To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subseq...To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subsequently,the effect of SBOS on microbial community structure and metabolites was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results showed that SBOS was not easily enzymolyzed during simulated digestion and could reach the large intestine through the digestive system.The significant decrease in the molecular mass of SBOS after in vitro fermentation indicated its utilization by the gut microbiota,which increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid,thereby reducing the pH of the fermentation broth.Moreover,the core community was found to consist of Blautia,Lactobacillaceae,and Pediococcus.SBOS up-regulated beneficial differential metabolites such as myo-inositol,lactose,and glucose,which were closely related to galactose,amino sugar,and nucleotide sugar metabolism.This study will provide a reference for exploring the relationship between the gut microbiota and the metabolites of SBOS,and provide a basis for the development and application of SBOS as an ingredient for functional products.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to investigate the association of atopic dermatitis(AD)and anxiety/depression behaviors induced by AD with the intestinal microbiota.Additionally,it sought to evaluate the therapeutic potent...Objective:This study aimed to investigate the association of atopic dermatitis(AD)and anxiety/depression behaviors induced by AD with the intestinal microbiota.Additionally,it sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of mannan oligosaccharide(MOS)in alleviating AD symptoms through the modulation of the gut microbiota and the enhancement of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production.Methods:Female Kunming mice were challenged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB)to induce AD-like symptoms.MOS was administered orally daily for 14 days.On the 6th and 11th days post-modeling,the number of scratching bouts in mice was recorded.Following dissection,epidermal thickness,mast cell infiltration,and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured.Meanwhile,cerebral levels of neurotransmitters,including 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and norepinephrine(NE),were assessed.The abundance of intestinal microbiota and fecal concentrations of SCFAs were also analyzed.Results:MOS significantly reduced AD-like symptoms by reducing inflammatory cytokines,as reflected in a significant decrease in the number of scratching bouts,epidermal thickness,mast cells and inflammatory cytokine levels.MOS intervention up-regulated the expression of 5-HT and NE,and consequently alleviated anxiety and depression-like behaviors.Furthermore,compared with the AD group,MOS intervention increased the gut microbiota abundance of mice,especially beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Klebsiella.At the same time,these beneficial bacteria significantly increased the fecal contents of SCFAs,especially propionic acid.Correlation analysis indicated that AD amelioration was positively correlated with fecal SCFAs levels and the proliferation of certain intestinal microbes.Conclusion:MOS intervention could offer a novel approach to managing AD and its psychological comorbidities.展开更多
Tropomyosin(TM)is the predominant allergenic protein in shrimp,which has induced IgE-mediated food allergy reactions.In this study,Lit v 1 was purified from Penaeus vannamei muscles,which were glyco sylated by pectic ...Tropomyosin(TM)is the predominant allergenic protein in shrimp,which has induced IgE-mediated food allergy reactions.In this study,Lit v 1 was purified from Penaeus vannamei muscles,which were glyco sylated by pectic oligosaccharides.The results showed that di-galacturonic acid(DGA)and galacturonic acid(GA)induced the unfolding of the primary protein structure of TM,and changedα-helical structure,and IgE binding capacity.In addition,compared with TM-sensitized BALB/c mice,GA-modified TM(GA-TM)and DGA-modified TM(DGA-TM)were insufficient to stimulate sensitization,and significantly reduced the hypersecretion of IgE,IgG1,HIS,and IL-4,up-regulated IgG2a and IFN-y levels to improve imbalanced Th1/Th2,Treg/Th17 immunity,and promoted mRNA expression of tight junction proteins.Together,this study confirmed that glycosylation modification alleviated sensitization by altering TM structure,reducing IgE binding allergic inflammatory response,and regulating cytokine immune balance.Overall,these results indicated that glycosylation modification was a promising method for decreasing the allergenic reactivity of allergic proteins.展开更多
The prebiotic effects of hyaluronan(HA)are widely recognized,contributing to improved gut health and immune modulation.Despite its extensive use as dietary supplement,the specific interactions between HA oligosacchari...The prebiotic effects of hyaluronan(HA)are widely recognized,contributing to improved gut health and immune modulation.Despite its extensive use as dietary supplement,the specific interactions between HA oligosaccharides(o-HAs)and the gut microbiome remain largely unexplored.To investigate its role and metabolic fate in gut homeostasis,200 mg/day of o-HAs(average molecule weight 1 kDa)were added to an automated computer-controlled SIMulator of the Gastrointestinal tract(SIMGI).The results revealed a significant reshaping of the intestinal flora composition by o-HAs,notably reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio.Fermentation of o-HAs by gut microbiota significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium,Prevotellaceae_Prevotella,Dialister,Eubacterium,and Sutterella,but decreased that of Catenibacterium,Oscillospira,Klebsiella,and Citrobacter(P<0.05).This corresponded with significant enhancements in the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)such as acetic acid,propionic acid and n-butyric acid,highlighting the significant impact of o-HAs at the genus level.Furthermore,analysis of microbial function predicted the downregulation of pathological events in nine human diseases,particularly infectious ones(parasitic and bacterial).Potential inhibitions were observed in metabolic pathways associated with pentose and glucuronate interconversions as well as cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance.These findings underscore the in vitro prebiotic effects of o-HAs and their potential relevance in managing diverticular diseases or preventing metabolic disorders through the regulation of gut microbiota.展开更多
Background:Polygonati cyrtonema Hua(PC)has many pharmacological effects such as immune regulation,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering,anti-oxidation and anti-tumor.Oligosaccharide is one of the main active components of P...Background:Polygonati cyrtonema Hua(PC)has many pharmacological effects such as immune regulation,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering,anti-oxidation and anti-tumor.Oligosaccharide is one of the main active components of PC.At present,the research on Polygonatum cyrtonema oligosaccharides(PCOS)is not deep,and there is a lack of systematic research on the optimization of extraction process of pcos and the change of pcos and Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide content before and after wine steaming.Methods:The optimum extraction process of oligosaccharides from PC was optimized,and the content of oligosaccharides before and after wine steaming of PC was investigated.The single factor experiment was carried out with the ratio of liquid to material,extraction temperature and extraction time as the investigation factors.The extraction process of PCOS was optimized by Box Behnken design-response surface methodology,and the changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides before and after wine steaming were studied.Results:The optimal extraction process for the PCOS was 32:1 mL/g,85℃,and 1.5 h.The total PCOS decreased slightly after steaming,but the percentage of the total sugar increased.Conclusion:The extraction process of PCOS optimized by response surface method is reasonable and feasible.The changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides during the steaming process of PC can reveal the processing mechanism of PC to a certain extent,and provide scientific basis and technical support for better in-depth excavation and development and utilization of PCOS.展开更多
Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of dis...Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of disaccharides,tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides of CS-B and CS-T based on the acid or enzymatic degradation of natural CS polysaccharide in 9 or 10 steps.Our approach is the shortest synthetic route toward size-defined CS-B and CS-T oligosaccharides reported to date.In addition,a regioselective protection method of hydroxyls is highlighted,which has achieved the regioselective protection of 4 hydroxyl groups among 7 equatorial hydroxyl groups.By preparing size-defined rare CS oligosaccharides from commercially available natural CS polysaccharides,this strategy has the potential to meet the need of rare natural oligosaccharides.展开更多
Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)and fucoidan are two important bioactive carbohydrate which that can be prepared from brown seaweeds.We investigated a novel enzyme-assisted one-pot method on AOS and fucoidan extraction ...Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)and fucoidan are two important bioactive carbohydrate which that can be prepared from brown seaweeds.We investigated a novel enzyme-assisted one-pot method on AOS and fucoidan extraction from Lessonia trabeculata,and found that the optimum extraction procedure was:first,using 10-g/L Na_(2)CO_(3) solution to digest the seaweeds for 2 h at 80℃ with the material-liquid ratio 1:20(g/mL),and then adding 4.0%fucoidan cleavage enzyme for reaction for 12 h at 45℃.The yield of AOS and fucoidan was 21.36%and 14.40%,respectively,which was higher than those using traditional methods.The degree of polymerization of AOS was determined to be 3-5,confirming the results through thin layer chromatography(TLC)and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS).The ratio of guluronic acid to mannuronic acid in AOS was found to be 1.97.Through anion-exchange column chromatography,four sulfated polysaccharide fractions(F0.5,F1.0,F1.5,and F2.0)were successfully isolated from fucoidan.Chemical analysis revealed that fucoidan and F0.5 were heteropolysaccharides,consisting mainly of mannuronic acid,fucose,and xylose,while the other fractions were predominantly composed of fucose and galactose.The sulfate group content increased from 8.74% to 18.76%,while the uronic acid content decreased from 23.79% to 5.58%across the fractions.All fractions of fucoidan exhibited significant antioxidant activity in various tests.There was a positive correlation between the sulfate content and the ability to scavenge superoxide radicals.Additionally,both AOS and the fucoidan fractions showed immunostimulation activity and were nontoxic to RAW264.7 cells.These results indicate that the novel enzyme-assisted one-pot method is a green and efficient approach for the extraction of fucoidan and alginate oligosaccharides from brown seaweeds.It has potential applications in the processing industry of brown seaweeds.展开更多
Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)enhance drought resistance in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),but the definite mechanisms remain largely unknown.The physiological and transcriptome responses of wheat seedlings treated with ...Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)enhance drought resistance in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),but the definite mechanisms remain largely unknown.The physiological and transcriptome responses of wheat seedlings treated with AOS were analyzed under drought stress simulated with polyethylene glycol-6000.The results showed that AOS promoted the growth of wheat seedlings and reduced oxidative damage by improving peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities under drought stress.A total of 10,064 and 15,208 differentially expressed unigenes(DEGs)obtained from the AOS treatment and control samples at 24 and 72 h after dehydration,respectively,were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites(phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,flavonoid biosynthesis),carbohydrate metabolism(starch and sucrose metabolism,carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms),lipid metabolism(fatty acid elongation,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,alpha-linolenic acid metabolism,cutin,suberine and wax biosynthesis),and signaling transduction pathways.The up-regulated genes were related to,for example,chlorophyll a-b binding protein,amylosynthease,phosphotransferase,peroxidase,phenylalanine ammonia lyase,flavone synthase,glutathione synthetase.Signaling molecules(including MAPK,plant hormones,H_(2)O_(2) and calcium)and transcription factors(mainly including NAC,MYB,MYB-related,WRKY,bZIP family members)were involved in the AOS-induced wheat drought resistance.The results obtained in this study help underpin the mechanisms of wheat drought resistance improved by AOS,and provides a theoretical basis for the application of AOS as an environmentally sustainable biological method to improve drought resistance in agriculture.展开更多
Thermophilic endo-chitinases are essential for production of highly polymerized chitooligosaccharides,which are advantageous for plant immunity,animal nutrition and health.However,thermophilic endo-chitinases are scar...Thermophilic endo-chitinases are essential for production of highly polymerized chitooligosaccharides,which are advantageous for plant immunity,animal nutrition and health.However,thermophilic endo-chitinases are scarce and the transformation from exo-to endo-activity of chitinases is still a challenging problem.In this study,to enhance the endo-activity of the thermophilic chitinase Chi304,we proposed two approaches for rational design based on comprehensive structural and evolutionary analyses.Four effective single-point mutants were identified among 28 designed mutations.The ratio of(GlcNAc)3 to(GlcNAc)2 quantity(DP3/2)in the hydrolysates of the four single-point mutants undertaking colloidal chitin degradation were 1.89,1.65,1.24,and 1.38 times that of Chi304,respectively.When combining to double-point mutants,the DP3/2 proportions produced by F79A/W140R,F79A/M264L,F79A/W272R,and M264L/W272R were 2.06,1.67,1.82,and 1.86 times that of Chi304 and all four double-point mutants exhibited enhanced endo-activity.When applied to produce chitooligosaccharides(DP≥3),F79A/W140R accumulated the most(GlcNAc)4,while M264L/W272R was the best to produce(GlcNAc)3,which was 2.28 times that of Chi304.The two mutants had exposed shallower substrate-binding pockets and stronger binding abilities to shape the substrate.Overall,this research offers a practical approach to altering the cutting pattern of a chitinase to generate functional chitooligosaccharides.展开更多
