This paper examines the organisational hierarchies and decision making processes of two Chinese multinational enterprises operating in Vietnam—hina Luoyang Floating Glass Corp. （CLFG） and China TCL Holdings Co. Lt...This paper examines the organisational hierarchies and decision making processes of two Chinese multinational enterprises operating in Vietnam—hina Luoyang Floating Glass Corp. （CLFG） and China TCL Holdings Co. Ltd. （TCL）. For this study, research data were obtained from in-depth interviews of more than 20 government officials in E R. China and Vietnam, and managers and staff of those two enterprises. Results indicate that the organisational structures of the two enterprises are still vertical but complex, although moderate changes made to them post the nationwide economic reform of China. Consequently, decision making process follows a ＂top-down＂ model, sometimes, with insufficient grassroots information. Findings are discussed in the light of political, social and cultural milieu, and implications are drawn for the management of Chinese multinational enterprises operating in overseas markets. Both CLFG and China TCL are structured on task specialisations. However, departmentalisation in TCL＇s overseas division in head office is not only based on products, but also on geographical regions of markets. The organisational structure of TCL in Vietnam is less complex than the international division, but it is more centralised. Decision making at TCL combines more traditional Chinese business philosophy with modern western organisational characteristics. TCL has a strong western influence in its management style. However, some traditional characteristics such as ＂hero＂ leadership influence and political influence are involved with decision making at TCL. Amongst others, the transitional economy, social culture, poor management system and political sensitivity have been major elements influencing decision making. In the case of CLFG. some decisions have been made before proper information has been gathered and analysed.展开更多
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most extensive and populous comprehensive regional cooperation organization in the world,covering about half of the world's population,with not only a huge consumer...The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most extensive and populous comprehensive regional cooperation organization in the world,covering about half of the world's population,with not only a huge consumer market,but also rich natural resources and strong productivity.As one of the important platforms for the implementation of the Green Belt and Road Initiative,it is an important opportunity for the SCO to actively participate in global governance and contribute to building a community of global life.To investigate the status of biodiversity conservation in the SCO countries,we used literature analysis approach.We surveyed the performance and international cooperation status of the SCO countries in the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),listed facing problems and threats to biodiversity conservation,including not optimistic biodiversity conservation project implementation status,contradiction between ecological protection and economic development,impacts of human activities,lack of funds and talents,etc.,and analyzed the biodiversity protection needs of the SCO countries from the perspectives of project and policy implementation status and international cooperation.According to the cooperation between China and the other SCO countries on biodiversity conservation and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework goals,we gave some recommendations:(1)promoting access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing;(2)integrating multiple funds and innovating the implementation of funding mechanism;(3)developing talent training and exchange programs and deepening multilateral cooperation;(4)strengthening cross-border cooperation and improving cooperation network;and(5)establishing a coordination mechanism for biodiversity conservation within the framework of the SCO.展开更多
The prevailing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has challenged our lives in an unprecedented manner.The pandemic has had a significant impact on transplantation worldwide.The logistics of travel restrictions,stretchi...The prevailing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has challenged our lives in an unprecedented manner.The pandemic has had a significant impact on transplantation worldwide.The logistics of travel restrictions,stretching of available resources,unclear risk of infection in immunosuppressed transplant recipients,and evolving guidelines on testing and transplantation are some of the factors that have unfavourably influenced transplant activity.We must begin to build organisational flexibility in order to restart transplantation so that we can be mindful stewards of organ donation and sincere advocates for our patients.Building a culture of honesty and transparency(with patients,families,colleagues,societies,and authorities),keeping the channels of communication open,working in collaboration with others(at local,regional,national,and international levels),and not restarting without rethinking and appraising all elements of our practice,are the main underlying principles to increase the flexibility.展开更多
Accountability, transparency, value addition, legitimacy and overall credibility of non-profit organisations （NPOs）, and good corporate governance have emerged not only as a tool to enhance professionalism but, more...Accountability, transparency, value addition, legitimacy and overall credibility of non-profit organisations （NPOs）, and good corporate governance have emerged not only as a tool to enhance professionalism but, more crucially, to ensure that NPO interventions are effective, sustainable, efficient and positively perceived by all parties. The credibility of an NPO can be improved by adherence to the principles and practices of good corporate governance. A number of South African NPOs are unable to meet the minimum requirements of accountability and good governance practices. The study evaluated the governance structures of selected NPOs in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study tested how the following governance categories, including： NPO＇s legal status; NPO＇s standards of accountability and transparency; NPO＇s leadership, roles, and responsibilities of the executive management; the NPO＇s board, and the extent to which principles of good governance are practiced within the organisation, are applied within the selected cases by way of a questionnaire. Recommendations, around how governance practices within these NPOs can be improved, are forwarded.展开更多
