Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climb...Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climbing,the heat left her drenched in sweat,making her feel very cold.By midday,the temperature was approaching 20℃,and her heavy jacket had to be tied around her waist,becoming a burden during her hike.This outdoor adventure allowed her to appreciate the beautiful scenery,but also subjected her to repeated changes in temperature.展开更多
As the global textile market continues to expand, demand for sewing threads-a critical auxiliary material-is rising. In recent years, automotive interiors, smart outdoor equipment, and medical and ecofriendly products...As the global textile market continues to expand, demand for sewing threads-a critical auxiliary material-is rising. In recent years, automotive interiors, smart outdoor equipment, and medical and ecofriendly products have emerged as new growth engines for the textile industry. This has propelled specialized niche markets for sewing threads designed for these applications, revealing significant and undeniable potential.展开更多
Smart farming with outdoor monitoring systems is critical to address food shortages and sustainability challenges.These systems facilitate informed decisions that enhance efficiency in broader environmental management...Smart farming with outdoor monitoring systems is critical to address food shortages and sustainability challenges.These systems facilitate informed decisions that enhance efficiency in broader environmental management.Existing outdoor systems equipped with energy harvesters and self-powered sensors often struggle with fluctuating energy sources,low durability under harsh conditions,non-transparent or non-biocompatible materials,and complex structures.Herein,a multifunctional hydrogel is developed,which can fulfill all the above requirements and build selfsustainable outdoor monitoring systems solely by it.It can serve as a stable energy harvester that continuously generates direct current output with an average power density of 1.9 W m^(-3)for nearly 60 days of operation in normal environments(24℃,60%RH),with an energy density of around 1.36×10^(7)J m^(-3).It also shows good self-recoverability in severe environments(45℃,30%RH)in nearly 40 days of continuous operation.Moreover,this hydrogel enables noninvasive and self-powered monitoring of leaf relative water content,providing critical data on evaluating plant health,previously obtainable only through invasive or high-power consumption methods.Its potential extends to acting as other self-powered environmental sensors.This multifunctional hydrogel enables self-sustainable outdoor systems with scalable and low-cost production,paving the way for future agriculture.展开更多
Background:People working outdoors in the Map Ta Phut pollution control area of Thailand require comprehen-sive health monitoring.In the past,studies have been done on the health effects of pollutants.However,there ar...Background:People working outdoors in the Map Ta Phut pollution control area of Thailand require comprehen-sive health monitoring.In the past,studies have been done on the health effects of pollutants.However,there are few studies on musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs),and Thailand is struggling to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.Methods:This cross-sectional study examines access to health services and factors affecting MSDs among outdoor pollution workers(OPWs).The sample group includes OPWs,including local fisherman,street vendors,public car drivers,and traffic police.We studied 50 people from each of these groups,for a total of 200 people.Data were analyzed with inferential statistics using Chi-square test,McNemar test,and Univariate logistic regression.Results:The OPWs reported experiencing significantly more total MSDs pain than they did in the past(P<0.05).Factors affecting current MSDs pain,including occupation and working days per week,were significant(P<0.05).The street vendor group and public car driver group had(odds ratio[OR]=2.253,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.101 to 5.019)and(OR=2.681,95%CI:1.191 to 6.032)times higher risks of MSDs pain,respectively.OPWs who work>5 days per week had a(OR=1.464,95%CI:1.093 to 2.704)times higher risk of MSDs pain.52.7%of OPWs with MSDs,pain(n=110)had received an annual health check-up.In the past year,50.9%had minor illnesses and 21.8%had severe illnesses.OPWs receiving free treatment and visiting health service stations for no cost comprised 77.3%and 51.8%,respectively.60.9%used their right to receive treatment with universal health insurance cards.Conclusions:The study indicates that occupational groups with MSDs pain problems should exercise this right,according to the worker protection law.Local health agencies should organize activities or create accessible media to promote preventive medicine services,as many OPWs believe that health services can only be accessed when illness occurs.展开更多
Outdoor jackets are engineered to protect against extreme weather while ensuring comfort and safety. Key to this protection is the thermal properties, achieved through insulation materials like down feathers and synth...Outdoor jackets are engineered to protect against extreme weather while ensuring comfort and safety. Key to this protection is the thermal properties, achieved through insulation materials like down feathers and synthetic fibers, which trap heat and minimize heat loss. Resistance to wind, rain, and snow is provided by waterproof and windproof fabrics, while breathability allows moisture to escape, maintaining a comfortable microclimate. Air permeability and water resistance are essential for achieving this balance. This study examines two outdoor jacket prototypes with six material layers each. The outer layer (Layer 1) consists of 100% polyester coated with polyurethane for waterproofing. Inner layers (Layers 2, 3, and 6) use wool/cotton and wool/polyamide blends, offering insulation and moisture-wicking properties. Down feathers are used as the filling material, providing excellent warmth. Advanced materials like graphene and silver honeycomb fabrics were included to enhance thermal conductivity and regulate heat transfer. Performance testing focused on thermal conductivity, comfort (water and air permeability), and mechanical properties like tensile strength and tear resistance. Tests also assessed spray application and fastness to evaluate durability under environmental exposure. Results showed that jackets with silver-infused honeycomb fabrics had superior thermal conductivity, enabling better heat regulation and comfort in harsh conditions. The findings highlight the advantages of integrating silver honeycomb fabrics into outdoor jackets. These materials enhance insulation, thermal regulation, and overall comfort, making them ideal for high-performance designs. Incorporating such fabrics ensures functionality, durability, and user protection in extreme environments.展开更多