Background:This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides(XOS and MOS)differing in the degree of polymerization.A total of 192 fertilized...Background:This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides(XOS and MOS)differing in the degree of polymerization.A total of 192 fertilized eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups:i)normal saline control(NSC),ii)xylotriose(XOS3),iii)xylotetraose(XOS4),iv)mannotriose(MOS3),v)mannotetraose(MOS4),and vi)no injection control(NIC),each containing 4 replicate trays with 8 eggs per replicate.On d 17 of incubation,3 mg of oligosaccharides(except for controls)dissolved in 0.5 mL of 0.85%normal saline were injected into the amnion of Cobb 500 broilers eggs.After hatch,the chicks were raised for 28 d under standard husbandry practices and were fed a commercial broilers diet ad libitum,and samples were collected periodically.Results:The hatchability,growth performance,and relative weights of breast,drumstick,liver,and proventriculus were not different among the treatments(P>0.05).The XOS3 injection increased the total short-chain fatty acid production at d 28 compared with both control groups(P<0.05).The villus height to crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in the XOS4 group than both controls on the hatch day(P<0.01)but were not different among any treatments on d 7 and 28(P>0.05).On the hatch day,the expression level of the CD3 gene(a T cell marker)was increased by XOS3,while the IL-10 gene(a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine)was reduced by MOS4(P<0.05)compared with both controls.Compared with both controls,XOS3 exhibited a trend of reduction for IL-10(P=0.074).No cytokines or lymphocyte markers were affected by the treatments on d 7(P>0.05),except XOS4 increased IL-4 compared with NSC(P<0.05).The broilers in the MOS4 group had higher operational taxonomic units(OTUs)and had more differentially abundant taxa,including order Lactobacillales and family Leuconostocaceae(P<0.05)than both controls on d 28.The predictive functional profiling indicated that the linoleic acid metabolism pathway was enriched in the cecal microbiota of the XOS3 group compared with both controls(P<0.05).Conclusion:The effects of these XOS and MOS on ileal mucosa and immunity are transient,but the effects on fermentation and cecal microbiota are prolonged,and further research is warranted to determine their use as a gut health promoter in poultry.展开更多
Unlike chemosynthetic drugs designed for specific molecular and disease targets,active small-molecule natural products typically have a wide range of bioactivities and multiple targets,necessitating extensive screenin...Unlike chemosynthetic drugs designed for specific molecular and disease targets,active small-molecule natural products typically have a wide range of bioactivities and multiple targets,necessitating extensive screening and development.To address this issue,we propose a strategy for the direct in situ microdynamic examination of potential drug candidates to rapidly identify their effects and mechanisms of action.As a proof-of-concept,we investigated the behavior of mussel oligosaccharide(MOS-1)by tracking the subcellular dynamics of fluorescently labeled MOS-1 in cultured cells.We recorded the entire dynamic process of the localization of fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-MOS-1 to the lysosomes and visualized the distribution of the drug within the cell.Remarkably,lysosomes containing FITC-MOS-1 actively recruited lipid droplets,leading to fusion events and increased cellular lipid consumption.These drug behaviors confirmed MOS-1 is a candidate for the treatment of lipid-related diseases.Furthermore,in a high-fat HepG2 cell model and in high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E(ApoE)^(-/-)mice,MOS-1 significantly promoted triglyceride degradation,reduced lipid droplet accumulation,lowered serum triglyceride levels,and mitigated liver damage and steatosis.Overall,our work supports the prioritization of in situ visual monitoring of drug location and distribution in subcellular compartments during the drug development phase,as this methodology contributes to the rapid identification of drug indications.Collectively,this methodology is significant for the screening and development of selective small-molecule drugs,and is expected to expedite the identification of candidate molecules with medicinal effects.展开更多
Pretreated wheat insoluble arabinoxylan was converted to oligosaccharides of structural variants using combinatorial enzyme approach. The digestive products were separated by preparative scale chromatographic Amberlit...Pretreated wheat insoluble arabinoxylan was converted to oligosaccharides of structural variants using combinatorial enzyme approach. The digestive products were separated by preparative scale chromatographic Amberlite XAD-2 column. Fractions containing feruloyl oligosaccharides (FOS) were isolated, pooled, freeze-dried, and demonstrated to possess antimicrobial activity. The FOS suppressed cell growth of the test organism ATCC 8739 E. coli with a MIC value of 0.028% (w/v, 35˚C, 24 hr). The antimicrobial action was observed exceeding 72 hr of culture incubation. The FOS product could be a useful source of prebiotics or preservatives. The present results further confirm the science and application of the concept of combinatorial enzyme technique.展开更多
With the proceeding of global warming and water eutrophication,the phenomenon of green tide has garnered significant societal interest.Consequently,researchers had increasingly focused on the potential applications of...With the proceeding of global warming and water eutrophication,the phenomenon of green tide has garnered significant societal interest.Consequently,researchers had increasingly focused on the potential applications of green algae biomass,particularly its polysaccharides.The polysaccharide serves as the primary active constituent of green algae and has demonstrated numerous advantageous biological activities,including antioxidant,antiviral,anticoagulant,hypolipidemic and immuno-modulatory activities.The favorable bioavailability and solubility of green algae oligosaccharides are attributed to their low molecular weight.So there has been a growing interest in researching green algae polysaccharides and oligosaccharides for the utilization of marine biological resources.This review summarized the extraction,purification,chemical structure,composition,biological activity,and potential applications prospect of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from green algae.The review could be helpful for expanding the applications of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides of green algae.展开更多
Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS), belonging to the class of functional marine oligosaccharides, are low-molecular polymers linked by β-1,4-mannuronic acid(M) and α-1,4-guluronic acid(G), which could be classically obt...Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS), belonging to the class of functional marine oligosaccharides, are low-molecular polymers linked by β-1,4-mannuronic acid(M) and α-1,4-guluronic acid(G), which could be classically obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate. With low viscosity and good water solubility, as well as anti-oxidant, immune regulation, anti-bacterial and antiinflammatory activities, AOS have been widely used in medical science and functional food, green agriculture and other fields. As new bio-feed additives, AOS have broad potential applications in animal husbandry. In this review, the sources of alginate, chemical structure and preparation methods of AOS, and their biological activities and application in livestock and poultry are summarized. We expect this review could contribute to lay a foundation of application and further research for AOS in livestock and poultry.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in ...The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides （FOS）, galactooligosaccharides （GOS）, mannanoligosaccharides （MOS）, and ehitooligosaccharides （COS） [1000 mg/（kg body weightd）]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased （P〈0.05） by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