In recent years,knowledge management(KM)theory has become an omnipresent and important element of organisational development.It includes processes intended to improve organisational effectiveness and it describes the ...In recent years,knowledge management(KM)theory has become an omnipresent and important element of organisational development.It includes processes intended to improve organisational effectiveness and it describes the convergence of people,processes,and systems.However,its application is limited to the development of technology for document repository and sharing.To promote new ways of approaching KM,this paper focuses on four knowledge topics:the use of human capital,social capital,structural capital,and artificial intelligence.Accepting that the four components of KM:people,processes,tools,and organisation,are interdependent,nested,and porous,then getting relevant knowledge to those who need it,when they need it,is critical for knowledge transfer.This paper considers whether the recovery of forgotten knowledge will create value for organisations.It proposes a new holistic framework to enhance the transferability of tacit and implicit knowledge in emergency relief organisations.It considers the application of artificial intelligence in the aid sector as a means of achieving this,and it proposes its use for providing ready-to-use knowledge for decision making in emergencies.Using a quantitative and qualitative research approach,this research resolves several ambiguities in the application of the KM discipline within emergency relief organisations.It found that there is no relationship between the employees’age and their attitude to communicating across organisational boundaries to exchange knowledge,yet age is a factor in the use of organisational social networks as a communication tool.Further,it found little difference in the way employees of various designations comprehend the human,structural,and social capital elements of an organisation,yet the importance,selection,and use of each of these elements is dependent on the employees’designation and/or position in the organisational hierarchy.Finally,it found that age is a key factor in the frequency of changing jobs,which contributes to the loss of tacit and implicit knowledge in aid organisations.This paper concludes by providing recommendations for action within each of the five knowledge sharing dimensions:individual,social,managerial,cultural,and structural.展开更多
Within high-risk industries, efficient management of safety is an important element of organisational efforts to reduce accidents. Most organisations such as nuclear, aviation and oil and gas sectors have a safety man...Within high-risk industries, efficient management of safety is an important element of organisational efforts to reduce accidents. Most organisations such as nuclear, aviation and oil and gas sectors have a safety management system (SMS) which provides sequence of organisational procedure to identify hazards, mitigation of risk, measure performance, investigate incidents and maintain an on-going continuous improvement. However, experts believe that when such complex organisations complement safety management system with isomorphic lessons and organisational learning strategies to manage safety, there will be a high propensity to aggressively reduce risk and save cost. Undoubtedly, learning from accidents/incidents is one of many ways to manage safely in any given organisation. As a result, this paper is intended to ascertain if organisations use isomorphic lessons and organisational learning as strong feature of organisation’s practice capable of promoting stronger safety culture;and if lessons learned from other high-risk sectors can help inform risk-based decisions in organisations. Risk experts and by extension the nuclear sector, could have learned from past accident such as the Three Mile Island of 1979 and employ lessons learned to forestall future occurrences. Primary data was gathered via online, and research population are health and safety professionals from aviation, nuclear, and the oil and gas sectors. The sample size recruited are aviation (n = 59, 25%);nuclear (n = 124, 54%);and oil and gas (n = 49, 21%). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyse 232 responses used for this paper.展开更多
Exploring Geoscience Across the Globe by Chris King is a recently published online textbook that can be freely downloaded from the IGEO website at:http://www.igeoscied.org/teaching-resources/geoscience-text-books/.The...Exploring Geoscience Across the Globe by Chris King is a recently published online textbook that can be freely downloaded from the IGEO website at:http://www.igeoscied.org/teaching-resources/geoscience-text-books/.The textbook,published with the approval of the International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS)and the European Geosciences Union(EGU),is focussed on the International Geoscience Syllabus which covers all that an able sixteen-year-old student should know and understand about Earth science on leaving school.展开更多
CHINA IOMed Inauguration Ceremony Held The inauguration ceremony of the International Organisation for Mediation(IOMed),headquartered in China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,was held on 20 October,marking ...CHINA IOMed Inauguration Ceremony Held The inauguration ceremony of the International Organisation for Mediation(IOMed),headquartered in China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,was held on 20 October,marking a significant milestone in global conflict resolution.The IOMed is the world’s first intergovernmental international legal organisation dedicated to resolving international disputes through mediation.展开更多
