Yeast-based models have become a powerful platform in pharmaceutical research,offering significant potential for producing complex drugs,vaccines,and therapeutic agents.While many current drugs were discovered before ...Yeast-based models have become a powerful platform in pharmaceutical research,offering significant potential for producing complex drugs,vaccines,and therapeutic agents.While many current drugs were discovered before fully understanding their molecular mechanisms,yeast systems now provide valuable insights for drug discovery and personalized medicine.Recent advancements in genetic engineering,metabolic engineering,and synthetic biology have improved the efficiency and scalability of yeast-based production systems,enabling more sustainable and cost-effective manufacturing processes.This paper reviews the latest developments in yeast-based technologies,focusing on their use as model organisms to study disease mechanisms,identify drug targets,and develop novel therapies.We highlight key platforms such as the yeast two-hybrid system,surface display technologies,and optimized expression systems.Additionally,we explore the future integration of yeast engineering with artificial intelligence(AI),machine learning(ML),and advanced genome editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9,which are expected to accelerate drug discovery and enable personalized therapies.Furthermore,yeast-based systems are increasingly employed in largescale drug production,vaccine development,and therapeutic protein expression,offering promising applications in clinical and industrial settings.This paper discusses the practical implications of these systems and their potential to revolutionize drug development,paving the way for safer,more effective therapies.展开更多
The present study monitored bacterial succession,physicochemical properties,and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)changes in smoked chicken legs with modified atmosphere packaging(MAP,60% CO_(2) and 40%N_(2))during a 25...The present study monitored bacterial succession,physicochemical properties,and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)changes in smoked chicken legs with modified atmosphere packaging(MAP,60% CO_(2) and 40%N_(2))during a 25-day storage period at 4℃.After 15 days of storage,S erratia proteamaculans and Pseudomonas fragi became the predominant bacteria.Furthermore,physicochemical properties changed significantly,as evidenced by an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and b*(yellowness)value,and a decrease in hardness.A total of 65 VOCs were identified during storage.Correlation between bacterial succession and quality indicators(including VOCs and physicochemical properties)allowed the identification of 26 core dominant bacteria,including S.proteamaculans,Psychrobacter alimentarius,Pseudomonas putida,and Pseudomonas poae,which were positively related to spoilage VOCs(e.g.,1-octen-3-ol,1-pentanol,and 3-methyl-1-butanol)and could be defined as specific spoilage organisms(SSOs).The results of this study provide a systematic approach to predict SSOs in smoked chicken legs during storage,which can also provide a basis for product safety.展开更多
We propose a hierarchical multi-scale attention mechanism-based model in response to the low accuracy and inefficient manual classification of existing oceanic biological image classification methods. Firstly, the hie...We propose a hierarchical multi-scale attention mechanism-based model in response to the low accuracy and inefficient manual classification of existing oceanic biological image classification methods. Firstly, the hierarchical efficient multi-scale attention(H-EMA) module is designed for lightweight feature extraction, achieving outstanding performance at a relatively low cost. Secondly, an improved EfficientNetV2 block is used to integrate information from different scales better and enhance inter-layer message passing. Furthermore, introducing the convolutional block attention module(CBAM) enhances the model's perception of critical features, optimizing its generalization ability. Lastly, Focal Loss is introduced to adjust the weights of complex samples to address the issue of imbalanced categories in the dataset, further improving the model's performance. The model achieved 96.11% accuracy on the intertidal marine organism dataset of Nanji Islands and 84.78% accuracy on the CIFAR-100 dataset, demonstrating its strong generalization ability to meet the demands of oceanic biological image classification.展开更多
BACKGROUND Colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)is frequently observed in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to intensive care units(ICUs).However,whether colonization directly lead...BACKGROUND Colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)is frequently observed in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to intensive care units(ICUs).However,whether colonization directly leads to infections or adversely impacts clinical outcomes remains unclear.Clarifying this relationship may help deter-mine the prognostic significance of colonization in these patients.AIM To evaluate the clinical relevance of MDRO colonization and infection at ICU admission in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This retrospective single-center cohort study included 107 ICU admissions of patients with liver cirrhosis at a tertiary care center(2018-2024).Colonization was assessed by rectal and nasal/pharyngeal swabs within 48 hours of ICU admission.Outcomes analyzed included MDRO infection during ICU stay,concordance between colonizing and infecting strains,organ support requirements,and 28-day transplant free survival.Multivariable logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate predictors of infection and mortality.RESULTS Nearly one-third(29.9%)of patients were colonized with MDROs on admission,more commonly in the acute-onchronic liver failure phenotype than those with acute decompensation(34.5 vs 10.0%,P=0.033).Although infections were established in the majority(85%)of cases,of which 17.6%due to MDROs,colonization alone did not independently predict these infections[odds ratio(OR)=2.18,P=0.383]nor influenced short-term mortality(OR=1.14,P=0.813).However,once MDRO infection occurred,an 82%concordance was observed between colonizing and infecting strains.MDRO infections,unlike colonization,significantly increased the need for organsupport interventions,including mechanical ventilation and vasopressor therapy and prolonged ICU stays.Only severity of organ dysfunction,quantified by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score,independently predicted 28-day mortality(OR=1.38,P=0.024).CONCLUSION MDRO colonization at ICU admission is frequent among critically ill patients with cirrhosis,particularly those with acute-on-chronic liver failure.While colonization alone does not predict infection or early mortality,its clinical value emerges in guiding empirical antibiotic treatment once infection is suspected.Ultimately,short-term survival appears to be more strongly influenced by the severity of organ failure than by either MDRO colonization or infection.展开更多
