Organic cathodes for alkali-metal-ion batteries attract great attentions in recent years,but the ion storage sites are limited to some finite functional groups.This is because an organic cathode must have proper lowes...Organic cathodes for alkali-metal-ion batteries attract great attentions in recent years,but the ion storage sites are limited to some finite functional groups.This is because an organic cathode must have proper lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals(LUMO) to accept electrons at high potential.Herein,a novel type of organophosphate-based cathode has successfully been explored by tuning the LUMO energy level of organophosphates through metal ions with an inert electron pair.For the first time,the P=O of phytate(PA),N,N,N’,N’-ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylene phytate)(EDTMP),and diethylenetriaminepentakis(methyl phytate)(DTPMP) is activated by lead/bismuth(with 6s2electron pair) to storage Li/Na/K ions reversibly.Typically,density functional theory calculations indicate that the LUMO energy of Bi-PA is greatly reduced from-0.99(PA) to-4.61 eV,which shows the first discharge capacity of 173,182 and 206mAh·g-1and the reversibly capacity of 102,102 and 101mAh·g-1with the discharge platform of 2.4,2.1 and 2.4 V for Li/Na/K-ion battery cathodes,respectively.Similarly,with proper LUMO energy level,Pb-PA(-4.63 eV),Pb-EDTMP(-3.71 eV),and Pb-DTPMP(-4.45 eV) all exhibit admirable performance.This unique strategy of organic materials to alkali-metal-ion battery cathodes offers a new avenue for future energy storage systems.展开更多
A series of succinimido-organophosphate analogueswas synthesized with maleic anhydride as starting material viamaleimide and its analogues as intermediates and characterized by IR,1HNMR and elementary analysis.
Aquatic reservoirs remain the ultimate sink of chemical pollutants emanating from anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, mining and industry. Freshwater biota undoubtedly is at risk from the adverse effects of ...Aquatic reservoirs remain the ultimate sink of chemical pollutants emanating from anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, mining and industry. Freshwater biota undoubtedly is at risk from the adverse effects of these water pollutants and there is therefore, a need to monitor effects of these chemical pollutants in order to safeguard the health of aquatic biota. We investigated the oxidative stress effects of chlorpyrifos and lead on the freshwater snail Helisoma duryi to assess the potential of using this enzyme system as a biondicator of exposure to environmental pollutants. Groups of snails were exposed to 5 ppb lead acetate and 25 ppb chlorpyrifos for 7 days after which half of the snails were sacrificed and the other half were allowed to recover in clean water and sacrificed after another 7 days. Post mitochondrial fractions were used to measure the activities of the following antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and diphosphotriphosphodiaphorase. Both pollutants enhanced the activities of all the antioxidant enzymes suggesting a defensive mechanism by the snail to combat the oxidative stress due to the organophosphate chlopryrifos and metal pollutant lead. There was a significant recovery of the antioxidant defense system of the snails allowed to recover in clean water shown by the reduced alteration of the antioxidant enzyme activities of the snails allowed to recover for 7 days. This suggests the need to minimize exposure of aquatic biota to chemical pollutants and remediate the polluted water reservoirs in order to safeguard the health of aquatic life.展开更多
Cerium dioxide was used for the first time as reactive sorbent for the degradation of the organophosphate pesticides para-thion methyl, chlorpyrifos, dichlofenthion, fenchlorphos, and prothiofos, as well as of some ch...Cerium dioxide was used for the first time as reactive sorbent for the degradation of the organophosphate pesticides para-thion methyl, chlorpyrifos, dichlofenthion, fenchlorphos, and prothiofos, as well as of some chemical warfare agents-nerve gases soman and O-ethyl S-[2-（diisopropylamino） ethyl] methylphosphonothioate （VX）. CeO2 specimens were prepared by calcination of basic cerous carbonate obtained by precipitation from an aqueous solution. The CeO2 samples containing certain amounts （1 wt.%-5 wt.%） of the neighboring lanthanides （La, Pr, Nd） were prepared in a similar way from pure lanthanide salts. It was shown that ceria accelerated markedly the decomposition of parathion methyl causing the cleavage of the P-O-aryl bond in the pesticide molecule. A similar reaction mechanism was proposed for the degradation of other organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. The degradation times （reaction half-times） were in an order of minutes in the presence of CeO2, compared to hours or days under common environ-mental conditions. The reaction in suitable organic solvents allowed conversions of about 90%for parathion methyl loading of 20 mg pesticide/g CeO2 within 2 h with a reactant half-life in the order of 0.1 min. The key parameter governing the degradation efficiency of CeO2 was the temperature during calcination. At optimum calcination temperature （about 773.15 K）, the produced ceria retained a sufficiently high surface area, and attained an optimum degree of crystallinity （related to a number of crystal defects, and thus poten-tial reactive sites）. The presence of other lanthanides somewhat decreased the reaction rate, but this effect was not detrimental and permitted the possible use of chemically impure ceria as a reactive sorbent. A fast organophosphate degradation was demonstrated not only in non-polar solvents （such as heptane）, but also in polar aprotic solvents （acetonitrile, acetone） that are miscible with water. This opens new possibilities for designing more versatile decontamination strategies. The cleavage of phosphate ester bonds is of a great importance not only for the degradation of dangerous chemicals （chemical weapons, pesticides）, but also for interactions of ceria （es-pecially the nano-sized one） in biologically relevant systems.展开更多
Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is an acute form of poisoning primarily found in underdeveloped regions.Its main clinical manifestations include muscarinic symptoms,nicotinic symptoms,and central nervous system di...Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is an acute form of poisoning primarily found in underdeveloped regions.Its main clinical manifestations include muscarinic symptoms,nicotinic symptoms,and central nervous system disturbances.This report presents a case of a middleaged female who developed extremely rare symptoms of optic nerve damage after ingesting a large amount of an organophosphate pesticide.展开更多