Myopia,a common cause of visual impairment,together with the global decline in physical fitness and increasing prevalence of childhood obesity,has become a prominent global health problem.The beneficial effect of incr...Myopia,a common cause of visual impairment,together with the global decline in physical fitness and increasing prevalence of childhood obesity,has become a prominent global health problem.The beneficial effect of increasing the time of outdoor activities on the incidence of myopia and physical well-being in children has been widely recognized.However,in countries with highly competitive education systems,such as China,parents and school administrators may be reluctant to increase their children's time for extracurricular outdoor activities for fear of affecting their academic performance.Therefore,it is crucial to accurately assess the role of after-school outdoor activities in preventing and controlling myopia,as well as in promoting the physical and mental development of adolescents.Schools and families should be encouraged to collaboratively support children’s engagement in outdoor activities to foster their healthy growth.Given the dual benefits of outdoor activities-improving visual health and promoting overall physical and mental well-being-it is essential to encourage schools and families to work together to support children's engagement in such activities.By doing so,it is hoped that a balanced environment can be created,one that values both academic achievement and healthy development.Policymakers,educators,and parents must recognize the long-term advantages of integrating outdoor activities into children's daily lives,as this approach can help alleviate the burden of myopia,enhance physical fitness,and support emotional and cognitive development.Ultimately,fostering a culture that views outdoor activities as an essential component of education and health will be key to ensuring the well-rounded development of future generations.展开更多
The outdoor landscape design of medical buildings affects the healthcare experience of patients and the work environment of medical staff.Therapeutic landscapes contribute to the recovery of patients and provide a com...The outdoor landscape design of medical buildings affects the healthcare experience of patients and the work environment of medical staff.Therapeutic landscapes contribute to the recovery of patients and provide a comfortable,convenient,and safe outdoor space for both patients and healthcare professionals.This article analyzes the concept,classification,design necessity,and smart enhancement methods of therapeutic landscapes.By combining the case study of the wellness landscape design of the Fifth People’s Hospital of Chongqing,it derives insights into therapeutic landscape design,such as the rational use of natural elements,the construction of pedestrian space systems,the arrangement of specialized botanical gardens,the integration of multiple therapies,and the application of smart technologies.The aim is to promote the development of therapeutic outdoor landscape design for medical buildings.展开更多
In recent years,outdoor apparel that combines functionality with fashion has become a focal point in the market.As research on fluorinated compounds deepens,calls for eliminating PFAS(per-and poly fluorinated alkyl su...In recent years,outdoor apparel that combines functionality with fashion has become a focal point in the market.As research on fluorinated compounds deepens,calls for eliminating PFAS(per-and poly fluorinated alkyl substances)are growing louder.Traditional outdoor equipment such as waterproof jackets and hiking boots have long relied on PFAS for water and oil resistance,yet this comes at the potential cost of threatening ecosystems and consumer health.An innovationdriven sustainable transformation is now emerging—a growing number of pioneering brands are developing eco-friendly,PFAS-free alternatives,redefining the standards of high performance.展开更多
Current research focuses on the performance degradation of photovoltaic(PV)modules,examining both crystalline silicon(p-Si and m-Si)and thin-film technologies,including a-Si/μc-Si,HIT,CdTe and CIGS.These modules were...Current research focuses on the performance degradation of photovoltaic(PV)modules,examining both crystalline silicon(p-Si and m-Si)and thin-film technologies,including a-Si/μc-Si,HIT,CdTe and CIGS.These modules were operated outdoors in two distinct climatic zones in the United States(US)over a period of three years.The degradation analysis includes the study of various quantities,such as the decrease in peak power,the reduction in current and voltage,and the variation in the fill factor.The annual degradation rate(DR)of PV modules is obtained by a linear fit of the effective maximum power evolution over time.The results indicate that m-Si and p-Si modules experienced a slight decrease in performance,with DRs of−0.83%and−1.07%,respectively.Subsequently,the HIT module exhibited a DR of−1.75%,while CdTe and CIGS modules demonstrated DRs of−2.03%and−2.45%,respectively.The a-Si/μc-Si module showed the highest DR at−3.26%.Using the Single Diode Model(SDM),we monitored the temporal evolution of physical parameters as well as changes in the shape of the I-V and P-V curves over time.We found that the key points of the I-V curve degrade over time,as do the I-V and P-V characteristics between two days approximately 30 months apart.展开更多
India’s 231 million outdoor workers are exposed to deadly heat during heat waves.We report results from a simulation-based study that focuses on passive design of cooling shelters for the hot and dry climate zone of ...India’s 231 million outdoor workers are exposed to deadly heat during heat waves.We report results from a simulation-based study that focuses on passive design of cooling shelters for the hot and dry climate zone of India.The goal is to design a cooler-than-outdoor shelter for outdoor workers’intermittent rest and recovery from heat stress during their arduous outdoor work,to avoid heat-related morbidities and mortality.Expected indoor thermal conditions in low-cost cooling shelters deploying a range of passive designs and low-power active measures are investigated,consistent with the current Indian standards and practices,located in the city of Jodhpur in western India.Heat resilience of the shelter was measured with the predicted reduction of hazardous hours inside the shelter based on the wet-bulb globe temperature(WBGT)and extended heat index.These measures include improving the building envelope,installing cool roofs,using internal thermal mass,and natural ventilation.Additionally,a low-power active measure of using ventilation fans and ceiling fans is explored.EnergyPlus-based simulation results show that simple,commonly available measures,particularly natural ventilation and ceiling fans,achieve the most significant reductions in overheating danger hours,by 22% and 21%,respectively,while more complex or costly passive strategies yield only marginal additional benefits.Moreover,combined measure packages are identified that can reduce the indoor WBGT by 8 to 10℃,eliminating overheating danger hours.These findings highlight the critical importance of scalable,low-cost,and easily deployable cooling solutions for developing resilient cooling shelters for vulnerable outdoor workers during heat waves in India.展开更多
