Within the dicynodont genus Turfanodon,there are two recognized species,T.bogdaensis and T.jiufengensis.Both species are known by relatively complete cranial materials,but the mandibles and most postcranial bones have...Within the dicynodont genus Turfanodon,there are two recognized species,T.bogdaensis and T.jiufengensis.Both species are known by relatively complete cranial materials,but the mandibles and most postcranial bones have been described only for T.jiufengensis.This paper reports new dicynodont specimens from Turpan,Xinjiang,referring them to T.bogdaensis.They can clearly be differentiated from T.jiufengensis by the flatter lateral surface of the snout region,a prominent swelling on the lateral dentary shelf,and the rounded femoral head.The diagnosis of Turfanodon is revised.The combination of a flat circumorbital rim,posterior portion of anterior pterygoid rami with converging ventral ridges,and a possible autapomorphy,a deep notch on scapula forming procoracoid foramen,are confirmed.It also differentiated from all dicynodonts other than Myosaurus,Kembawacela and Lystrosaurus by having accessory ridges lateral to the median palatal ridge.展开更多
This paper is a critical review of the newly published second edition of “Developmental Juvenile Osteology” by C. Cunningham, L. Scheuer and S. Black. It is extensively illustrated by Angela Christie portraying the ...This paper is a critical review of the newly published second edition of “Developmental Juvenile Osteology” by C. Cunningham, L. Scheuer and S. Black. It is extensively illustrated by Angela Christie portraying the developing human skeleton at varying stages of juvenile growth. A chapter on the dentition omits mention of attritional wear or identifies caries restorative materials. Despite an extensive bibliography, failure to provide reference sources detracts from an incomparable source of developmental skeletal enlightenment.展开更多
The objectives of this study are to present a detailed and comprehensive description of the osteology of Quasipaa robertingeri （Anura： Dicroglossidae）, to provide osteological evidence for taxonomy, and to explore ...The objectives of this study are to present a detailed and comprehensive description of the osteology of Quasipaa robertingeri （Anura： Dicroglossidae）, to provide osteological evidence for taxonomy, and to explore the adaptive traits of Q. robertingeri. We comprehensively studied the osteology of 2 adult specimens （1 male 98A00351 and 1 female 98A0041） of Q. robertingeri using conventional methods. Our osteological examination of Q. robertingeri shows that 1） the nasals are large and connect with one another medially; 2） the sphenethmoid is completely covered by the nasals and the frontopatietals, and thus it is not exposed dorsally; 3） the vomerine teeth are well-developed; 4） the anterior parts of the diapophyses＇ of the presacral II protrude forward in the male, the same observation was made in the presacrals II and III in the female; 5） the pectoral girdle is firmisternal; 6） the omosternum is fan-shaped posteriorly, and almost equal to the length of the mesosternum; 7） the xiphistemum is W-shaped with a deep incision posteriorly; 8） the humerus of the male is more developed in the crista ventralis, the crista medialis, and the crista lateralis; 9） the metacarpal II of the male presents with a nuptial tuber; and 10） the distal phalanges of the digits are anchorshaped. Ultimately, the unique characteristics listed are most likely adaptations to the environment and amplexus of Q. robertingeri.展开更多
Perleididae is a group of stem neopterygian fishes known only from the Triassic.Here,we report the discovery of a new perleidid,Teffichthys wui sp.nov.,based on six well-preserved specimens from the late Smithian(Olen...Perleididae is a group of stem neopterygian fishes known only from the Triassic.Here,we report the discovery of a new perleidid,Teffichthys wui sp.nov.,based on six well-preserved specimens from the late Smithian(Olenekian,Early Triassic)marine deposits of Jurong,Jiangsu and Chaohu,Anhui,China.This new discovery documents the third and youngest species of Teffichthys,which is slightly younger than the Dienerian(Induan)T.elegans from Guizhou and the early Smithian T.madagascariensis from Madagascar.The new species shows diagnostic features of Teffichthys(presence of a spiracular,38-41 lateral line scales,and no more than three epaxial rays in the caudal fin)but differs from T.madagascariensis and T.elegans in some autapomorphies(e.g.,a horizontal opercle/subopercle contact and smooth scales with a nearly straight posterior margin).The diagnostic features for the genus Teffichthys and the family Perleididae are emended based on detailed comparisons of the new taxon with other perleidids.The phylogenetic relationships of perleidids with other stem neopterygians are discussed using a cladistic approach,and the results provide new insights into the phylogeny and classification of main stem neopterygian clades.展开更多