What the newly established mediation body in China’s Hong Kong means for Africa In a world fraying under geopoliti-cal tensions,legal asymmetry,and fragmented global governance,the launch of the International Organis...What the newly established mediation body in China’s Hong Kong means for Africa In a world fraying under geopoliti-cal tensions,legal asymmetry,and fragmented global governance,the launch of the International Organisation for Mediation(IOMed)in China’s Hong Kong on 30 May is much more than a diplomatic novelty.It is a strategic recalibration of how the Global South,particularly African nations,might resolve disputes without surrendering sovereignty or dignity.展开更多
Events in the first few days of September have confirmed what was already in motion.A new rhythm in world affairs is emerging.In Tianjin,a metropolis in north China,Chinese President Xi Jinping launched the Global Gov...Events in the first few days of September have confirmed what was already in motion.A new rhythm in world affairs is emerging.In Tianjin,a metropolis in north China,Chinese President Xi Jinping launched the Global Governance Initiative(GGI)at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)Summit.In Beijing,China’s capital,President Xi reviewed troops during a military parade to mark the 80th Anniversary of the Victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.展开更多
Traceability systems are key to assuring food safety,creating a benefit for food supply chain components.Currently,the appearance of new technologies such as IoT and Big Data Analysis leads to a new generation of more...Traceability systems are key to assuring food safety,creating a benefit for food supply chain components.Currently,the appearance of new technologies such as IoT and Big Data Analysis leads to a new generation of more functional,but complex,traceability systems.Organisational models based on cooperation of multiple small/medium size agents,for example of small/family farming cooperatives,play an important role in high standard agricultural production and commercialization processes.These function as both social and economic networks,with high social and economic impact in the rural areas.The case of Almeria as an example of this model was used to analyze its cooperative model.The actual traceability systems in the Almeria model were studied,taking account of the different networked agents and their interrelation.This study includes two main parts:a)analysis of the net-chains that constitute the food supply chains and their different relationships,and b)actual traceability.The next step studied how the net-chain model,including many diverse agents,may be applied to develop a new generation of traceability systems based of IoT and Big Data.This implies extending the special and functional scope of the actual systems and defining clear rules of exchange of the results of the Big Data Analysis,taking account of the adequate Privacy Rules.This work analyses the current organisation as a base for a new generation of traceability systems considered in the European project IoF2020(Internet of the Food and Farm 2020).Some parallels between Almeria’s model and certain areas in China,mainly in the areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shandong were detected.Another of the objectives of this work is to deepen the understanding of these similarities and analyze the possible adaptation of the results from Almeria to China.展开更多
A review of 115 studies on Australian local area traffic management(LATM)schemes covers network planning,computer modelling,overall design considerations,the deployment of various traffic control devices,project evalu...A review of 115 studies on Australian local area traffic management(LATM)schemes covers network planning,computer modelling,overall design considerations,the deployment of various traffic control devices,project evaluation and numerous before and after case studies.However,no research has been published about the formulation of LATM policies and the processes involved that were formulated during the 1970s and 1980s and aimed at discouraging non-local through traffic in residential areas,improving road safety,and improving environmental amenity through physical devices.This paper develops a conceptual model of the interactions amongst institutions of government(state and local),organisations(national research institutes and universities),and civil society(the consulting industry,lobby groups and community action groups).The model is implemented through a series of unstructured interviews with key players involved with research and advocacy,capacity building,and state government policy makers that determined:who was responsible for the governance of LATM schemes?What were the respective roles of institutions and organisations in relation to the early formulation of policies and plans,especially issues of authority?Who were the key players in these institutions and organisations?To what extent did external influences of ideas by overseas agents(policy transfer)occur in decision making?A recently implemented LATM scheme(Seven Ways)by Waverley Council describes the latest approaches,including community participation.The conclusions note the importance of a society investing in road research,having universities capable of delivering high-quality professional development programs,and having a consulting industry that is willing to deliver innovative,practical advice to local governments.Suggestions are made about areas for further research.展开更多
The Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)is the most important economic,energy and political coalition in the Middle East.The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most influential Eurasian political and economic bloc....The Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)is the most important economic,energy and political coalition in the Middle East.The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most influential Eurasian political and economic bloc.In the vicissitude international situation,the SCO is expanding westward;Qatar and Saudi Arabia have become the partners of dialogue;Bahrain,Kuwait and the UAE have applied for being partners for dialogue.Likewise,the GCC is looking eastward,exploring cooperation with Russia within the framework of‘OPEC+’,with China in‘China-GCC Summit and China-GCC Strategic Dialogue’,and with India within the framework of I2U2(Israel,India,United States and the United Arab Emirates).The‘SCO+GCC+’cooperation mechanism is inclusive,compatible with the US,European and the NATO’s military engagement with the GCC,which will open a new ground for bilateral cooperation and multilateral interaction between East Asia,South Asia,Central Asia,North Asia and West Asia,conducive to building‘an Asian community of shared future’in the long run.展开更多