Background Alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)holds great potential as a novel feed supplement in farm animals.However,the effects of AOS on chicken health and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.This study a...Background Alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)holds great potential as a novel feed supplement in farm animals.However,the effects of AOS on chicken health and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.This study aimed to optimize the enzymatic preparation of AOS by using bacterial alginate lyases expressed in yeast,investigate the effects of the prepared AOS on the growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens,and reveal the underlying mechanisms.Results Five alginate lyases from bacteria were cloned into Pichia pastoris GS115 and the alginate lyase PDE9 was expressed at relatively high yield,activity and stability in P.pastoris.Animal trials were carried out using 3201-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers(four groups;8 replicates/group×10 chicks/replicate)receiving either a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 100,200 and 400 mg/kg PDE9-prepared AOS for 42 d.The results showed that dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg AOS displayed the highest activity in promoting the birds’ADG and ADFI(P<0.05).AOS ameliorated the intestinal morphology,absorption function and barrier function,as indicated by the enhanced(P<0.05)intestinal villus height,maltase activity,and the expression of PEPT,SGLT1,ZNT1,and occludin.AOS also increased serum insulin-like growth factor-1,ghrelin(P<0.05),and growth hormone(P<0.1).Moreover,the concentrations of acetate,isobutyrate,isovalerate,valerate,and total SCFAs in cecum of birds fed AOS were significantly higher than the control birds(P<0.05).Metagenomic analysis indicated that AOS modulated the chicken gut microbiota structure,function,and microbial interactions and promoted the growth of SCFAs-producing bacteria,for example,Dorea sp.002160985;SCFAs,especially acetate,were found positively correlated with the chicken growth performance and growth-related hormone signals(P<0.05).We further verified that AOS can be utilized by Dorea sp.to grow and to produce acetate in vitro.Conclusions We demonstrated that the enzymatically produced AOS effectively promoted broiler chicken growth performance by modulating the chicken gut microbiota structure and function.For the first time,we established the connections among AOS,chicken gut microbiota/SCFAs,growth hormone signals and chicken growth performance.展开更多
In order to study the structure of lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） seed oligosaccharides and their effect on the proliferation ofBifidobacterium adolescentis, we extracted the oligosaccharides from seeds collected f...In order to study the structure of lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） seed oligosaccharides and their effect on the proliferation ofBifidobacterium adolescentis, we extracted the oligosaccharides from seeds collected from Jianning County, China. We preliminarily characterized the groups, molecular weights, molecular formulae, component monosaccharides and glycosidic bonds using mass spectrometry （MS） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） after isolation and purification. The lotus seed oligosaccharides contained glycosidic bonds Manp-（1→）, Galp-（1→）, α（1→6）-Glup and α（1→6）-Manp; and mannose was the chief component monosaccharide. NMR analyses showed that ~t-glycosidic bonds and pyranoid rings were predominant in the oligosaccharides. The MS analyses showed that lotus seed oligosaccharides consisted of three oligosaccharides of different polymerization degree, with relative molecular weights of 342, 504 and 666 Da, and corresponding molecular formulae C12H22O11, C18H32O16 and C24H42O21. Research on the effect of lotus seed oligosaccharides on the proliferation orB. adolescentis showed that they effectively promoted the production of acetic, propionic and butyric acids by B. adolescentis through fermentation, and their effect was stronger than that of fructo-, xylo- and isomalto-oligosaccharides. Lotus seed oligosaccharides have potential as a new functional probiotic and lotus seeds should be further explored and utilized as a source of oligosaccharides.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is characterized by recurrent attacks and long courses,and the number of patients has expanded rapidly year by year.Additionally,current conventional strategies exist serious adverse eff...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is characterized by recurrent attacks and long courses,and the number of patients has expanded rapidly year by year.Additionally,current conventional strategies exist serious adverse effects.In this case,it is an urgent issue to find out an effective and safe treatment.Functional oligosaccharides possess safe and excellent physiological activities,and have attracted enormous attention due to their great therapeutic potential for IBD.This review emphasizes the attenuating effects of distinct functional oligosaccharides on IBD and their structure,and summarizes the main mechanisms from the aspects of regulating intestinal fl ora structure,repairing intestinal barrier,modulating immune function and mediating related signaling pathways in order to reveal the relationship between functional oligosaccharides,immune regulation,intestinal epithelial cells,gut fl ora and IBD treatment.Oligosaccharides possess excellent protective effects on IBD,and can be considered as safe and functional ingredients in the health food and pharmaceutical industry.展开更多
An excess of reactive oxygen species（ROS）leads to a variety of chronic health problems.As potent antioxidants,marine bioactive extracts containing oligosaccharides and peptides have been extensively studied.Recently...An excess of reactive oxygen species（ROS）leads to a variety of chronic health problems.As potent antioxidants,marine bioactive extracts containing oligosaccharides and peptides have been extensively studied.Recently,there is a growing interest in protein-polysaccharide complexes because of their potential uses in pharmaceutical and food industries.However,only few studies are available on the antioxidant activities of such complexes,in terms of their ROS scavenging capability.In this study,we combined and superoxide radicals,and to evaluate the influences on the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）and the level of malondialdehyde（MDA）in UV-induced photoaging models.The results indicated that the antioxidant activities of all the complexes were stronger than those of their individual components.Among the 11 complexes tested,two complexes,namely MA1000＋CP and κ-ca3000＋CP,turned out to be highly effective antioxidants.Although the detailed mechanisms of this improved scavenging ability are not fully understood,this work provides insights into the design of highly efficient peptide-oligosaccharide complexes for potential applications in pharmaceutical,cosmetics and food industries.展开更多
Brown algae is one of the three major types of marine algae and includes approximately 2000 species.It is widely dis-tributed in various seas around the world.Brown algae contain a plethora of active substances,such a...Brown algae is one of the three major types of marine algae and includes approximately 2000 species.It is widely dis-tributed in various seas around the world.Brown algae contain a plethora of active substances,such as polysaccharides,polyphe-nols,omega-3 fatty acids,and carotenoids.Laminarin,a type of storage carbohydrate found abundantly in brown algae,is mainly formed by glucose monomers linked byβ-1,3-glucosidic bonds and partialβ-1,6-glucosidic bonds.Laminarin and laminarin oligo-saccharides,which contain 2-10 saccharide units,have extensive biological activities,such as antitumor,antioxidant,anti-inflam-matory,and prebiotic properties.Moreover,both laminarin and laminarin oligosaccharides can be considered as ideal substrates for bioethanol production because they are composed of abundant glucose residues.Therefore,brown algae-derived laminarin and lami-narin oligosaccharides have various potential applications in the food,medicine,cosmetics,and bioenergy fields.This paper reviews the preparation methods of laminarin and laminarin oligosaccharides,as well as their biological activities and potential applications.展开更多
