Objective: Analysis of clinical documents such as bone mineral density (BMD) reports is an important component of program evaluation because it can provide insights into the accuracy of assessment of fracture risk com...Objective: Analysis of clinical documents such as bone mineral density (BMD) reports is an important component of program evaluation because it can provide insights into the accuracy of assessment of fracture risk communicated to patients and practitioners. Our objective was to compare fracture risk calculations from BMD test reports to those based on the 2010 Canadian guidelines. Methods: We retrieved BMD reports from fragility fracture patients screened through a community hospital fracture clinic participating in Ontario’s Fracture Clinic Screening Program. Fracture risk was determined according to the 2010 Canadian guidelines using age, sex, and T-score at the femoral neck, in addition to three clinical factors. Three researchers classified patients’ fracture risk until consensus was achieved. Results: We retrieved reports for 17 patients from nine different BMD clinics in the Greater Toronto Area. Each patient had a different primary care physician and all BMD tests were conducted after the 2010 Canadian guidelines were published. The fracture risk of 10 patients was misclassified with 9 of the 10 reports underestimating fracture risk. Nine reports acknowledged that the prevalence of a fragility fracture raised the risk category by one level but only four of these reports acknowledged that the patient had, or may have sustained, a fragility fracture. When we raised fracture risk by one level according to these reports, eight patients were still misclassified. Fracture risk in the majority of these patients remained underestimated. Inconsistent classification was found in the majority of cases where reports came from the same clinic. Four reports described risk levels for two different types of risk. Conclusions: More than half of patients received BMD reports which underestimated fracture risk. Bone health management recommendations based on falsely low fracture risk are likely to be sub-optimal.展开更多
The paper forms the second part of an introduction to possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Daily streamflow simulation models developed in the compani...The paper forms the second part of an introduction to possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Daily streamflow simulation models developed in the companion paper (Part I) were used to project changes in frequency of future daily streamflow events. To achieve this goal, future climate information (including rainfall) at a local scale is needed. A regression-based downscaling method was employed to downscale eight global climate model (GCM) simulations (scenarios A2 and B1) to selected weather stations for various meteorological variables (except rainfall). Future daily rainfall quantities were projected using daily rainfall simulation models with downscaled future climate information. Following these projections, future daily streamflow volumes can be projected by applying daily streamflow simulation models. The frequency of future daily high-streamflow events in the warm season (May–November) was projected to increase by about 45%-55% late this century from the current condition, on average of eight-GCM A2 projections and four selected river basins. The corresponding increases for future daily low-streamflow events and future daily mean streamflow volume could be about 25%-90% and 10%-20%, respectively. In addition, the return values of annual one-day maximum streamflow volume for various return periods were projected to increase by 20%-40%, 20%-50%, and 30%-80%, respectively for the periods 2001-50, 2026-75, and 2051-2100. Inter-GCM and interscenario uncertainties of future streamflow projections were quantitatively assessed. On average, the projected percentage increases in frequency of future daily high-streamflow events are about 1.4-2.2 times greater than inter-GCM and interscenario uncertainties.展开更多
The paper forms the first part of an introduction to possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. In this study, both conceptual and statistical streamflow si...The paper forms the first part of an introduction to possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. In this study, both conceptual and statistical streamflow simulation modeling theories were collectively applied to simulate daily streamflow volumes. Based on conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling principle, the predictors were selected to take into account several physical factors that affect streamflow, such as (1) current and previous quantities of rainfall over the watershed, (2) an index of pre-storm moisture conditions, (3) an index of pre-storm evapotranspiration capacities, and (4) a seasonal factor representing seasonal variation of streamflow volume. These rainfall-runoff conceptual factors were applied to an autocorrelation correction regression procedure to develop a daily streamflow simulation model for each of the four selected river basins. The streamflow simulation models were validated using a leave-one-year-out cross-validation scheme. The simulation models identified that the explanatory predictors are consistent with the physical processes typically associated with high-streamflow events. Daily streamflow simulation models show that there are significant correlations between daily streamflow observations and model validations, with model R2s of 0.68-0.71, 0.61-0.62, 0.71-0.74, and 0.95 for Grand, Humber, Upper Thames, and Rideau River Basins, respectively. The major reason for the model performance varying across the basins might be that rainfall-runoff response time and physical characteristics differ significantly among the selected river basins. The results suggest that streamflow simulation models can be used to assess possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes at a local scale, which is major objective of a companion paper (Part II).展开更多
