzing the short story Odour of Chrysanthemums, this paper aims to offer the readers a fresh entry to understand the important role of different kinds of narrative skills on psychological description in Lawrence's novels.
基金supported under the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Program(2.2.8)
文摘Abatement of odour emissions has become an important consideration to agricultural industries,including poultry production. The link between diet and odour emissions was studied in two experiments using Ross 308 male meat chickens reared in specially designed chambers in a climate controlled room. In the first experiment, two treatments were compared using three replicates of two birds per chamber. Two wheat-soy based treatment diets were formulated with or without canola seed, an ingredient rich in sulfur amino acids, Treatment 1(T1) had 13,39 MJ/kg ME(as fed) and used 60 g/kg canola seed without corn while Treatment 2(T2) contained 12.90 MJ/kg ME(as fed) and used 150 g/kg corn without canola seed. In the second experiment, birds were assigned to three dietary treatments of five replicates with five birds per replicate(chamber). The basal starter, grower and finisher diets in the control group(SBM group) contained soybean meal in the range of 227-291 g/kg(as fed) as the main protein source. The other treatments(CM and MBM groups) contained either high levels of canola meal(174-190 g/kg) or meat meal(74-110 g/kg) at the expense of soybean meal. In both experiments, diets were isocaloric, isonitrogenous and contained similar digestible amino acid contents as per 2007 Aviagen Ross 308 guidelines. Emissions of odour were measured using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. In both experiments, major odorous compounds detected included 2,3-butanedione(diacetyl),2-butanone, dimethyl disulfide, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, 2-butanol, 3-methyl-butanal,phenol and m-cresol. In the first experiment, Tl(with canola seed) produced higher concentration of methyl mercaptan(P < 0.05) and lower diacetyl(P < 0.01) than T2. In the second experiment, methyl mercaptan emission was higher in SBM group(P = 0.01) and total elemental sulfur were higher in SBM and CM groups up to day 24(P < 0.01). Results of these experiments indicated a direct link between diet and odour emissions from meat chickens.
基金supported under the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programa part of Poultry CRC sub project grant 2.2.8
文摘The effect of graded levels of phytase on performance, bone characteristics, excreta/litter quality and odorant emissions was examined using 720 Ross 308 male d-old broilers. A 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with 6 replicates of 15 birds per pen. Factors were: diets-positive and negative control(PC, NC); phytase-0, 500,1,000.1,500 FTU/kg. The PC was formulated to meet the 2014 Ross 308 nutrient specifications, whereas the NC was formulated with lower Ca(-1.4 g/kg), available P(-1.5 g/kg), Na(-0.3 g/kg), dLys(-0.2 g/kg) and MEn(-0.28 MJ/kg) equivalent to nutrient matrix values for 500 FTU/kg phytase in the starter,grower and finisher periods(i.e.,downspec diet). On d 24, phytase decreased FCR by 1.6, 4.3 and 4.6 points at inclusion levels of 500.1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively(P < 0.01) across all diets. Phytase by diet interactions on BW gain were observed on d 24 and 35(P < 0.01). The effect of phytase was much more pronounced in the NC diet as compared with the PC diet.On d 24, phytase increased BW gain by 37, 55 and 68 g in the PC and 127.233 and 173 g in the NC at 500,1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively. Diet by phytase interactions were also observed for tibia ash, litter quality and water to feed intake ratio(P < 0.01) with higher phytase effect in NC as compared with PC.Neither diet nor phytase impacted excreta moisture content on d 18 or 21(P> 0.05). Solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS) analysis of gaseous emissions on d 39 indicated no difference in the emission of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, volatile fatty acids and phenols between treatments(P> 0.05). The results indicate that phytase has greater benefits when formulated using nutrient matrix values as compared with adding it over the top in an already nutrient sufficient diet. The later method would be expected to increase feed costs without concomitant performance benefits.