文摘To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subsequently,the effect of SBOS on microbial community structure and metabolites was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results showed that SBOS was not easily enzymolyzed during simulated digestion and could reach the large intestine through the digestive system.The significant decrease in the molecular mass of SBOS after in vitro fermentation indicated its utilization by the gut microbiota,which increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid,thereby reducing the pH of the fermentation broth.Moreover,the core community was found to consist of Blautia,Lactobacillaceae,and Pediococcus.SBOS up-regulated beneficial differential metabolites such as myo-inositol,lactose,and glucose,which were closely related to galactose,amino sugar,and nucleotide sugar metabolism.This study will provide a reference for exploring the relationship between the gut microbiota and the metabolites of SBOS,and provide a basis for the development and application of SBOS as an ingredient for functional products.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to investigate the association of atopic dermatitis(AD)and anxiety/depression behaviors induced by AD with the intestinal microbiota.Additionally,it sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of mannan oligosaccharide(MOS)in alleviating AD symptoms through the modulation of the gut microbiota and the enhancement of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production.Methods:Female Kunming mice were challenged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB)to induce AD-like symptoms.MOS was administered orally daily for 14 days.On the 6th and 11th days post-modeling,the number of scratching bouts in mice was recorded.Following dissection,epidermal thickness,mast cell infiltration,and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured.Meanwhile,cerebral levels of neurotransmitters,including 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and norepinephrine(NE),were assessed.The abundance of intestinal microbiota and fecal concentrations of SCFAs were also analyzed.Results:MOS significantly reduced AD-like symptoms by reducing inflammatory cytokines,as reflected in a significant decrease in the number of scratching bouts,epidermal thickness,mast cells and inflammatory cytokine levels.MOS intervention up-regulated the expression of 5-HT and NE,and consequently alleviated anxiety and depression-like behaviors.Furthermore,compared with the AD group,MOS intervention increased the gut microbiota abundance of mice,especially beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Klebsiella.At the same time,these beneficial bacteria significantly increased the fecal contents of SCFAs,especially propionic acid.Correlation analysis indicated that AD amelioration was positively correlated with fecal SCFAs levels and the proliferation of certain intestinal microbes.Conclusion:MOS intervention could offer a novel approach to managing AD and its psychological comorbidities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund(31601395)Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Guizhou Province([2023]016)+1 种基金China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment(2018K01-20171211)Lueyang Black-Bone Chicken Industry Development Research Institute(WJYJY-2021-9)。
文摘Tropomyosin(TM)is the predominant allergenic protein in shrimp,which has induced IgE-mediated food allergy reactions.In this study,Lit v 1 was purified from Penaeus vannamei muscles,which were glyco sylated by pectic oligosaccharides.The results showed that di-galacturonic acid(DGA)and galacturonic acid(GA)induced the unfolding of the primary protein structure of TM,and changedα-helical structure,and IgE binding capacity.In addition,compared with TM-sensitized BALB/c mice,GA-modified TM(GA-TM)and DGA-modified TM(DGA-TM)were insufficient to stimulate sensitization,and significantly reduced the hypersecretion of IgE,IgG1,HIS,and IL-4,up-regulated IgG2a and IFN-y levels to improve imbalanced Th1/Th2,Treg/Th17 immunity,and promoted mRNA expression of tight junction proteins.Together,this study confirmed that glycosylation modification alleviated sensitization by altering TM structure,reducing IgE binding allergic inflammatory response,and regulating cytokine immune balance.Overall,these results indicated that glycosylation modification was a promising method for decreasing the allergenic reactivity of allergic proteins.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32000058)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP622003)。
文摘The prebiotic effects of hyaluronan(HA)are widely recognized,contributing to improved gut health and immune modulation.Despite its extensive use as dietary supplement,the specific interactions between HA oligosaccharides(o-HAs)and the gut microbiome remain largely unexplored.To investigate its role and metabolic fate in gut homeostasis,200 mg/day of o-HAs(average molecule weight 1 kDa)were added to an automated computer-controlled SIMulator of the Gastrointestinal tract(SIMGI).The results revealed a significant reshaping of the intestinal flora composition by o-HAs,notably reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio.Fermentation of o-HAs by gut microbiota significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium,Prevotellaceae_Prevotella,Dialister,Eubacterium,and Sutterella,but decreased that of Catenibacterium,Oscillospira,Klebsiella,and Citrobacter(P<0.05).This corresponded with significant enhancements in the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)such as acetic acid,propionic acid and n-butyric acid,highlighting the significant impact of o-HAs at the genus level.Furthermore,analysis of microbial function predicted the downregulation of pathological events in nine human diseases,particularly infectious ones(parasitic and bacterial).Potential inhibitions were observed in metabolic pathways associated with pentose and glucuronate interconversions as well as cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance.These findings underscore the in vitro prebiotic effects of o-HAs and their potential relevance in managing diverticular diseases or preventing metabolic disorders through the regulation of gut microbiota.
基金sponsored by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3504200)High Level Key Discipline Construction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Program(Grant No.zyyzdxk-2023272).
文摘Background:Polygonati cyrtonema Hua(PC)has many pharmacological effects such as immune regulation,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering,anti-oxidation and anti-tumor.Oligosaccharide is one of the main active components of PC.At present,the research on Polygonatum cyrtonema oligosaccharides(PCOS)is not deep,and there is a lack of systematic research on the optimization of extraction process of pcos and the change of pcos and Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide content before and after wine steaming.Methods:The optimum extraction process of oligosaccharides from PC was optimized,and the content of oligosaccharides before and after wine steaming of PC was investigated.The single factor experiment was carried out with the ratio of liquid to material,extraction temperature and extraction time as the investigation factors.The extraction process of PCOS was optimized by Box Behnken design-response surface methodology,and the changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides before and after wine steaming were studied.Results:The optimal extraction process for the PCOS was 32:1 mL/g,85℃,and 1.5 h.The total PCOS decreased slightly after steaming,but the percentage of the total sugar increased.Conclusion:The extraction process of PCOS optimized by response surface method is reasonable and feasible.The changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides during the steaming process of PC can reveal the processing mechanism of PC to a certain extent,and provide scientific basis and technical support for better in-depth excavation and development and utilization of PCOS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81930097,82151223)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFF1203005,2022YFC2303700)。
文摘Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of disaccharides,tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides of CS-B and CS-T based on the acid or enzymatic degradation of natural CS polysaccharide in 9 or 10 steps.Our approach is the shortest synthetic route toward size-defined CS-B and CS-T oligosaccharides reported to date.In addition,a regioselective protection method of hydroxyls is highlighted,which has achieved the regioselective protection of 4 hydroxyl groups among 7 equatorial hydroxyl groups.By preparing size-defined rare CS oligosaccharides from commercially available natural CS polysaccharides,this strategy has the potential to meet the need of rare natural oligosaccharides.