Distribution and removal of chemicals in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)have mainly relied on mathematical models.Existing exposure assessment models such as SimpleTreat,STPWIN are based on conventional activated s...Distribution and removal of chemicals in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)have mainly relied on mathematical models.Existing exposure assessment models such as SimpleTreat,STPWIN are based on conventional activated sludge processes.There is an urgent need to develop an A^(2)/O-based WWTPs exposure assessment model.Organophosphates(OPEs)have different physical and chemical properties and potential environmental risks.The fate and biodegradation kinetics of three types of OPEs,including alkyl OPEs,chlorinated OPEs and triphenyl ester OPEs,were studied in a laboratory-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic(A^(2)/O)sewage treatment system and batch reactors.The three types of OPEs had different anaerobic,anoxic,and aerobic removal characteristics.A compensation mechanism was found between anaerobic and anoxic/aerobic removal.When the hydraulic retention time decreased from 82 to 20.5 h,the removal efficiencies in the anaerobic unit decreased,while those in the anoxic unit increased;as a result,the total removal efficiencies remained high(>80%)for all OPEs except triphenyl phosphate(65.5%-75.1%).The concept of effective sludge concentration(MLSS eff)was proposed to illustrate the compensation mechanism and calibrate the second-order kinetic equation for predicting pollutant removal in the A^(2)/O system:MLSS eff=k_(en)×MLSS,where ken is a constant related to the influent total organic carbon content(TOC).The influent TOC contents of the anoxic and aerobic units affected the value of MLSS_(eff)and OPEs removal.The results are of great significance for assessing OPEs exposure and predicting exposure to emerging micropollutants in sewage treatment systems.展开更多
Organophosphate compounds are widely used in agricultural activities to optimize food production. Contaminationof field soil by these compounds may result in detrimental effects on soil biota. The aim of the present s...Organophosphate compounds are widely used in agricultural activities to optimize food production. Contaminationof field soil by these compounds may result in detrimental effects on soil biota. The aim of the present studywas to isolate microorganisms from field soils and evaluate the strains on ability to degrade organophosphates as singleisolate and as a consortium. Isolated strains were identified using both biochemical and molecular techniques.Results revealed that, out of the 46 isolated strains, three isolates herein referred to as S6, S36 and S37 showed an averagediazinon degradation rate of 76.4%, 76.7% and 76.8% respectively, of the initial dose (50 ppm) within 11 daysof incubation in mineral medium. Notably, isolates S36 and S37 were more effective than S6 in degrading diazinonby 40% in soil aliquot after 11 days and therefore were evaluated on biochemical reactions and molecular identification.The isolates showed variable biochemical characteristics. However, both isolates possessed catalase enzyme,but lacked oxidase enzyme. Molecular characterization showed that, the closest species for S36 and S37 were Priestiamegaterium and P. arybattia, respectively, based on 16S rRNA gene similarity (> 99%). Combination of the strainsincreased diazinon degradation ability by 45% compared to single strain treatment. Chlorpyrifos was the most highlydegraded organophosphate, compared to phorate and cadusafos. Therefore it is expected that the pesticide-degradingbacteria could be a solution to soil health improvement and contribution to the production of safe agriculturalproducts.展开更多
Fifty agricultural soil samples collected from Fuzhou,southeast China,were first investigated for the occurrence,distribution,and potential risks of twelve organophosphate esters(OPEs).The total concentration of OPEs(...Fifty agricultural soil samples collected from Fuzhou,southeast China,were first investigated for the occurrence,distribution,and potential risks of twelve organophosphate esters(OPEs).The total concentration of OPEs(ΣOPEs)in soil ranged from 1.33 to 96.5 ng/g dry weight(dw),with an average value of 17.1 ng/g dw.Especially,halogenated-OPEs were the predominant group with amean level of 9.75 ng/g dw,and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TCIPP)was the most abundant OPEs,accounting for 51.1%ofΣOPEs.The concentrations of TCIPP andΣOPEs were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05)in soils of urban areas than those in suburban areas.In addition,the use of agricultural plastic films and total organic carbon had a positive effect on the occurrence of OPE in this study.The positive matrix factorization model suggested complex sources of OPEs in agricultural soils from Fuzhou.The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that tricresyl phosphate presented a medium risk to land-based organisms(0.1≤risk quotient<1.0).Nevertheless,the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks for human exposure to OPEs through soil ingestion and dermal absorption were negligible.These findings would facilitate further investigations into the pollution management and risk control of OPEs.展开更多
Numerous studies documented the occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters(tri-OPEs)and di-esters(di-OPEs)in the environment.Little information is available on their occurrence in waste consumer products,reservoirs and ...Numerous studies documented the occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters(tri-OPEs)and di-esters(di-OPEs)in the environment.Little information is available on their occurrence in waste consumer products,reservoirs and sources of these chemicals.This study collected and analyzed 92 waste consumer products manufactured from diverse polymers,including polyurethane foam(PUF),polystyrene(PS),acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS),polypropylene(PP),and polyethylene(PE)to obtain information on the occurrence and profiles of 16 tri-OPEs and 10 di-OPEs.Total concentrations of di-OPEs(18−370,000 ng/g,median 1,700 ng/g)were one order of magnitude lower than those of tri-OPEs(94−4,500,000 ng/g,median 5,400 ng/g).The concentrations of both tri-and di-OPEs in products made of PUF,PS,and ABS were orders of magnitude higher than those made of PP and PE.The compositional patterns of OPEs varied among different polymer types but were generally dominated by bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate),triphenyl phosphate,tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate,di-phenyl phosphate(DPHP),and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate.Two industrially applied di-OPEs(di-n-butyl phosphate and DPHP)exhibited higher levels than their respective tri-OPEs,contrary to their production volumes.Some non-industrially applied chlorinated di-OPEs were also detected,with concentrations up to 97,000 ng/g.These findings suggest that degradation of tri-OPEs during the manufacturing and use of products is an important source of di-OPEs.The mass inventories of tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in consumer products were estimated at 3,100 and 750 tons/year,respectively.This study highlights the importance of consumer products as emission sources of a broad suite of OPEs.展开更多