The available measurements of the geo-mechanical properties of rocks in Southern Ontario and the neighbouring regions (New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) are summarized and presente...The available measurements of the geo-mechanical properties of rocks in Southern Ontario and the neighbouring regions (New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) are summarized and presented. These measurements were compiled from available published data in the relevant literature and also from data that were collected from major underground projects in these regions. The compiled data are presented in three categories: measured in-situ stresses in different rock formations;calculated strength, stiffness and deformation including time-dependent deformation properties;and the measured dynamic properties of intact rock specimens from different rock formations in Southern Ontario and the neighbouring regions. The data presented in this paper can be used as a resource for preliminary evaluation of the geomechanical properties of the rocks in these regions. The presented geo-mechanical properties were generally obtained from in-situ measurements and from laboratory tests that were conducted on intact rock specimens from freshly excavated rock samples. Moreover, the time-dependent deformation properties of rocks in these regions were obtained from laboratory tests that were performed on intact rock specimens submerged in water. However, the influence of drilling fluids such as bentonite slurry and synthetic polymers solution, on the geo-mechanical properties of rocks is not evident and needs to be investigated.展开更多
The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof ...The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof runoff and soil samples were collected and analyzed for copper and other parameters. Copper was consistently detected in runoff samples with average concentrations of 3200 ± 2100 μg/L. Multivariable linear regression analysis for a dependant copper runoff concentration yielded an adjusted R 2 value of 0.611, based on an independent variable model using minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, and wind speed. Lake water samples taken in the vicinity of storm water outfalls draining areas with copper roofs ranged from 2.0 to 40 μg/L copper. Such data exceed the 2.0 μg/L Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life as outlined by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment （CCME）. Analysis of raw, filtered and digested forms suggested that the majority of copper present in runoff and lake water samples was in a dissolved form. The majority of soils taken in this study displayed copper concentrations below the 63 μg/g CCME residential/parkland land use limits. These findings suggested that ion exchange processes between runoff water and soil do not occur to a sufficient extent to elevate copper levels in soil. It may therefore be concluded that the eventual fate of copper, which is not discharged via storm water outfalls, is lost to the water table and Lake Ontario through the sub-soil.展开更多
The abundance and size composition of stream isopods Lirceusfontinalis were investigated from April 2001 to August 2002 in 3 streams in southem Ontario, Canada. Effects of current speed was released from the analysis ...The abundance and size composition of stream isopods Lirceusfontinalis were investigated from April 2001 to August 2002 in 3 streams in southem Ontario, Canada. Effects of current speed was released from the analysis by choosing slow flowing water. The effects of substrate, season and water depth on the abundance, distribution and size composition of the isopods were analyzed. It was found that substrate and season influence isopods the most. The rocky substrate with attached filamentous macro-algae contains an isopod abundance 7.05 times that of bare rock substrate and 14.6 times that of free-sand and mud substrate. There was a large variation with respect to seasonali .ty in both abundance and size composition of the isopods, with the highest abundance occumng in summer and the lowest in winter and spring; individual isopods also tend to be larger in the winter and spring. In all substrates, shallow areas tend to support higher densities of isopods than deeper areas.展开更多