New pollutants have become a significant concern in China's efforts toward ecological and environmental protection.Trichloromethane(TCM,CHCl_3),one of these new pollutants,is primarily released into soil and groun...New pollutants have become a significant concern in China's efforts toward ecological and environmental protection.Trichloromethane(TCM,CHCl_3),one of these new pollutants,is primarily released into soil and groundwater through various industrial activities.Over the past four decades,researchers have consistently focused on the remediation of TCM-contaminated soil and groundwater using microorganisms and iron-based materials,which hold significant potential for practical application.Understanding the remediation process and the factors influencing TCM degradation through these two methods is crucial for advancing both theoretical research and practical implementation.This review focuses on the degradation mechanisms of TCM in soil and groundwater by microorganisms and iron-based materials.It summarizes the active microorganisms and modified iron-based materials with high TCM degradation capabilities,discusses enhancement measures for both methods in the remediation process,and finally,outlines the challenges faced by these methods.The goal is to provide theoretical references for efficient remediation of TCM-contaminated soil and groundwater.展开更多
Although the application of straw decomposing microorganism inoculants(SDMI)can accelerate straw decomposition,the underlying mechanisms affecting soil organic carbon(SOC)under different scenarios remain unclear.We co...Although the application of straw decomposing microorganism inoculants(SDMI)can accelerate straw decomposition,the underlying mechanisms affecting soil organic carbon(SOC)under different scenarios remain unclear.We conducted a meta-analysis using 226 observations from 86 studies on SOC changes under straw return with or without SDMI applications.Overall,our results indicated that straw with SDMI application increased the SOC stock by 1.51%at an initial carbon-to-nitrogen ratio(ICNR)>25(P<0.05),while the effect of ICNR≤25was insignificant.In particular,at ICNR>25,application of SDMI-treated straw increased SOC stocks in northern temperate continental areas(NTC)higher than in subtropical monsoon regions(STM).Furthermore,the straw with SDMI application increased higher SOC stocks in soils with pH>7.5 than those with pH≤7.5.In terms of agricultural management practices,SOC stocks were significantly higher in straw buried(SB),the experimental duration of straw return(EDSR)≥1 year,the straw return amount(SRA)>6,000 kg ha^(–1),and the SDMI application rate(SDMIR)>30 kg ha^(–1)conditions.The effect of straw with SDMI on SOC stocks under straw burying(SB)was significantly higher than that under straw mulching(SM)at ICNR≤25.At ICNR>25,EDSR,SDMIR,and the mean annual precipitation(MAP)were the main drivers of the effect of SDMI addition to straw on SOC stocks.Straw with SDMI induced SOC stock increases which increased with EDSR and decreased with increasing MAP.These findings provide a scientific basis for decision-makers and stakeholders to improve soil C management via the application of SDMI-amended straw at both regional and large scales.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the phosphorus removal performance of phosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs).[Methods]Activated sludge from domestic sewage treatment plant was used as the strain source,and phosphate accumulating...[Objectives]To study the phosphorus removal performance of phosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs).[Methods]Activated sludge from domestic sewage treatment plant was used as the strain source,and phosphate accumulating organisms were screened by plate streaking method and dilution coating plate method.Six kinds of excellent phosphate accumulating organisms were obtained by metachromatic granule staining experiment,total phosphorus experiment and simulated sewage phosphorus removal experiment to assist the observation of bac-terial morphology and experiment of phosphorus removal capacity.In addition,the influencing factors of phosphorus removal capacity(nitrogen source,trace metal ions)were analyzed.[Results]In the case of simulated sewage,the phosphorus removal rate of strain b was the highest,reaching 66.25%,while the phosphorus removal rate of strain e and f was about 10%lower than that of the phosphorus uptake experiment.[Conclusions]This study is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the gradual optimization of the screening method of phosphorus re-moval bacteria in domestic sewage treatment.展开更多
Objective: To determine the prevalence of colonization and transmission of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms in order to develop of an effective infection prevention program. Design: Cross-sectional study w...Objective: To determine the prevalence of colonization and transmission of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms in order to develop of an effective infection prevention program. Design: Cross-sectional study with carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO) colonization detection from the fecal specimens of 20 Health Care Workers (HCWs) and 67 residents and 175 random environment specimens from September 2022 to September 2023. Setting: A Care and Protection Centre of Orphaned Children in South of HCM City. Participants: It included 20 HCWs, 67 residents, and 175 randomly collected environmental specimens. Method: Rectal and environmental swabs were collected from 20 HCWs, 67 residents (most of them were children), and 175 environmental specimens. MELAB Chromogenic CARBA agar plates, Card NID, and NMIC-500 CPO of the BD Phoenix TM Automated Microbiology System and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were the tests to screen, confirm CROs, respectively and determine CRO colonization and transmission between HCWs, residents, and the environment. Result: We detected 36 CRO isolates, including 6, 11 and 19 CROs found in 6 HCWs, 10 residents and 19 environments. The prevalence of detectable CRO was 30% (6/20) in HCWs, 14.92% (10/67) in residents, and 10.86% (19/175) in environmental swabs in our study. WGS demonstrated CRO colonization and transmission with the clonal spread of E. coli and A. nosocomialis, among HCWs and residents (children). Conclusion: Significant CRO colonization and transmission was evident in HCWs, residents, and the center environment. Cleaning and disinfection of the environment and performing regular hand hygiene are priorities to reduce the risk of CRO colonization and transmission.展开更多
BACKGROUND Transplant recipients commonly harbor multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs),as a result of frequent hospital admissions and increased exposure to antimi-crobials and invasive procedures.AIM To investigate th...BACKGROUND Transplant recipients commonly harbor multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs),as a result of frequent hospital admissions and increased exposure to antimi-crobials and invasive procedures.AIM To investigate the impact of patient demographic and clinical characteristics on MDRO acquisition,as well as the impact of MDRO acquisition on intensive care unit(ICU)and hospital length of stay,and on ICU mortality and 1-year mortality post heart transplantation.METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed 98 consecutive heart transplant patients over a ten-year period(2013-2022)in a single transplantation center.Data was collected regarding MDROs commonly encountered in critical care.RESULTS Among the 98 transplanted patients(70%male),about a third(32%)acquired or already harbored MDROs upon transplantation(MDRO group),while two thirds did not(MDRO-free group).The prevalent MDROs were Acinetobacter baumannii(14%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(12%)and Klebsiella pneumoniae(11%).Compared to MDRO-free patients,the MDRO group was characterized by higher body mass index(P=0.002),higher rates of renal failure(P=0.017),primary graft dysfunction(10%vs 4.5%,P=0.001),surgical re-exploration(34%vs 14%,P=0.017),mechanical circulatory support(47%vs 26%P=0.037)and renal replacement therapy(28%vs 9%,P=0.014),as well as longer extracorporeal circulation time(median 210 vs 161 min,P=0.003).The median length of stay was longer in the MDRO group,namely ICU stay was 16 vs 9 d in the MDRO-free group(P=0.001),and hospital stay was 38 vs 28 d(P=0.006),while 1-year mortality was higher(28%vs 7.6%,log-rank-χ2:7.34).CONCLUSION Following heart transplantation,a predominance of Gram-negative MDROs was noted.MDRO acquisition was associated with higher complication rates,prolonged ICU and total hospital stay,and higher post-transplantation mortality.展开更多
Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health.Fine particles(FPs)and ultrafine particles(UFPs)have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas,which can easily adsor...Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health.Fine particles(FPs)and ultrafine particles(UFPs)have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas,which can easily adsorb metals,microorganisms and other pollutants.FPs and UFPs can enter the human body in multiple ways and can be easily and quickly absorbed by the cells,tissues and organs.In the body,the particles can induce oxidative stress,inflammatory response and apoptosis,furthermore causing great adverse effects.Epidemiological studies mainly take the population as the research object to study the distribution of diseases and health conditions in a specific population and to focus on the identification of influencing factors.However,the mechanism by which a substance harms the health of organisms is mainly demonstrated through toxicological studies.Combining epidemiological studies with toxicological studies will provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the impact of PM on the health of organisms.In this review,the sources,compositions,and morphologies of FPs and UFPs are briefly introduced in the first part.The effects and action mechanisms of exposure to FPs and UFPs on the heart,lungs,brain,liver,spleen,kidneys,pancreas,gastrointestinal tract,joints and reproductive system are systematically summarized.In addition,challenges are further pointed out at the end of the paper.This work provides useful theoretical guidance and a strong experimental foundation for investigating and preventing the adverse effects of FPs and UFPs on human health.展开更多
[ Objective] The study aimed to supply important basis for developing environment-friendly pesticides with myricetin and crude extract of Myrica rubra leaves as effective components. [ Method] According to ＂Test guid...[ Objective] The study aimed to supply important basis for developing environment-friendly pesticides with myricetin and crude extract of Myrica rubra leaves as effective components. [ Method] According to ＂Test guidelines for environmental safety evaluation on chemical pesticides＂, the toxicity of myricetin and crude extract of M. rubra leaves on non-target organisms was determined and the safety evaluation was carried out. [Result] MyriceUn and crude extract of M. rubra leaves had low toxicity on non-target organisms, such as earthworm, silkworm and soil microbes. Myricetin showed low toxicity and the crude extract of M. rubra leaves showed middle toxicity on tadpole. The high-concentration crude extract of M. rubra leaves had some antifeedant effect on silkworm. [ Conclusion] Myricetin and crude extract of M. rubra leaves had low toxicity on non-tar- get organisms in environment and they were relatively safe.展开更多
Bioevolution is still a main puzzle and attracts many scientists to research on it. Here I present that organisms have two impor- tant properties, definite structure and self-reproduction. Based on the number and conn...Bioevolution is still a main puzzle and attracts many scientists to research on it. Here I present that organisms have two impor- tant properties, definite structure and self-reproduction. Based on the number and connection of the structural units, organisms can be di- vided into three groups, unicellular, particellular and polycellular organisms. It can be called polycellular evolution that organisms evolve from unicellular, particellular to polycellular. Also it can be called diploid evolution that organisms evolve from haplobes to diplobes, two groups based on the reproductive differences. Some concepts like spore, zygote and embryos are redefined in the paper. Moreover, I present that embryos are the most important boundary of bioevolution and organisms can be divided into two evolutionary phases, the lower and the higher. The lower organisms, Kingdom Microbia (kingd. nov.), are inembryonate, which include Acytophyla (phyl. nov.), bacteria, protozoa, fungi and inembryonate algae. The higher organisms are embryonate and have two branches, Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia. Plantae are sessile and, autotrophic or sporogenic, which include higher plants and Nudembryophyta (phyl. nov.). Animalia are heterotrophic and, motile or gametogenic, which include all multicellular animals. The new system, which reflects the two important phases of bioevolu- tion and two branches of higher organisms, can really correct the problem of different kingdoms in different researches or by different re- searchers.展开更多
The effects of nitrate concentration on the capability of phosphorus uptake in the main anoxic stage were investigated.Meanwhile, the biomass fractions — heterotrophs, phosphateaccumulating organisms( PAOs),and nitri...The effects of nitrate concentration on the capability of phosphorus uptake in the main anoxic stage were investigated.Meanwhile, the biomass fractions — heterotrophs, phosphateaccumulating organisms( PAOs),and nitrifying organisms in a pilot-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal( EBPR) system— were both experimentally and theoretically evaluated( from the mass balance calculations of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus),under optimum nitrate concentration in the main anoxic stage,in which the influent chemical oxygen demand( COD)concentration was stabilized at( 290 ± 10) mg·L- 1and the influent total phosphorus( TP) concentration was stabilized at( 7. 0 ± 0. 5)mg · L- 1. In long term operations,the process exhibited high performance in removing organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Approximately 46. 41% of organic matter,57. 21% of nitrogen,and 48. 14% of phosphorus were removed from the influent in the form of carbon dioxide,nitrogen gas,and polyphosphate,respectively. XH( heterotrophs),XPAO( PAOs),and XAUT( autotrophs) were regarded as the major organisms responsible for biomass production. The yield fractions of XHgrowth in the first anoxic,the second anoxic,and the aerobic stages were 10. 24%,19. 11%,and 19. 71%,respectively; the yield fractions of XPAO growth in the second anoxic and the aerobic stages were 24. 34% and19. 86%,respectively; the yield fraction of XAUTgrowth in the aerobic stage was 6. 74%. These results showed that XHand XPAOformed the major community. Moreover,a higher amount of XPAOgrowth on stored poly-hydroxyalkanoates( PHAs) under the anoxic condition was seen in this EBPR system for municipal wastewater treatment.展开更多
Coagulation of red tide organism cells with clays is discussed in theory and the effects of some factors on it are studied. A quantitative model is presented which describes how the coagulation varies with pH in solut...Coagulation of red tide organism cells with clays is discussed in theory and the effects of some factors on it are studied. A quantitative model is presented which describes how the coagulation varies with pH in solution. According to the model, within the pH-range between pHzpcb, and pHzpcb, VR is negative and the coagulation is strong and strongest at pH = (pHzpca + pHzpcb)/2. It is also demonstrated that when the diameter of clay particles is close to that of cells, the collision probability is low, resulting in weaker coagulation. The model results have been corroborated by experiments and so are scientific and theoretical bases for application.展开更多