The highly speciose gekkonid genus Cnemaspis Strauch,1887 is polyphyletic,with three distantly related and geographically isolated clades from Africa,South Asia(SA),and Southeast Asia.At present,there are 85 known spe...The highly speciose gekkonid genus Cnemaspis Strauch,1887 is polyphyletic,with three distantly related and geographically isolated clades from Africa,South Asia(SA),and Southeast Asia.At present,there are 85 known species within SA Cnemaspis,although the number continues to increase rapidly with focused surveys and rigorous taxonomic work.Recent studies have provided valuable insights into the diversity and evolutionary history of SA Cnemaspis;however,most of these studies lack sufficient sampling in the Western Ghats(WG),where the genus has its greatest diversity.We addressed this research gap by conducting extensive sampling across the WG and re-examining museum specimens,thus providing a systematic account of various extant Cnemaspis species along with their distribution and natural history.We described 12 new species and a southern WG endemic clade of SA Cnemaspis.Ten of the newly described species are endemic to the forests of the southern WG.We also identified 10 well-supported subclades that can be separated across morphological,geographic,and phylogenetic axes.A time-calibrated phylogeny and ancestral area reconstructions confirmed the Paleocene origin of SA Cnemaspis in the WG and provide insights into its evolutionary history and biogeography.The discovery of multiple endemic and deeply divergent lineages further highlights the evolutionary significance of the WG for lizards.展开更多
Two genera of fangless homalopsid snakes Brachyorrhos and Calamophis from eastern Indonesia have been described as basal members of the clade. A third genus belonging to this group from Sumatra, Indonesia is described...Two genera of fangless homalopsid snakes Brachyorrhos and Calamophis from eastern Indonesia have been described as basal members of the clade. A third genus belonging to this group from Sumatra, Indonesia is described here based upon morphology. Fangless homalopsid snakes share 19 dorsal scale rows at mid-body, fused dorsal scales above the cloaca, 5 to 7 upper labials, divided anal plate, divided subcaudals, 15-21 teeth on the dentary, frontal bone about 23% of skull length and other morphological characters that suggest they are related. All the three genera are known only from Indonesia. The new genus and species have a distinctive skull morphology with an absent premaxilla, a more depressed skull, and a larger eye than are present in Brachyorrhos.展开更多
Dear Editors,The orbit is an important anatomic landmark as it connects the brain with the face,paranasal sinuses,and nose.2 When operating around and within the orbit whether through superior,inferior,medial,or later...Dear Editors,The orbit is an important anatomic landmark as it connects the brain with the face,paranasal sinuses,and nose.2 When operating around and within the orbit whether through superior,inferior,medial,or lateral approach,surgeons heavily rely on precise understanding of orbital osteology to avoid complications and achieve successful operative results which entail mastery of neurovascular structures and foramina in each orbital wall.展开更多