The widespread presence of organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)in aquatic environments has raised significant concerns regarding environmental and hu-man health risks.In this study,the adsorption behavior of two re...The widespread presence of organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)in aquatic environments has raised significant concerns regarding environmental and hu-man health risks.In this study,the adsorption behavior of two representative aromatic OPFRs,triphenylphosphine ox-ide(TPPO)and triphenyl phosphate(TPhP),was system-atically investigated using organically modified montmoril-lonite(MMT).The effects of various environmental and operational parameters,including cationic surfactant dos-age,temperature,pH,ionic strength,and humic acid(HA)concentration,on OPFR adsorption were thoroughly examined.Results revealed that modification with hexa-decyltrimethylammonium bromide enhanced the TPPO and TPhP adsorption capacities of MMT.The adsorption pro-cess was largely independent of pH and HA concentration,and the presence of inorganic cations significantly improved the adsorption efficiency.Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 30 min,with kinetics best described by a pseudo-second-order model.The adsorption isotherms ex-hibited a linear relationship,and the distribution coefficients for TPPO and TPhP were 0.16 and 0.51 L/g,respectively.Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the considered ad-sorption was more favorable at lower temperatures.The pri-mary adsorption mechanism was attributed to the partition-ing behavior facilitated by the organophilic nature of the modified MMT.Moreover,the adsorbent demonstrated ex-cellent regeneration performance,with its adsorption capac-ity remaining stable over five consecutive cycles.Overall,these findings show that cationic surfactant-modified MMT has a promising potential for application in wastewater treat-ment to effectively remove OPFRs from aqueous systems.展开更多
BACKGROUND Organophosphate(OP)poisoning is common in sub-Saharan Africa.It is asso-ciated with high mortality and morbidity.Affected individuals often exhibit cho-linergic symptoms and respiratory distress.Moreover,ot...BACKGROUND Organophosphate(OP)poisoning is common in sub-Saharan Africa.It is asso-ciated with high mortality and morbidity.Affected individuals often exhibit cho-linergic symptoms and respiratory distress.Moreover,other complications,such as pancreatitis,arrhythmias,and hepatic dysfunction,have been reported.How-ever,paralytic ileus is an exceedingly rare complication.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with altered sensorium and abdominal distension following suspected OP exposure.Physical examination and imaging revealed features of intestinal obstruction and neurological deficits.He was managed with atropine,pralidoxime,and other supportive measures and had a successful recovery.Paralytic ileus is an atypical complication of acute OP poisoning.The resultant intestinal obstruction manifests as cholinergic overac-tivity,leading to bowel dysmotility.This case emphasizes the need for awareness and prompt management of such atypical presentations,especially in the pe-diatric population.CONCLUSION Timely recognition and multidisciplinary management of atypical presentations,such as paralytic ileus,are crucial in improving outcomes in pediatric OP poi-soning.展开更多
Previous studies on the prenatal organophosphate ester(OPE)exposure's effect on children's neurodevelopment have yielded inconsistent results.In this study,we employed a longitudinal approach,capitalizing on m...Previous studies on the prenatal organophosphate ester(OPE)exposure's effect on children's neurodevelopment have yielded inconsistent results.In this study,we employed a longitudinal approach,capitalizing on multitime-point evaluations of exposure to OPEs and two-stage assessments of children's brain development.The study included 508 mother-child pairs.We measured seven OPEs in maternal serum throughout pregnancy and assessed children's mental health and developmental mile-stones at the age of 2 and 5.The group-based trajectory model identified pregnancy exposure trajectories.Generalized estimated equations and quantile-based g-computation were employed to evaluate the effects of OPEs on children's brain development.Four OPEs,including 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP),were detected in over 50%of the maternal samples.Each ln-unit increment of EHDPP was associated with an increased peer problem scores(IRR:1.104,95%CI:1.038-1.174)in mental health.Regarding development milestones,EHDPP was related to lower scores in communication,gross motor,personal-social,and total score of the ages and stages questionnaires(ASQ)(IRR:0.963-0.976).Trajectory analysis confirmed these associations.Notably,boys were more affected in terms of mental health,while girls were more vulnerable in terms of developmental milestones.Prenatal exposure to OPEs,particularly EHDPP,is associated with adverse brain development in early childhood with notable sex-specific differences in vulnerability.展开更多
Objective: To analyze the emergency treatment effect of ultra-early hemoperfusion (HP) in patients with severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning (SOPP). Methods: Sixty SOPP patients treated in the emergency departme...Objective: To analyze the emergency treatment effect of ultra-early hemoperfusion (HP) in patients with severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning (SOPP). Methods: Sixty SOPP patients treated in the emergency department between January 2022 and January 2024 were randomly divided into two groups using a random number table. The observation group (30 cases) received ultra-early HP treatment, while the reference group (30 cases) received conventional HP treatment initiated 6 hours post-poisoning. The groups were compared in terms of overall emergency efficacy, clinical indicators, serological markers, inflammatory factors, and complication rates. Results: The observation group had a higher total efficacy rate than the reference group, superior clinical indicators, and a lower complication rate (P < 0.05). After 24 hours of emergency treatment, serological markers and inflammatory factor levels in the observation group were lower than those in the reference group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultra-early HP treatment provides better emergency outcomes for SOPP patients by shortening treatment time, improving serological markers and inflammatory factor levels, and offering higher safety. It demonstrates significant advantages in emergency care.展开更多
