Adult horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus have long served as models for the study of vision in marine arthropods. Yet, little is known about the ability of early life history stages to detect and respond to visual cue...Adult horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus have long served as models for the study of vision in marine arthropods. Yet, little is known about the ability of early life history stages to detect and respond to visual cues. We examined the visually directed movements of larvae and first stage juveniles to horizons containing dark visual targets of different sizes. The study tested the hypotheses that （1） larval and juvenile crabs can detect and respond to visual targets and （2） the direction of orientation varies with the presence of chemical cues associated with settlement habitats. Orientation of larval and juvenile crabs to rectangles subtending angles from 30--330~ was tested in a circular arena containing water that either lacked estuarine chemical cues （offshore water） or contained odors from aquatic vegetation or known predators. In the absence of chemical odors, larvae oriented toward and juveniles moved away from dark horizons subtending angles 〉 60~. When placed in water containing chemical odors from potential nursery habitats, including the seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme, crabs reversed their direction of orientation relative to their responses in offshore water. Odors from two known predators, the mummichug Fundulus grandis and blue crab Callinectes sapidus, had no affect on the orientation of larvae. Yet, juveniles responded to both odors by moving toward the visual target. Results support the hypothesis that the visual orientation of larval and juvenile horseshoe crabs changes upon exposure to habitat and predator cues and that the direction of the response undergoes an ontogenetic shift following metamorphosis展开更多
Male prairie voles become more responsive to infants following cohabitation with a female. Exposure to female sen- sory cues prior to offspring birth may influence male paternal tendencies by modifying his response to...Male prairie voles become more responsive to infants following cohabitation with a female. Exposure to female sen- sory cues prior to offspring birth may influence male paternal tendencies by modifying his response to infant odors in particular or to odors in general. To test these hypotheses, males were housed with an unfamiliar female or a same-sex sibling for 13 days then examined for their response towards either live infants or infant-like inanimate objects covered with one of three odors： wa- ter, infant, sub-adult. We recorded the number of males that retrieved and manipulated the infants or odor-covered objects and measured the frequency and duration of time males spent attending to them or engaged in other non-social activities. Fe- male-Cohabited males approached the container holding infant-odor covered objects faster than Male-Cohabited males, but showed no differences in time spent manipulating those objects. Males in both groups spent more time manipulating live infants than odor-covered objects. However, Female-Cohabited subjects were more likely to manipulate odor-covered objects as well as live infants than Male-Cohabited subjects. Additionally, the frequency of self-grooming in Female-Cohabited males was higher for water-covered objects compared to Male-Cohabited males. In presence of water and live infants, Female-Cohabited males groomed themselves with greater frequency than in presence of infant odor or sub-adult odor. The data suggest that female cues increase the male＇s sensitivity to infant odors and enhance the salience of non-social odors.展开更多
Predator odors can elicit fear responses in prey and predator odor recognition is generally associated with physiological responses. Prey species are often more likely to respond to the odor of familiar ra- ther than ...Predator odors can elicit fear responses in prey and predator odor recognition is generally associated with physiological responses. Prey species are often more likely to respond to the odor of familiar ra- ther than alien predators. However, predator na＇ivety in an introduced prey species has rarely been investigated. We examined the physiological response, as shown by changes in ventilatory vari- ables, of an introduced terrestrial herbivore, the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, in Australia, to the odor of potential predators and to control odors （distilled water and horse）, to explore if res- ponses were limited to historical （cat and fox） predators, or extended to historically novel predators （snake and quoll）. All odors except distilled water elicited a response, with rabbits showing long- term higher respiratory frequencies and lower tidal volumes after introduction of the odors, indi- cating an increase in alertness. However, the intensity of the rabbits＇ reaction could not be directly linked to any pattern of response with respect to the history of predator-prey relationships. Rabbits exhibited significantly stronger reactions in response to both cat and quoll odors than they did to dis- tilled water, but responses to horse, fox, and snake odor were similar to that of water. Our results show that the introduced rabbit can respond to both historical and novel predators in Australia, and suggest that shared evolutionary history is not necessarily a prerequisite to predator odor recognition.展开更多
1-Substituted- 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex- 3-enol and 1-substituted- 4-trimetnylsilyl-cyclohexanol, 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-trimethylsilylcyclohexanol, and some of their esters and carbon counterparts were...1-Substituted- 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex- 3-enol and 1-substituted- 4-trimetnylsilyl-cyclohexanol, 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-trimethylsilylcyclohexanol, and some of their esters and carbon counterparts were synthesized. Structures of the nineteen new compounds were determined by 1H NMR, IR and MS. Their odors are evaluated.展开更多