As "PFC Free" becomes a standard feature for more and more outdoor brands,environmental protection is no longer a distant slogan,but has become a necessary choice in consumer decision-making.When labels‘PFC...As "PFC Free" becomes a standard feature for more and more outdoor brands,environmental protection is no longer a distant slogan,but has become a necessary choice in consumer decision-making.When labels‘PFC free’are attached to products,we cannot help but ask:Where will the next environmental revolution occur?展开更多
Camera technology advancement and deployment continue to play a vital role in modern life and production,amongst other capabilities,generating relevant visual information.The challenge of optimizing the use and deploy...Camera technology advancement and deployment continue to play a vital role in modern life and production,amongst other capabilities,generating relevant visual information.The challenge of optimizing the use and deployment of camera networks in various applications(e.g.,surveillance,traffic monitoring,and public safety to name but just a few)has attracted considerable attention from both academia and industries.Camera planning is the first step in addressing this challenge.The surveillance objectives and scenes of a camera network dictate the modelling and optimization algorithms for camera planning.However,existing reviews have primarily focused on models or optimization algorithms,with insufficient attention given to surveillance scenes.This review aims to bridge this gap by 1)Classifying surveillance scenes into the urban environment and rural outdoor environment and comparing the surveillance requirements and challenges;2)Summarizing the details of camera coverage optimization in the relevant literature from the perspective of deployment scenes;and 3)Proposing a new surveillance scene-Solar Insecticidal Lamps with the Internet of Things—as a case study to analyze the surveillance requirement and challenges in agricultural outdoor environment.Finally,we state the technical outlook on the physical safety of outdoor electronic devices in agriculture settings and provide insights to draw more attention and effort into this area.展开更多
The recent development in Lucknow shows that the amount of built mass may increase significantly soon,which may affect outdoor thermal comfort.This study aims to achieve a better alternative to the geometrical configu...The recent development in Lucknow shows that the amount of built mass may increase significantly soon,which may affect outdoor thermal comfort.This study aims to achieve a better alternative to the geometrical configuration of vertical surfaces that helps improve the outdoor thermal comfort level.The study primarily deals with the exploration of built forms by altering the planar forms,heights,and orientations to arrive at a better composition of vertical surfaces.144 typologies were finally generated,which were then simulated in ENVI-met.The results show that,with the I-shaped typology it is difficult to reduce solar access,whereas in terms of ventilation,the typology performed better than L-shaped and C-shaped typologies.For this reason,the hours of solar access,as well as wind speed,should be seen together while developing the built-form typology.Urban neighborhoods can be designed with streets and open spaces oriented primarily to northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast directions which allow the open spaces to be thermally more comfortable than the rest of the orientation.This research highlights the importance of varying building heights to enhance thermal comfort.The findings provide valuable insights for composite climate cities like lucknow and can serve as a framework for future design strategies aimed at mitigating outdoor thermal discomfort.It is therefore important for planners,urban designers,and architects to design considering the minimal impact of the upcoming development on the thermal comfort level.展开更多
Outdoor activities are an inevitable part of daily life.However,challenges such as elevated body temperatures due to solar radiation and bacterial infestations pose significant obstacles to comfort and safety.Currentl...Outdoor activities are an inevitable part of daily life.However,challenges such as elevated body temperatures due to solar radiation and bacterial infestations pose significant obstacles to comfort and safety.Currently,there is a lack of simple,economical,and efficient solutions for outdoor cooling and bacterial mitigation without external energy input.In this study,a composite fabric was developed by loading iron oxide(Fe_(2)O_(3))and silver bromide(AB)nanomaterials onto polyester fabric(FC)using low-temperature hydrothermal treatment and in-situ co-precipitation.This composite fabric retained both the aesthetic and structural integrity of the fibers,while effectively reduced the temperature by 5℃ under sunlight through reflecting solar radiation and improving the transmission of human body thermal radiation.Additionally,the composite fabric exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance,efficiently degrading volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and demonstrating over 90%antibacterial efficiency against various bacteria.The combination of its superior cooling and photocatalytic capabilities,alongside its cost-effective and straightforward production process,shows broad potential for sustainable applications.展开更多
This article analyses the relationship between PM_(10) concentrations inside and outside two schools in Barreiro,Portugal:Primary School No.5 and D.Luís Mendonça Furtado Basic School.The main objective was t...This article analyses the relationship between PM_(10) concentrations inside and outside two schools in Barreiro,Portugal:Primary School No.5 and D.Luís Mendonça Furtado Basic School.The main objective was to understand the impact of external and internal sources on indoor air quality(IAQ)in school environments.Monitoring campaigns were carried out in different indoor spaces,including classrooms,the gym,and the canteen,and the results were compared with PM_(10) levels outside the building.At Primary School No.5,indoor PM10 concentrations were consistently higher than the outdoor values measured on Avenida do Bocage,with an average Indoor/Outdoor(I/O)ratio of 2.2,indicating a significant impact of indoor activities on particle levels.Similarly,at the D.Luís Mendonça Furtado Basic School,there was an increase in PM_(10) and PM_(2:5) concentrations during school hours,with the highest I/O ratio(3.04)recorded on school days.In the evenings and at weekends,when the spaces were unoccupied,particle concentrations dropped considerably,reaching an I/O ratio of 0.70.Said results suggest that indoor activities are a determining factor for particle levels in indoor air,emphasizing the need for ventilation and pollution control strategies in schools to protect the health of students and staff.展开更多