This article seeks to convey an accurate view of the nature,dynamics,activities and potential of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,so that Gulf States can make a realistic assessment of what they would have to gai...This article seeks to convey an accurate view of the nature,dynamics,activities and potential of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,so that Gulf States can make a realistic assessment of what they would have to gain by associating themselves with the body,as well as taking account of possible drawbacks.Data is presented on the population size of the member states,and also relevant material on the economies,the flows of trade,and defence capabilities.Emphasis is placed on the changing conceptual frameworks underpinning the organisation,with a steady broadening out from the strategic objectives which initially brought the states together,towards broader concerns which comprise a wide range of economic,social and cultural cooperation.It is suggested that the Gulf Cooperation Council states have much to gain from engaging with the organisation,given that it constitutes a key element in the emerging global economic and political order.展开更多
Quality assessment systems for business organisations and also for vocational schools were established in Estonia at the beginning of 2000s. Almost ten years later, corresponding systems were introduced also for highe...Quality assessment systems for business organisations and also for vocational schools were established in Estonia at the beginning of 2000s. Almost ten years later, corresponding systems were introduced also for higher education institutions （HEIs）. All these assessment systems are based on the European Foundation of Quality Management （EFQM） excellence model. The aim of this paper is to analyse benefits, difficulties, and success factors of quality assessment processes in Estonian business organisations, vocational schools, and HEIs. The study is based on the analysis of feedback questionnaire of 404 representatives from participating organisations （HEIs, vocational schools, and business enterprises） and assessors. Our analysis revealed that quality assessment processes including self-assessment reporting had a positive effect on organisation development and it has given the participants certain benefits and new challenges. As a consequence, knowledge about quality management as well as the self-assessment skills has been improved. The main difficulties were connected to limited time resources and with problems to recognize direct benefits of quality assessment. As substantial difficulties, limitations of analytical and report-writing skills were considered. As the biggest success factor, an involvement of managers on different levels decision making was recognized. The analysis revealed that there are a number of similar benefits and difficulties in the quality assessment systems of different organizations.展开更多
General The International Geoscience Education Organisation organised three Teacher Training Workshops in Goa,Mangaluuru and Bengaluuru during July 2–5,July 7–10 and July 12–15,2015 jointly with the National Centre...General The International Geoscience Education Organisation organised three Teacher Training Workshops in Goa,Mangaluuru and Bengaluuru during July 2–5,July 7–10 and July 12–15,2015 jointly with the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research,St.Aloysius College(Autonomous)and the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology,which were attended by 17,48 and 63 high school teachers respectively.These were organised as a pilot project to test the impact of such an approach in an Indian setting.展开更多
Background OneGeology is an initiative of Geological Survey Organisations(GSO)around the globe that dates back to Brighton,UK in 2007.Since then OneGeology has been a leader in developing geological online map data us...Background OneGeology is an initiative of Geological Survey Organisations(GSO)around the globe that dates back to Brighton,UK in 2007.Since then OneGeology has been a leader in developing geological online map data using a new international standard–a geological exchange language known as the‘GeoSciML’.Currently version 3.2 exists,which enables instant interoperability of the data.Increased use of this new language allows geological data to be shared and integrated across the planet with other organisations.In autumn 2013 OneGeology was transformed into a Consortium with a clearly defined governance structure,making its structure more official.展开更多
BACKGROUND Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasm(MiNEN)is a rare diagnosis,mainly encountered in the gastro-entero-pancreatic tract.There is limited knowledge of its epidemiology,prognosis and biology,and t...BACKGROUND Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasm(MiNEN)is a rare diagnosis,mainly encountered in the gastro-entero-pancreatic tract.There is limited knowledge of its epidemiology,prognosis and biology,and the best management for affected patients is still to be defined.AIM To investigate clinical-pathological characteristics,treatment modalities and survival outcomes of a retrospective cohort of patients with a diagnosis of MiNEN.METHODS Consecutive patients with a histologically proven diagnosis of MiNEN were identified at 5 European centres.Patient data were retrospectively collected from medical records.Pathological samples were reviewed to ascertain compliance with the 2017 World Health Organisation definition of MiNEN.Tumour responses to systemic treatment were assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours 1.1.Kaplan-Meier analysis was applied to estimate survival outcomes.Associations between clinical-pathological characteristics and survival outcomes were explored using Log-rank test for equality of survivors functions(univariate)and Cox-regression analysis(multivariable).RESULTS Sixty-nine consecutive patients identified;Median age at diagnosis:64 years.Males:63.8%.Localised disease(curable):53.6%.Commonest