Shales of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China contain a new disc-shaped macrofossil, Eoandromeda octobrachiata, characterized by eight spiral arms that were probably housed within an outer membrane. Alth...Shales of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China contain a new disc-shaped macrofossil, Eoandromeda octobrachiata, characterized by eight spiral arms that were probably housed within an outer membrane. Although the presence of eight radiating structures entails a resemblance to cnidarian octocorals as well as to ctenophores, direct homologies with these extant groups are unlikely. Instead we bring attention to the helicospiral morphology of newly reported embryos from the Doushantuo Formation, suggesting that the long-sought adults of the Ediacaran embryonic metazoans have finally been found.展开更多
This article reports studies on the coagulation of kaolin(from Wuxian, Jiangsu, China) on various red tide organisms, and the observation for the first time that the coagulation of kaolin is much greater than that of ...This article reports studies on the coagulation of kaolin(from Wuxian, Jiangsu, China) on various red tide organisms, and the observation for the first time that the coagulation of kaolin is much greater than that of montmorillonite so that kaolin is a more effective clay for removing red tide organisms. The authors' theoretical explanation and analysis by a mathematical-physical model prove that compared to montmorillonite. kaolin has greater attraction for organism cells and therefore greater coagulation capabil-ity. This project's studies on the effects of pH and acid-treatment show that the acid-treatment does not have much influence on the kaolin system; whereas the effect of pH on the kaolin system is the same as that on the montmorillonite system.展开更多
Study on the coagulation of four species of red tide organisms (Nitzschia pungens, Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum minimum and Noctiluca scintillans) with montmorillonite, and the effect of montmorillonite pretrea...Study on the coagulation of four species of red tide organisms (Nitzschia pungens, Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum minimum and Noctiluca scintillans) with montmorillonite, and the effect of montmorillonite pretreatment on the coagulation shows that the capability for montmorillonite to coagulate with them is in the order: N. pungens > S. costatum > P. minimum > N. scintillans. The coagulation is discussed from the aspects of the structure, shape, size, movement, habit, etc. of different species and the results are explained theoretically. The experimental results also indicate that the treatment of montmorillonite with acid can enhance its coagulating capability. This is due to the fact that A1(OH2)6+3, exchanged from the clay lattice by hydrogen ion H+, forms hydroxy-aluminum polymers on the surface of the montmorillonite. The hydroxy-aluminum polymers positively charge and increase the positive characteristic of the clay surface, and also serves as a bridge between adjacent surfaces of particles. These two functions enhance the montmorillonite's capability for coagulating with the organism cells.展开更多
DMPP （3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate） has been used to reduce nitrogen （N） loss from leaching or denitrification and to improve N supply in agricultural land. However, its impact on soil nitrifying organisms and e...DMPP （3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate） has been used to reduce nitrogen （N） loss from leaching or denitrification and to improve N supply in agricultural land. However, its impact on soil nitrifying organisms and enzyme activities involved in N cycling is largely unknown. Therefore, an on-farm experiment, for two years, has been conducted, to elucidate the effects of DMPP on mineral N （NH4^＋- N and NO3^--N） leaching, nitrifying organisms, and denitrifying enzymes in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system. Three treatments including urea alone （UA）, urea ＋ 1% DMPP （DP）, and no fertilizer （CK）, have been carded out. The results showed that DP enhanced the mean NH4^＋-N concentrations by 19.1%-24.3%, but reduced the mean NO3^--N concentrations by 44.9%-56.6% in the leachate, under a two-year rice-rape rotation, compared to the UA treatment. The population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, the activity of nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase in the DP treatment decreased about 24.5%-30.9%, 14.9%-43.5%, and 14.7%-31.6%, respectively, as compared to the UA treatment. However, nitrite oxidizing bacteria and hydroxylamine reductase remained almost unaffected by DMPP. It is proposed that DMPP has the potential to either reduce NO3^--N leaching by inhibiting ammonia oxidization or N losses from denitrification, which is in favor of the N conversations in the rice-oilseed rape cropping system.展开更多
Model organisms have long been important in biology and medicine due to their specific characteristics. Amphibians, especially Xenopus, play key roles in answering fundamental questions on developmental biology, regen...Model organisms have long been important in biology and medicine due to their specific characteristics. Amphibians, especially Xenopus, play key roles in answering fundamental questions on developmental biology, regeneration, genetics, and toxicology due to their large and abundant eggs, as well as their versatile embryos, which can be readily manipulated and developed in vivo. Furthermore, amphibians have also proven to be of considerable benefit in human disease research due to their conserved cellular developmental and genomic organization. This review gives a brief introduction on the progress and limitations of these animal models in biology and human disease research, and discusses the potential and challenge of Microhyla fissipes as a new model organism.展开更多
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials in the consumer products, agriculture, and energy sectors. Their large demand and widespread applications will inevitably cause d...Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials in the consumer products, agriculture, and energy sectors. Their large demand and widespread applications will inevitably cause damage to organisms and ecosystems. A better understanding of TiO_2 NP toxicity in living organisms may promote risk assessment and safe use practices of these nanomaterials. This review summarizes the toxic effects of TiO_2 NPs on multiple taxa of microorganisms, algae, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The mechanism of TiO_2 NP toxicity to organisms can be outlined in three aspects: The Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)produced by TiO_2 NPs following the induction of electron–hole pairs; cell wall damage and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane caused by NP-cell attachment by electrostatic force owing to the large surface area of TiO_2 NPs; and TiO_2 NP attachment to intracellular organelles and biological macromolecules following damage to the cell membranes.展开更多
基金funded by 2024 Scientific Research Project of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College(No.ygzrc2024101)Chongqing Education Commission Natural Science Foundation(No.KJQN202402821)+2 种基金Chongqing Shapingba District Science and Technology Bureau Project(No.2024071)2024 Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College Innovation Research Group Project(No.ygz2024401)Chongqing Science and Health Joint Medical Research Project(No.2024SQKWLHMS051),respectively.