Excess amounts of livestock wastes are excreted in limited area and cause pollution problems in Japan.Comparative studies on livestock waste management among EU(European Union),US(the United States of America)and Asia...Excess amounts of livestock wastes are excreted in limited area and cause pollution problems in Japan.Comparative studies on livestock waste management among EU(European Union),US(the United States of America)and Asia including Japan are surveyed.In Japan,livestock wastes are mostly separated into solid and liquid matter.Solid matter is converted into organic fertilizer by means of composting.Composting should be developed into the technology that has low emission,high-quality and low cost.Various odorous compounds are emitted from the process of livestock waste management.Odor emission from livestock farms should be mitigated to protect the local community.High-quality compost can be widely distributed to cropland to decrease expenditure of chemical fertilizer.Although liquid matter,namely wastewater or slurry,could be applied to cropland of livestock farms such as EU countries,most of Japanese farms do not have enough cropland to use liquid matter.Particularly pig farms have no area to spread wastewater,which should be purified to clean water in accordance with the criteria of water quality and could be discharged into public water area.The most desirable management of livestock wastes should involve sustainable recycling as compost and environmentally friendly control of odors and wastewater.展开更多
The common spiny mouse(Acomys cahirinus)inhibits the foraging activity of the golden spiny mouse(A.russatus).These two sympatric species of spiny mice,which are considered habitat competitors,occur in extreme arid env...The common spiny mouse(Acomys cahirinus)inhibits the foraging activity of the golden spiny mouse(A.russatus).These two sympatric species of spiny mice,which are considered habitat competitors,occur in extreme arid environments.To test this theory of competition,the influence of urinary odors of both conspecific and heterospecific mice on the foraging behavior of A.russatus was studied under controlled laboratory conditions.Twenty adult males,born in captivity and unfamiliar to the odors of the donor mice,were tested in 3 experimental conditions choosing between 2 seed patches that were scented with urine of either heterospecifics(A.cahirinus),conspecifics(A.russatus)or controls(odors of the tested individual).Of the 20 males,12 were also tested with urine of unfamiliar gerbils,bushy-tailed jird,considered as competitors in the field.Both conspecific and heterospecific urine samples from Acomys significantly reduced foraging behavior of A.russatus when compared to the control odor.The inhibitory effect of the Acomys urine does not result from the novelty of chemical stimuli of the urine because no effect was shown with unfamiliar gerbil urine.The findings are in accordance with the general theory that A.cahirinus dominates the foraging activity of A.russatus.We hypothesize that chemical cues in the urine of Acomys spp.might induce a negative effect on the foraging behavior of A.russatus.展开更多
Olfaction,the sense of smell,is crucial for animal survival,especially in localizing prey or food.However,little is known about the fish behavioral responses to specific food odors and which olfactory receptor might b...Olfaction,the sense of smell,is crucial for animal survival,especially in localizing prey or food.However,little is known about the fish behavioral responses to specific food odors and which olfactory receptor might be activated by the food odors.Here,we examined the evolutionary relationships and classified the subfamilies of olfactory receptors(ORs),and conducted behavioral and gene expression analysis in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus).We identified 196 intact ORs in the grass carp genome and classified them into 8 subfamilies:β,δ,ε,η,γ,κ,θ,andζ.12 representative ORs(4β,4δ,and 4ε)were highly expressed in the olfactory epithelium(OE)of 24-month-old grass carp.Behavioral exploration found that grass carp showed different behaviors to different food odors at a series of concentrations.Specifically,0.01μmol/L amino acid mixtures and 0.005×Hydrilla verticillata extracts strongly changed the preference index and swimming trajectories in 6-month-old grass carp.In addition,the two food odors stimulation differentially induced ORs expression in three tissues,especially strong in the olfactory bulb and brain.Altogether,our results suggest that olfaction plays an important role in the regulation of fish feeding behavior and provide a basis for further studies on the function and specific recognition of olfactory receptors in fish.展开更多
西方富国的科研人员进行了一些在我们看来多少有些“荒诞”的实验。本文就是一例。但是,细读之下,你不仅为其认真的实验态度所感动,而且,也会觉得“荒诞”之中也有不少“正经”因素。说不准,一项“荒诞”的实验引发了震惊世界的科研成果...西方富国的科研人员进行了一些在我们看来多少有些“荒诞”的实验。本文就是一例。但是,细读之下,你不仅为其认真的实验态度所感动,而且,也会觉得“荒诞”之中也有不少“正经”因素。说不准,一项“荒诞”的实验引发了震惊世界的科研成果!本文的标题理解起来不易,弄懂了标题,文章的中心思想也就在其中了。Odors Best at Evoking Emotionally Charged Memories可以完整地表达为:Odors are best at evoking memories which are emotionally charged.可译:气味最能激活与情感相连的记忆。本文的首句和标题呼应,值得玩味。展开更多
The olfactory responses ofAphidius gifuensis to odors from two host plants （Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus ssp.） and their complexes with different infestation levels of two host aphids （Myzuspersicae and Lip...The olfactory responses ofAphidius gifuensis to odors from two host plants （Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus ssp.） and their complexes with different infestation levels of two host aphids （Myzuspersicae and Lipaphis erysimi） were respectively examined in an olfactometer. The results showed that female A. gifuensis did not respond to odors of undamaged or mechanically damaged host plants, but significantly responded to odors of aphid/plant complexes. Moreover, A. gifuensis responded significantly to odors of both M. persicae and L. erysimi/plant complexes when host plants were infested by high levels of aphids, suggesting that quantity of aphid-induced volatiles could be important for attracting A. gifuensis. When tested between aphid/plant complexes, .4. gifuensis did not show its preference for either complex. The efficiency of.4. gifuensis against aphids in open fields potentially could be improved by using its olfactory response to aphid/plant complexes.展开更多