The paper evaluates the ways in which Hamilton, Ontario’s three daily newspapers covered the influenza epidemic, 1918-1920. In Hamilton, the central aspect of influenza coverage was Dr. Roberts’ decision to close al...The paper evaluates the ways in which Hamilton, Ontario’s three daily newspapers covered the influenza epidemic, 1918-1920. In Hamilton, the central aspect of influenza coverage was Dr. Roberts’ decision to close all public meeting places twice during 1918. No other story but those connected to a public meeting ban could sustain interest. Thus, the story for the press was to be the ban: whether to ban, what to ban, to lift or not, to reimpose. The story monopolized influenza coverage to such an extent that traditional threads, such as morbidity and mortality and personal interest stories, received little attention. The ban, because it restricted personal freedoms and involved local politics and commerce, received extensive coverage. In the absence of a ban, the influenza story could fade out of the press even during some of the most virulent periods of the epidemic. The paper finds that influenza was not transformative in Hamilton and in fact, demonstrated the viability of traditional charitable responses to disease. The actions carried out by Hamilton’s Board of Health cannot be considered “modern” as its methods were more akin to the nineteenth century than those of the later bacteriological age.展开更多
This paper presents a hydro-geophysical investigation into the landfill leachate distribution and subsurface geology at a closed site in southwestern Ontario, Canada, using geophysical mapping and hydrological modelin...This paper presents a hydro-geophysical investigation into the landfill leachate distribution and subsurface geology at a closed site in southwestern Ontario, Canada, using geophysical mapping and hydrological modeling approaches. Conductivity mapping was first conducted over the study site using a frequency-domain EM terrain conductivity meter, revealing an anomalous high-con- ductivity zone of about 200 m (S-N) × 80 m (W-E) at the western half of the site. The DC resistivity survey was then carried out at this anomalous zone with eight S-N profiles and three W-E profiles measuring 200m in length using a Wenner-α configuration. Our resistivity survey results indicate that the landfill leachate travels mainly south-east wards over the upper aquifer, with a minor vertical component into the upper weathered portion of the silt/sand aquitard at some locations. No contamination seems to exist in the lower sand aquifer. The geophysical results were later used to develop two conceptualized models for hydrological modeling. Our numerical results predict the leachate distribution at the study site in the future, confirming that the contaminant will occupy the entire upper aquifer and the most of the aquitard in a time of 1000 years, and that the barrier of the aquitard will protect the lower sand aquifer from the leachate pollution. These findings are critical in evaluating the current leachate conditions and the existing compliance monitoring plan for potential implementation at this study site and other sites in elsewhere.展开更多
The CFO （Chicken Farmers of Ontario） has taken important steps to increase biosecurity practices within backyard poultry flocks in order to thwart infectious diseases. The present study originally intended to descri...The CFO （Chicken Farmers of Ontario） has taken important steps to increase biosecurity practices within backyard poultry flocks in order to thwart infectious diseases. The present study originally intended to describe biosecurity practices within this milieu, so as to determine their nearest neighbor and density, as well as the average distance between backyard and commercial broiler flocks. To that effect, paper questionnaire and survey interviews were used （May-July, 2011）, while backyard and commercial broiler chicken flocks were geocoded. The response rates collected from the study produced these findings regarding： growers＇ health practices toward flocks, hygienic precautions relative to the production area, regularity of bird inspection and cleaning after each folk, protocol used to dispose of dead birds, mixing （or lack thereof） of flocks with other livestock, as well as the average distance between small flocks and commercial farms. The study concludes that education material should focus on improving the growers＇ understanding of issues examined in the study, focusing on areas of weakness in respect to biosecurity practices.展开更多
To develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for undesired consequences of climate change, it is important to understand the changing hydrological and climatological trends in the past few decades. Although the cha...To develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for undesired consequences of climate change, it is important to understand the changing hydrological and climatological trends in the past few decades. Although the changing climate is a cause of concern for the entire planet, its effects can vary significantly on a regional scale. Canada has experienced a rapid rise in the annual mean surface air temperature in the past decades. The current study aims to investigate trends in monthly mean precipitation, rainfall, snowfall, maximum and minimum temperature, as well as baseflow, surface runoff, and total streamflow values for the province of Ontario, Canada. To the best of the author’s knowledge, a similar study involving rural and urban watersheds, that quantifies the impact of changing climate on temperature and other hydrological processes over a period ranging from 1968 to 2017, has not yet been conducted for Ontario. Man-Kendall trend test was used to analyze trends in the above mentioned climatic and hydrometric parameters for rural and urban watersheds situated in the northern and southern parts of