Objective This study aimed to reexplore minimum iodine excretion and to build a dietary iodine recommendation for Chinese adults using the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis.Methods Data from 171 Chinese adults(19–21 ...Objective This study aimed to reexplore minimum iodine excretion and to build a dietary iodine recommendation for Chinese adults using the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis.Methods Data from 171 Chinese adults(19–21 years old)were collected and analyzed based on three balance studies in Shenzhen,Yinchuan,and Changzhi.The single exponential equation was accordingly used to simulate the trajectory of 24 h urinary iodine excretion as the low iodine experimental diets offered(iodine intake:11-26μg/day)and to further deduce the dietary reference intakes(DRIs)for iodine,including estimated average requirement(EAR)and recommended nutrient intake(RNI).Results The minimum iodine excretion was estimated as 57,58,and 51μg/day in three balance studies,respectively.Moreover,it was further suggested as 57,58,and 51μg/day for iodine EAR,and 80,81,and 71μg/day for iodine RNI or expressed as 1.42,1.41,and 1.20μg/(day·kg)of body weight.Conclusion The iodine DRIs for Chinese adults were established based on the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis,which provides scientific support for the amendment of nutrient requirements.展开更多
Much consideration has been given to the study of certain grammatical morphemes by researchers.The study of learners' use of morphemes through obligatory analysis has important implications for both second languag...Much consideration has been given to the study of certain grammatical morphemes by researchers.The study of learners' use of morphemes through obligatory analysis has important implications for both second language acquisition and the second language teaching.It suggests that some linguistic features,particularly grammatical features,are inherently easier to learn than others.For example,in this study,the fact that learners master article before 3rd person singular suggests that article in some sense easier to learn.展开更多
At the present time,new state compulsory standards for school education,standard curricula,and curricula have been developed.The programs of higher and postgraduate education do not take into account changes in educat...At the present time,new state compulsory standards for school education,standard curricula,and curricula have been developed.The programs of higher and postgraduate education do not take into account changes in educational curricula of secondary education.The future specialists of pedagogical universities are teachers of the school.Therefore,graduates of universities on pedagogical specialties,including scientific direction,should be profoundly aware of the content of subjects studied in secondary education.It is very important to understand the need to ensure the continuity of educational curricula of higher pedagogical and general secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education.The relevance of the research topic is due to the lack of continuity in the educational programs of higher pedagogical and general secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education;discrepancy of professional competences of young pedagogical staff,graduates of higher educational institutions,to the conditions of the updated content of school education;the lack of fundamental and applied research to date,considering the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the continuity of natural science education in the“school-university”system in the context of updating the content of education;the need for the research in the context of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2016-2019,which indicates an increase in the prestige of the profession of teachers and an increase in their quality.These theoretical and methodological bases for ensuring the continuity of educational programs of higher pedagogical and secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education will make it possible to introduce changes in the educational curricula of higher and postgraduate education for the training of pedagogical personnel.展开更多
Consumer agency in the digital age is increasingly constrained by systemic barriers and algorithmic manipulation,raising concerns about the authenticity of consumption choices.Nowadays,financial decision-making is sha...Consumer agency in the digital age is increasingly constrained by systemic barriers and algorithmic manipulation,raising concerns about the authenticity of consumption choices.Nowadays,financial decision-making is shaped by external pressures like obligatory consumption,algorithmic persuasion,and unstable work schedules that erode financial autonomy.Obligatory consumption(like subscriptions and hidden fees)is intensified by digital ecosystems.Algorithmic tactics like Buy Now Pay Later(BNPL)and personalized recommendations lead to impulsive purchases.Unstable work schedules also undermine financial planning.Therefore,it is important to study how these factors impact consumption agency.To do so,we examine formal models grounded in discounted consumption with constraints that bound consumer agency.Specifically,we construct analytical scenarios in which consumers face fixed obligatory payments,algorithm-influenced impulsive consumption,or unpredictable income due to temporal instability.Using this framework,we demonstrate that even rational,utility-maximizing agents can experience early financial ruin when agency is limited across structural,behavioral,or temporal dimensions and how diminished autonomy directly impacts long-term financial well-being.Our central argument is that consumer agency must be treated as a value(not a given)requiring active cultivation,especially in digital ecosystems.The connection between our formal modeling and the central argument allows us to indicate that limitations on agency(whether structural,behavioral,or temporal)can be rigorously linked to measurable risks like financial instability.This connection thus also provides a basis for normative claims regarding consumption as a value,by anchoring them in a formally grounded analysis of consumer behavior.As solutions,we stress that promoting true consumer agency demands systemic interventions,regulations,and consumer education to support value deliberation and informed autonomous choices.We formally demonstrate how these measures strengthen agency.展开更多
The paper examines the outcomes of and responses to the policy system （the ＂obligatory indicator system＂） used by the Chinese central government to induce provincial governments to meet energy-saving targets durin...The paper examines the outcomes of and responses to the policy system （the ＂obligatory indicator system＂） used by the Chinese central government to induce provincial governments to meet energy-saving targets during the llth Five Year Plan. The institutional mechanisms underlying the policy system that promotes implementation of energy saving are identified. An analytical framework is developed to identify the strategic responses of provincial governments and the factors shaping their responses. Comprehensive sets of provincial data on economic and energy performance are collected and analyzed. The findings indicate that the central government ＇s credible commitment to implement the policy system drove the initially disparate attitudes of provinces to a converged outcome. However, the outcome is significantly constrained by provinces ＇ initial energy intensity. In particular, provincial governments have applied strategies of ceremonial implementation, efficiency-oriented efforts and effectiveness-focused efforts to attain specific targets. This paper discusses the implications in comparison with the modified obligatory indicator system in the 12th Five Year Plan and offers policy suggestions accordingly.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81872624)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202403021211139).