sites of origin:colon-rectum(43.5%)and oesophagus/oesophagogastric junction(15.9%).The neuroendocrine component was;predominant in 58.6%,poorly differentiated in 86.3%,and large cell in 81.25%,of cases analysed.Most distant metastases analysed(73.4%)were occupied only by a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine component.Ninety-four percent of patients with localised disease underwent curative surgery;53%also received perioperative treatment,most often in line with protocols for adenocarcinomas from the same sites of origin.Chemotherapy was offered to most patients(68.1%)with advanced disease,and followed protocols for pure neuroendocrine carcinomas or adenocarcinomas in equal proportion.In localised cases,median recurrence free survival(RFS);14.0 months(95%CI:9.2-24.4),and median overall survival(OS):28.6 months(95%CI:18.3-41.1).On univariate analysis,receipt of perioperative treatment(vs surgery alone)did not improve RFS(P=0.375),or OS(P=0.240).In advanced cases,median progression free survival(PFS);5.6 months(95%CI:4.4-7.4),and median OS;9.0 months(95%CI:5.2-13.4).On univariate analysis,receipt of palliative active treatment(vs best supportive care)prolonged PFS and OS(both,P<0.001).CONCLUSION MiNEN is most commonly driven by a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine component,and has poor prognosis.Advances in its biological understanding are needed to identify effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.展开更多
文摘This paper examines the organisational hierarchies and decision making processes of two Chinese multinational enterprises operating in Vietnam—hina Luoyang Floating Glass Corp. （CLFG） and China TCL Holdings Co. Ltd. （TCL）. For this study, research data were obtained from in-depth interviews of more than 20 government officials in E R. China and Vietnam, and managers and staff of those two enterprises. Results indicate that the organisational structures of the two enterprises are still vertical but complex, although moderate changes made to them post the nationwide economic reform of China. Consequently, decision making process follows a ＂top-down＂ model, sometimes, with insufficient grassroots information. Findings are discussed in the light of political, social and cultural milieu, and implications are drawn for the management of Chinese multinational enterprises operating in overseas markets. Both CLFG and China TCL are structured on task specialisations. However, departmentalisation in TCL＇s overseas division in head office is not only based on products, but also on geographical regions of markets. The organisational structure of TCL in Vietnam is less complex than the international division, but it is more centralised. Decision making at TCL combines more traditional Chinese business philosophy with modern western organisational characteristics. TCL has a strong western influence in its management style. However, some traditional characteristics such as ＂hero＂ leadership influence and political influence are involved with decision making at TCL. Amongst others, the transitional economy, social culture, poor management system and political sensitivity have been major elements influencing decision making. In the case of CLFG. some decisions have been made before proper information has been gathered and analysed.
基金the International Cooperation and Compliance Programme of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,the People’s Republic of China(22110106029)。
文摘The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most extensive and populous comprehensive regional cooperation organization in the world,covering about half of the world's population,with not only a huge consumer market,but also rich natural resources and strong productivity.As one of the important platforms for the implementation of the Green Belt and Road Initiative,it is an important opportunity for the SCO to actively participate in global governance and contribute to building a community of global life.To investigate the status of biodiversity conservation in the SCO countries,we used literature analysis approach.We surveyed the performance and international cooperation status of the SCO countries in the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),listed facing problems and threats to biodiversity conservation,including not optimistic biodiversity conservation project implementation status,contradiction between ecological protection and economic development,impacts of human activities,lack of funds and talents,etc.,and analyzed the biodiversity protection needs of the SCO countries from the perspectives of project and policy implementation status and international cooperation.According to the cooperation between China and the other SCO countries on biodiversity conservation and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework goals,we gave some recommendations:(1)promoting access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing;(2)integrating multiple funds and innovating the implementation of funding mechanism;(3)developing talent training and exchange programs and deepening multilateral cooperation;(4)strengthening cross-border cooperation and improving cooperation network;and(5)establishing a coordination mechanism for biodiversity conservation within the framework of the SCO.
文摘The prevailing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has challenged our lives in an unprecedented manner.The pandemic has had a significant impact on transplantation worldwide.The logistics of travel restrictions,stretching of available resources,unclear risk of infection in immunosuppressed transplant recipients,and evolving guidelines on testing and transplantation are some of the factors that have unfavourably influenced transplant activity.We must begin to build organisational flexibility in order to restart transplantation so that we can be mindful stewards of organ donation and sincere advocates for our patients.Building a culture of honesty and transparency(with patients,families,colleagues,societies,and authorities),keeping the channels of communication open,working in collaboration with others(at local,regional,national,and international levels),and not restarting without rethinking and appraising all elements of our practice,are the main underlying principles to increase the flexibility.