Ontario. The results of this study indicate that the mean monthly minimum temperatures for rural watersheds situated in southern Ontario have increased significantly for the winter and summer months, which may have caused an increase in snowmelt and consequently the streamflow for the winter months in the region. Unlike the watersheds in southern Ontario, the northern watersheds witnessed relatively fewer instances of significant changes in mean monthly temperatures, and in some cases, declining rates have been noted. Similarly, only a few watersheds in the north saw a substantial drop in baseflow over the summer months. For nearly all the months, the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures were found to increase for urban watersheds. The streamflow, baseflow, and surface runoff increased, likely due to rapid urbanization, resulting in a lower infiltration rate. These results will contribute towards the decision-making processes and development of alternate water management policies within the province, taking into account the regional variations in climate change’s impact on the hydrology of Ontario’s watersheds.展开更多
Pendant longtemps,les Canadiens francais,partout au pays,se sont définis comme une communauté de mémoire,d’histoire,de culture,voire meme de destin.Or,à partir des années 1960,d’importantes ...Pendant longtemps,les Canadiens francais,partout au pays,se sont définis comme une communauté de mémoire,d’histoire,de culture,voire meme de destin.Or,à partir des années 1960,d’importantes transformations socioéconomiques amènent les francophones à adopter davantage des identités provinciales.De nombreux sociologues et historiens en ont conclu à la disparition d’une mémoire commune à tous les Canadiens francais.Notre équipe de recherche a visité treize écoles de langue francaise dans les provinces du Québec et de l’Ontario en 2016 pour demander à plus de 600 étudiants de rédiger un texte sur l’histoire des francophones au pays afin de sonder leurs représentations du passé.Il ressort de cette étude que la plupart des étudiants partagent une vision commune de leur passé fondée sur l’attachement à leurs origines francaises,les luttes pour la survie du fait francais en Amérique,ainsi qu’un sens de fragilité et d’inachèvement à l’égard de l’avenir de leur culture.展开更多
Climate change has an impact on various climatic variables. In this study our focus is mainly on temperature characteristics of climate parameter. In temperate and humid regions like southern Ontario, the effect of cl...Climate change has an impact on various climatic variables. In this study our focus is mainly on temperature characteristics of climate parameter. In temperate and humid regions like southern Ontario, the effect of climate change on Frost-free days in winter is distinctive. The average annual temperature is going upward but the extreme increase is in the winter temperature. Winter average temperature is going up by about 2˚C. However, extreme daily minimum temperature is going up by more than 3˚C. This climate effect has a great impact on the nature of precipitation and length of frost-free days. The snowfall over winter months is decreasing and the rainfall is increasing. However, the number of frost-free days during late fall months, early winter months, late winter months and early spring months are increasing. This result reveals an increase in length of the growing season. This research focuses on the effect of change in climatic variables on Frost-free days in Southern Ontario. Therefore, special attention should be given to the effect of change in climate Frost-free conditions on length of crop growing in winter season for potential investigation.展开更多
It is meaningful to study trends in food and education expenditure as proportions of total household expenditure.In this study,based on year 2006 to 2017 data from Heilongjiang province in China and Ontario province i...It is meaningful to study trends in food and education expenditure as proportions of total household expenditure.In this study,based on year 2006 to 2017 data from Heilongjiang province in China and Ontario province in Canada,a linear regression model is used to forecast the Engel’s coefficients(proportion spent on food)and the education proportion from year 2018 to 2027 for those two regions.The results suggest that in both regions the Engel’s coefficients show a decreasing trend,while the education expenditure proportions show an increasing trend.The ratios of education expenditure to food expenditure in both places show an increasing trend.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although total hip arthroplasty(THA)is an established intervention for advanced hip disorders,not all patients achieve the anticipated functional improvements.AIM To investigate the impact of various preope...BACKGROUND Although total hip arthroplasty(THA)is an established intervention for advanced hip disorders,not all patients achieve the anticipated functional improvements.AIM To investigate the impact of various preoperative factors on clinical outcomes after THA.METHODS Data of 411 patients who underwent unilateral THA were retrospectively analyzed.The associations between preoperative factors,such as age,body mass index,pain severity,functional impairment,psychological status,neuropathic pain,and central sensitization,and clinical outcomes assessed six months postoperatively