Maternal effects play a crucial role in regulating populations of small mammals and anti-predator behaviors of offspring.The present study investigated the effects of maternal stress induced by exposure to predator od...Maternal effects play a crucial role in regulating populations of small mammals and anti-predator behaviors of offspring.The present study investigated the effects of maternal stress induced by exposure to predator odors during gestation on the behavioral and physiological responses of offspring in Brandt’s vole(Lasiopodomys brandtii).Effects included changes in growth,behaviors,hormone levels in serum,and fosB/ΔfosB mRNA and FosB/ΔFosB protein expression in the hypothalamus.Our results showed that when pregnant voles were exposed to cat and rabbit urine odors for 18 days(1 h/day),the weight of the female offspring decreased;however,the thymus and ovary indices increased,compared with the control group.Male offspring of voles exposed to cat odor spent more time exploring and foraging,and showed a decrease in corticosterone(CORT)compared with voles in the control group.Both fosB/ΔfosB mRNA and FosB/ΔFosB protein expressions were downregulated in the hypothalamus of male offspring in the cat odor-exposed group compared to that in offspring in the control group.However,the mRNA levels of fosB/ΔfosB in the hypothalamus of female offspring did not decrease in response to cat urine odor.Our findings suggested that maternal stress induced by predator odors during gestation restrained the growth of female offspring and increased the duration of exploring and foraging behaviors of male offspring by regulating the HPA axis,which,in turn,reduced the sensitivity of offspring to unfamiliar environments and increased their probability of becoming prey.展开更多
Catalytic purification of sulphur-containing malodorous gases has attracted wide attention because of its advantages of high purification efficiency,low energy consumption and lack of secondary pollution.The selection...Catalytic purification of sulphur-containing malodorous gases has attracted wide attention because of its advantages of high purification efficiency,low energy consumption and lack of secondary pollution.The selection of efficient catalysts is the key to the problem,while the preparation and optimisation of catalysts depend on the analysis of experimental results and in-depth mechanistic analysis.By analysing the published literature,bibliometric analysis can identify existing research hotspots,the areas of interest and predict development trends,which can help to identify hot catalysts in the catalytic purification of sulphurcontaining odours and to investigate their catalytic purification mechanisms.Therefore,this paper uses bibliometric analysis,based on Web Of Science and CNKI databases,CiteSpace and VOS viewer software to collate and analyse the literature on the purification of sulphurcontaining odour pollutants,to identify the current research hotspots,to summarise the progress of research on the catalytic purification of different types of sulphur-containing odours,and to analyse their reaction mechanisms and kinetics.On this basis,the research progress of catalytic purification of different kinds of sulfur odour is summarized,and the reaction mechanism and dynamics are summarized.展开更多
Tea flavor is a comprehensive representation of its aroma and other characteristics.The formation of volatile odor compounds during tea processing depends on a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities.(Z)-3-h...Tea flavor is a comprehensive representation of its aroma and other characteristics.The formation of volatile odor compounds during tea processing depends on a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities.(Z)-3-hexenol is considered the primary source of the green odor and is also the most important component in tea aroma,significantly affecting the overall aroma.However,the biosynthesis and accumulation of(Z)-3-hexenol during tea processing have not been fully analyzed.In this study,we found that withering treatment at different times and withering plus shaking treatment at different degrees promoted the accumulation of important volatile components of green tea odor,especially(Z)-3-hexenol by GC-MS.The RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results showed that withering and withering plus shaking treatments enhanced the expression of(Z)-3-hexenol-related genes in tea leaves,including synthetic pathway 1 genes(CsLOX3,CsHPL1,CsADH4,and CsAHD1),synthetic pathway 2 genes(CsGLU),and synthetic pathway 3 genes(CsCXEs).Correlation analysis of the key odorants and important genes in the three synthetic pathways revealed that some CsCXEs were positively correlated with green odor compounds.The in vitro enzyme activity results showed that rCsCXE3(GWHTASIV011658),and rCsCXE6(GWHTASIV031480)exhibited hydrolytic activity against three tea acetate compounds[hexyl acetate,(E)-2-hexyl acetate,and(Z)-3-hexyl acetate],resulting in the production of corresponding alcohol compounds.In summary,withering and shaking treatment during tea processing promoted the expression of CsCXE3 and CsCXE6,thereby enhancing the production of hexenol compounds.These compounds play a crucial role in increasing the green odor of tea.展开更多
Background The rapid development of intensive layer breeding has intensified odor pollution that must be paid attention to for the green transformation of the industry. This study used Jingfen No.6 laying hens as the ...Background The rapid development of intensive layer breeding has intensified odor pollution that must be paid attention to for the green transformation of the industry. This study used Jingfen No.6 laying hens as the model to systematically evaluate the regulatory effect of compound microalgal powder(Chlorella vulgaris:Spirulina platensis:Haematococcus pluvialis = 3:1:1, 1:3:1, 1:1:3) on ammonia(NH3) emissions from laying hen manure.Results Through analysis of the static NH3production in manure, it was found that the NH3emissions within 24 h in the experimental group with 0.50% compound microalgal powder added were reduced to 6.27–16.84 mg(vs. control: 28.29 mg), achieving a 40.47%–77.84% reduction. GC/MS and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses indicated that the compound microalgal powder intervened in the remodeling of the microbial community and nitrogen metabolism network in manure, driving the transformation from inorganic nitrogen to organic nitrogen, mitigated the proliferation of NH3-producing bacteria(such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kurthia, and Proteus), and increased the abundance of acid-producing bacteria(such as Leuconostocaceae and Lactobacillaceae). The Spirulina platensis powder group had the best emission reduction effect(reduced by 77.84%), and its mechanism was closely related to the mitigation of Gram-negative bacteria activity by phycocyanin and increased synthesis of aromatic compounds, such as 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine.Conclusions This study revealed the mechanism by which the compound microalgal powder reduces NH3emissions by regulating the proliferation of acid-producing bacteria, reshaping the nitrogen metabolism network, and mitigating the activity of NH3-producing bacteria, while providing theoretical and data support for the development of environmentally friendly feed.展开更多