文摘Yeast-based models have become a powerful platform in pharmaceutical research,offering significant potential for producing complex drugs,vaccines,and therapeutic agents.While many current drugs were discovered before fully understanding their molecular mechanisms,yeast systems now provide valuable insights for drug discovery and personalized medicine.Recent advancements in genetic engineering,metabolic engineering,and synthetic biology have improved the efficiency and scalability of yeast-based production systems,enabling more sustainable and cost-effective manufacturing processes.This paper reviews the latest developments in yeast-based technologies,focusing on their use as model organisms to study disease mechanisms,identify drug targets,and develop novel therapies.We highlight key platforms such as the yeast two-hybrid system,surface display technologies,and optimized expression systems.Additionally,we explore the future integration of yeast engineering with artificial intelligence(AI),machine learning(ML),and advanced genome editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9,which are expected to accelerate drug discovery and enable personalized therapies.Furthermore,yeast-based systems are increasingly employed in largescale drug production,vaccine development,and therapeutic protein expression,offering promising applications in clinical and industrial settings.This paper discusses the practical implications of these systems and their potential to revolutionize drug development,paving the way for safer,more effective therapies.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20547)the Major Science and Technology Projects of Heilongjiang Province(2021ZX12B05 and 2020ZX07B02)。
文摘The present study monitored bacterial succession,physicochemical properties,and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)changes in smoked chicken legs with modified atmosphere packaging(MAP,60% CO_(2) and 40%N_(2))during a 25-day storage period at 4℃.After 15 days of storage,S erratia proteamaculans and Pseudomonas fragi became the predominant bacteria.Furthermore,physicochemical properties changed significantly,as evidenced by an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and b*(yellowness)value,and a decrease in hardness.A total of 65 VOCs were identified during storage.Correlation between bacterial succession and quality indicators(including VOCs and physicochemical properties)allowed the identification of 26 core dominant bacteria,including S.proteamaculans,Psychrobacter alimentarius,Pseudomonas putida,and Pseudomonas poae,which were positively related to spoilage VOCs(e.g.,1-octen-3-ol,1-pentanol,and 3-methyl-1-butanol)and could be defined as specific spoilage organisms(SSOs).The results of this study provide a systematic approach to predict SSOs in smoked chicken legs during storage,which can also provide a basis for product safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61806107 and 61702135)。
文摘We propose a hierarchical multi-scale attention mechanism-based model in response to the low accuracy and inefficient manual classification of existing oceanic biological image classification methods. Firstly, the hierarchical efficient multi-scale attention(H-EMA) module is designed for lightweight feature extraction, achieving outstanding performance at a relatively low cost. Secondly, an improved EfficientNetV2 block is used to integrate information from different scales better and enhance inter-layer message passing. Furthermore, introducing the convolutional block attention module(CBAM) enhances the model's perception of critical features, optimizing its generalization ability. Lastly, Focal Loss is introduced to adjust the weights of complex samples to address the issue of imbalanced categories in the dataset, further improving the model's performance. The model achieved 96.11% accuracy on the intertidal marine organism dataset of Nanji Islands and 84.78% accuracy on the CIFAR-100 dataset, demonstrating its strong generalization ability to meet the demands of oceanic biological image classification.
基金approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Hospital Centre Zagreb(Approval No:02/013 AG).
文摘BACKGROUND Colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)is frequently observed in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to intensive care units(ICUs).However,whether colonization directly leads to infections or adversely impacts clinical outcomes remains unclear.Clarifying this relationship may help deter-mine the prognostic significance of colonization in these patients.AIM To evaluate the clinical relevance of MDRO colonization and infection at ICU admission in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This retrospective single-center cohort study included 107 ICU admissions of patients with liver cirrhosis at a tertiary care center(2018-2024).Colonization was assessed by rectal and nasal/pharyngeal swabs within 48 hours of ICU admission.Outcomes analyzed included MDRO infection during ICU stay,concordance between colonizing and infecting strains,organ support requirements,and 28-day transplant free survival.Multivariable logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate predictors of infection and mortality.RESULTS Nearly one-third(29.9%)of patients were colonized with MDROs on admission,more commonly in the acute-onchronic liver failure phenotype than those with acute decompensation(34.5 vs 10.0%,P=0.033).Although infections were established in the majority(85%)of cases,of which 17.6%due to MDROs,colonization alone did not independently predict these infections[odds ratio(OR)=2.18,P=0.383]nor influenced short-term mortality(OR=1.14,P=0.813).However,once MDRO infection occurred,an 82%concordance was observed between colonizing and infecting strains.MDRO infections,unlike colonization,significantly increased the need for organsupport interventions,including mechanical ventilation and vasopressor therapy and prolonged ICU stays.Only severity of organ dysfunction,quantified by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score,independently predicted 28-day mortality(OR=1.38,P=0.024).CONCLUSION MDRO colonization at ICU admission is frequent among critically ill patients with cirrhosis,particularly those with acute-on-chronic liver failure.While colonization alone does not predict infection or early mortality,its clinical value emerges in guiding empirical antibiotic treatment once infection is suspected.Ultimately,short-term survival appears to be more strongly influenced by the severity of organ failure than by either MDRO colonization or infection.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42177239 and 41991330)the“14th Five Year Plan”of Independent Deployment Project of Nanjing Institute of Soil Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.ISSASIP2213)。
文摘New pollutants have become a significant concern in China's efforts toward ecological and environmental protection.Trichloromethane(TCM,CHCl_3),one of these new pollutants,is primarily released into soil and groundwater through various industrial activities.Over the past four decades,researchers have consistently focused on the remediation of TCM-contaminated soil and groundwater using microorganisms and iron-based materials,which hold significant potential for practical application.Understanding the remediation process and the factors influencing TCM degradation through these two methods is crucial for advancing both theoretical research and practical implementation.This review focuses on the degradation mechanisms of TCM in soil and groundwater by microorganisms and iron-based materials.It summarizes the active microorganisms and modified iron-based materials with high TCM degradation capabilities,discusses enhancement measures for both methods in the remediation process,and finally,outlines the challenges faced by these methods.The goal is to provide theoretical references for efficient remediation of TCM-contaminated soil and groundwater.