using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC)and modified Harris Hip Score were evaluated.RESULTS Our results indicated that age and the WOMAC,Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale,and Central Sensitization Index(CSI)scores significantly predicted the modified Harris Hip Score outcomes,whereas age and preoperative WOMAC,EuroQol 5 dimensions,Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale,CSI,and Pain Detect Questionnaire scores were significant predictors of WOMAC outcomes.Age,WOMAC,and CSI were consistently significant factors.There were no significant differences in the operative time or blood loss across the outcome categories.CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of preoperative assessment of central sensitization and psychological parameters.Patient-specific preoperative characteristics may play a greater role than intraoperative factors in determining recovery outcomes after THA.展开更多
目的探究中枢敏化(central sensitization,CS)与全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术后西安大略和麦克马斯特大学(the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities,WOMAC)骨关节炎指数之间的关系。方法这项前瞻性研究纳入了2...目的探究中枢敏化(central sensitization,CS)与全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术后西安大略和麦克马斯特大学(the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities,WOMAC)骨关节炎指数之间的关系。方法这项前瞻性研究纳入了2022年2月至2023年2月在西安交通大学附属红会医院接受初次单侧TKA的180例患者,男53例,女127例;年龄50~79岁,平均(64.8±5.9)岁。使用中枢敏化量表(central sensitization inventory,CSI)的A部分来评估术前CS。评估术前CSI与术后1年WOMAC评分之间的相关性,以及术后WOMAC评分与术前CSI严重程度之间的关联。此外,还评估了不同CSI严重程度与WOMAC评分各维度之间的关系。结果29例患者(16.1%)在术前有CS,术前CSI与术后WOMAC评分呈正相关(r=0.607,P<0.001)。术前CSI严重程度为中度或更高的患者,术后WOMAC评分显著高于术前CSI严重程度为亚临床或轻度的患者(P<0.001)。与亚临床组相比,中度或更高CSI严重程度的WOMAC评分各个维度得分显著较高(P<0.001)。结论术前CSI与TKA术后1年WOMAC评分呈显著正相关,对术前CS患者进行干预有助于改善TKA后的临床效果。展开更多
文摘Objective: Analysis of clinical documents such as bone mineral density (BMD) reports is an important component of program evaluation because it can provide insights into the accuracy of assessment of fracture risk communicated to patients and practitioners. Our objective was to compare fracture risk calculations from BMD test reports to those based on the 2010 Canadian guidelines. Methods: We retrieved BMD reports from fragility fracture patients screened through a community hospital fracture clinic participating in Ontario’s Fracture Clinic Screening Program. Fracture risk was determined according to the 2010 Canadian guidelines using age, sex, and T-score at the femoral neck, in addition to three clinical factors. Three researchers classified patients’ fracture risk until consensus was achieved. Results: We retrieved reports for 17 patients from nine different BMD clinics in the Greater Toronto Area. Each patient had a different primary care physician and all BMD tests were conducted after the 2010 Canadian guidelines were published. The fracture risk of 10 patients was misclassified with 9 of the 10 reports underestimating fracture risk. Nine reports acknowledged that the prevalence of a fragility fracture raised the risk category by one level but only four of these reports acknowledged that the patient had, or may have sustained, a fragility fracture. When we raised fracture risk by one level according to these reports, eight patients were still misclassified. Fracture risk in the majority of these patients remained underestimated. Inconsistent classification was found in the majority of cases where reports came from the same clinic. Four reports described risk levels for two different types of risk. Conclusions: More than half of patients received BMD reports which underestimated fracture risk. Bone health management recommendations based on falsely low fracture risk are likely to be sub-optimal.
文摘The paper forms the second part of an introduction to possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Daily streamflow simulation models developed in the companion paper (Part I) were used to project changes in frequency of future daily streamflow events. To achieve this goal, future climate information (including rainfall) at a local scale is needed. A regression-based downscaling method was employed to downscale eight global climate model (GCM) simulations (scenarios A2 and B1) to selected weather stations for various meteorological variables (except rainfall). Future daily rainfall quantities were projected using daily rainfall simulation models with downscaled future climate information. Following these projections, future daily streamflow volumes can be projected by applying daily streamflow simulation models. The frequency of future daily high-streamflow events in the warm season (May–November) was projected to increase by about 45%-55% late this century from the current condition, on average of eight-GCM A2 projections and four selected river basins. The corresponding increases for future daily low-streamflow events and future daily mean streamflow volume could be about 25%-90% and 10%-20%, respectively. In addition, the return values of annual one-day maximum streamflow volume for various return periods were projected to increase by 20%-40%, 20%-50%, and 30%-80%, respectively for the periods 2001-50, 2026-75, and 2051-2100. Inter-GCM and interscenario uncertainties of future streamflow projections were quantitatively assessed. On average, the projected percentage increases in frequency of future daily high-streamflow events are about 1.4-2.2 times greater than inter-GCM and interscenario uncertainties.