文摘该研究系统探究了脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)处理对冷萃绿茶中挥发性化合物及其在低温贮藏下稳定性的影响。对比PEF处理、高温短时间(high temperature short time,HTST)处理对冷萃绿茶贮藏期间香气的影响,通过顶空固相微萃取-气相-飞行时间质谱鉴定挥发性化合物,PEF处理组、HTST处理组和对照组分别检出90、78、75种化合物。分析各类化合物浓度发现,PEF处理与对照组相比,使酮类、酯类及含氮杂环物质的浓度分别增加39.67%、267.92%、101.29%,赋予茶汤丰富的香气特征。同时,PEF处理相较于HTST处理更好地保留了冷萃绿茶中的醇类、醛类、萜烯类化合物。正交偏最小二乘判别分析(R 2X=0.636,R 2Y=0.995,Q 2=0.926)筛选出变量投影值>1的化合物共42个,其中PEF处理组中包括特征性酯类化合物[异戊酸叶醇酯、(E)-2-己烯基己酸酯、γ-己内酯]、HTST处理组中包括特征性酚类化合物(丁香酚、苯酚)和吡嗪。相对气味活度值(relative odour activity value,ROAV)分析表明,PEF处理组中ROAV>1的化合物有15种,而HTST处理组和对照组仅为12和11种,表明PEF处理后的冷萃绿茶具有更加丰富的香气感知。感官评价发现PEF处理后的冷萃绿茶相较于HTST处理组具有更高的花香、青草香、果香感知,且香气总体强度更高。通过拟合Weibull分布函数比较PEF处理和HTST处理对主要香气贮藏稳定性的影响,PEF处理具有更好的香气贮藏稳定性,尤其是对芳樟醇的香气保留(ROAV>1)超76 d。研究结果表明,PEF作为非热杀菌技术,可有效保持冷萃绿茶的特征香气轮廓,提高香气贮藏稳定性,为高品质热敏性饮料的贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据与技术支撑。
文摘Poultry production systems are associated with emissions of odorous volatile organic compounds （VOCs）, ammonia （NH3）, hydrogen sulfide （HES）, greenhouse gases, and particulate matter. Development of mitigation technologies for these emissions is important. Previous laboratory-scale research on microbial-mineral treatment has shown to be effective for mitigation of NH3, H2S and amines emissions from poultry manure. The aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of surface application of a microbial-mineral treatment for other important odorants, i.e., phenolics and sulfur-containing VOCs. Microbial-mineral litter additive consisting of 20% （w/w） of bacteria powder （six strains ofheterotrophic bacteria） and 80% of mineral carrier （perlite-bentonite） was used at a dose of 500 g·m^-2 （per -31 kg of manure）. Samples of air were collected m two series, 4 and 7 days after application of additives. An odor profile of the poultry manure was determined using simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis. Reduction levels of VOCs determined on Day 4 was between 31% and 83% for mineral adsorbent treatment and in the range of 9% and 96% for microbial-mineral additive, depending on the analyzed compound. Reduction levels on Day 7 were considerably lower than on Day 4, suggesting that the odorous VOCs treatment efficacy is relatively short. There was no significant difference between treatments consisting of microbial-mineral additive and mineral carrier alone.
文摘该研究以不同年份(0~10年)浓酱兼香型白酒为研究对象,通过单因素试验对液液萃取(LLE)前处理条件进行优化后,通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其挥发性风味成分进行检测,并结合香气活力值(OAV),利用主成分分析(PCA)分析不同年份浓酱兼香型白酒挥发性风味物质的变化规律。结果表明,最佳LLE条件为添加75 g NaCl,采用二氯甲烷萃取3次,每次萃取5 min。从不同年份浓酱兼香型白酒中共鉴定出65种挥发性风味物质,包括醇类12种、醛类6种、酸类9种、酮类3种、酯类31种、其他类4种。PCA可有效区分不同年份酒样挥发性风味的差异,己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、3-苯丙酸乙酯等14种挥发性风味成分为0~1年酒样主要风味影响组分,十六酸乙酯、丁酸、己酸为2~4年酒样的主要风味影响组分,丁酸为5年和7年酒样的主要风味影响组分,己酸为6年和9~10年酒样的主要风味影响组分,异丁酸乙酯为8年酒样的主要风味影响组分。
文摘Preventing microbial colonization or infections that cause offensive smells may lead to odor reduction.As both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria cause the release of malodor from wounds,the most direct way of avoiding or eliminating wound odor is to prevent or eradicate the responsible infection through the debridement of necrotic tissues.However,some burn patients with malodorous wounds are unable to undergo debridement due to systemic conditions,especially in the acute stage.Moreover,the optimal drug doses and dressings to ensure the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of odorous burn wound management is unclear.The purpose of this commentary is to outline the odor management options available for burn patients,focusing on topical strategies.Numerous potential therapies for treating odorous wounds after burn injuries are suggested.