Fluorescent microspheres of polystyrene-based Eu（Ⅲ） complexes were prepared from TentaGel resin, 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine and europium nitrate. The microspheres were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, element...Fluorescent microspheres of polystyrene-based Eu（Ⅲ） complexes were prepared from TentaGel resin, 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine and europium nitrate. The microspheres were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, XPS measurements and fluorescence spectroscopy. Characteristic red emission under irradiation of 365 nm light from a hand-held UV lamp was observed for the microspheres either in a solution or solid-state. Fluorescent quenching was observed when the microspheres were exposed to a trace amount of diethyl chlorophosphate （DCP） in the dispersion. The material and property can be potentially used to fabricate chemosensor in the detection of organophosphates.展开更多
Terpyridine-capped poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG） was synthesized as a novel polymeric ligand and rare earth complex was prepared from Eu（NO3）3 and the telechelic macromolecules. The structure of the complex was ch...Terpyridine-capped poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG） was synthesized as a novel polymeric ligand and rare earth complex was prepared from Eu（NO3）3 and the telechelic macromolecules. The structure of the complex was characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis and fluores-cence spectroscopy. Strong fluorescent emission of the complex was observed at 593 and 616 nm upon the excitation of 300 nm. The fluo-rescent emission was quenched upon addition of trace amount of diethyl chlorophosphate （DCP）. And the observed Ksv values for DCP were measured to be 0.568×10^3 and 0.89×10^3 L/mol for quenching at 593 and 616 nm, which indicated the detection limit for DCP was about 0.014 mmol/L. These results showed that the terpyridine-lanthanide complex could be an effective chemosensor with a potential application in the detection of organophosphates.展开更多
In this work,a novel bisbenzimidazolylpyridine-functionalized fluorescent epoxy resin was synthesized for organophosphate pesticide detection.The epoxy resin was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscop...In this work,a novel bisbenzimidazolylpyridine-functionalized fluorescent epoxy resin was synthesized for organophosphate pesticide detection.The epoxy resin was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）,proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy（~1H NMR）,gel permeation chromatography（CPC）,differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and fluorescence spectroscopy.After loading with Eu（Ⅲ） ions,the epoxy resin showed a strong fluorescence emission.The fluorescence emission was observed to be instantaneously quenched when exposed to trace amount of diethyl chlorophosphate in solution.The Stern-Volmer quenching constants Ksv for quenching at617 nm was determined to be 0.377 × 10^3 L/mol.This sensitive emission-quenching function and easy processing nature of the polymeric support enable the resin to be a promising chemosensor candidate for the detection of organophosphates.展开更多
Organophosphates belong to the most important pesticides used in agricultural practice worldwide. Although their analytical determinations are quite feasible with various conventional methods, there is a lack of effic...Organophosphates belong to the most important pesticides used in agricultural practice worldwide. Although their analytical determinations are quite feasible with various conventional methods, there is a lack of efficient screening methods, which will facilitate the rapid, high-throughput detection of organophosphates in different food commodities. This study presents the construction of a rapid and sensitive cellular biosensor test based on the measurement of changes of the cell membrane potential of immobilized cells, according to the working principle of the Bioelectric Recognition Assay (BERA). Two different cell types were used, derived either by animal (neuroblastoma) or plant cells (tobacco protoplasts). The sensor was applied for the detection of a mixture of two organophosphate pesticides, diazinon and chlorpyrifos in two different substrates (tomato, orange). The pesticides in the samples inhibited the activity of cell membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thus causing a measurable membrane depolarization in the presence of achetylcholine (Ach). Based on the observed patterns of response, we demonstrate that the sensor can be used for the qualitative and, in some concentrations, quantitative detection of organophosphates in different substrates with satisfactory reproducibility and sensitivity, with a limit of detection at least equal to the official Limit of Detection (LOQ). The assay is rapid with a total duration of 3 min at a competitive cost. The sensitivity of the biosensor can be further increased either by incorporating more AChE-bearing cells per test reaction unit or by using cells engineered with more potent AChE isoforms. Standardization of cultured cell parameters, such as age of the cells and subculture history prior to cell immobilization, combined with use of planar electrodes, can further increase the reproducibility of the novel test.展开更多
Objective:To determine the current insecticide resistance status of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus to four insecticides,namely 0.05%deltamethrin,0.75%permethrin,5%malathion and 0.25%pirimiphos-methyl using the Wo...Objective:To determine the current insecticide resistance status of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus to four insecticides,namely 0.05%deltamethrin,0.75%permethrin,5%malathion and 0.25%pirimiphos-methyl using the World Health Organisation(WHO)susceptibility test kit.Methods:Adult bioassays were carried out using the standard protocol of the World Health Organisation.All F1 generation urban and suburban field strains of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus were tested against pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides,including the presence of piperonyl butoxide(PBO)in four replicates of 25 non-blood-fed female mosquitoes ranging from 3 to 5 days old.The Vector Control Research Unit(VCRU)laboratory strain served as a reference strain.Results:In this study,0.05%deltamethrin demonstrated a lower value of knockdown time when 50%of the mosquito population died(KT50)and knockdown time when 95%of the mosquito population died(KT95),which is significantly more effective compared to 0.75%permethrin against adult female Ae.aegypti(urban and suburban)and Ae.albopictus(urban and suburban)(ANOVA,P<0.01).Meanwhile,5%malathion was a more effective insecticide,amounting to the shorter KT50 and KT95 compared to 0.25%pirimiphos-methyl against Ae.aegypti(urban and suburban)and Ae.albopictus(urban and suburban).Ae.aegypti urban and Ae.aegypti suburban performed a higher resistance ratio(RR)towards both 0.05%deltamethrin and 0.75%permethrin due to the wide use of permethrin in dengue vector control programs in Malaysia.However,Ae.albopictus urban and suburban have lower resistance than Ae.aegypti urban and suburban towards 0.05%deltamethrin and 0.75%permethrin at 24 hours