文摘The paper forms the first part of an introduction to possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. In this study, both conceptual and statistical streamflow simulation modeling theories were collectively applied to simulate daily streamflow volumes. Based on conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling principle, the predictors were selected to take into account several physical factors that affect streamflow, such as (1) current and previous quantities of rainfall over the watershed, (2) an index of pre-storm moisture conditions, (3) an index of pre-storm evapotranspiration capacities, and (4) a seasonal factor representing seasonal variation of streamflow volume. These rainfall-runoff conceptual factors were applied to an autocorrelation correction regression procedure to develop a daily streamflow simulation model for each of the four selected river basins. The streamflow simulation models were validated using a leave-one-year-out cross-validation scheme. The simulation models identified that the explanatory predictors are consistent with the physical processes typically associated with high-streamflow events. Daily streamflow simulation models show that there are significant correlations between daily streamflow observations and model validations, with model R2s of 0.68-0.71, 0.61-0.62, 0.71-0.74, and 0.95 for Grand, Humber, Upper Thames, and Rideau River Basins, respectively. The major reason for the model performance varying across the basins might be that rainfall-runoff response time and physical characteristics differ significantly among the selected river basins. The results suggest that streamflow simulation models can be used to assess possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes at a local scale, which is major objective of a companion paper (Part II).
文摘The available measurements of the geo-mechanical properties of rocks in Southern Ontario and the neighbouring regions (New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) are summarized and presented. These measurements were compiled from available published data in the relevant literature and also from data that were collected from major underground projects in these regions. The compiled data are presented in three categories: measured in-situ stresses in different rock formations;calculated strength, stiffness and deformation including time-dependent deformation properties;and the measured dynamic properties of intact rock specimens from different rock formations in Southern Ontario and the neighbouring regions. The data presented in this paper can be used as a resource for preliminary evaluation of the geomechanical properties of the rocks in these regions. The presented geo-mechanical properties were generally obtained from in-situ measurements and from laboratory tests that were conducted on intact rock specimens from freshly excavated rock samples. Moreover, the time-dependent deformation properties of rocks in these regions were obtained from laboratory tests that were performed on intact rock specimens submerged in water. However, the influence of drilling fluids such as bentonite slurry and synthetic polymers solution, on the geo-mechanical properties of rocks is not evident and needs to be investigated.
文摘The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof runoff and soil samples were collected and analyzed for copper and other parameters. Copper was consistently detected in runoff samples with average concentrations of 3200 ± 2100 μg/L. Multivariable linear regression analysis for a dependant copper runoff concentration yielded an adjusted R 2 value of 0.611, based on an independent variable model using minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, and wind speed. Lake water samples taken in the vicinity of storm water outfalls draining areas with copper roofs ranged from 2.0 to 40 μg/L copper. Such data exceed the 2.0 μg/L Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life as outlined by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment （CCME）. Analysis of raw, filtered and digested forms suggested that the majority of copper present in runoff and lake water samples was in a dissolved form. The majority of soils taken in this study displayed copper concentrations below the 63 μg/g CCME residential/parkland land use limits. These findings suggested that ion exchange processes between runoff water and soil do not occur to a sufficient extent to elevate copper levels in soil. It may therefore be concluded that the eventual fate of copper, which is not discharged via storm water outfalls, is lost to the water table and Lake Ontario through the sub-soil.
文摘The abundance and size composition of stream isopods Lirceusfontinalis were investigated from April 2001 to August 2002 in 3 streams in southem Ontario, Canada. Effects of current speed was released from the analysis by choosing slow flowing water. The effects of substrate, season and water depth on the abundance, distribution and size composition of the isopods were analyzed. It was found that substrate and season influence isopods the most. The rocky substrate with attached filamentous macro-algae contains an isopod abundance 7.05 times that of bare rock substrate and 14.6 times that of free-sand and mud substrate. There was a large variation with respect to seasonali .ty in both abundance and size composition of the isopods, with the highest abundance occumng in summer and the lowest in winter and spring; individual isopods also tend to be larger in the winter and spring. In all substrates, shallow areas tend to support higher densities of isopods than deeper areas.