Many of us have the feeling: you step out in a T-shirt on a summer day, and within twenty minutes, your underarms feel damp. There are sweat marks on the clothes, and they are clearly visible. While many debate the me...Many of us have the feeling: you step out in a T-shirt on a summer day, and within twenty minutes, your underarms feel damp. There are sweat marks on the clothes, and they are clearly visible. While many debate the merits of polyester fabric with cool-touch feelingversus cotton as temperatures soar, the apparel world is quietly experiencing a "merino wool trend." A lot of major brands are launching merino wool short-sleeve tees.展开更多
Benefitting from UAVs’characteristics of flexible deployment and controllable movement in 3D space,odor source localization with multiple UAVs has been a hot research area in recent years.Considering the limited reso...Benefitting from UAVs’characteristics of flexible deployment and controllable movement in 3D space,odor source localization with multiple UAVs has been a hot research area in recent years.Considering the limited resources and insufficient battery capacities of UAVs,it is necessary to fast locate the odor source with low-complexity computation and minimal interaction under complicated environmental states.To this end,we propose a multi-UAV collaboration based odor source localization(MUC-OSL)method,where source estimation and UAV navigation are iteratively performed,aiming to accelerate the searching process and reduce the resource consumption of UAVs.Specifically,in the source estimation phase,we present a collaborative particle filter algorithm on the basis of UAVs’cognitive difference and collaborative information to improve source estimation accuracy.In the following navigation phase,an adaptive path planning algorithm is designed based on partially observable Markov decision process to distributedly determine the subsequent flying direction and moving steps of each UAV.The results of experiments conducted on two simulation platforms demonstrate that MUC-OSL outperforms existing efforts in terms of mean search time and success rate,and effectively reduces the resource consumption of UAVs.展开更多
Chemical communication plays an important role in survival and reproductive success in mammalian species. In the present study, we examined the ontogenetic pattern of behavioral responses of male giant pandas （Ailuro...Chemical communication plays an important role in survival and reproductive success in mammalian species. In the present study, we examined the ontogenetic pattern of behavioral responses of male giant pandas （Ailuropoda melanoleuca ） to urine odors of conspecific individuals. Our data showed that exposure to the urine of adult females induced a significant increase in sniffing and environmental sniffing/licking behaviors, but a decrease in biting behavior, in males. Males of different ages displayed specific behaviors to female urine odors. Adult males spent more time licking than juvenile and sub-adult males. Further, sub-adult and adult males displayed high levels of environmental sniffing/licking, which was absent in the juvenile males. Juvenile males displayed scent rubbing behavior significantly more frequently than sub-adult and adult males, and also spent more time showing biting behavior than sub-adult males. Finally, juvenile and sub-aduh males showed no difference in response to female and male urine odors. Together, these data suggest that chemosensory cues from conspecific urines induce age-specific responses in male giant pandas.展开更多
As a base research on intelligentized search technique in seismic ruins,we study on human odor by a portable GC-MS.Qualitative analysis experiment demonstrate that isoprene,acetone and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one are sym...As a base research on intelligentized search technique in seismic ruins,we study on human odor by a portable GC-MS.Qualitative analysis experiment demonstrate that isoprene,acetone and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one are symbol of human odor.This research give important data to search survival base on artificial olfaction technique in seismic ruins.展开更多
Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste （MSW） by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic proce...Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste （MSW） by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes.Results showed that VOCs were largely released in the first 4 days of bio-drying and the dominant components were：dimethyl disulfide,dimethyl sulfide,benzene,2-butanone,limonene and methylene chloride.Thus,the combined hydrolytic-aerobic process was suggested for MSW bio-drying due to fewer aeration quantities in this phase when compared with the aerobic process,and the treatment strategies should base on the key properties of these prominent components.Malodorous sulfur compounds and terpenes were mainly released in the early phase of bio-drying,whereas,two peaks of release concentrations appeared for aromatics and ketones during bio-drying.Notably,for the combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes there were also high concentrations of released aromatics in the shift from hydrolytic to aerobic stages.High concentrations of released chlorinateds were observed in the later phase.For the VOCs produced during MSW bio-drying,i.e.,malodorous sulfur compounds,terpenes and chlorinateds,their release concentrations were mainly determined by production rates;for the VOCs presented initially in MSW,such as aromatics,their transfer and transport in MSW mainly determined the release concentrations.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from stool are the components of the smell of stool representing the end products of microbial activity and metabolism that can be used to diagnose disease. Despite the abundan...Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from stool are the components of the smell of stool representing the end products of microbial activity and metabolism that can be used to diagnose disease. Despite the abundance of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane that have already been identified in human flatus, the small portion of trace gases making up the VOCs emitted from stool include organic acids, alcohols, esters, heterocyclic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, and alkanes, among others. These are the gases that vary among individuals in sickness and in health, in dietary changes, and in gut microbial activity. Electronic nose devices are analytical and pattern recognition platforms that can utilize mass spectrometry or electrochemical sensors to detect these VOCs in gas samples. When paired with machine-learning and pattern recognition algorithms, this can identify patterns of VOCs, and thus patterns of smell, that can be used to identify disease states. In this review, we provide a clinical background of VOC identification, electronic nose development, and review gastroenterology applications toward diagnosing disease by the volatile headspace analysis of stool.展开更多