With the gradual deepening of aging,the barrier-free design of outdoor spaces in healthcare and wellness buildings is crucial to the quality of life for the elderly in their later years.The mountainous terrain of Chon...With the gradual deepening of aging,the barrier-free design of outdoor spaces in healthcare and wellness buildings is crucial to the quality of life for the elderly in their later years.The mountainous terrain of Chongqing poses higher requirements for barrier-free design.This paper analyzes the barrier-free needs of the elderly,systematically reviews the current status of barrier-free design in Chongqing’s healthcare and wellness buildings,and proposes targeted smart strategy suggestions from four aspects:barrier-free transportation space,activity space,landscape sketches,and place spirit,combining regional characteristics.These suggestions aim to improve and enhance the quality of the elderly care environment in Chongqing.展开更多
This research investigates the influence of indoor and outdoor factors on photovoltaic(PV)power generation at Utrecht University to accurately predict PV system performance by identifying critical impact factors and i...This research investigates the influence of indoor and outdoor factors on photovoltaic(PV)power generation at Utrecht University to accurately predict PV system performance by identifying critical impact factors and improving renewable energy efficiency.To predict plant efficiency,nineteen variables are analyzed,consisting of nine indoor photovoltaic panel characteristics(Open Circuit Voltage(Voc),Short Circuit Current(Isc),Maximum Power(Pmpp),Maximum Voltage(Umpp),Maximum Current(Impp),Filling Factor(FF),Parallel Resistance(Rp),Series Resistance(Rs),Module Temperature)and ten environmental factors(Air Temperature,Air Humidity,Dew Point,Air Pressure,Irradiation,Irradiation Propagation,Wind Speed,Wind Speed Propagation,Wind Direction,Wind Direction Propagation).This study provides a new perspective not previously addressed in the literature.In this study,different machine learning methods such as Multilayer Perceptron(MLP),Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline(MARS),Multiple Linear Regression(MLR),and Random Forest(RF)models are used to predict power values using data from installed PVpanels.Panel values obtained under real field conditions were used to train the models,and the results were compared.The Multilayer Perceptron(MLP)model was achieved with the highest classification accuracy of 0.990%.The machine learning models used for solar energy forecasting show high performance and produce results close to actual values.Models like Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)and Random Forest(RF)can be used in diverse locations based on load demand.展开更多
Infertility,defined as the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse,affects approximately 8%–12%of couples worldwide during their childbearing years.Assiste...Infertility,defined as the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse,affects approximately 8%–12%of couples worldwide during their childbearing years.Assisted reproductive technology(ART)offers interventions to facilitate conception in couples with infertility.Since the inception of traditional in vitro fertilization(IVF)in 1978,ART has facilitated the birth of millions of infants.Intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)is an effective technique for couples ineligible for traditional IVF.Individual female factors,such as age and endometrial thickness,have been shown to affect embryo development during the IVF process,resulting in unfavorable pregnancy outcomes[1-3].However,the influence of environmental and male factors on early reproductive outcomes cannot be ignored.As a novel form of environmental pollution,light at night(LAN)has intensified with the rapid pace of urbanization,potentially leading to reproductive health problems in both women and men.However,to our knowledge,no study has explored the effects of LAN exposure on the early reproductive outcomes of IVF.Furthermore,the normal development of embryos relies on the contributions of both partners,and the influence of male factors on the early reproductive outcomes of IVF should not be overlooked.展开更多
The outdoor ground radiation including the emitted radiation and reflected radiation plays an important role in the outdoor thermal environment. In this paper, based on the hypothesis of that the occupant body can be ...The outdoor ground radiation including the emitted radiation and reflected radiation plays an important role in the outdoor thermal environment. In this paper, based on the hypothesis of that the occupant body can be equivalent to a human cylinder and the outdoor ground surface is diffusive for radiation, a mathematical model is advanced to describe the radiation from the ground surface to the occupant. Through theoretical analysis of the mathematical model, general formulas for calculating the radiation arriving at the occupant from an annular ground surface and infinite ground surface are obtained. It shows that, the radiation from ground surface to the occupant depends on the surface temperature, reflectivity and emissivity, the arrange within the radius of 8.0m encircling the occupant can be defined as the dominant radiating area which radiates 90% radiation to the occupant. The radiative potentials of different pavement surface such grass, asphalt concrete surface, granite slab surface, terracotta bricks, colored concrete interlocking blocks are also compared with the datum measured by Tan Slew-Ann and Fwa Tien-Fang in Singapore, it shows that, in the summer sunny day, grass surface radiates more radiation in the morning but less in the afternoon than other pavement materials. Finally, discussions of reducing the radiation of outdoor ground surface are presented and main conclusions are drawn for improving the outdoor thermal environment.展开更多
文摘Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climbing,the heat left her drenched in sweat,making her feel very cold.By midday,the temperature was approaching 20℃,and her heavy jacket had to be tied around her waist,becoming a burden during her hike.This outdoor adventure allowed her to appreciate the beautiful scenery,but also subjected her to repeated changes in temperature.
