城市化、工业化、机动化的高速推进以及大气活性物质的大量排放,使得长江三角洲地区在夏秋季节面临严峻的以高浓度O3为典型特征的光化学污染问题.然而,O3与其前体物之间的高度非线性反应过程使得其来源识别变得十分复杂,因此针对高浓度O...城市化、工业化、机动化的高速推进以及大气活性物质的大量排放,使得长江三角洲地区在夏秋季节面临严峻的以高浓度O3为典型特征的光化学污染问题.然而,O3与其前体物之间的高度非线性反应过程使得其来源识别变得十分复杂,因此针对高浓度O3的控制途径仍不清楚.本文以2013年7月长三角地区发生的一次持续时间长、波及范围广、强度高的高浓度O3污染过程为研究案例,基于CAMx空气质量数值模型中耦合的臭氧来源追踪方法(OSAT),采用物种示踪的方法对长三角3个代表性城市上海、苏州、杭州近地面O3的污染来源开展了模拟研究,探讨了4个源区(上海、浙北、苏南和长距离输送)、7类排放源(工业锅炉和窑炉、生产工艺过程、电厂、生活源、流动源、挥发源和天然源)对上海、苏州和杭州城区地面O3的浓度贡献.研究结果表明:长距离输送以及区域背景产生的O3约在20×10-9~40×10-9(体积分数)之间;加上上海及苏南、浙北地区排放的前体物在长三角城区地区二次生成O3,可使O3上升至40×10-9~100×10-9(体积分数)乃至更高.模拟时段内日间8 h O3浓度的地区贡献分析结果显示,长距离传输对于上海、苏州、杭州的浓度贡献分别为42.79%±10.17%、48.57%±9.97%和60.13%±7.11%;上海城区O3来源中,上海本地污染贡献平均为28.94%±8.49%,浙北地区贡献约19.83%±10.55%;苏州城区O3来源中,苏南地区贡献约26.41%±6.80%;杭州城区O3来源中,浙北地区贡献约29.56%±8.33%.从各受点日最大O3小时浓度贡献来看,长距离传输贡献比例显著下降(35.35%~58.04%),而本地污染贡献上升.区域各类污染源贡献分析结果表明,长三角地区对O3污染贡献最为突出的几类污染源分别是工业锅炉和窑炉(浓度贡献约18.4%~21.11%)、生产工艺过程(19.85%~28.46%)、流动源(21.30%~23.51%)、天然源(13.01%~17.07%)和电厂排放(7.08%~9.75%).研究结果表明,工业燃烧排放、生产工艺过程中产生的VOC排放以及流动源大气污染物排放,是造成长三角区域夏季高浓度O3的主要人为源.展开更多
使用体系结构分析和设计语言AADL(Architecture Analysis and Design Language)对月球车导航系统进行分析与建模,把整个导航系统合理地拆分成三个分系统,并定义分系统之间的交互接口。每个分系统的建模实现都是根据月球车具体需求合理使...使用体系结构分析和设计语言AADL(Architecture Analysis and Design Language)对月球车导航系统进行分析与建模,把整个导航系统合理地拆分成三个分系统,并定义分系统之间的交互接口。每个分系统的建模实现都是根据月球车具体需求合理使用AADL构件,并使用OSATE制作了系统的图形表示。展开更多
AADL (architecture analysis and design language) concentrates on the modeling and analysis of application system architectures.It is quite popular for its simple syntax,powerful functionality and extensibility and has...AADL (architecture analysis and design language) concentrates on the modeling and analysis of application system architectures.It is quite popular for its simple syntax,powerful functionality and extensibility and has been widely applied in embedded systems for its advantage.However,it is not enough for AADL to model cyber-physical systems (CPS) mainly because it cannot be used to model the continuous dynamic behaviors.This paper proposes an approach to construct a new sublanguage of AADL called AADL+,to facilitate the modeling of not only the discrete and continuous behavior of CPS,but also interaction between cyber components and physical components.The syntax and semantics of the sublanguage are provided to describe the behaviors of the systems.What's more,we develop a plug-in to OSATE (open-source AADL tool environment) for the modeling of CPS.And the plug-in supports syntax checking and simulation of the system model through linking with modelica.Finally,the AADL+ annex is successfully applied to model a lunar rover control system.展开更多
Objective:No ideal training system exists for pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).We developed an educational system that uses an objective structured assessment of technical skills.Methods:This retrospective observational st...Objective:No ideal training system exists for pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).We developed an educational system that uses an objective structured assessment of technical skills.Methods:This retrospective observational study was conducted using the data of consecutive trainees and patients who underwent PD from 2007 to 2013 in Kansai Medical University Hospital.The total score on the task checklist(21 parameters)for measuring technical performance during PD by self assessment and instructor assessment was compared between junior(JN)and hepatobiliary pancreatic(HBP)trainees at a university hospital.Surgical outcomes of 303 PDs(2007-2013)were also compared among JN trainees,HBP trainees,and instructors,and the present position of the trainees was investigated.This study was approved by the institutional review board of Kansai Medical University on May 26,2020.Results:The self-assessment score on the task checklist was significantly higher for the HBP trainees than for the JN trainees on all parts of PD(P<.001).The discrepancy between self-assessment and instructor assessment improved in 3 JN trainees after experience with the first 5 PDs.Although total score curves rose to the right in the JN group,scores in the HBP group were stable,at 70 or higher,which correlated with the instructor assessment.The 90-day and 30-day mortality rates were 1.6%and 0.3%,respectively.Mortality and morbidity after PD did not differ between the JN and HBP trainees or between the instructors and the trainees.Four of 10 trainees became board-certified expert surgeons of the Japanese Society of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery.Conclusion:These results indicated good construct validity of the task checklist system.This program was safely and effectively implemented in terms of surgical outcomes and final outcomes of trainees becoming board-certified expert surgeons.展开更多