Two different functional biofilters were carried out and compared for the treatment of off-gas containing multicomponent odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this study. The effects of pH values and the empt...Two different functional biofilters were carried out and compared for the treatment of off-gas containing multicomponent odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this study. The effects of pH values and the empty bed retention time (EBRT) on the performance of the bioreactors were studied; and the characteristics of microbial populations in the two biofilters were also determined. The experimental results indicated that the removal effciencies of hydrophilic compounds such as butyric acid and ammonia ...展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the National Park Service (PS180060016)supported by a Graduate Teaching Fellowship (GK-12) from the National Science Foundation (Florida Tech INSTEP Program) under grant Nos.DGE 0440529 and 0638702
文摘Adult horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus have long served as models for the study of vision in marine arthropods. Yet, little is known about the ability of early life history stages to detect and respond to visual cues. We examined the visually directed movements of larvae and first stage juveniles to horizons containing dark visual targets of different sizes. The study tested the hypotheses that （1） larval and juvenile crabs can detect and respond to visual targets and （2） the direction of orientation varies with the presence of chemical cues associated with settlement habitats. Orientation of larval and juvenile crabs to rectangles subtending angles from 30--330~ was tested in a circular arena containing water that either lacked estuarine chemical cues （offshore water） or contained odors from aquatic vegetation or known predators. In the absence of chemical odors, larvae oriented toward and juveniles moved away from dark horizons subtending angles 〉 60~. When placed in water containing chemical odors from potential nursery habitats, including the seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme, crabs reversed their direction of orientation relative to their responses in offshore water. Odors from two known predators, the mummichug Fundulus grandis and blue crab Callinectes sapidus, had no affect on the orientation of larvae. Yet, juveniles responded to both odors by moving toward the visual target. Results support the hypothesis that the visual orientation of larval and juvenile horseshoe crabs changes upon exposure to habitat and predator cues and that the direction of the response undergoes an ontogenetic shift following metamorphosis
文摘Male prairie voles become more responsive to infants following cohabitation with a female. Exposure to female sen- sory cues prior to offspring birth may influence male paternal tendencies by modifying his response to infant odors in particular or to odors in general. To test these hypotheses, males were housed with an unfamiliar female or a same-sex sibling for 13 days then examined for their response towards either live infants or infant-like inanimate objects covered with one of three odors： wa- ter, infant, sub-adult. We recorded the number of males that retrieved and manipulated the infants or odor-covered objects and measured the frequency and duration of time males spent attending to them or engaged in other non-social activities. Fe- male-Cohabited males approached the container holding infant-odor covered objects faster than Male-Cohabited males, but showed no differences in time spent manipulating those objects. Males in both groups spent more time manipulating live infants than odor-covered objects. However, Female-Cohabited subjects were more likely to manipulate odor-covered objects as well as live infants than Male-Cohabited subjects. Additionally, the frequency of self-grooming in Female-Cohabited males was higher for water-covered objects compared to Male-Cohabited males. In presence of water and live infants, Female-Cohabited males groomed themselves with greater frequency than in presence of infant odor or sub-adult odor. The data suggest that female cues increase the male＇s sensitivity to infant odors and enhance the salience of non-social odors.
文摘Predator odors can elicit fear responses in prey and predator odor recognition is generally associated with physiological responses. Prey species are often more likely to respond to the odor of familiar ra- ther than alien predators. However, predator na＇ivety in an introduced prey species has rarely been investigated. We examined the physiological response, as shown by changes in ventilatory vari- ables, of an introduced terrestrial herbivore, the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, in Australia, to the odor of potential predators and to control odors （distilled water and horse）, to explore if res- ponses were limited to historical （cat and fox） predators, or extended to historically novel predators （snake and quoll）. All odors except distilled water elicited a response, with rabbits showing long- term higher respiratory frequencies and lower tidal volumes after introduction of the odors, indi- cating an increase in alertness. However, the intensity of the rabbits＇ reaction could not be directly linked to any pattern of response with respect to the history of predator-prey relationships. Rabbits exhibited significantly stronger reactions in response to both cat and quoll odors than they did to dis- tilled water, but responses to horse, fox, and snake odor were similar to that of water. Our results show that the introduced rabbit can respond to both historical and novel predators in Australia, and suggest that shared evolutionary history is not necessarily a prerequisite to predator odor recognition.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘1-Substituted- 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex- 3-enol and 1-substituted- 4-trimetnylsilyl-cyclohexanol, 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-trimethylsilylcyclohexanol, and some of their esters and carbon counterparts were synthesized. Structures of the nineteen new compounds were determined by 1H NMR, IR and MS. Their odors are evaluated.