基金supported by the Key Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province,China(2023n06020056)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071628)the Colleges and Universities Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(2024AH020002)。
文摘Although the application of straw decomposing microorganism inoculants(SDMI)can accelerate straw decomposition,the underlying mechanisms affecting soil organic carbon(SOC)under different scenarios remain unclear.We conducted a meta-analysis using 226 observations from 86 studies on SOC changes under straw return with or without SDMI applications.Overall,our results indicated that straw with SDMI application increased the SOC stock by 1.51%at an initial carbon-to-nitrogen ratio(ICNR)>25(P<0.05),while the effect of ICNR≤25was insignificant.In particular,at ICNR>25,application of SDMI-treated straw increased SOC stocks in northern temperate continental areas(NTC)higher than in subtropical monsoon regions(STM).Furthermore,the straw with SDMI application increased higher SOC stocks in soils with pH>7.5 than those with pH≤7.5.In terms of agricultural management practices,SOC stocks were significantly higher in straw buried(SB),the experimental duration of straw return(EDSR)≥1 year,the straw return amount(SRA)>6,000 kg ha^(–1),and the SDMI application rate(SDMIR)>30 kg ha^(–1)conditions.The effect of straw with SDMI on SOC stocks under straw burying(SB)was significantly higher than that under straw mulching(SM)at ICNR≤25.At ICNR>25,EDSR,SDMIR,and the mean annual precipitation(MAP)were the main drivers of the effect of SDMI addition to straw on SOC stocks.Straw with SDMI induced SOC stock increases which increased with EDSR and decreased with increasing MAP.These findings provide a scientific basis for decision-makers and stakeholders to improve soil C management via the application of SDMI-amended straw at both regional and large scales.
基金Supported by Zhaoqing University Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202310580018).
文摘[Objectives]To study the phosphorus removal performance of phosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs).[Methods]Activated sludge from domestic sewage treatment plant was used as the strain source,and phosphate accumulating organisms were screened by plate streaking method and dilution coating plate method.Six kinds of excellent phosphate accumulating organisms were obtained by metachromatic granule staining experiment,total phosphorus experiment and simulated sewage phosphorus removal experiment to assist the observation of bac-terial morphology and experiment of phosphorus removal capacity.In addition,the influencing factors of phosphorus removal capacity(nitrogen source,trace metal ions)were analyzed.[Results]In the case of simulated sewage,the phosphorus removal rate of strain b was the highest,reaching 66.25%,while the phosphorus removal rate of strain e and f was about 10%lower than that of the phosphorus uptake experiment.[Conclusions]This study is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the gradual optimization of the screening method of phosphorus re-moval bacteria in domestic sewage treatment.
文摘Objective: To determine the prevalence of colonization and transmission of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms in order to develop of an effective infection prevention program. Design: Cross-sectional study with carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO) colonization detection from the fecal specimens of 20 Health Care Workers (HCWs) and 67 residents and 175 random environment specimens from September 2022 to September 2023. Setting: A Care and Protection Centre of Orphaned Children in South of HCM City. Participants: It included 20 HCWs, 67 residents, and 175 randomly collected environmental specimens. Method: Rectal and environmental swabs were collected from 20 HCWs, 67 residents (most of them were children), and 175 environmental specimens. MELAB Chromogenic CARBA agar plates, Card NID, and NMIC-500 CPO of the BD Phoenix TM Automated Microbiology System and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were the tests to screen, confirm CROs, respectively and determine CRO colonization and transmission between HCWs, residents, and the environment. Result: We detected 36 CRO isolates, including 6, 11 and 19 CROs found in 6 HCWs, 10 residents and 19 environments. The prevalence of detectable CRO was 30% (6/20) in HCWs, 14.92% (10/67) in residents, and 10.86% (19/175) in environmental swabs in our study. WGS demonstrated CRO colonization and transmission with the clonal spread of E. coli and A. nosocomialis, among HCWs and residents (children). Conclusion: Significant CRO colonization and transmission was evident in HCWs, residents, and the center environment. Cleaning and disinfection of the environment and performing regular hand hygiene are priorities to reduce the risk of CRO colonization and transmission.