文摘Accountability, transparency, value addition, legitimacy and overall credibility of non-profit organisations （NPOs）, and good corporate governance have emerged not only as a tool to enhance professionalism but, more crucially, to ensure that NPO interventions are effective, sustainable, efficient and positively perceived by all parties. The credibility of an NPO can be improved by adherence to the principles and practices of good corporate governance. A number of South African NPOs are unable to meet the minimum requirements of accountability and good governance practices. The study evaluated the governance structures of selected NPOs in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study tested how the following governance categories, including： NPO＇s legal status; NPO＇s standards of accountability and transparency; NPO＇s leadership, roles, and responsibilities of the executive management; the NPO＇s board, and the extent to which principles of good governance are practiced within the organisation, are applied within the selected cases by way of a questionnaire. Recommendations, around how governance practices within these NPOs can be improved, are forwarded.
文摘In recent years,knowledge management(KM)theory has become an omnipresent and important element of organisational development.It includes processes intended to improve organisational effectiveness and it describes the convergence of people,processes,and systems.However,its application is limited to the development of technology for document repository and sharing.To promote new ways of approaching KM,this paper focuses on four knowledge topics:the use of human capital,social capital,structural capital,and artificial intelligence.Accepting that the four components of KM:people,processes,tools,and organisation,are interdependent,nested,and porous,then getting relevant knowledge to those who need it,when they need it,is critical for knowledge transfer.This paper considers whether the recovery of forgotten knowledge will create value for organisations.It proposes a new holistic framework to enhance the transferability of tacit and implicit knowledge in emergency relief organisations.It considers the application of artificial intelligence in the aid sector as a means of achieving this,and it proposes its use for providing ready-to-use knowledge for decision making in emergencies.Using a quantitative and qualitative research approach,this research resolves several ambiguities in the application of the KM discipline within emergency relief organisations.It found that there is no relationship between the employees’age and their attitude to communicating across organisational boundaries to exchange knowledge,yet age is a factor in the use of organisational social networks as a communication tool.Further,it found little difference in the way employees of various designations comprehend the human,structural,and social capital elements of an organisation,yet the importance,selection,and use of each of these elements is dependent on the employees’designation and/or position in the organisational hierarchy.Finally,it found that age is a key factor in the frequency of changing jobs,which contributes to the loss of tacit and implicit knowledge in aid organisations.This paper concludes by providing recommendations for action within each of the five knowledge sharing dimensions:individual,social,managerial,cultural,and structural.
文摘Within high-risk industries, efficient management of safety is an important element of organisational efforts to reduce accidents. Most organisations such as nuclear, aviation and oil and gas sectors have a safety management system (SMS) which provides sequence of organisational procedure to identify hazards, mitigation of risk, measure performance, investigate incidents and maintain an on-going continuous improvement. However, experts believe that when such complex organisations complement safety management system with isomorphic lessons and organisational learning strategies to manage safety, there will be a high propensity to aggressively reduce risk and save cost. Undoubtedly, learning from accidents/incidents is one of many ways to manage safely in any given organisation. As a result, this paper is intended to ascertain if organisations use isomorphic lessons and organisational learning as strong feature of organisation’s practice capable of promoting stronger safety culture;and if lessons learned from other high-risk sectors can help inform risk-based decisions in organisations. Risk experts and by extension the nuclear sector, could have learned from past accident such as the Three Mile Island of 1979 and employ lessons learned to forestall future occurrences. Primary data was gathered via online, and research population are health and safety professionals from aviation, nuclear, and the oil and gas sectors. The sample size recruited are aviation (n = 59, 25%);nuclear (n = 124, 54%);and oil and gas (n = 49, 21%). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyse 232 responses used for this paper.
文摘Exploring Geoscience Across the Globe by Chris King is a recently published online textbook that can be freely downloaded from the IGEO website at:http://www.igeoscied.org/teaching-resources/geoscience-text-books/.The textbook,published with the approval of the International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS)and the European Geosciences Union(EGU),is focussed on the International Geoscience Syllabus which covers all that an able sixteen-year-old student should know and understand about Earth science on leaving school.
文摘CHINA IOMed Inauguration Ceremony Held The inauguration ceremony of the International Organisation for Mediation(IOMed),headquartered in China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,was held on 20 October,marking a significant milestone in global conflict resolution.The IOMed is the world’s first intergovernmental international legal organisation dedicated to resolving international disputes through mediation.
文摘What the newly established mediation body in China’s Hong Kong means for Africa In a world fraying under geopoliti-cal tensions,legal asymmetry,and fragmented global governance,the launch of the International Organisation for Mediation(IOMed)in China’s Hong Kong on 30 May is much more than a diplomatic novelty.It is a strategic recalibration of how the Global South,particularly African nations,might resolve disputes without surrendering sovereignty or dignity.