文摘As the global textile market continues to expand, demand for sewing threads-a critical auxiliary material-is rising. In recent years, automotive interiors, smart outdoor equipment, and medical and ecofriendly products have emerged as new growth engines for the textile industry. This has propelled specialized niche markets for sewing threads designed for these applications, revealing significant and undeniable potential.
基金supported by the Research Platform for biomedical and Health Technology, NUS (Suzhou) Research Institute (RP-BHT-Prof. LEE Chengkuo)RIE Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering (AME) Programmatic Grant (Grant A18A4b0055)+1 种基金RIE 2025-Industry Alignment Fund – Industry Collaboration Projects (IAF-ICP) (Grant I2301E0027)Reimagine Research Scheme projects, National University of Singapore, A-0009037-03-00 and A-0009454-01-00 and Reimagine Research Scheme projects, National University of Singapore, A-0004772-00-00 and A-0004772-01-00。
文摘Smart farming with outdoor monitoring systems is critical to address food shortages and sustainability challenges.These systems facilitate informed decisions that enhance efficiency in broader environmental management.Existing outdoor systems equipped with energy harvesters and self-powered sensors often struggle with fluctuating energy sources,low durability under harsh conditions,non-transparent or non-biocompatible materials,and complex structures.Herein,a multifunctional hydrogel is developed,which can fulfill all the above requirements and build selfsustainable outdoor monitoring systems solely by it.It can serve as a stable energy harvester that continuously generates direct current output with an average power density of 1.9 W m^(-3)for nearly 60 days of operation in normal environments(24℃,60%RH),with an energy density of around 1.36×10^(7)J m^(-3).It also shows good self-recoverability in severe environments(45℃,30%RH)in nearly 40 days of continuous operation.Moreover,this hydrogel enables noninvasive and self-powered monitoring of leaf relative water content,providing critical data on evaluating plant health,previously obtainable only through invasive or high-power consumption methods.Its potential extends to acting as other self-powered environmental sensors.This multifunctional hydrogel enables self-sustainable outdoor systems with scalable and low-cost production,paving the way for future agriculture.
基金grant Fundamental Fund of National Science Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)via Burapha University of Thailand(Grant number 52/2024).
文摘Background:People working outdoors in the Map Ta Phut pollution control area of Thailand require comprehen-sive health monitoring.In the past,studies have been done on the health effects of pollutants.However,there are few studies on musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs),and Thailand is struggling to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.Methods:This cross-sectional study examines access to health services and factors affecting MSDs among outdoor pollution workers(OPWs).The sample group includes OPWs,including local fisherman,street vendors,public car drivers,and traffic police.We studied 50 people from each of these groups,for a total of 200 people.Data were analyzed with inferential statistics using Chi-square test,McNemar test,and Univariate logistic regression.Results:The OPWs reported experiencing significantly more total MSDs pain than they did in the past(P<0.05).Factors affecting current MSDs pain,including occupation and working days per week,were significant(P<0.05).The street vendor group and public car driver group had(odds ratio[OR]=2.253,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.101 to 5.019)and(OR=2.681,95%CI:1.191 to 6.032)times higher risks of MSDs pain,respectively.OPWs who work>5 days per week had a(OR=1.464,95%CI:1.093 to 2.704)times higher risk of MSDs pain.52.7%of OPWs with MSDs,pain(n=110)had received an annual health check-up.In the past year,50.9%had minor illnesses and 21.8%had severe illnesses.OPWs receiving free treatment and visiting health service stations for no cost comprised 77.3%and 51.8%,respectively.60.9%used their right to receive treatment with universal health insurance cards.Conclusions:The study indicates that occupational groups with MSDs pain problems should exercise this right,according to the worker protection law.Local health agencies should organize activities or create accessible media to promote preventive medicine services,as many OPWs believe that health services can only be accessed when illness occurs.
文摘Outdoor jackets are engineered to protect against extreme weather while ensuring comfort and safety. Key to this protection is the thermal properties, achieved through insulation materials like down feathers and synthetic fibers, which trap heat and minimize heat loss. Resistance to wind, rain, and snow is provided by waterproof and windproof fabrics, while breathability allows moisture to escape, maintaining a comfortable microclimate. Air permeability and water resistance are essential for achieving this balance. This study examines two outdoor jacket prototypes with six material layers each. The outer layer (Layer 1) consists of 100% polyester coated with polyurethane for waterproofing. Inner layers (Layers 2, 3, and 6) use wool/cotton and wool/polyamide blends, offering insulation and moisture-wicking properties. Down feathers are used as the filling material, providing excellent warmth. Advanced materials like graphene and silver honeycomb fabrics were included to enhance thermal conductivity and regulate heat transfer. Performance testing focused on thermal conductivity, comfort (water and air permeability), and mechanical properties like tensile strength and tear resistance. Tests also assessed spray application and fastness to evaluate durability under environmental exposure. Results showed that jackets with silver-infused honeycomb fabrics had superior thermal conductivity, enabling better heat regulation and comfort in harsh conditions. The findings highlight the advantages of integrating silver honeycomb fabrics into outdoor jackets. These materials enhance insulation, thermal regulation, and overall comfort, making them ideal for high-performance designs. Incorporating such fabrics ensures functionality, durability, and user protection in extreme environments.