Herein,the osteological development of the neurocranium,suspensorium,upper and lower jaws,opercular apparatus,hyoid arch,branchial arches,vertebral column,paired and unpaired fins and their supports in the Chinese per...Herein,the osteological development of the neurocranium,suspensorium,upper and lower jaws,opercular apparatus,hyoid arch,branchial arches,vertebral column,paired and unpaired fins and their supports in the Chinese perch(Siniperca chuatsi)are described from newly hatched larvae to 33.86 mm standard length(SL)post-flexion larvae.Newly hatched larvae had few osteological elements.Some cranial elements were formed in 4.8 mm notochord length(NL)larvae,including the trabecula cartilage and cartilaginous ethmoid plate.Most osteological elements of the upper and lower jaws,suspensorium and pectoral supports developed in 4.8 mm NL or smaller samples,followed by the opercular,hyoid arch,branchial arch(5.2 mm NL),vertebral column elements and caudal supports(6.4 mm NL)and finally by most of the cranial elements and pelvic supports(9.5 mm NL).Notochord flexion started in 9.5 mm NL larvae.The upper and lower jaws,opercular and pectoral supports were completely ossified first.Siniperca chuatsi larvae possessed a large mouth and sharp teeth,vomer teeth,palatine teeth,and pharyngeal teeth.Active feeding behavior was attributed to the early ossification of the feeding apparatus and the majority of teeth.Ossification of the centrum proceeded in a posterior direction.The preural centrum's ossification occurred after that of the urostyle.Parhypural,hypural 1 and hypural 2 fused temporarily at 9.5 mm NL and then became separated at 26.90 mm SL.The details of the osteological development of S.chuatsi in the early stage will increase our comprehension of functional trends and environmental preferences during different developmental stages,and provide important data related to a high growth rate and survival rate of S.chuatsi in the artificial propagation.展开更多
‘Paying equal attention to sinew and bone＇ is an important principle in China osteosynthesis （CO）. Traditional bone-setting manipulations not only pay high attention to fracture reduction, but also to sinew-regula...‘Paying equal attention to sinew and bone＇ is an important principle in China osteosynthesis （CO）. Traditional bone-setting manipulations not only pay high attention to fracture reduction, but also to sinew-regulating and soft tissues protection. The advantage of this principle has also been confirmed by modern medicine. To understand the principle better, it is essential to learn its historical origin, its important role in traumatology and its significant influence on modern orthopedics. In addition, we should inherit and further develop its theory, innovate and promote the development of CO constantly.展开更多
Objectives To identify possible mutations in our previously cloned candidate gene for hereditary multiple exostoses type Ⅱ (EXT2) in affected members of EXT families so as to confirm that it is the disease causing ...Objectives To identify possible mutations in our previously cloned candidate gene for hereditary multiple exostoses type Ⅱ (EXT2) in affected members of EXT families so as to confirm that it is the disease causing gene. Methods The mutation was detected first by single strand conformational polymorphism(SSCP) of all coding exons of the candidate gene and then by sequencing analysis. Results After analyzing 37 patients from 20 Chinese EXT families by SSCP and DNA sequencing analysis, one 2 bp insertion mutation was identified in this candidate gene in affected members of an EXT family. This mutation resulted in the frameshift and generated a truncated gene product consisting of 105 amino acids. Conclusions The identification of the mutation in the candidate gene indicates that this novel gene is responsible for EXT2 (one of the disease causing gene of EXT).展开更多
文摘Within the dicynodont genus Turfanodon,there are two recognized species,T.bogdaensis and T.jiufengensis.Both species are known by relatively complete cranial materials,but the mandibles and most postcranial bones have been described only for T.jiufengensis.This paper reports new dicynodont specimens from Turpan,Xinjiang,referring them to T.bogdaensis.They can clearly be differentiated from T.jiufengensis by the flatter lateral surface of the snout region,a prominent swelling on the lateral dentary shelf,and the rounded femoral head.The diagnosis of Turfanodon is revised.The combination of a flat circumorbital rim,posterior portion of anterior pterygoid rami with converging ventral ridges,and a possible autapomorphy,a deep notch on scapula forming procoracoid foramen,are confirmed.It also differentiated from all dicynodonts other than Myosaurus,Kembawacela and Lystrosaurus by having accessory ridges lateral to the median palatal ridge.