文摘Events in the first few days of September have confirmed what was already in motion.A new rhythm in world affairs is emerging.In Tianjin,a metropolis in north China,Chinese President Xi Jinping launched the Global Governance Initiative(GGI)at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)Summit.In Beijing,China’s capital,President Xi reviewed troops during a military parade to mark the 80th Anniversary of the Victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.
基金funded by the Junta de Andalucía Project of Excellence P12-SEJ-2555 Challenges and Opportunities in the Concentration and Integration of Agrifood CompaniesTEAP project included in the Marie Curie Actions(PIRSES-GA-2013-612659)+1 种基金the European Union Project entitled Internet of Food and Farm IoF2020-H2020-IOT-2016Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401683).
文摘Traceability systems are key to assuring food safety,creating a benefit for food supply chain components.Currently,the appearance of new technologies such as IoT and Big Data Analysis leads to a new generation of more functional,but complex,traceability systems.Organisational models based on cooperation of multiple small/medium size agents,for example of small/family farming cooperatives,play an important role in high standard agricultural production and commercialization processes.These function as both social and economic networks,with high social and economic impact in the rural areas.The case of Almeria as an example of this model was used to analyze its cooperative model.The actual traceability systems in the Almeria model were studied,taking account of the different networked agents and their interrelation.This study includes two main parts:a)analysis of the net-chains that constitute the food supply chains and their different relationships,and b)actual traceability.The next step studied how the net-chain model,including many diverse agents,may be applied to develop a new generation of traceability systems based of IoT and Big Data.This implies extending the special and functional scope of the actual systems and defining clear rules of exchange of the results of the Big Data Analysis,taking account of the adequate Privacy Rules.This work analyses the current organisation as a base for a new generation of traceability systems considered in the European project IoF2020(Internet of the Food and Farm 2020).Some parallels between Almeria’s model and certain areas in China,mainly in the areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shandong were detected.Another of the objectives of this work is to deepen the understanding of these similarities and analyze the possible adaptation of the results from Almeria to China.
文摘A review of 115 studies on Australian local area traffic management(LATM)schemes covers network planning,computer modelling,overall design considerations,the deployment of various traffic control devices,project evaluation and numerous before and after case studies.However,no research has been published about the formulation of LATM policies and the processes involved that were formulated during the 1970s and 1980s and aimed at discouraging non-local through traffic in residential areas,improving road safety,and improving environmental amenity through physical devices.This paper develops a conceptual model of the interactions amongst institutions of government(state and local),organisations(national research institutes and universities),and civil society(the consulting industry,lobby groups and community action groups).The model is implemented through a series of unstructured interviews with key players involved with research and advocacy,capacity building,and state government policy makers that determined:who was responsible for the governance of LATM schemes?What were the respective roles of institutions and organisations in relation to the early formulation of policies and plans,especially issues of authority?Who were the key players in these institutions and organisations?To what extent did external influences of ideas by overseas agents(policy transfer)occur in decision making?A recently implemented LATM scheme(Seven Ways)by Waverley Council describes the latest approaches,including community participation.The conclusions note the importance of a society investing in road research,having universities capable of delivering high-quality professional development programs,and having a consulting industry that is willing to deliver innovative,practical advice to local governments.Suggestions are made about areas for further research.
基金funded by the key research program of‘Great Powers’Roles and Impacts on the Middle East Governance in the Vicissitude Era’,supported by the Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences,the Ministry of Education[22JJD810024].
文摘The Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)is the most important economic,energy and political coalition in the Middle East.The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most influential Eurasian political and economic bloc.In the vicissitude international situation,the SCO is expanding westward;Qatar and Saudi Arabia have become the partners of dialogue;Bahrain,Kuwait and the UAE have applied for being partners for dialogue.Likewise,the GCC is looking eastward,exploring cooperation with Russia within the framework of‘OPEC+’,with China in‘China-GCC Summit and China-GCC Strategic Dialogue’,and with India within the framework of I2U2(Israel,India,United States and the United Arab Emirates).The‘SCO+GCC+’cooperation mechanism is inclusive,compatible with the US,European and the NATO’s military engagement with the GCC,which will open a new ground for bilateral cooperation and multilateral interaction between East Asia,South Asia,Central Asia,North Asia and West Asia,conducive to building‘an Asian community of shared future’in the long run.
文摘This article seeks to convey an accurate view of the nature,dynamics,activities and potential of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,so that Gulf States can make a realistic assessment of what they would have to gain by associating themselves with the body,as well as taking account of possible drawbacks.Data is presented on the population size of the member states,and also relevant material on the economies,the flows of trade,and defence capabilities.Emphasis is placed on the changing conceptual frameworks underpinning the organisation,with a steady broadening out from the strategic objectives which initially brought the states together,towards broader concerns which comprise a wide range of economic,social and cultural cooperation.It is suggested that the Gulf Cooperation Council states have much to gain from engaging with the organisation,given that it constitutes a key element in the emerging global economic and political order.