文摘The paper evaluates the ways in which Hamilton, Ontario’s three daily newspapers covered the influenza epidemic, 1918-1920. In Hamilton, the central aspect of influenza coverage was Dr. Roberts’ decision to close all public meeting places twice during 1918. No other story but those connected to a public meeting ban could sustain interest. Thus, the story for the press was to be the ban: whether to ban, what to ban, to lift or not, to reimpose. The story monopolized influenza coverage to such an extent that traditional threads, such as morbidity and mortality and personal interest stories, received little attention. The ban, because it restricted personal freedoms and involved local politics and commerce, received extensive coverage. In the absence of a ban, the influenza story could fade out of the press even during some of the most virulent periods of the epidemic. The paper finds that influenza was not transformative in Hamilton and in fact, demonstrated the viability of traditional charitable responses to disease. The actions carried out by Hamilton’s Board of Health cannot be considered “modern” as its methods were more akin to the nineteenth century than those of the later bacteriological age.
文摘This paper presents a hydro-geophysical investigation into the landfill leachate distribution and subsurface geology at a closed site in southwestern Ontario, Canada, using geophysical mapping and hydrological modeling approaches. Conductivity mapping was first conducted over the study site using a frequency-domain EM terrain conductivity meter, revealing an anomalous high-con- ductivity zone of about 200 m (S-N) × 80 m (W-E) at the western half of the site. The DC resistivity survey was then carried out at this anomalous zone with eight S-N profiles and three W-E profiles measuring 200m in length using a Wenner-α configuration. Our resistivity survey results indicate that the landfill leachate travels mainly south-east wards over the upper aquifer, with a minor vertical component into the upper weathered portion of the silt/sand aquitard at some locations. No contamination seems to exist in the lower sand aquifer. The geophysical results were later used to develop two conceptualized models for hydrological modeling. Our numerical results predict the leachate distribution at the study site in the future, confirming that the contaminant will occupy the entire upper aquifer and the most of the aquitard in a time of 1000 years, and that the barrier of the aquitard will protect the lower sand aquifer from the leachate pollution. These findings are critical in evaluating the current leachate conditions and the existing compliance monitoring plan for potential implementation at this study site and other sites in elsewhere.
文摘The CFO （Chicken Farmers of Ontario） has taken important steps to increase biosecurity practices within backyard poultry flocks in order to thwart infectious diseases. The present study originally intended to describe biosecurity practices within this milieu, so as to determine their nearest neighbor and density, as well as the average distance between backyard and commercial broiler flocks. To that effect, paper questionnaire and survey interviews were used （May-July, 2011）, while backyard and commercial broiler chicken flocks were geocoded. The response rates collected from the study produced these findings regarding： growers＇ health practices toward flocks, hygienic precautions relative to the production area, regularity of bird inspection and cleaning after each folk, protocol used to dispose of dead birds, mixing （or lack thereof） of flocks with other livestock, as well as the average distance between small flocks and commercial farms. The study concludes that education material should focus on improving the growers＇ understanding of issues examined in the study, focusing on areas of weakness in respect to biosecurity practices.
文摘To develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for undesired consequences of climate change, it is important to understand the changing hydrological and climatological trends in the past few decades. Although the changing climate is a cause of concern for the entire planet, its effects can vary significantly on a regional scale. Canada has experienced a rapid rise in the annual mean surface air temperature in the past decades. The current study aims to investigate trends in monthly mean precipitation, rainfall, snowfall, maximum and minimum temperature, as well as baseflow, surface runoff, and total streamflow values for the province of Ontario, Canada. To the best of the author’s knowledge, a similar study involving rural and urban watersheds, that quantifies the impact of changing climate on temperature and other hydrological processes over a period ranging from 1968 to 2017, has not yet been conducted for Ontario. Man-Kendall trend test was used to analyze trends in the above mentioned climatic and hydrometric parameters for rural and urban watersheds situated in the northern and southern parts of Ontario. The results of this study indicate that the mean monthly minimum temperatures for rural watersheds situated in southern Ontario have increased significantly for the winter and summer months, which may have caused an increase in snowmelt and consequently the streamflow for the winter months in the region. Unlike the watersheds in southern Ontario, the northern watersheds witnessed relatively fewer instances of significant changes in mean monthly temperatures, and in some cases, declining rates have been noted. Similarly, only a few watersheds in the north saw a substantial drop in baseflow over the summer months. For nearly all the months, the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures were found to increase for urban watersheds. The streamflow, baseflow, and surface runoff increased, likely due to rapid urbanization, resulting in a lower infiltration rate. These results will contribute towards the decision-making processes and development of alternate water management policies within the province, taking into account the regional variations in climate change’s impact on the hydrology of Ontario’s watersheds.