文摘Excess amounts of livestock wastes are excreted in limited area and cause pollution problems in Japan.Comparative studies on livestock waste management among EU(European Union),US(the United States of America)and Asia including Japan are surveyed.In Japan,livestock wastes are mostly separated into solid and liquid matter.Solid matter is converted into organic fertilizer by means of composting.Composting should be developed into the technology that has low emission,high-quality and low cost.Various odorous compounds are emitted from the process of livestock waste management.Odor emission from livestock farms should be mitigated to protect the local community.High-quality compost can be widely distributed to cropland to decrease expenditure of chemical fertilizer.Although liquid matter,namely wastewater or slurry,could be applied to cropland of livestock farms such as EU countries,most of Japanese farms do not have enough cropland to use liquid matter.Particularly pig farms have no area to spread wastewater,which should be purified to clean water in accordance with the criteria of water quality and could be discharged into public water area.The most desirable management of livestock wastes should involve sustainable recycling as compost and environmentally friendly control of odors and wastewater.
基金supported by the French‘Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique’(CNRS International Relationships Grants to Claude Baudoin in 1996 and 1998).
文摘The common spiny mouse(Acomys cahirinus)inhibits the foraging activity of the golden spiny mouse(A.russatus).These two sympatric species of spiny mice,which are considered habitat competitors,occur in extreme arid environments.To test this theory of competition,the influence of urinary odors of both conspecific and heterospecific mice on the foraging behavior of A.russatus was studied under controlled laboratory conditions.Twenty adult males,born in captivity and unfamiliar to the odors of the donor mice,were tested in 3 experimental conditions choosing between 2 seed patches that were scented with urine of either heterospecifics(A.cahirinus),conspecifics(A.russatus)or controls(odors of the tested individual).Of the 20 males,12 were also tested with urine of unfamiliar gerbils,bushy-tailed jird,considered as competitors in the field.Both conspecific and heterospecific urine samples from Acomys significantly reduced foraging behavior of A.russatus when compared to the control odor.The inhibitory effect of the Acomys urine does not result from the novelty of chemical stimuli of the urine because no effect was shown with unfamiliar gerbil urine.The findings are in accordance with the general theory that A.cahirinus dominates the foraging activity of A.russatus.We hypothesize that chemical cues in the urine of Acomys spp.might induce a negative effect on the foraging behavior of A.russatus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32273109)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662020SCQD002)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (No.CARS-45-01).
文摘Olfaction,the sense of smell,is crucial for animal survival,especially in localizing prey or food.However,little is known about the fish behavioral responses to specific food odors and which olfactory receptor might be activated by the food odors.Here,we examined the evolutionary relationships and classified the subfamilies of olfactory receptors(ORs),and conducted behavioral and gene expression analysis in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus).We identified 196 intact ORs in the grass carp genome and classified them into 8 subfamilies:β,δ,ε,η,γ,κ,θ,andζ.12 representative ORs(4β,4δ,and 4ε)were highly expressed in the olfactory epithelium(OE)of 24-month-old grass carp.Behavioral exploration found that grass carp showed different behaviors to different food odors at a series of concentrations.Specifically,0.01μmol/L amino acid mixtures and 0.005×Hydrilla verticillata extracts strongly changed the preference index and swimming trajectories in 6-month-old grass carp.In addition,the two food odors stimulation differentially induced ORs expression in three tissues,especially strong in the olfactory bulb and brain.Altogether,our results suggest that olfaction plays an important role in the regulation of fish feeding behavior and provide a basis for further studies on the function and specific recognition of olfactory receptors in fish.
文摘西方富国的科研人员进行了一些在我们看来多少有些“荒诞”的实验。本文就是一例。但是,细读之下,你不仅为其认真的实验态度所感动,而且,也会觉得“荒诞”之中也有不少“正经”因素。说不准,一项“荒诞”的实验引发了震惊世界的科研成果!本文的标题理解起来不易,弄懂了标题,文章的中心思想也就在其中了。Odors Best at Evoking Emotionally Charged Memories可以完整地表达为:Odors are best at evoking memories which are emotionally charged.可译:气味最能激活与情感相连的记忆。本文的首句和标题呼应,值得玩味。
文摘The olfactory responses ofAphidius gifuensis to odors from two host plants （Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus ssp.） and their complexes with different infestation levels of two host aphids （Myzuspersicae and Lipaphis erysimi） were respectively examined in an olfactometer. The results showed that female A. gifuensis did not respond to odors of undamaged or mechanically damaged host plants, but significantly responded to odors of aphid/plant complexes. Moreover, A. gifuensis responded significantly to odors of both M. persicae and L. erysimi/plant complexes when host plants were infested by high levels of aphids, suggesting that quantity of aphid-induced volatiles could be important for attracting A. gifuensis. When tested between aphid/plant complexes, .4. gifuensis did not show its preference for either complex. The efficiency of.4. gifuensis against aphids in open fields potentially could be improved by using its olfactory response to aphid/plant complexes.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31770422 and No.31370415)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Maternal effects play a crucial role in regulating populations of small mammals and anti-predator behaviors of offspring.The present study investigated the effects of maternal stress induced by exposure to predator odors during gestation on the behavioral and physiological responses of offspring in Brandt’s vole(Lasiopodomys brandtii).Effects included changes in growth,behaviors,hormone levels in serum,and fosB/ΔfosB mRNA and FosB/ΔFosB protein expression in the hypothalamus.Our results showed that when pregnant voles were exposed to cat and rabbit urine odors for 18 days(1 h/day),the weight of the female offspring decreased;however,the thymus and ovary indices increased,compared with the control group.Male offspring of voles exposed to cat odor spent more time exploring and foraging,and showed a decrease in corticosterone(CORT)compared with voles in the control group.Both fosB/ΔfosB mRNA and FosB/ΔFosB protein expressions were downregulated in the hypothalamus of male offspring in the cat odor-exposed group compared to that in offspring in the control group.However,the mRNA levels of fosB/ΔfosB in the hypothalamus of female offspring did not decrease in response to cat urine odor.Our findings suggested that maternal stress induced by predator odors during gestation restrained the growth of female offspring and increased the duration of exploring and foraging behaviors of male offspring by regulating the HPA axis,which,in turn,reduced the sensitivity of offspring to unfamiliar environments and increased their probability of becoming prey.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21677010 and 51808037)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3500702)the Special fund of Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control(No.BZ0344KF21-04).