基金Supported by the Jiangsu Coast Development Group Co.,Ltd.the Marine Biological High Value Development and Utilization Project(No.2023YHTZZZ04)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022MD007)the Science and Technology Project of Fujian Province(Nos.2022T3024,2023T3057)。
文摘Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)and fucoidan are two important bioactive carbohydrate which that can be prepared from brown seaweeds.We investigated a novel enzyme-assisted one-pot method on AOS and fucoidan extraction from Lessonia trabeculata,and found that the optimum extraction procedure was:first,using 10-g/L Na_(2)CO_(3) solution to digest the seaweeds for 2 h at 80℃ with the material-liquid ratio 1:20(g/mL),and then adding 4.0%fucoidan cleavage enzyme for reaction for 12 h at 45℃.The yield of AOS and fucoidan was 21.36%and 14.40%,respectively,which was higher than those using traditional methods.The degree of polymerization of AOS was determined to be 3-5,confirming the results through thin layer chromatography(TLC)and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS).The ratio of guluronic acid to mannuronic acid in AOS was found to be 1.97.Through anion-exchange column chromatography,four sulfated polysaccharide fractions(F0.5,F1.0,F1.5,and F2.0)were successfully isolated from fucoidan.Chemical analysis revealed that fucoidan and F0.5 were heteropolysaccharides,consisting mainly of mannuronic acid,fucose,and xylose,while the other fractions were predominantly composed of fucose and galactose.The sulfate group content increased from 8.74% to 18.76%,while the uronic acid content decreased from 23.79% to 5.58%across the fractions.All fractions of fucoidan exhibited significant antioxidant activity in various tests.There was a positive correlation between the sulfate content and the ability to scavenge superoxide radicals.Additionally,both AOS and the fucoidan fractions showed immunostimulation activity and were nontoxic to RAW264.7 cells.These results indicate that the novel enzyme-assisted one-pot method is a green and efficient approach for the extraction of fucoidan and alginate oligosaccharides from brown seaweeds.It has potential applications in the processing industry of brown seaweeds.
基金This research was funded and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 32001443)Zhengzhou Major Science and Technology Innovation Project of Henan Province of China(Grant Number 2020CXZX0085)Science and Technology Inovation Team of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant Number 2024TD2).
文摘Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)enhance drought resistance in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),but the definite mechanisms remain largely unknown.The physiological and transcriptome responses of wheat seedlings treated with AOS were analyzed under drought stress simulated with polyethylene glycol-6000.The results showed that AOS promoted the growth of wheat seedlings and reduced oxidative damage by improving peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities under drought stress.A total of 10,064 and 15,208 differentially expressed unigenes(DEGs)obtained from the AOS treatment and control samples at 24 and 72 h after dehydration,respectively,were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites(phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,flavonoid biosynthesis),carbohydrate metabolism(starch and sucrose metabolism,carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms),lipid metabolism(fatty acid elongation,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,alpha-linolenic acid metabolism,cutin,suberine and wax biosynthesis),and signaling transduction pathways.The up-regulated genes were related to,for example,chlorophyll a-b binding protein,amylosynthease,phosphotransferase,peroxidase,phenylalanine ammonia lyase,flavone synthase,glutathione synthetase.Signaling molecules(including MAPK,plant hormones,H_(2)O_(2) and calcium)and transcription factors(mainly including NAC,MYB,MYB-related,WRKY,bZIP family members)were involved in the AOS-induced wheat drought resistance.The results obtained in this study help underpin the mechanisms of wheat drought resistance improved by AOS,and provides a theoretical basis for the application of AOS as an environmentally sustainable biological method to improve drought resistance in agriculture.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[Grant No.2021YFC2103002]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.32202720]+1 种基金The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202304)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-41).
文摘Thermophilic endo-chitinases are essential for production of highly polymerized chitooligosaccharides,which are advantageous for plant immunity,animal nutrition and health.However,thermophilic endo-chitinases are scarce and the transformation from exo-to endo-activity of chitinases is still a challenging problem.In this study,to enhance the endo-activity of the thermophilic chitinase Chi304,we proposed two approaches for rational design based on comprehensive structural and evolutionary analyses.Four effective single-point mutants were identified among 28 designed mutations.The ratio of(GlcNAc)3 to(GlcNAc)2 quantity(DP3/2)in the hydrolysates of the four single-point mutants undertaking colloidal chitin degradation were 1.89,1.65,1.24,and 1.38 times that of Chi304,respectively.When combining to double-point mutants,the DP3/2 proportions produced by F79A/W140R,F79A/M264L,F79A/W272R,and M264L/W272R were 2.06,1.67,1.82,and 1.86 times that of Chi304 and all four double-point mutants exhibited enhanced endo-activity.When applied to produce chitooligosaccharides(DP≥3),F79A/W140R accumulated the most(GlcNAc)4,while M264L/W272R was the best to produce(GlcNAc)3,which was 2.28 times that of Chi304.The two mutants had exposed shallower substrate-binding pockets and stronger binding abilities to shape the substrate.Overall,this research offers a practical approach to altering the cutting pattern of a chitinase to generate functional chitooligosaccharides.