文摘BACKGROUND Transplant recipients commonly harbor multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs),as a result of frequent hospital admissions and increased exposure to antimi-crobials and invasive procedures.AIM To investigate the impact of patient demographic and clinical characteristics on MDRO acquisition,as well as the impact of MDRO acquisition on intensive care unit(ICU)and hospital length of stay,and on ICU mortality and 1-year mortality post heart transplantation.METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed 98 consecutive heart transplant patients over a ten-year period(2013-2022)in a single transplantation center.Data was collected regarding MDROs commonly encountered in critical care.RESULTS Among the 98 transplanted patients(70%male),about a third(32%)acquired or already harbored MDROs upon transplantation(MDRO group),while two thirds did not(MDRO-free group).The prevalent MDROs were Acinetobacter baumannii(14%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(12%)and Klebsiella pneumoniae(11%).Compared to MDRO-free patients,the MDRO group was characterized by higher body mass index(P=0.002),higher rates of renal failure(P=0.017),primary graft dysfunction(10%vs 4.5%,P=0.001),surgical re-exploration(34%vs 14%,P=0.017),mechanical circulatory support(47%vs 26%P=0.037)and renal replacement therapy(28%vs 9%,P=0.014),as well as longer extracorporeal circulation time(median 210 vs 161 min,P=0.003).The median length of stay was longer in the MDRO group,namely ICU stay was 16 vs 9 d in the MDRO-free group(P=0.001),and hospital stay was 38 vs 28 d(P=0.006),while 1-year mortality was higher(28%vs 7.6%,log-rank-χ2:7.34).CONCLUSION Following heart transplantation,a predominance of Gram-negative MDROs was noted.MDRO acquisition was associated with higher complication rates,prolonged ICU and total hospital stay,and higher post-transplantation mortality.
基金financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82173486)the Natural Sciences Foundation of Tianjin City of China (No.12JCYBJC19100)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Program of Tianjin Education Commission (No.2019KJ167)The Program of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction (No.2021KLMS10)。
文摘Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health.Fine particles(FPs)and ultrafine particles(UFPs)have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas,which can easily adsorb metals,microorganisms and other pollutants.FPs and UFPs can enter the human body in multiple ways and can be easily and quickly absorbed by the cells,tissues and organs.In the body,the particles can induce oxidative stress,inflammatory response and apoptosis,furthermore causing great adverse effects.Epidemiological studies mainly take the population as the research object to study the distribution of diseases and health conditions in a specific population and to focus on the identification of influencing factors.However,the mechanism by which a substance harms the health of organisms is mainly demonstrated through toxicological studies.Combining epidemiological studies with toxicological studies will provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the impact of PM on the health of organisms.In this review,the sources,compositions,and morphologies of FPs and UFPs are briefly introduced in the first part.The effects and action mechanisms of exposure to FPs and UFPs on the heart,lungs,brain,liver,spleen,kidneys,pancreas,gastrointestinal tract,joints and reproductive system are systematically summarized.In addition,challenges are further pointed out at the end of the paper.This work provides useful theoretical guidance and a strong experimental foundation for investigating and preventing the adverse effects of FPs and UFPs on human health.
基金Supported by Major Program in Zhejiang Science and Technology Department(2008C22G2100038)Emerging Artists Project in Zhejiang Province(21000037)~~
文摘[ Objective] The study aimed to supply important basis for developing environment-friendly pesticides with myricetin and crude extract of Myrica rubra leaves as effective components. [ Method] According to ＂Test guidelines for environmental safety evaluation on chemical pesticides＂, the toxicity of myricetin and crude extract of M. rubra leaves on non-target organisms was determined and the safety evaluation was carried out. [Result] MyriceUn and crude extract of M. rubra leaves had low toxicity on non-target organisms, such as earthworm, silkworm and soil microbes. Myricetin showed low toxicity and the crude extract of M. rubra leaves showed middle toxicity on tadpole. The high-concentration crude extract of M. rubra leaves had some antifeedant effect on silkworm. [ Conclusion] Myricetin and crude extract of M. rubra leaves had low toxicity on non-tar- get organisms in environment and they were relatively safe.
文摘Bioevolution is still a main puzzle and attracts many scientists to research on it. Here I present that organisms have two impor- tant properties, definite structure and self-reproduction. Based on the number and connection of the structural units, organisms can be di- vided into three groups, unicellular, particellular and polycellular organisms. It can be called polycellular evolution that organisms evolve from unicellular, particellular to polycellular. Also it can be called diploid evolution that organisms evolve from haplobes to diplobes, two groups based on the reproductive differences. Some concepts like spore, zygote and embryos are redefined in the paper. Moreover, I present that embryos are the most important boundary of bioevolution and organisms can be divided into two evolutionary phases, the lower and the higher. The lower organisms, Kingdom Microbia (kingd. nov.), are inembryonate, which include Acytophyla (phyl. nov.), bacteria, protozoa, fungi and inembryonate algae. The higher organisms are embryonate and have two branches, Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia. Plantae are sessile and, autotrophic or sporogenic, which include higher plants and Nudembryophyta (phyl. nov.). Animalia are heterotrophic and, motile or gametogenic, which include all multicellular animals. The new system, which reflects the two important phases of bioevolu- tion and two branches of higher organisms, can really correct the problem of different kingdoms in different researches or by different re- searchers.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51308253)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Projects,China(No.20130522076JH)
文摘The effects of nitrate concentration on the capability of phosphorus uptake in the main anoxic stage were investigated.Meanwhile, the biomass fractions — heterotrophs, phosphateaccumulating organisms( PAOs),and nitrifying organisms in a pilot-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal( EBPR) system— were both experimentally and theoretically evaluated( from the mass balance calculations of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus),under optimum nitrate concentration in the main anoxic stage,in which the influent chemical oxygen demand( COD)concentration was stabilized at( 290 ± 10) mg·L- 1and the influent total phosphorus( TP) concentration was stabilized at( 7. 0 ± 0. 5)mg · L- 1. In long term operations,the process exhibited high performance in removing organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Approximately 46. 41% of organic matter,57. 21% of nitrogen,and 48. 14% of phosphorus were removed from the influent in the form of carbon dioxide,nitrogen gas,and polyphosphate,respectively. XH( heterotrophs),XPAO( PAOs),and XAUT( autotrophs) were regarded as the major organisms responsible for biomass production. The yield fractions of XHgrowth in the first anoxic,the second anoxic,and the aerobic stages were 10. 24%,19. 11%,and 19. 71%,respectively; the yield fractions of XPAO growth in the second anoxic and the aerobic stages were 24. 34% and19. 86%,respectively; the yield fraction of XAUTgrowth in the aerobic stage was 6. 74%. These results showed that XHand XPAOformed the major community. Moreover,a higher amount of XPAOgrowth on stored poly-hydroxyalkanoates( PHAs) under the anoxic condition was seen in this EBPR system for municipal wastewater treatment.