文摘Catalytic purification of sulphur-containing malodorous gases has attracted wide attention because of its advantages of high purification efficiency,low energy consumption and lack of secondary pollution.The selection of efficient catalysts is the key to the problem,while the preparation and optimisation of catalysts depend on the analysis of experimental results and in-depth mechanistic analysis.By analysing the published literature,bibliometric analysis can identify existing research hotspots,the areas of interest and predict development trends,which can help to identify hot catalysts in the catalytic purification of sulphurcontaining odours and to investigate their catalytic purification mechanisms.Therefore,this paper uses bibliometric analysis,based on Web Of Science and CNKI databases,CiteSpace and VOS viewer software to collate and analyse the literature on the purification of sulphurcontaining odour pollutants,to identify the current research hotspots,to summarise the progress of research on the catalytic purification of different types of sulphur-containing odours,and to analyse their reaction mechanisms and kinetics.On this basis,the research progress of catalytic purification of different kinds of sulfur odour is summarized,and the reaction mechanism and dynamics are summarized.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U21A2023 and 32072621)the earmarked fund for CARS-19 and the Youth Science and Technology Talents Support Program(2020)by Anhui Association for Science and Technology(Grant No.RCTJ202010).
文摘Tea flavor is a comprehensive representation of its aroma and other characteristics.The formation of volatile odor compounds during tea processing depends on a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities.(Z)-3-hexenol is considered the primary source of the green odor and is also the most important component in tea aroma,significantly affecting the overall aroma.However,the biosynthesis and accumulation of(Z)-3-hexenol during tea processing have not been fully analyzed.In this study,we found that withering treatment at different times and withering plus shaking treatment at different degrees promoted the accumulation of important volatile components of green tea odor,especially(Z)-3-hexenol by GC-MS.The RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results showed that withering and withering plus shaking treatments enhanced the expression of(Z)-3-hexenol-related genes in tea leaves,including synthetic pathway 1 genes(CsLOX3,CsHPL1,CsADH4,and CsAHD1),synthetic pathway 2 genes(CsGLU),and synthetic pathway 3 genes(CsCXEs).Correlation analysis of the key odorants and important genes in the three synthetic pathways revealed that some CsCXEs were positively correlated with green odor compounds.The in vitro enzyme activity results showed that rCsCXE3(GWHTASIV011658),and rCsCXE6(GWHTASIV031480)exhibited hydrolytic activity against three tea acetate compounds[hexyl acetate,(E)-2-hexyl acetate,and(Z)-3-hexyl acetate],resulting in the production of corresponding alcohol compounds.In summary,withering and shaking treatment during tea processing promoted the expression of CsCXE3 and CsCXE6,thereby enhancing the production of hexenol compounds.These compounds play a crucial role in increasing the green odor of tea.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2023YFD1701700)approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of South China Agricultural University (Approval Number:2025f014)
文摘Background The rapid development of intensive layer breeding has intensified odor pollution that must be paid attention to for the green transformation of the industry. This study used Jingfen No.6 laying hens as the model to systematically evaluate the regulatory effect of compound microalgal powder(Chlorella vulgaris:Spirulina platensis:Haematococcus pluvialis = 3:1:1, 1:3:1, 1:1:3) on ammonia(NH3) emissions from laying hen manure.Results Through analysis of the static NH3production in manure, it was found that the NH3emissions within 24 h in the experimental group with 0.50% compound microalgal powder added were reduced to 6.27–16.84 mg(vs. control: 28.29 mg), achieving a 40.47%–77.84% reduction. GC/MS and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses indicated that the compound microalgal powder intervened in the remodeling of the microbial community and nitrogen metabolism network in manure, driving the transformation from inorganic nitrogen to organic nitrogen, mitigated the proliferation of NH3-producing bacteria(such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kurthia, and Proteus), and increased the abundance of acid-producing bacteria(such as Leuconostocaceae and Lactobacillaceae). The Spirulina platensis powder group had the best emission reduction effect(reduced by 77.84%), and its mechanism was closely related to the mitigation of Gram-negative bacteria activity by phycocyanin and increased synthesis of aromatic compounds, such as 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine.Conclusions This study revealed the mechanism by which the compound microalgal powder reduces NH3emissions by regulating the proliferation of acid-producing bacteria, reshaping the nitrogen metabolism network, and mitigating the activity of NH3-producing bacteria, while providing theoretical and data support for the development of environmentally friendly feed.