文摘Objective This study aimed to reexplore minimum iodine excretion and to build a dietary iodine recommendation for Chinese adults using the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis.Methods Data from 171 Chinese adults(19–21 years old)were collected and analyzed based on three balance studies in Shenzhen,Yinchuan,and Changzhi.The single exponential equation was accordingly used to simulate the trajectory of 24 h urinary iodine excretion as the low iodine experimental diets offered(iodine intake:11-26μg/day)and to further deduce the dietary reference intakes(DRIs)for iodine,including estimated average requirement(EAR)and recommended nutrient intake(RNI).Results The minimum iodine excretion was estimated as 57,58,and 51μg/day in three balance studies,respectively.Moreover,it was further suggested as 57,58,and 51μg/day for iodine EAR,and 80,81,and 71μg/day for iodine RNI or expressed as 1.42,1.41,and 1.20μg/(day·kg)of body weight.Conclusion The iodine DRIs for Chinese adults were established based on the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis,which provides scientific support for the amendment of nutrient requirements.
文摘Much consideration has been given to the study of certain grammatical morphemes by researchers.The study of learners' use of morphemes through obligatory analysis has important implications for both second language acquisition and the second language teaching.It suggests that some linguistic features,particularly grammatical features,are inherently easier to learn than others.For example,in this study,the fact that learners master article before 3rd person singular suggests that article in some sense easier to learn.
文摘At the present time,new state compulsory standards for school education,standard curricula,and curricula have been developed.The programs of higher and postgraduate education do not take into account changes in educational curricula of secondary education.The future specialists of pedagogical universities are teachers of the school.Therefore,graduates of universities on pedagogical specialties,including scientific direction,should be profoundly aware of the content of subjects studied in secondary education.It is very important to understand the need to ensure the continuity of educational curricula of higher pedagogical and general secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education.The relevance of the research topic is due to the lack of continuity in the educational programs of higher pedagogical and general secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education;discrepancy of professional competences of young pedagogical staff,graduates of higher educational institutions,to the conditions of the updated content of school education;the lack of fundamental and applied research to date,considering the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the continuity of natural science education in the“school-university”system in the context of updating the content of education;the need for the research in the context of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2016-2019,which indicates an increase in the prestige of the profession of teachers and an increase in their quality.These theoretical and methodological bases for ensuring the continuity of educational programs of higher pedagogical and secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education will make it possible to introduce changes in the educational curricula of higher and postgraduate education for the training of pedagogical personnel.
文摘Consumer agency in the digital age is increasingly constrained by systemic barriers and algorithmic manipulation,raising concerns about the authenticity of consumption choices.Nowadays,financial decision-making is shaped by external pressures like obligatory consumption,algorithmic persuasion,and unstable work schedules that erode financial autonomy.Obligatory consumption(like subscriptions and hidden fees)is intensified by digital ecosystems.Algorithmic tactics like Buy Now Pay Later(BNPL)and personalized recommendations lead to impulsive purchases.Unstable work schedules also undermine financial planning.Therefore,it is important to study how these factors impact consumption agency.To do so,we examine formal models grounded in discounted consumption with constraints that bound consumer agency.Specifically,we construct analytical scenarios in which consumers face fixed obligatory payments,algorithm-influenced impulsive consumption,or unpredictable income due to temporal instability.Using this framework,we demonstrate that even rational,utility-maximizing agents can experience early financial ruin when agency is limited across structural,behavioral,or temporal dimensions and how diminished autonomy directly impacts long-term financial well-being.Our central argument is that consumer agency must be treated as a value(not a given)requiring active cultivation,especially in digital ecosystems.The connection between our formal modeling and the central argument allows us to indicate that limitations on agency(whether structural,behavioral,or temporal)can be rigorously linked to measurable risks like financial instability.This connection thus also provides a basis for normative claims regarding consumption as a value,by anchoring them in a formally grounded analysis of consumer behavior.As solutions,we stress that promoting true consumer agency demands systemic interventions,regulations,and consumer education to support value deliberation and informed autonomous choices.We formally demonstrate how these measures strengthen agency.
文摘The paper examines the outcomes of and responses to the policy system （the ＂obligatory indicator system＂） used by the Chinese central government to induce provincial governments to meet energy-saving targets during the llth Five Year Plan. The institutional mechanisms underlying the policy system that promotes implementation of energy saving are identified. An analytical framework is developed to identify the strategic responses of provincial governments and the factors shaping their responses. Comprehensive sets of provincial data on economic and energy performance are collected and analyzed. The findings indicate that the central government ＇s credible commitment to implement the policy system drove the initially disparate attitudes of provinces to a converged outcome. However, the outcome is significantly constrained by provinces ＇ initial energy intensity. In particular, provincial governments have applied strategies of ceremonial implementation, efficiency-oriented efforts and effectiveness-focused efforts to attain specific targets. This paper discusses the implications in comparison with the modified obligatory indicator system in the 12th Five Year Plan and offers policy suggestions accordingly.