文摘Quality assessment systems for business organisations and also for vocational schools were established in Estonia at the beginning of 2000s. Almost ten years later, corresponding systems were introduced also for higher education institutions （HEIs）. All these assessment systems are based on the European Foundation of Quality Management （EFQM） excellence model. The aim of this paper is to analyse benefits, difficulties, and success factors of quality assessment processes in Estonian business organisations, vocational schools, and HEIs. The study is based on the analysis of feedback questionnaire of 404 representatives from participating organisations （HEIs, vocational schools, and business enterprises） and assessors. Our analysis revealed that quality assessment processes including self-assessment reporting had a positive effect on organisation development and it has given the participants certain benefits and new challenges. As a consequence, knowledge about quality management as well as the self-assessment skills has been improved. The main difficulties were connected to limited time resources and with problems to recognize direct benefits of quality assessment. As substantial difficulties, limitations of analytical and report-writing skills were considered. As the biggest success factor, an involvement of managers on different levels decision making was recognized. The analysis revealed that there are a number of similar benefits and difficulties in the quality assessment systems of different organizations.
文摘General The International Geoscience Education Organisation organised three Teacher Training Workshops in Goa,Mangaluuru and Bengaluuru during July 2–5,July 7–10 and July 12–15,2015 jointly with the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research,St.Aloysius College(Autonomous)and the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology,which were attended by 17,48 and 63 high school teachers respectively.These were organised as a pilot project to test the impact of such an approach in an Indian setting.
文摘Background OneGeology is an initiative of Geological Survey Organisations(GSO)around the globe that dates back to Brighton,UK in 2007.Since then OneGeology has been a leader in developing geological online map data using a new international standard–a geological exchange language known as the‘GeoSciML’.Currently version 3.2 exists,which enables instant interoperability of the data.Increased use of this new language allows geological data to be shared and integrated across the planet with other organisations.In autumn 2013 OneGeology was transformed into a Consortium with a clearly defined governance structure,making its structure more official.
文摘BACKGROUND Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasm(MiNEN)is a rare diagnosis,mainly encountered in the gastro-entero-pancreatic tract.There is limited knowledge of its epidemiology,prognosis and biology,and the best management for affected patients is still to be defined.AIM To investigate clinical-pathological characteristics,treatment modalities and survival outcomes of a retrospective cohort of patients with a diagnosis of MiNEN.METHODS Consecutive patients with a histologically proven diagnosis of MiNEN were identified at 5 European centres.Patient data were retrospectively collected from medical records.Pathological samples were reviewed to ascertain compliance with the 2017 World Health Organisation definition of MiNEN.Tumour responses to systemic treatment were assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours 1.1.Kaplan-Meier analysis was applied to estimate survival outcomes.Associations between clinical-pathological characteristics and survival outcomes were explored using Log-rank test for equality of survivors functions(univariate)and Cox-regression analysis(multivariable).RESULTS Sixty-nine consecutive patients identified;Median age at diagnosis:64 years.Males:63.8%.Localised disease(curable):53.6%.Commonest sites of origin:colon-rectum(43.5%)and oesophagus/oesophagogastric junction(15.9%).The neuroendocrine component was;predominant in 58.6%,poorly differentiated in 86.3%,and large cell in 81.25%,of cases analysed.Most distant metastases analysed(73.4%)were occupied only by a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine component.Ninety-four percent of patients with localised disease underwent curative surgery;53%also received perioperative treatment,most often in line with protocols for adenocarcinomas from the same sites of origin.Chemotherapy was offered to most patients(68.1%)with advanced disease,and followed protocols for pure neuroendocrine carcinomas or adenocarcinomas in equal proportion.In localised cases,median recurrence free survival(RFS);14.0 months(95%CI:9.2-24.4),and median overall survival(OS):28.6 months(95%CI:18.3-41.1).On univariate analysis,receipt of perioperative treatment(vs surgery alone)did not improve RFS(P=0.375),or OS(P=0.240).In advanced cases,median progression free survival(PFS);5.6 months(95%CI:4.4-7.4),and median OS;9.0 months(95%CI:5.2-13.4).On univariate analysis,receipt of palliative active treatment(vs best supportive care)prolonged PFS and OS(both,P<0.001).CONCLUSION MiNEN is most commonly driven by a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine component,and has poor prognosis.Advances in its biological understanding are needed to identify effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.