文摘This paper is a critical review of the newly published second edition of “Developmental Juvenile Osteology” by C. Cunningham, L. Scheuer and S. Black. It is extensively illustrated by Angela Christie portraying the developing human skeleton at varying stages of juvenile growth. A chapter on the dentition omits mention of attritional wear or identifies caries restorative materials. Despite an extensive bibliography, failure to provide reference sources detracts from an incomparable source of developmental skeletal enlightenment.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) to Xiaohong CHEN (Grant Nos.30870277,31372164,31572245)the key discipline of ecology of Henan Province, and the innovation team of science and technology of Henan Province (C20140032)
文摘The objectives of this study are to present a detailed and comprehensive description of the osteology of Quasipaa robertingeri （Anura： Dicroglossidae）, to provide osteological evidence for taxonomy, and to explore the adaptive traits of Q. robertingeri. We comprehensively studied the osteology of 2 adult specimens （1 male 98A00351 and 1 female 98A0041） of Q. robertingeri using conventional methods. Our osteological examination of Q. robertingeri shows that 1） the nasals are large and connect with one another medially; 2） the sphenethmoid is completely covered by the nasals and the frontopatietals, and thus it is not exposed dorsally; 3） the vomerine teeth are well-developed; 4） the anterior parts of the diapophyses＇ of the presacral II protrude forward in the male, the same observation was made in the presacrals II and III in the female; 5） the pectoral girdle is firmisternal; 6） the omosternum is fan-shaped posteriorly, and almost equal to the length of the mesosternum; 7） the xiphistemum is W-shaped with a deep incision posteriorly; 8） the humerus of the male is more developed in the crista ventralis, the crista medialis, and the crista lateralis; 9） the metacarpal II of the male presents with a nuptial tuber; and 10） the distal phalanges of the digits are anchorshaped. Ultimately, the unique characteristics listed are most likely adaptations to the environment and amplexus of Q. robertingeri.
文摘Perleididae is a group of stem neopterygian fishes known only from the Triassic.Here,we report the discovery of a new perleidid,Teffichthys wui sp.nov.,based on six well-preserved specimens from the late Smithian(Olenekian,Early Triassic)marine deposits of Jurong,Jiangsu and Chaohu,Anhui,China.This new discovery documents the third and youngest species of Teffichthys,which is slightly younger than the Dienerian(Induan)T.elegans from Guizhou and the early Smithian T.madagascariensis from Madagascar.The new species shows diagnostic features of Teffichthys(presence of a spiracular,38-41 lateral line scales,and no more than three epaxial rays in the caudal fin)but differs from T.madagascariensis and T.elegans in some autapomorphies(e.g.,a horizontal opercle/subopercle contact and smooth scales with a nearly straight posterior margin).The diagnostic features for the genus Teffichthys and the family Perleididae are emended based on detailed comparisons of the new taxon with other perleidids.The phylogenetic relationships of perleidids with other stem neopterygians are discussed using a cladistic approach,and the results provide new insights into the phylogeny and classification of main stem neopterygian clades.
基金This study was supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund(Western Ghats)DBT-IISc Partnership Programme and Ministry of Environment,Forests,and Climate Change(MoEFCC)Singinawa Conservation Foundation,and Rufford Small Grant。
文摘The highly speciose gekkonid genus Cnemaspis Strauch,1887 is polyphyletic,with three distantly related and geographically isolated clades from Africa,South Asia(SA),and Southeast Asia.At present,there are 85 known species within SA Cnemaspis,although the number continues to increase rapidly with focused surveys and rigorous taxonomic work.Recent studies have provided valuable insights into the diversity and evolutionary history of SA Cnemaspis;however,most of these studies lack sufficient sampling in the Western Ghats(WG),where the genus has its greatest diversity.We addressed this research gap by conducting extensive sampling across the WG and re-examining museum specimens,thus providing a systematic account of various extant Cnemaspis species along with their distribution and natural history.We described 12 new species and a southern WG endemic clade of SA Cnemaspis.Ten of the newly described species are endemic to the forests of the southern WG.We also identified 10 well-supported subclades that can be separated across morphological,geographic,and phylogenetic axes.A time-calibrated phylogeny and ancestral area reconstructions confirmed the Paleocene origin of SA Cnemaspis in the WG and provide insights into its evolutionary history and biogeography.The discovery of multiple endemic and deeply divergent lineages further highlights the evolutionary significance of the WG for lizards.