post-treatment.The addition of PBO with these insecticides successfully reduced knockdown time(KT50 and KT95)values of most of the Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus field strains except PBO+0.75%permethrin against Ae.aegypti suburban.Conclusions:The addition of PBO to insecticides has significantly reduced the knockdown time(KT50 and KT95)values on most of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus urban strain except PBO+5%malathion against Ae.albopictus urban strain and PBO+0.75%permethrin against Ae.albopictus suburban strain in comparison to exposure to insecticides without PBO.Ae.aegypti showed a higher resistance ratio of 50(RR50)when compared with the VCRU laboratory reference strain(susceptible strain)at the exposure to the deltamethrin,including with pre-exposure to PBO.This study found that the addition of PBO with organophosphates(5%malathion and 0.25%pirimiphos-methyl)was significantly more effective than pyrethroids against Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus(urban and suburban)due to their high mortality rate at 24 hours.It can be concluded that the usage of PBO can help reduce resistance alteration in Aedes mosquitoes.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 22ZR1471300)the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21871008,51922103 and 21801247)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.QYZDJ-SSW-JSC013)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos.2020M671242 and 2021T140688)。
文摘Organic cathodes for alkali-metal-ion batteries attract great attentions in recent years,but the ion storage sites are limited to some finite functional groups.This is because an organic cathode must have proper lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals(LUMO) to accept electrons at high potential.Herein,a novel type of organophosphate-based cathode has successfully been explored by tuning the LUMO energy level of organophosphates through metal ions with an inert electron pair.For the first time,the P=O of phytate(PA),N,N,N’,N’-ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylene phytate)(EDTMP),and diethylenetriaminepentakis(methyl phytate)(DTPMP) is activated by lead/bismuth(with 6s2electron pair) to storage Li/Na/K ions reversibly.Typically,density functional theory calculations indicate that the LUMO energy of Bi-PA is greatly reduced from-0.99(PA) to-4.61 eV,which shows the first discharge capacity of 173,182 and 206mAh·g-1and the reversibly capacity of 102,102 and 101mAh·g-1with the discharge platform of 2.4,2.1 and 2.4 V for Li/Na/K-ion battery cathodes,respectively.Similarly,with proper LUMO energy level,Pb-PA(-4.63 eV),Pb-EDTMP(-3.71 eV),and Pb-DTPMP(-4.45 eV) all exhibit admirable performance.This unique strategy of organic materials to alkali-metal-ion battery cathodes offers a new avenue for future energy storage systems.
文摘A series of succinimido-organophosphate analogueswas synthesized with maleic anhydride as starting material viamaleimide and its analogues as intermediates and characterized by IR,1HNMR and elementary analysis.
文摘Aquatic reservoirs remain the ultimate sink of chemical pollutants emanating from anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, mining and industry. Freshwater biota undoubtedly is at risk from the adverse effects of these water pollutants and there is therefore, a need to monitor effects of these chemical pollutants in order to safeguard the health of aquatic biota. We investigated the oxidative stress effects of chlorpyrifos and lead on the freshwater snail Helisoma duryi to assess the potential of using this enzyme system as a biondicator of exposure to environmental pollutants. Groups of snails were exposed to 5 ppb lead acetate and 25 ppb chlorpyrifos for 7 days after which half of the snails were sacrificed and the other half were allowed to recover in clean water and sacrificed after another 7 days. Post mitochondrial fractions were used to measure the activities of the following antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and diphosphotriphosphodiaphorase. Both pollutants enhanced the activities of all the antioxidant enzymes suggesting a defensive mechanism by the snail to combat the oxidative stress due to the organophosphate chlopryrifos and metal pollutant lead. There was a significant recovery of the antioxidant defense system of the snails allowed to recover in clean water shown by the reduced alteration of the antioxidant enzyme activities of the snails allowed to recover for 7 days. This suggests the need to minimize exposure of aquatic biota to chemical pollutants and remediate the polluted water reservoirs in order to safeguard the health of aquatic life.
基金Project supported by Czech Science Foundation(P106/12/1116)
文摘Cerium dioxide was used for the first time as reactive sorbent for the degradation of the organophosphate pesticides para-thion methyl, chlorpyrifos, dichlofenthion, fenchlorphos, and prothiofos, as well as of some chemical warfare agents-nerve gases soman and O-ethyl S-[2-（diisopropylamino） ethyl] methylphosphonothioate （VX）. CeO2 specimens were prepared by calcination of basic cerous carbonate obtained by precipitation from an aqueous solution. The CeO2 samples containing certain amounts （1 wt.%-5 wt.%） of the neighboring lanthanides （La, Pr, Nd） were prepared in a similar way from pure lanthanide salts. It was shown that ceria accelerated markedly the decomposition of parathion methyl causing the cleavage of the P-O-aryl bond in the pesticide molecule. A similar reaction mechanism was proposed for the degradation of other organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. The degradation times （reaction half-times） were in an order of minutes in the presence of CeO2, compared to hours or days under common environ-mental conditions. The reaction in suitable organic solvents allowed conversions of about 90%for parathion methyl loading of 20 mg pesticide/g CeO2 within 2 h with a reactant half-life in the order of 0.1 min. The key parameter governing the degradation efficiency of CeO2 was the temperature during calcination. At optimum calcination temperature （about 773.15 K）, the produced ceria retained a sufficiently high surface area, and attained an optimum degree of crystallinity （related to a number of crystal defects, and thus poten-tial reactive sites）. The presence of other lanthanides somewhat decreased the reaction rate, but this effect was not detrimental and permitted the possible use of chemically impure ceria as a reactive sorbent. A fast organophosphate degradation was demonstrated not only in non-polar solvents （such as heptane）, but also in polar aprotic solvents （acetonitrile, acetone） that are miscible with water. This opens new possibilities for designing more versatile decontamination strategies. The cleavage of phosphate ester bonds is of a great importance not only for the degradation of dangerous chemicals （chemical weapons, pesticides）, but also for interactions of ceria （es-pecially the nano-sized one） in biologically relevant systems.