文摘Myopia,a common cause of visual impairment,together with the global decline in physical fitness and increasing prevalence of childhood obesity,has become a prominent global health problem.The beneficial effect of increasing the time of outdoor activities on the incidence of myopia and physical well-being in children has been widely recognized.However,in countries with highly competitive education systems,such as China,parents and school administrators may be reluctant to increase their children's time for extracurricular outdoor activities for fear of affecting their academic performance.Therefore,it is crucial to accurately assess the role of after-school outdoor activities in preventing and controlling myopia,as well as in promoting the physical and mental development of adolescents.Schools and families should be encouraged to collaboratively support children’s engagement in outdoor activities to foster their healthy growth.Given the dual benefits of outdoor activities-improving visual health and promoting overall physical and mental well-being-it is essential to encourage schools and families to work together to support children's engagement in such activities.By doing so,it is hoped that a balanced environment can be created,one that values both academic achievement and healthy development.Policymakers,educators,and parents must recognize the long-term advantages of integrating outdoor activities into children's daily lives,as this approach can help alleviate the burden of myopia,enhance physical fitness,and support emotional and cognitive development.Ultimately,fostering a culture that views outdoor activities as an essential component of education and health will be key to ensuring the well-rounded development of future generations.
基金Research Fund Projects of Chongqing Institute of Engineering:Research on the Intelligent Design of Indoor and Outdoor Spaces for Chongqing’s“Integrated Medical and Elderly Care”Health and Wellness Buildings in the Context of Digitization(Project No.:2023xsky01)Research on Spatial Syntax Parameters and Combination Patterns of Urban and Rural Community Elderly Care Centers from a Multi-Dimensional Perspective(Project No.:2024XZKY003)2024 Curriculum Ideological and Political Demonstration Course Construction Project of Chongqing Institute of Engineering,“Residential Landscape Design”(Project No.:KC20240006)。
文摘The outdoor landscape design of medical buildings affects the healthcare experience of patients and the work environment of medical staff.Therapeutic landscapes contribute to the recovery of patients and provide a comfortable,convenient,and safe outdoor space for both patients and healthcare professionals.This article analyzes the concept,classification,design necessity,and smart enhancement methods of therapeutic landscapes.By combining the case study of the wellness landscape design of the Fifth People’s Hospital of Chongqing,it derives insights into therapeutic landscape design,such as the rational use of natural elements,the construction of pedestrian space systems,the arrangement of specialized botanical gardens,the integration of multiple therapies,and the application of smart technologies.The aim is to promote the development of therapeutic outdoor landscape design for medical buildings.
文摘In recent years,outdoor apparel that combines functionality with fashion has become a focal point in the market.As research on fluorinated compounds deepens,calls for eliminating PFAS(per-and poly fluorinated alkyl substances)are growing louder.Traditional outdoor equipment such as waterproof jackets and hiking boots have long relied on PFAS for water and oil resistance,yet this comes at the potential cost of threatening ecosystems and consumer health.An innovationdriven sustainable transformation is now emerging—a growing number of pioneering brands are developing eco-friendly,PFAS-free alternatives,redefining the standards of high performance.
文摘Current research focuses on the performance degradation of photovoltaic(PV)modules,examining both crystalline silicon(p-Si and m-Si)and thin-film technologies,including a-Si/μc-Si,HIT,CdTe and CIGS.These modules were operated outdoors in two distinct climatic zones in the United States(US)over a period of three years.The degradation analysis includes the study of various quantities,such as the decrease in peak power,the reduction in current and voltage,and the variation in the fill factor.The annual degradation rate(DR)of PV modules is obtained by a linear fit of the effective maximum power evolution over time.The results indicate that m-Si and p-Si modules experienced a slight decrease in performance,with DRs of−0.83%and−1.07%,respectively.Subsequently,the HIT module exhibited a DR of−1.75%,while CdTe and CIGS modules demonstrated DRs of−2.03%and−2.45%,respectively.The a-Si/μc-Si module showed the highest DR at−3.26%.Using the Single Diode Model(SDM),we monitored the temporal evolution of physical parameters as well as changes in the shape of the I-V and P-V curves over time.We found that the key points of the I-V curve degrade over time,as do the I-V and P-V characteristics between two days approximately 30 months apart.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number:52225801)supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,Office of Building Technologies of the United States Department of Energy,under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231.