文摘Two genera of fangless homalopsid snakes Brachyorrhos and Calamophis from eastern Indonesia have been described as basal members of the clade. A third genus belonging to this group from Sumatra, Indonesia is described here based upon morphology. Fangless homalopsid snakes share 19 dorsal scale rows at mid-body, fused dorsal scales above the cloaca, 5 to 7 upper labials, divided anal plate, divided subcaudals, 15-21 teeth on the dentary, frontal bone about 23% of skull length and other morphological characters that suggest they are related. All the three genera are known only from Indonesia. The new genus and species have a distinctive skull morphology with an absent premaxilla, a more depressed skull, and a larger eye than are present in Brachyorrhos.
文摘Dear Editors,The orbit is an important anatomic landmark as it connects the brain with the face,paranasal sinuses,and nose.2 When operating around and within the orbit whether through superior,inferior,medial,or lateral approach,surgeons heavily rely on precise understanding of orbital osteology to avoid complications and achieve successful operative results which entail mastery of neurovascular structures and foramina in each orbital wall.
文摘Herein,the osteological development of the neurocranium,suspensorium,upper and lower jaws,opercular apparatus,hyoid arch,branchial arches,vertebral column,paired and unpaired fins and their supports in the Chinese perch(Siniperca chuatsi)are described from newly hatched larvae to 33.86 mm standard length(SL)post-flexion larvae.Newly hatched larvae had few osteological elements.Some cranial elements were formed in 4.8 mm notochord length(NL)larvae,including the trabecula cartilage and cartilaginous ethmoid plate.Most osteological elements of the upper and lower jaws,suspensorium and pectoral supports developed in 4.8 mm NL or smaller samples,followed by the opercular,hyoid arch,branchial arch(5.2 mm NL),vertebral column elements and caudal supports(6.4 mm NL)and finally by most of the cranial elements and pelvic supports(9.5 mm NL).Notochord flexion started in 9.5 mm NL larvae.The upper and lower jaws,opercular and pectoral supports were completely ossified first.Siniperca chuatsi larvae possessed a large mouth and sharp teeth,vomer teeth,palatine teeth,and pharyngeal teeth.Active feeding behavior was attributed to the early ossification of the feeding apparatus and the majority of teeth.Ossification of the centrum proceeded in a posterior direction.The preural centrum's ossification occurred after that of the urostyle.Parhypural,hypural 1 and hypural 2 fused temporarily at 9.5 mm NL and then became separated at 26.90 mm SL.The details of the osteological development of S.chuatsi in the early stage will increase our comprehension of functional trends and environmental preferences during different developmental stages,and provide important data related to a high growth rate and survival rate of S.chuatsi in the artificial propagation.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province~~
文摘‘Paying equal attention to sinew and bone＇ is an important principle in China osteosynthesis （CO）. Traditional bone-setting manipulations not only pay high attention to fracture reduction, but also to sinew-regulating and soft tissues protection. The advantage of this principle has also been confirmed by modern medicine. To understand the principle better, it is essential to learn its historical origin, its important role in traumatology and its significant influence on modern orthopedics. In addition, we should inherit and further develop its theory, innovate and promote the development of CO constantly.
文摘Objectives To identify possible mutations in our previously cloned candidate gene for hereditary multiple exostoses type Ⅱ (EXT2) in affected members of EXT families so as to confirm that it is the disease causing gene. Methods The mutation was detected first by single strand conformational polymorphism(SSCP) of all coding exons of the candidate gene and then by sequencing analysis. Results After analyzing 37 patients from 20 Chinese EXT families by SSCP and DNA sequencing analysis, one 2 bp insertion mutation was identified in this candidate gene in affected members of an EXT family. This mutation resulted in the frameshift and generated a truncated gene product consisting of 105 amino acids. Conclusions The identification of the mutation in the candidate gene indicates that this novel gene is responsible for EXT2 (one of the disease causing gene of EXT).