文摘Many of us have the feeling: you step out in a T-shirt on a summer day, and within twenty minutes, your underarms feel damp. There are sweat marks on the clothes, and they are clearly visible. While many debate the merits of polyester fabric with cool-touch feelingversus cotton as temperatures soar, the apparel world is quietly experiencing a "merino wool trend." A lot of major brands are launching merino wool short-sleeve tees.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62072436 and No.62202449)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB2900102).
文摘Benefitting from UAVs’characteristics of flexible deployment and controllable movement in 3D space,odor source localization with multiple UAVs has been a hot research area in recent years.Considering the limited resources and insufficient battery capacities of UAVs,it is necessary to fast locate the odor source with low-complexity computation and minimal interaction under complicated environmental states.To this end,we propose a multi-UAV collaboration based odor source localization(MUC-OSL)method,where source estimation and UAV navigation are iteratively performed,aiming to accelerate the searching process and reduce the resource consumption of UAVs.Specifically,in the source estimation phase,we present a collaborative particle filter algorithm on the basis of UAVs’cognitive difference and collaborative information to improve source estimation accuracy.In the following navigation phase,an adaptive path planning algorithm is designed based on partially observable Markov decision process to distributedly determine the subsequent flying direction and moving steps of each UAV.The results of experiments conducted on two simulation platforms demonstrate that MUC-OSL outperforms existing efforts in terms of mean search time and success rate,and effectively reduces the resource consumption of UAVs.
文摘Chemical communication plays an important role in survival and reproductive success in mammalian species. In the present study, we examined the ontogenetic pattern of behavioral responses of male giant pandas （Ailuropoda melanoleuca ） to urine odors of conspecific individuals. Our data showed that exposure to the urine of adult females induced a significant increase in sniffing and environmental sniffing/licking behaviors, but a decrease in biting behavior, in males. Males of different ages displayed specific behaviors to female urine odors. Adult males spent more time licking than juvenile and sub-adult males. Further, sub-adult and adult males displayed high levels of environmental sniffing/licking, which was absent in the juvenile males. Juvenile males displayed scent rubbing behavior significantly more frequently than sub-adult and adult males, and also spent more time showing biting behavior than sub-adult males. Finally, juvenile and sub-aduh males showed no difference in response to female and male urine odors. Together, these data suggest that chemosensory cues from conspecific urines induce age-specific responses in male giant pandas.
文摘As a base research on intelligentized search technique in seismic ruins,we study on human odor by a portable GC-MS.Qualitative analysis experiment demonstrate that isoprene,acetone and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one are symbol of human odor.This research give important data to search survival base on artificial olfaction technique in seismic ruins.
基金financially supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No.2006BAC06B04,2008BAJ08B13)
文摘Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste （MSW） by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes.Results showed that VOCs were largely released in the first 4 days of bio-drying and the dominant components were：dimethyl disulfide,dimethyl sulfide,benzene,2-butanone,limonene and methylene chloride.Thus,the combined hydrolytic-aerobic process was suggested for MSW bio-drying due to fewer aeration quantities in this phase when compared with the aerobic process,and the treatment strategies should base on the key properties of these prominent components.Malodorous sulfur compounds and terpenes were mainly released in the early phase of bio-drying,whereas,two peaks of release concentrations appeared for aromatics and ketones during bio-drying.Notably,for the combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes there were also high concentrations of released aromatics in the shift from hydrolytic to aerobic stages.High concentrations of released chlorinateds were observed in the later phase.For the VOCs produced during MSW bio-drying,i.e.,malodorous sulfur compounds,terpenes and chlorinateds,their release concentrations were mainly determined by production rates;for the VOCs presented initially in MSW,such as aromatics,their transfer and transport in MSW mainly determined the release concentrations.
基金Supported by National Institute of Health GrantsNo.P30 CA015083+2 种基金No.U01 CA182940No.U54 CA163004Kathy and Russ Van Cleve Endowment for Gastroenterology Research(all to Wang KK)
文摘Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from stool are the components of the smell of stool representing the end products of microbial activity and metabolism that can be used to diagnose disease. Despite the abundance of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane that have already been identified in human flatus, the small portion of trace gases making up the VOCs emitted from stool include organic acids, alcohols, esters, heterocyclic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, and alkanes, among others. These are the gases that vary among individuals in sickness and in health, in dietary changes, and in gut microbial activity. Electronic nose devices are analytical and pattern recognition platforms that can utilize mass spectrometry or electrochemical sensors to detect these VOCs in gas samples. When paired with machine-learning and pattern recognition algorithms, this can identify patterns of VOCs, and thus patterns of smell, that can be used to identify disease states. In this review, we provide a clinical background of VOC identification, electronic nose development, and review gastroenterology applications toward diagnosing disease by the volatile headspace analysis of stool.
基金supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (No. 50621804).
文摘Two different functional biofilters were carried out and compared for the treatment of off-gas containing multicomponent odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this study. The effects of pH values and the empty bed retention time (EBRT) on the performance of the bioreactors were studied; and the characteristics of microbial populations in the two biofilters were also determined. The experimental results indicated that the removal effciencies of hydrophilic compounds such as butyric acid and ammonia ...