文摘Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is an acute form of poisoning primarily found in underdeveloped regions.Its main clinical manifestations include muscarinic symptoms,nicotinic symptoms,and central nervous system disturbances.This report presents a case of a middleaged female who developed extremely rare symptoms of optic nerve damage after ingesting a large amount of an organophosphate pesticide.
基金supported by the Research Beidou Plan(Version 2.0)(Talent Project)of Nanjing Polytechnic Institute(NJPI-RC-2022-03)the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZX2023QT003)the National Key R and D Program of China(2018YFC1801504).
文摘Distribution and removal of chemicals in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)have mainly relied on mathematical models.Existing exposure assessment models such as SimpleTreat,STPWIN are based on conventional activated sludge processes.There is an urgent need to develop an A^(2)/O-based WWTPs exposure assessment model.Organophosphates(OPEs)have different physical and chemical properties and potential environmental risks.The fate and biodegradation kinetics of three types of OPEs,including alkyl OPEs,chlorinated OPEs and triphenyl ester OPEs,were studied in a laboratory-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic(A^(2)/O)sewage treatment system and batch reactors.The three types of OPEs had different anaerobic,anoxic,and aerobic removal characteristics.A compensation mechanism was found between anaerobic and anoxic/aerobic removal.When the hydraulic retention time decreased from 82 to 20.5 h,the removal efficiencies in the anaerobic unit decreased,while those in the anoxic unit increased;as a result,the total removal efficiencies remained high(>80%)for all OPEs except triphenyl phosphate(65.5%-75.1%).The concept of effective sludge concentration(MLSS eff)was proposed to illustrate the compensation mechanism and calibrate the second-order kinetic equation for predicting pollutant removal in the A^(2)/O system:MLSS eff=k_(en)×MLSS,where ken is a constant related to the influent total organic carbon content(TOC).The influent TOC contents of the anoxic and aerobic units affected the value of MLSS_(eff)and OPEs removal.The results are of great significance for assessing OPEs exposure and predicting exposure to emerging micropollutants in sewage treatment systems.
文摘Organophosphate compounds are widely used in agricultural activities to optimize food production. Contaminationof field soil by these compounds may result in detrimental effects on soil biota. The aim of the present studywas to isolate microorganisms from field soils and evaluate the strains on ability to degrade organophosphates as singleisolate and as a consortium. Isolated strains were identified using both biochemical and molecular techniques.Results revealed that, out of the 46 isolated strains, three isolates herein referred to as S6, S36 and S37 showed an averagediazinon degradation rate of 76.4%, 76.7% and 76.8% respectively, of the initial dose (50 ppm) within 11 daysof incubation in mineral medium. Notably, isolates S36 and S37 were more effective than S6 in degrading diazinonby 40% in soil aliquot after 11 days and therefore were evaluated on biochemical reactions and molecular identification.The isolates showed variable biochemical characteristics. However, both isolates possessed catalase enzyme,but lacked oxidase enzyme. Molecular characterization showed that, the closest species for S36 and S37 were Priestiamegaterium and P. arybattia, respectively, based on 16S rRNA gene similarity (> 99%). Combination of the strainsincreased diazinon degradation ability by 45% compared to single strain treatment. Chlorpyrifos was the most highlydegraded organophosphate, compared to phorate and cadusafos. Therefore it is expected that the pesticide-degradingbacteria could be a solution to soil health improvement and contribution to the production of safe agriculturalproducts.
基金supported by the Open Fund of the Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes,Ministry of Education,Peking University,Beijing,China,and the Cultivation Fund Program for Excellent Dissertation in Fujian Normal University,China(No.LWPYS202315)the Research Start-up Fund of Fujian Normal University,China(No.Y0720304X13).
文摘Fifty agricultural soil samples collected from Fuzhou,southeast China,were first investigated for the occurrence,distribution,and potential risks of twelve organophosphate esters(OPEs).The total concentration of OPEs(ΣOPEs)in soil ranged from 1.33 to 96.5 ng/g dry weight(dw),with an average value of 17.1 ng/g dw.Especially,halogenated-OPEs were the predominant group with amean level of 9.75 ng/g dw,and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TCIPP)was the most abundant OPEs,accounting for 51.1%ofΣOPEs.The concentrations of TCIPP andΣOPEs were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05)in soils of urban areas than those in suburban areas.In addition,the use of agricultural plastic films and total organic carbon had a positive effect on the occurrence of OPE in this study.The positive matrix factorization model suggested complex sources of OPEs in agricultural soils from Fuzhou.The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that tricresyl phosphate presented a medium risk to land-based organisms(0.1≤risk quotient<1.0).Nevertheless,the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks for human exposure to OPEs through soil ingestion and dermal absorption were negligible.These findings would facilitate further investigations into the pollution management and risk control of OPEs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2020YFC1808201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1906224).