基金Chinese Postdoctoral Fund and Natural Scienced Found of Shandong Province(No.93E0157)
文摘Coagulation of red tide organism cells with clays is discussed in theory and the effects of some factors on it are studied. A quantitative model is presented which describes how the coagulation varies with pH in solution. According to the model, within the pH-range between pHzpcb, and pHzpcb, VR is negative and the coagulation is strong and strongest at pH = (pHzpca + pHzpcb)/2. It is also demonstrated that when the diameter of clay particles is close to that of cells, the collision probability is low, resulting in weaker coagulation. The model results have been corroborated by experiments and so are scientific and theoretical bases for application.
基金Fieldwork and research were funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 40272015 and 40672022） the China Geology Survey （Grant No. 200213000042 and 1212010511607）.
文摘Shales of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China contain a new disc-shaped macrofossil, Eoandromeda octobrachiata, characterized by eight spiral arms that were probably housed within an outer membrane. Although the presence of eight radiating structures entails a resemblance to cnidarian octocorals as well as to ctenophores, direct homologies with these extant groups are unlikely. Instead we bring attention to the helicospiral morphology of newly reported embryos from the Doushantuo Formation, suggesting that the long-sought adults of the Ediacaran embryonic metazoans have finally been found.
基金Project supported by Chinese Possteoctoral Fund Shandong Natural Science Fund No.93E0175
文摘This article reports studies on the coagulation of kaolin(from Wuxian, Jiangsu, China) on various red tide organisms, and the observation for the first time that the coagulation of kaolin is much greater than that of montmorillonite so that kaolin is a more effective clay for removing red tide organisms. The authors' theoretical explanation and analysis by a mathematical-physical model prove that compared to montmorillonite. kaolin has greater attraction for organism cells and therefore greater coagulation capabil-ity. This project's studies on the effects of pH and acid-treatment show that the acid-treatment does not have much influence on the kaolin system; whereas the effect of pH on the kaolin system is the same as that on the montmorillonite system.
基金the Chinese postdoctoral fund Natural Science fund of Shandong province No 93E0157 and State Major Besearch project (PD-B6-7-2)
文摘Study on the coagulation of four species of red tide organisms (Nitzschia pungens, Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum minimum and Noctiluca scintillans) with montmorillonite, and the effect of montmorillonite pretreatment on the coagulation shows that the capability for montmorillonite to coagulate with them is in the order: N. pungens > S. costatum > P. minimum > N. scintillans. The coagulation is discussed from the aspects of the structure, shape, size, movement, habit, etc. of different species and the results are explained theoretically. The experimental results also indicate that the treatment of montmorillonite with acid can enhance its coagulating capability. This is due to the fact that A1(OH2)6+3, exchanged from the clay lattice by hydrogen ion H+, forms hydroxy-aluminum polymers on the surface of the montmorillonite. The hydroxy-aluminum polymers positively charge and increase the positive characteristic of the clay surface, and also serves as a bridge between adjacent surfaces of particles. These two functions enhance the montmorillonite's capability for coagulating with the organism cells.
文摘DMPP （3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate） has been used to reduce nitrogen （N） loss from leaching or denitrification and to improve N supply in agricultural land. However, its impact on soil nitrifying organisms and enzyme activities involved in N cycling is largely unknown. Therefore, an on-farm experiment, for two years, has been conducted, to elucidate the effects of DMPP on mineral N （NH4^＋- N and NO3^--N） leaching, nitrifying organisms, and denitrifying enzymes in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system. Three treatments including urea alone （UA）, urea ＋ 1% DMPP （DP）, and no fertilizer （CK）, have been carded out. The results showed that DP enhanced the mean NH4^＋-N concentrations by 19.1%-24.3%, but reduced the mean NO3^--N concentrations by 44.9%-56.6% in the leachate, under a two-year rice-rape rotation, compared to the UA treatment. The population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, the activity of nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase in the DP treatment decreased about 24.5%-30.9%, 14.9%-43.5%, and 14.7%-31.6%, respectively, as compared to the UA treatment. However, nitrite oxidizing bacteria and hydroxylamine reductase remained almost unaffected by DMPP. It is proposed that DMPP has the potential to either reduce NO3^--N leaching by inhibiting ammonia oxidization or N losses from denitrification, which is in favor of the N conversations in the rice-oilseed rape cropping system.
基金supported by a grant from the Key Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJZD-EW-L13)2015 Western Light Talent Culture Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y6C3021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471964)
文摘Model organisms have long been important in biology and medicine due to their specific characteristics. Amphibians, especially Xenopus, play key roles in answering fundamental questions on developmental biology, regeneration, genetics, and toxicology due to their large and abundant eggs, as well as their versatile embryos, which can be readily manipulated and developed in vivo. Furthermore, amphibians have also proven to be of considerable benefit in human disease research due to their conserved cellular developmental and genomic organization. This review gives a brief introduction on the progress and limitations of these animal models in biology and human disease research, and discusses the potential and challenge of Microhyla fissipes as a new model organism.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21607043,21577032)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.2018054)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos.2016ZZD06,2018ZD11)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology,CAS (No.kf2016009)
文摘Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials in the consumer products, agriculture, and energy sectors. Their large demand and widespread applications will inevitably cause damage to organisms and ecosystems. A better understanding of TiO_2 NP toxicity in living organisms may promote risk assessment and safe use practices of these nanomaterials. This review summarizes the toxic effects of TiO_2 NPs on multiple taxa of microorganisms, algae, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The mechanism of TiO_2 NP toxicity to organisms can be outlined in three aspects: The Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)produced by TiO_2 NPs following the induction of electron–hole pairs; cell wall damage and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane caused by NP-cell attachment by electrostatic force owing to the large surface area of TiO_2 NPs; and TiO_2 NP attachment to intracellular organelles and biological macromolecules following damage to the cell membranes.