文摘India’s 231 million outdoor workers are exposed to deadly heat during heat waves.We report results from a simulation-based study that focuses on passive design of cooling shelters for the hot and dry climate zone of India.The goal is to design a cooler-than-outdoor shelter for outdoor workers’intermittent rest and recovery from heat stress during their arduous outdoor work,to avoid heat-related morbidities and mortality.Expected indoor thermal conditions in low-cost cooling shelters deploying a range of passive designs and low-power active measures are investigated,consistent with the current Indian standards and practices,located in the city of Jodhpur in western India.Heat resilience of the shelter was measured with the predicted reduction of hazardous hours inside the shelter based on the wet-bulb globe temperature(WBGT)and extended heat index.These measures include improving the building envelope,installing cool roofs,using internal thermal mass,and natural ventilation.Additionally,a low-power active measure of using ventilation fans and ceiling fans is explored.EnergyPlus-based simulation results show that simple,commonly available measures,particularly natural ventilation and ceiling fans,achieve the most significant reductions in overheating danger hours,by 22% and 21%,respectively,while more complex or costly passive strategies yield only marginal additional benefits.Moreover,combined measure packages are identified that can reduce the indoor WBGT by 8 to 10℃,eliminating overheating danger hours.These findings highlight the critical importance of scalable,low-cost,and easily deployable cooling solutions for developing resilient cooling shelters for vulnerable outdoor workers during heat waves in India.
文摘As "PFC Free" becomes a standard feature for more and more outdoor brands,environmental protection is no longer a distant slogan,but has become a necessary choice in consumer decision-making.When labels‘PFC free’are attached to products,we cannot help but ask:Where will the next environmental revolution occur?
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62072248).
文摘Camera technology advancement and deployment continue to play a vital role in modern life and production,amongst other capabilities,generating relevant visual information.The challenge of optimizing the use and deployment of camera networks in various applications(e.g.,surveillance,traffic monitoring,and public safety to name but just a few)has attracted considerable attention from both academia and industries.Camera planning is the first step in addressing this challenge.The surveillance objectives and scenes of a camera network dictate the modelling and optimization algorithms for camera planning.However,existing reviews have primarily focused on models or optimization algorithms,with insufficient attention given to surveillance scenes.This review aims to bridge this gap by 1)Classifying surveillance scenes into the urban environment and rural outdoor environment and comparing the surveillance requirements and challenges;2)Summarizing the details of camera coverage optimization in the relevant literature from the perspective of deployment scenes;and 3)Proposing a new surveillance scene-Solar Insecticidal Lamps with the Internet of Things—as a case study to analyze the surveillance requirement and challenges in agricultural outdoor environment.Finally,we state the technical outlook on the physical safety of outdoor electronic devices in agriculture settings and provide insights to draw more attention and effort into this area.
文摘The recent development in Lucknow shows that the amount of built mass may increase significantly soon,which may affect outdoor thermal comfort.This study aims to achieve a better alternative to the geometrical configuration of vertical surfaces that helps improve the outdoor thermal comfort level.The study primarily deals with the exploration of built forms by altering the planar forms,heights,and orientations to arrive at a better composition of vertical surfaces.144 typologies were finally generated,which were then simulated in ENVI-met.The results show that,with the I-shaped typology it is difficult to reduce solar access,whereas in terms of ventilation,the typology performed better than L-shaped and C-shaped typologies.For this reason,the hours of solar access,as well as wind speed,should be seen together while developing the built-form typology.Urban neighborhoods can be designed with streets and open spaces oriented primarily to northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast directions which allow the open spaces to be thermally more comfortable than the rest of the orientation.This research highlights the importance of varying building heights to enhance thermal comfort.The findings provide valuable insights for composite climate cities like lucknow and can serve as a framework for future design strategies aimed at mitigating outdoor thermal discomfort.It is therefore important for planners,urban designers,and architects to design considering the minimal impact of the upcoming development on the thermal comfort level.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22379058).
文摘Outdoor activities are an inevitable part of daily life.However,challenges such as elevated body temperatures due to solar radiation and bacterial infestations pose significant obstacles to comfort and safety.Currently,there is a lack of simple,economical,and efficient solutions for outdoor cooling and bacterial mitigation without external energy input.In this study,a composite fabric was developed by loading iron oxide(Fe_(2)O_(3))and silver bromide(AB)nanomaterials onto polyester fabric(FC)using low-temperature hydrothermal treatment and in-situ co-precipitation.This composite fabric retained both the aesthetic and structural integrity of the fibers,while effectively reduced the temperature by 5℃ under sunlight through reflecting solar radiation and improving the transmission of human body thermal radiation.Additionally,the composite fabric exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance,efficiently degrading volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and demonstrating over 90%antibacterial efficiency against various bacteria.The combination of its superior cooling and photocatalytic capabilities,alongside its cost-effective and straightforward production process,shows broad potential for sustainable applications.
文摘This article analyses the relationship between PM_(10) concentrations inside and outside two schools in Barreiro,Portugal:Primary School No.5 and D.Luís Mendonça Furtado Basic School.The main objective was to understand the impact of external and internal sources on indoor air quality(IAQ)in school environments.Monitoring campaigns were carried out in different indoor spaces,including classrooms,the gym,and the canteen,and the results were compared with PM_(10) levels outside the building.At Primary School No.5,indoor PM10 concentrations were consistently higher than the outdoor values measured on Avenida do Bocage,with an average Indoor/Outdoor(I/O)ratio of 2.2,indicating a significant impact of indoor activities on particle levels.Similarly,at the D.Luís Mendonça Furtado Basic School,there was an increase in PM_(10) and PM_(2:5) concentrations during school hours,with the highest I/O ratio(3.04)recorded on school days.In the evenings and at weekends,when the spaces were unoccupied,particle concentrations dropped considerably,reaching an I/O ratio of 0.70.Said results suggest that indoor activities are a determining factor for particle levels in indoor air,emphasizing the need for ventilation and pollution control strategies in schools to protect the health of students and staff.