基金supported by the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture,Hatch-Multistate Fundby the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources,University of Hawaii at Manoa,Honolulu,HI,USA
文摘Background:This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides(XOS and MOS)differing in the degree of polymerization.A total of 192 fertilized eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups:i)normal saline control(NSC),ii)xylotriose(XOS3),iii)xylotetraose(XOS4),iv)mannotriose(MOS3),v)mannotetraose(MOS4),and vi)no injection control(NIC),each containing 4 replicate trays with 8 eggs per replicate.On d 17 of incubation,3 mg of oligosaccharides(except for controls)dissolved in 0.5 mL of 0.85%normal saline were injected into the amnion of Cobb 500 broilers eggs.After hatch,the chicks were raised for 28 d under standard husbandry practices and were fed a commercial broilers diet ad libitum,and samples were collected periodically.Results:The hatchability,growth performance,and relative weights of breast,drumstick,liver,and proventriculus were not different among the treatments(P>0.05).The XOS3 injection increased the total short-chain fatty acid production at d 28 compared with both control groups(P<0.05).The villus height to crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in the XOS4 group than both controls on the hatch day(P<0.01)but were not different among any treatments on d 7 and 28(P>0.05).On the hatch day,the expression level of the CD3 gene(a T cell marker)was increased by XOS3,while the IL-10 gene(a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine)was reduced by MOS4(P<0.05)compared with both controls.Compared with both controls,XOS3 exhibited a trend of reduction for IL-10(P=0.074).No cytokines or lymphocyte markers were affected by the treatments on d 7(P>0.05),except XOS4 increased IL-4 compared with NSC(P<0.05).The broilers in the MOS4 group had higher operational taxonomic units(OTUs)and had more differentially abundant taxa,including order Lactobacillales and family Leuconostocaceae(P<0.05)than both controls on d 28.The predictive functional profiling indicated that the linoleic acid metabolism pathway was enriched in the cecal microbiota of the XOS3 group compared with both controls(P<0.05).Conclusion:The effects of these XOS and MOS on ileal mucosa and immunity are transient,but the effects on fermentation and cecal microbiota are prolonged,and further research is warranted to determine their use as a gut health promoter in poultry.
基金supported by Shandong Province Key R&D Program,China(Major Technological Innovation Project)(Grant No.:2021CXGC010501)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association of Chinese Medicine,China(Grant No.:CACM-2023-QNRC1-02)+8 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:22107059,22007060,82302743)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant Nos.:ZR2022QH304,ZR2021QH057,ZR2020QB166)the Program for Youth Innovation Technology in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province of China(Grant No.:2021KJ035)Taishan Scholars Program,China(Grant Nos.:TSQN202211221,TSPD20181218)Shandong Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars,China(Grant No.:ZR2022YQ66)Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project,China(Grant No.:Q-2023059)Shenzhen Basic Research Project,China(Grant No.:JCYJ20190809160209449)the General Project of Shandong Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.:ZR2021MH341)Jinan Innovation Team Project of Colleges and Universities,China(Grant No.:2021GXRC072).
文摘Unlike chemosynthetic drugs designed for specific molecular and disease targets,active small-molecule natural products typically have a wide range of bioactivities and multiple targets,necessitating extensive screening and development.To address this issue,we propose a strategy for the direct in situ microdynamic examination of potential drug candidates to rapidly identify their effects and mechanisms of action.As a proof-of-concept,we investigated the behavior of mussel oligosaccharide(MOS-1)by tracking the subcellular dynamics of fluorescently labeled MOS-1 in cultured cells.We recorded the entire dynamic process of the localization of fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-MOS-1 to the lysosomes and visualized the distribution of the drug within the cell.Remarkably,lysosomes containing FITC-MOS-1 actively recruited lipid droplets,leading to fusion events and increased cellular lipid consumption.These drug behaviors confirmed MOS-1 is a candidate for the treatment of lipid-related diseases.Furthermore,in a high-fat HepG2 cell model and in high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E(ApoE)^(-/-)mice,MOS-1 significantly promoted triglyceride degradation,reduced lipid droplet accumulation,lowered serum triglyceride levels,and mitigated liver damage and steatosis.Overall,our work supports the prioritization of in situ visual monitoring of drug location and distribution in subcellular compartments during the drug development phase,as this methodology contributes to the rapid identification of drug indications.Collectively,this methodology is significant for the screening and development of selective small-molecule drugs,and is expected to expedite the identification of candidate molecules with medicinal effects.
文摘Pretreated wheat insoluble arabinoxylan was converted to oligosaccharides of structural variants using combinatorial enzyme approach. The digestive products were separated by preparative scale chromatographic Amberlite XAD-2 column. Fractions containing feruloyl oligosaccharides (FOS) were isolated, pooled, freeze-dried, and demonstrated to possess antimicrobial activity. The FOS suppressed cell growth of the test organism ATCC 8739 E. coli with a MIC value of 0.028% (w/v, 35˚C, 24 hr). The antimicrobial action was observed exceeding 72 hr of culture incubation. The FOS product could be a useful source of prebiotics or preservatives. The present results further confirm the science and application of the concept of combinatorial enzyme technique.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372268)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M743532).
文摘With the proceeding of global warming and water eutrophication,the phenomenon of green tide has garnered significant societal interest.Consequently,researchers had increasingly focused on the potential applications of green algae biomass,particularly its polysaccharides.The polysaccharide serves as the primary active constituent of green algae and has demonstrated numerous advantageous biological activities,including antioxidant,antiviral,anticoagulant,hypolipidemic and immuno-modulatory activities.The favorable bioavailability and solubility of green algae oligosaccharides are attributed to their low molecular weight.So there has been a growing interest in researching green algae polysaccharides and oligosaccharides for the utilization of marine biological resources.This review summarized the extraction,purification,chemical structure,composition,biological activity,and potential applications prospect of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from green algae.The review could be helpful for expanding the applications of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides of green algae.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0500501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772641)the Basic Science and Research Funding of Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China (2018-YWF-YB-11)。
文摘Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS), belonging to the class of functional marine oligosaccharides, are low-molecular polymers linked by β-1,4-mannuronic acid(M) and α-1,4-guluronic acid(G), which could be classically obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate. With low viscosity and good water solubility, as well as anti-oxidant, immune regulation, anti-bacterial and antiinflammatory activities, AOS have been widely used in medical science and functional food, green agriculture and other fields. As new bio-feed additives, AOS have broad potential applications in animal husbandry. In this review, the sources of alginate, chemical structure and preparation methods of AOS, and their biological activities and application in livestock and poultry are summarized. We expect this review could contribute to lay a foundation of application and further research for AOS in livestock and poultry.
基金Project (No. 2006C12098) supported by the Bureau of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, China
文摘The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides （FOS）, galactooligosaccharides （GOS）, mannanoligosaccharides （MOS）, and ehitooligosaccharides （COS） [1000 mg/（kg body weightd）]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased （P〈0.05） by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1800400)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6222032)the Starting Grants Program for Young Talents at China Agricultural University,the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University and Chinese Universities Scientific Fund.