文摘Pendant longtemps,les Canadiens francais,partout au pays,se sont définis comme une communauté de mémoire,d’histoire,de culture,voire meme de destin.Or,à partir des années 1960,d’importantes transformations socioéconomiques amènent les francophones à adopter davantage des identités provinciales.De nombreux sociologues et historiens en ont conclu à la disparition d’une mémoire commune à tous les Canadiens francais.Notre équipe de recherche a visité treize écoles de langue francaise dans les provinces du Québec et de l’Ontario en 2016 pour demander à plus de 600 étudiants de rédiger un texte sur l’histoire des francophones au pays afin de sonder leurs représentations du passé.Il ressort de cette étude que la plupart des étudiants partagent une vision commune de leur passé fondée sur l’attachement à leurs origines francaises,les luttes pour la survie du fait francais en Amérique,ainsi qu’un sens de fragilité et d’inachèvement à l’égard de l’avenir de leur culture.
文摘Climate change has an impact on various climatic variables. In this study our focus is mainly on temperature characteristics of climate parameter. In temperate and humid regions like southern Ontario, the effect of climate change on Frost-free days in winter is distinctive. The average annual temperature is going upward but the extreme increase is in the winter temperature. Winter average temperature is going up by about 2˚C. However, extreme daily minimum temperature is going up by more than 3˚C. This climate effect has a great impact on the nature of precipitation and length of frost-free days. The snowfall over winter months is decreasing and the rainfall is increasing. However, the number of frost-free days during late fall months, early winter months, late winter months and early spring months are increasing. This result reveals an increase in length of the growing season. This research focuses on the effect of change in climatic variables on Frost-free days in Southern Ontario. Therefore, special attention should be given to the effect of change in climate Frost-free conditions on length of crop growing in winter season for potential investigation.
文摘It is meaningful to study trends in food and education expenditure as proportions of total household expenditure.In this study,based on year 2006 to 2017 data from Heilongjiang province in China and Ontario province in Canada,a linear regression model is used to forecast the Engel’s coefficients(proportion spent on food)and the education proportion from year 2018 to 2027 for those two regions.The results suggest that in both regions the Engel’s coefficients show a decreasing trend,while the education expenditure proportions show an increasing trend.The ratios of education expenditure to food expenditure in both places show an increasing trend.
文摘BACKGROUND Although total hip arthroplasty(THA)is an established intervention for advanced hip disorders,not all patients achieve the anticipated functional improvements.AIM To investigate the impact of various preoperative factors on clinical outcomes after THA.METHODS Data of 411 patients who underwent unilateral THA were retrospectively analyzed.The associations between preoperative factors,such as age,body mass index,pain severity,functional impairment,psychological status,neuropathic pain,and central sensitization,and clinical outcomes assessed six months postoperatively using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC)and modified Harris Hip Score were evaluated.RESULTS Our results indicated that age and the WOMAC,Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale,and Central Sensitization Index(CSI)scores significantly predicted the modified Harris Hip Score outcomes,whereas age and preoperative WOMAC,EuroQol 5 dimensions,Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale,CSI,and Pain Detect Questionnaire scores were significant predictors of WOMAC outcomes.Age,WOMAC,and CSI were consistently significant factors.There were no significant differences in the operative time or blood loss across the outcome categories.CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of preoperative assessment of central sensitization and psychological parameters.Patient-specific preoperative characteristics may play a greater role than intraoperative factors in determining recovery outcomes after THA.