基金Research Fund Projects of Chongqing Institute of Engineering:Research on the Intelligent Design of Indoor and Outdoor Spaces for Chongqing’s“Integrated Medical and Elderly Care”Health and Wellness Buildings in the Context of Digitization(2023xsky01)Research on Spatial Syntax Parameters and Combination Patterns of Urban and Rural Community Elderly Care Centers from a Multi-Dimensional Perspective(2024XZKY003)Funding support:2024 Curriculum Ideological and Political Demonstration Course Construction Project of Chongqing Institute of Engineering,“Residential Landscape Design”(Project Number:KC20240006)。
文摘With the gradual deepening of aging,the barrier-free design of outdoor spaces in healthcare and wellness buildings is crucial to the quality of life for the elderly in their later years.The mountainous terrain of Chongqing poses higher requirements for barrier-free design.This paper analyzes the barrier-free needs of the elderly,systematically reviews the current status of barrier-free design in Chongqing’s healthcare and wellness buildings,and proposes targeted smart strategy suggestions from four aspects:barrier-free transportation space,activity space,landscape sketches,and place spirit,combining regional characteristics.These suggestions aim to improve and enhance the quality of the elderly care environment in Chongqing.
文摘This research investigates the influence of indoor and outdoor factors on photovoltaic(PV)power generation at Utrecht University to accurately predict PV system performance by identifying critical impact factors and improving renewable energy efficiency.To predict plant efficiency,nineteen variables are analyzed,consisting of nine indoor photovoltaic panel characteristics(Open Circuit Voltage(Voc),Short Circuit Current(Isc),Maximum Power(Pmpp),Maximum Voltage(Umpp),Maximum Current(Impp),Filling Factor(FF),Parallel Resistance(Rp),Series Resistance(Rs),Module Temperature)and ten environmental factors(Air Temperature,Air Humidity,Dew Point,Air Pressure,Irradiation,Irradiation Propagation,Wind Speed,Wind Speed Propagation,Wind Direction,Wind Direction Propagation).This study provides a new perspective not previously addressed in the literature.In this study,different machine learning methods such as Multilayer Perceptron(MLP),Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline(MARS),Multiple Linear Regression(MLR),and Random Forest(RF)models are used to predict power values using data from installed PVpanels.Panel values obtained under real field conditions were used to train the models,and the results were compared.The Multilayer Perceptron(MLP)model was achieved with the highest classification accuracy of 0.990%.The machine learning models used for solar energy forecasting show high performance and produce results close to actual values.Models like Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)and Random Forest(RF)can be used in diverse locations based on load demand.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1004201)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82473642)+3 种基金Research Funds of the Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM(No.JKS2023017)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.2408085QH278)Research Fund of the Anhui Institute of Translational Medicine(No.2022zhyx-C05)Anhui Medical University National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.S202410366070).
文摘Infertility,defined as the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse,affects approximately 8%–12%of couples worldwide during their childbearing years.Assisted reproductive technology(ART)offers interventions to facilitate conception in couples with infertility.Since the inception of traditional in vitro fertilization(IVF)in 1978,ART has facilitated the birth of millions of infants.Intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)is an effective technique for couples ineligible for traditional IVF.Individual female factors,such as age and endometrial thickness,have been shown to affect embryo development during the IVF process,resulting in unfavorable pregnancy outcomes[1-3].However,the influence of environmental and male factors on early reproductive outcomes cannot be ignored.As a novel form of environmental pollution,light at night(LAN)has intensified with the rapid pace of urbanization,potentially leading to reproductive health problems in both women and men.However,to our knowledge,no study has explored the effects of LAN exposure on the early reproductive outcomes of IVF.Furthermore,the normal development of embryos relies on the contributions of both partners,and the influence of male factors on the early reproductive outcomes of IVF should not be overlooked.
基金This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China （Nos. Do210013, 2006J0460）.
文摘The outdoor ground radiation including the emitted radiation and reflected radiation plays an important role in the outdoor thermal environment. In this paper, based on the hypothesis of that the occupant body can be equivalent to a human cylinder and the outdoor ground surface is diffusive for radiation, a mathematical model is advanced to describe the radiation from the ground surface to the occupant. Through theoretical analysis of the mathematical model, general formulas for calculating the radiation arriving at the occupant from an annular ground surface and infinite ground surface are obtained. It shows that, the radiation from ground surface to the occupant depends on the surface temperature, reflectivity and emissivity, the arrange within the radius of 8.0m encircling the occupant can be defined as the dominant radiating area which radiates 90% radiation to the occupant. The radiative potentials of different pavement surface such grass, asphalt concrete surface, granite slab surface, terracotta bricks, colored concrete interlocking blocks are also compared with the datum measured by Tan Slew-Ann and Fwa Tien-Fang in Singapore, it shows that, in the summer sunny day, grass surface radiates more radiation in the morning but less in the afternoon than other pavement materials. Finally, discussions of reducing the radiation of outdoor ground surface are presented and main conclusions are drawn for improving the outdoor thermal environment.