文摘Background Alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)holds great potential as a novel feed supplement in farm animals.However,the effects of AOS on chicken health and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.This study aimed to optimize the enzymatic preparation of AOS by using bacterial alginate lyases expressed in yeast,investigate the effects of the prepared AOS on the growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens,and reveal the underlying mechanisms.Results Five alginate lyases from bacteria were cloned into Pichia pastoris GS115 and the alginate lyase PDE9 was expressed at relatively high yield,activity and stability in P.pastoris.Animal trials were carried out using 3201-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers(four groups;8 replicates/group×10 chicks/replicate)receiving either a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 100,200 and 400 mg/kg PDE9-prepared AOS for 42 d.The results showed that dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg AOS displayed the highest activity in promoting the birds’ADG and ADFI(P<0.05).AOS ameliorated the intestinal morphology,absorption function and barrier function,as indicated by the enhanced(P<0.05)intestinal villus height,maltase activity,and the expression of PEPT,SGLT1,ZNT1,and occludin.AOS also increased serum insulin-like growth factor-1,ghrelin(P<0.05),and growth hormone(P<0.1).Moreover,the concentrations of acetate,isobutyrate,isovalerate,valerate,and total SCFAs in cecum of birds fed AOS were significantly higher than the control birds(P<0.05).Metagenomic analysis indicated that AOS modulated the chicken gut microbiota structure,function,and microbial interactions and promoted the growth of SCFAs-producing bacteria,for example,Dorea sp.002160985;SCFAs,especially acetate,were found positively correlated with the chicken growth performance and growth-related hormone signals(P<0.05).We further verified that AOS can be utilized by Dorea sp.to grow and to produce acetate in vitro.Conclusions We demonstrated that the enzymatically produced AOS effectively promoted broiler chicken growth performance by modulating the chicken gut microbiota structure and function.For the first time,we established the connections among AOS,chicken gut microbiota/SCFAs,growth hormone signals and chicken growth performance.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2011J05123)Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Support Plan of Institution of Higher Learning in Fujian Province([2012]03)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Support Plan of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(cxtd12009)
文摘In order to study the structure of lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） seed oligosaccharides and their effect on the proliferation ofBifidobacterium adolescentis, we extracted the oligosaccharides from seeds collected from Jianning County, China. We preliminarily characterized the groups, molecular weights, molecular formulae, component monosaccharides and glycosidic bonds using mass spectrometry （MS） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） after isolation and purification. The lotus seed oligosaccharides contained glycosidic bonds Manp-（1→）, Galp-（1→）, α（1→6）-Glup and α（1→6）-Manp; and mannose was the chief component monosaccharide. NMR analyses showed that ~t-glycosidic bonds and pyranoid rings were predominant in the oligosaccharides. The MS analyses showed that lotus seed oligosaccharides consisted of three oligosaccharides of different polymerization degree, with relative molecular weights of 342, 504 and 666 Da, and corresponding molecular formulae C12H22O11, C18H32O16 and C24H42O21. Research on the effect of lotus seed oligosaccharides on the proliferation orB. adolescentis showed that they effectively promoted the production of acetic, propionic and butyric acids by B. adolescentis through fermentation, and their effect was stronger than that of fructo-, xylo- and isomalto-oligosaccharides. Lotus seed oligosaccharides have potential as a new functional probiotic and lotus seeds should be further explored and utilized as a source of oligosaccharides.
基金financially supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program[2021YFSY0035]Heilongjiang Touyan Team[HITTY-20190034].
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is characterized by recurrent attacks and long courses,and the number of patients has expanded rapidly year by year.Additionally,current conventional strategies exist serious adverse effects.In this case,it is an urgent issue to find out an effective and safe treatment.Functional oligosaccharides possess safe and excellent physiological activities,and have attracted enormous attention due to their great therapeutic potential for IBD.This review emphasizes the attenuating effects of distinct functional oligosaccharides on IBD and their structure,and summarizes the main mechanisms from the aspects of regulating intestinal fl ora structure,repairing intestinal barrier,modulating immune function and mediating related signaling pathways in order to reveal the relationship between functional oligosaccharides,immune regulation,intestinal epithelial cells,gut fl ora and IBD treatment.Oligosaccharides possess excellent protective effects on IBD,and can be considered as safe and functional ingredients in the health food and pharmaceutical industry.
基金funded by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China 863 Program Grant (2001AA620405)
文摘An excess of reactive oxygen species（ROS）leads to a variety of chronic health problems.As potent antioxidants,marine bioactive extracts containing oligosaccharides and peptides have been extensively studied.Recently,there is a growing interest in protein-polysaccharide complexes because of their potential uses in pharmaceutical and food industries.However,only few studies are available on the antioxidant activities of such complexes,in terms of their ROS scavenging capability.In this study,we combined and superoxide radicals,and to evaluate the influences on the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）and the level of malondialdehyde（MDA）in UV-induced photoaging models.The results indicated that the antioxidant activities of all the complexes were stronger than those of their individual components.Among the 11 complexes tested,two complexes,namely MA1000＋CP and κ-ca3000＋CP,turned out to be highly effective antioxidants.Although the detailed mechanisms of this improved scavenging ability are not fully understood,this work provides insights into the design of highly efficient peptide-oligosaccharide complexes for potential applications in pharmaceutical,cosmetics and food industries.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31922072)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2019YFD0901902 and 2019YFD0901904)+1 种基金Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(No.tsqn201812020)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.201941002).
文摘Brown algae is one of the three major types of marine algae and includes approximately 2000 species.It is widely dis-tributed in various seas around the world.Brown algae contain a plethora of active substances,such as polysaccharides,polyphe-nols,omega-3 fatty acids,and carotenoids.Laminarin,a type of storage carbohydrate found abundantly in brown algae,is mainly formed by glucose monomers linked byβ-1,3-glucosidic bonds and partialβ-1,6-glucosidic bonds.Laminarin and laminarin oligo-saccharides,which contain 2-10 saccharide units,have extensive biological activities,such as antitumor,antioxidant,anti-inflam-matory,and prebiotic properties.Moreover,both laminarin and laminarin oligosaccharides can be considered as ideal substrates for bioethanol production because they are composed of abundant glucose residues.Therefore,brown algae-derived laminarin and lami-narin oligosaccharides have various potential applications in the food,medicine,cosmetics,and bioenergy fields.This paper reviews the preparation methods of laminarin and laminarin oligosaccharides,as well as their biological activities and potential applications.