文摘Numerous studies documented the occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters(tri-OPEs)and di-esters(di-OPEs)in the environment.Little information is available on their occurrence in waste consumer products,reservoirs and sources of these chemicals.This study collected and analyzed 92 waste consumer products manufactured from diverse polymers,including polyurethane foam(PUF),polystyrene(PS),acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS),polypropylene(PP),and polyethylene(PE)to obtain information on the occurrence and profiles of 16 tri-OPEs and 10 di-OPEs.Total concentrations of di-OPEs(18−370,000 ng/g,median 1,700 ng/g)were one order of magnitude lower than those of tri-OPEs(94−4,500,000 ng/g,median 5,400 ng/g).The concentrations of both tri-and di-OPEs in products made of PUF,PS,and ABS were orders of magnitude higher than those made of PP and PE.The compositional patterns of OPEs varied among different polymer types but were generally dominated by bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate),triphenyl phosphate,tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate,di-phenyl phosphate(DPHP),and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate.Two industrially applied di-OPEs(di-n-butyl phosphate and DPHP)exhibited higher levels than their respective tri-OPEs,contrary to their production volumes.Some non-industrially applied chlorinated di-OPEs were also detected,with concentrations up to 97,000 ng/g.These findings suggest that degradation of tri-OPEs during the manufacturing and use of products is an important source of di-OPEs.The mass inventories of tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in consumer products were estimated at 3,100 and 750 tons/year,respectively.This study highlights the importance of consumer products as emission sources of a broad suite of OPEs.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42377020)the Innovation Project of Nanjing Water Group Co.,Ltd.(No. YF2025-009)。
文摘The widespread presence of organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)in aquatic environments has raised significant concerns regarding environmental and hu-man health risks.In this study,the adsorption behavior of two representative aromatic OPFRs,triphenylphosphine ox-ide(TPPO)and triphenyl phosphate(TPhP),was system-atically investigated using organically modified montmoril-lonite(MMT).The effects of various environmental and operational parameters,including cationic surfactant dos-age,temperature,pH,ionic strength,and humic acid(HA)concentration,on OPFR adsorption were thoroughly examined.Results revealed that modification with hexa-decyltrimethylammonium bromide enhanced the TPPO and TPhP adsorption capacities of MMT.The adsorption pro-cess was largely independent of pH and HA concentration,and the presence of inorganic cations significantly improved the adsorption efficiency.Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 30 min,with kinetics best described by a pseudo-second-order model.The adsorption isotherms ex-hibited a linear relationship,and the distribution coefficients for TPPO and TPhP were 0.16 and 0.51 L/g,respectively.Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the considered ad-sorption was more favorable at lower temperatures.The pri-mary adsorption mechanism was attributed to the partition-ing behavior facilitated by the organophilic nature of the modified MMT.Moreover,the adsorbent demonstrated ex-cellent regeneration performance,with its adsorption capac-ity remaining stable over five consecutive cycles.Overall,these findings show that cationic surfactant-modified MMT has a promising potential for application in wastewater treat-ment to effectively remove OPFRs from aqueous systems.
文摘BACKGROUND Organophosphate(OP)poisoning is common in sub-Saharan Africa.It is asso-ciated with high mortality and morbidity.Affected individuals often exhibit cho-linergic symptoms and respiratory distress.Moreover,other complications,such as pancreatitis,arrhythmias,and hepatic dysfunction,have been reported.How-ever,paralytic ileus is an exceedingly rare complication.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with altered sensorium and abdominal distension following suspected OP exposure.Physical examination and imaging revealed features of intestinal obstruction and neurological deficits.He was managed with atropine,pralidoxime,and other supportive measures and had a successful recovery.Paralytic ileus is an atypical complication of acute OP poisoning.The resultant intestinal obstruction manifests as cholinergic overac-tivity,leading to bowel dysmotility.This case emphasizes the need for awareness and prompt management of such atypical presentations,especially in the pe-diatric population.CONCLUSION Timely recognition and multidisciplinary management of atypical presentations,such as paralytic ileus,are crucial in improving outcomes in pediatric OP poi-soning.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant numbers:82273585,81872581]the Shanghai 3-year Public Health Action Plan(Grant number:GWVI-11.1-39).
文摘Previous studies on the prenatal organophosphate ester(OPE)exposure's effect on children's neurodevelopment have yielded inconsistent results.In this study,we employed a longitudinal approach,capitalizing on multitime-point evaluations of exposure to OPEs and two-stage assessments of children's brain development.The study included 508 mother-child pairs.We measured seven OPEs in maternal serum throughout pregnancy and assessed children's mental health and developmental mile-stones at the age of 2 and 5.The group-based trajectory model identified pregnancy exposure trajectories.Generalized estimated equations and quantile-based g-computation were employed to evaluate the effects of OPEs on children's brain development.Four OPEs,including 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP),were detected in over 50%of the maternal samples.Each ln-unit increment of EHDPP was associated with an increased peer problem scores(IRR:1.104,95%CI:1.038-1.174)in mental health.Regarding development milestones,EHDPP was related to lower scores in communication,gross motor,personal-social,and total score of the ages and stages questionnaires(ASQ)(IRR:0.963-0.976).Trajectory analysis confirmed these associations.Notably,boys were more affected in terms of mental health,while girls were more vulnerable in terms of developmental milestones.Prenatal exposure to OPEs,particularly EHDPP,is associated with adverse brain development in early childhood with notable sex-specific differences in vulnerability.
文摘Objective: To analyze the emergency treatment effect of ultra-early hemoperfusion (HP) in patients with severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning (SOPP). Methods: Sixty SOPP patients treated in the emergency department between January 2022 and January 2024 were randomly divided into two groups using a random number table. The observation group (30 cases) received ultra-early HP treatment, while the reference group (30 cases) received conventional HP treatment initiated 6 hours post-poisoning. The groups were compared in terms of overall emergency efficacy, clinical indicators, serological markers, inflammatory factors, and complication rates. Results: The observation group had a higher total efficacy rate than the reference group, superior clinical indicators, and a lower complication rate (P < 0.05). After 24 hours of emergency treatment, serological markers and inflammatory factor levels in the observation group were lower than those in the reference group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultra-early HP treatment provides better emergency outcomes for SOPP patients by shortening treatment time, improving serological markers and inflammatory factor levels, and offering higher safety. It demonstrates significant advantages in emergency care.
基金Project supported by Research Foundation of the General Armament Department (2008 CD 012)
文摘Fluorescent microspheres of polystyrene-based Eu（Ⅲ） complexes were prepared from TentaGel resin, 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine and europium nitrate. The microspheres were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, XPS measurements and fluorescence spectroscopy. Characteristic red emission under irradiation of 365 nm light from a hand-held UV lamp was observed for the microspheres either in a solution or solid-state. Fluorescent quenching was observed when the microspheres were exposed to a trace amount of diethyl chlorophosphate （DCP） in the dispersion. The material and property can be potentially used to fabricate chemosensor in the detection of organophosphates.