文摘城市化、工业化、机动化的高速推进以及大气活性物质的大量排放,使得长江三角洲地区在夏秋季节面临严峻的以高浓度O3为典型特征的光化学污染问题.然而,O3与其前体物之间的高度非线性反应过程使得其来源识别变得十分复杂,因此针对高浓度O3的控制途径仍不清楚.本文以2013年7月长三角地区发生的一次持续时间长、波及范围广、强度高的高浓度O3污染过程为研究案例,基于CAMx空气质量数值模型中耦合的臭氧来源追踪方法(OSAT),采用物种示踪的方法对长三角3个代表性城市上海、苏州、杭州近地面O3的污染来源开展了模拟研究,探讨了4个源区(上海、浙北、苏南和长距离输送)、7类排放源(工业锅炉和窑炉、生产工艺过程、电厂、生活源、流动源、挥发源和天然源)对上海、苏州和杭州城区地面O3的浓度贡献.研究结果表明:长距离输送以及区域背景产生的O3约在20×10-9~40×10-9(体积分数)之间;加上上海及苏南、浙北地区排放的前体物在长三角城区地区二次生成O3,可使O3上升至40×10-9~100×10-9(体积分数)乃至更高.模拟时段内日间8 h O3浓度的地区贡献分析结果显示,长距离传输对于上海、苏州、杭州的浓度贡献分别为42.79%±10.17%、48.57%±9.97%和60.13%±7.11%;上海城区O3来源中,上海本地污染贡献平均为28.94%±8.49%,浙北地区贡献约19.83%±10.55%;苏州城区O3来源中,苏南地区贡献约26.41%±6.80%;杭州城区O3来源中,浙北地区贡献约29.56%±8.33%.从各受点日最大O3小时浓度贡献来看,长距离传输贡献比例显著下降(35.35%~58.04%),而本地污染贡献上升.区域各类污染源贡献分析结果表明,长三角地区对O3污染贡献最为突出的几类污染源分别是工业锅炉和窑炉(浓度贡献约18.4%~21.11%)、生产工艺过程(19.85%~28.46%)、流动源(21.30%~23.51%)、天然源(13.01%~17.07%)和电厂排放(7.08%~9.75%).研究结果表明,工业燃烧排放、生产工艺过程中产生的VOC排放以及流动源大气污染物排放,是造成长三角区域夏季高浓度O3的主要人为源.
文摘使用体系结构分析和设计语言AADL(Architecture Analysis and Design Language)对月球车导航系统进行分析与建模,把整个导航系统合理地拆分成三个分系统,并定义分系统之间的交互接口。每个分系统的建模实现都是根据月球车具体需求合理使用AADL构件,并使用OSATE制作了系统的图形表示。
文摘AADL (architecture analysis and design language) concentrates on the modeling and analysis of application system architectures.It is quite popular for its simple syntax,powerful functionality and extensibility and has been widely applied in embedded systems for its advantage.However,it is not enough for AADL to model cyber-physical systems (CPS) mainly because it cannot be used to model the continuous dynamic behaviors.This paper proposes an approach to construct a new sublanguage of AADL called AADL+,to facilitate the modeling of not only the discrete and continuous behavior of CPS,but also interaction between cyber components and physical components.The syntax and semantics of the sublanguage are provided to describe the behaviors of the systems.What's more,we develop a plug-in to OSATE (open-source AADL tool environment) for the modeling of CPS.And the plug-in supports syntax checking and simulation of the system model through linking with modelica.Finally,the AADL+ annex is successfully applied to model a lunar rover control system.
文摘Objective:No ideal training system exists for pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).We developed an educational system that uses an objective structured assessment of technical skills.Methods:This retrospective observational study was conducted using the data of consecutive trainees and patients who underwent PD from 2007 to 2013 in Kansai Medical University Hospital.The total score on the task checklist(21 parameters)for measuring technical performance during PD by self assessment and instructor assessment was compared between junior(JN)and hepatobiliary pancreatic(HBP)trainees at a university hospital.Surgical outcomes of 303 PDs(2007-2013)were also compared among JN trainees,HBP trainees,and instructors,and the present position of the trainees was investigated.This study was approved by the institutional review board of Kansai Medical University on May 26,2020.Results:The self-assessment score on the task checklist was significantly higher for the HBP trainees than for the JN trainees on all parts of PD(P<.001).The discrepancy between self-assessment and instructor assessment improved in 3 JN trainees after experience with the first 5 PDs.Although total score curves rose to the right in the JN group,scores in the HBP group were stable,at 70 or higher,which correlated with the instructor assessment.The 90-day and 30-day mortality rates were 1.6%and 0.3%,respectively.Mortality and morbidity after PD did not differ between the JN and HBP trainees or between the instructors and the trainees.Four of 10 trainees became board-certified expert surgeons of the Japanese Society of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery.Conclusion:These results indicated good construct validity of the task checklist system.This program was safely and effectively implemented in terms of surgical outcomes and final outcomes of trainees becoming board-certified expert surgeons.