基金Project supported by Research Foundation of the General Armament Department (2008CD012)
文摘Terpyridine-capped poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG） was synthesized as a novel polymeric ligand and rare earth complex was prepared from Eu（NO3）3 and the telechelic macromolecules. The structure of the complex was characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis and fluores-cence spectroscopy. Strong fluorescent emission of the complex was observed at 593 and 616 nm upon the excitation of 300 nm. The fluo-rescent emission was quenched upon addition of trace amount of diethyl chlorophosphate （DCP）. And the observed Ksv values for DCP were measured to be 0.568×10^3 and 0.89×10^3 L/mol for quenching at 593 and 616 nm, which indicated the detection limit for DCP was about 0.014 mmol/L. These results showed that the terpyridine-lanthanide complex could be an effective chemosensor with a potential application in the detection of organophosphates.
基金Financial supports from the Research Foundation of the General Armament Department(No.2008 CD 012) are gratefully acknowledged
文摘In this work,a novel bisbenzimidazolylpyridine-functionalized fluorescent epoxy resin was synthesized for organophosphate pesticide detection.The epoxy resin was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）,proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy（~1H NMR）,gel permeation chromatography（CPC）,differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and fluorescence spectroscopy.After loading with Eu（Ⅲ） ions,the epoxy resin showed a strong fluorescence emission.The fluorescence emission was observed to be instantaneously quenched when exposed to trace amount of diethyl chlorophosphate in solution.The Stern-Volmer quenching constants Ksv for quenching at617 nm was determined to be 0.377 × 10^3 L/mol.This sensitive emission-quenching function and easy processing nature of the polymeric support enable the resin to be a promising chemosensor candidate for the detection of organophosphates.
文摘Organophosphates belong to the most important pesticides used in agricultural practice worldwide. Although their analytical determinations are quite feasible with various conventional methods, there is a lack of efficient screening methods, which will facilitate the rapid, high-throughput detection of organophosphates in different food commodities. This study presents the construction of a rapid and sensitive cellular biosensor test based on the measurement of changes of the cell membrane potential of immobilized cells, according to the working principle of the Bioelectric Recognition Assay (BERA). Two different cell types were used, derived either by animal (neuroblastoma) or plant cells (tobacco protoplasts). The sensor was applied for the detection of a mixture of two organophosphate pesticides, diazinon and chlorpyrifos in two different substrates (tomato, orange). The pesticides in the samples inhibited the activity of cell membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thus causing a measurable membrane depolarization in the presence of achetylcholine (Ach). Based on the observed patterns of response, we demonstrate that the sensor can be used for the qualitative and, in some concentrations, quantitative detection of organophosphates in different substrates with satisfactory reproducibility and sensitivity, with a limit of detection at least equal to the official Limit of Detection (LOQ). The assay is rapid with a total duration of 3 min at a competitive cost. The sensitivity of the biosensor can be further increased either by incorporating more AChE-bearing cells per test reaction unit or by using cells engineered with more potent AChE isoforms. Standardization of cultured cell parameters, such as age of the cells and subculture history prior to cell immobilization, combined with use of planar electrodes, can further increase the reproducibility of the novel test.
基金the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme,Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia(FRGS/1/2023/STG03/USM/02/4).
文摘Objective:To determine the current insecticide resistance status of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus to four insecticides,namely 0.05%deltamethrin,0.75%permethrin,5%malathion and 0.25%pirimiphos-methyl using the World Health Organisation(WHO)susceptibility test kit.Methods:Adult bioassays were carried out using the standard protocol of the World Health Organisation.All F1 generation urban and suburban field strains of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus were tested against pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides,including the presence of piperonyl butoxide(PBO)in four replicates of 25 non-blood-fed female mosquitoes ranging from 3 to 5 days old.The Vector Control Research Unit(VCRU)laboratory strain served as a reference strain.Results:In this study,0.05%deltamethrin demonstrated a lower value of knockdown time when 50%of the mosquito population died(KT50)and knockdown time when 95%of the mosquito population died(KT95),which is significantly more effective compared to 0.75%permethrin against adult female Ae.aegypti(urban and suburban)and Ae.albopictus(urban and suburban)(ANOVA,P<0.01).Meanwhile,5%malathion was a more effective insecticide,amounting to the shorter KT50 and KT95 compared to 0.25%pirimiphos-methyl against Ae.aegypti(urban and suburban)and Ae.albopictus(urban and suburban).Ae.aegypti urban and Ae.aegypti suburban performed a higher resistance ratio(RR)towards both 0.05%deltamethrin and 0.75%permethrin due to the wide use of permethrin in dengue vector control programs in Malaysia.However,Ae.albopictus urban and suburban have lower resistance than Ae.aegypti urban and suburban towards 0.05%deltamethrin and 0.75%permethrin at 24 hours post-treatment.The addition of PBO with these insecticides successfully reduced knockdown time(KT50 and KT95)values of most of the Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus field strains except PBO+0.75%permethrin against Ae.aegypti suburban.Conclusions:The addition of PBO to insecticides has significantly reduced the knockdown time(KT50 and KT95)values on most of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus urban strain except PBO+5%malathion against Ae.albopictus urban strain and PBO+0.75%permethrin against Ae.albopictus suburban strain in comparison to exposure to insecticides without PBO.Ae.aegypti showed a higher resistance ratio of 50(RR50)when compared with the VCRU laboratory reference strain(susceptible strain)at the exposure to the deltamethrin,including with pre-exposure to PBO.This study found that the addition of PBO with organophosphates(5%malathion and 0.25%pirimiphos-methyl)was significantly more effective than pyrethroids against Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus(urban and suburban)due to their high mortality rate at 24 hours.It can be concluded that the usage of PBO can help reduce resistance alteration in Aedes mosquitoes.
